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Colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) con técnica rendezvous Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with rendezvous technique

Authors:

Abstract

Background. ERCP is the gold standard for treating choledocholithiasis. However, in pregnant patients there is concern about the mother-fetus pairing, due to the possible teratogenesis secondary to radiation, the risk of miscarriage or premature delivery and the ad- ministration of medications during the anesthetic event. Objective. The objective of this work is to comment on the concerns faced by an endoscopist when performing ERCP during pregnancy. Conclusions. ERCP during the gestational period should be performed whenever indicated.
Rev Mex de Cirugía del Aparato Digestivo, 2020; 9(4): 155-158
155
Godínez-Vidal AR, et al. CPRE rendezvous
Colangiopancreatografía retrógrada
endoscópica (CPRE) con técnica rendezvous
Ansony Roger Godínez-Vidal,* Elymir Soraya Galvis-García,* Julio César Zavala-Castillo**
* Servicio de Endoscopia Gastrointestinal, ** Jefe del Servicio de Endoscopia Gastrointestinal, Hospital General de México “Dr. Eduardo Liceaga”.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
with rendezvous technique
ABSTRACT
Background. ERCP is the gold standard for treating
choledocholithiasis. However, in pregnant patients
there is concern about the mother-fetus pairing, due to
the possible teratogenesis secondary to radiation, the
risk of miscarriage or premature delivery and the ad-
ministration of medications during the anesthetic event.
Objective. The objective of this work is to comment on
the concerns faced by an endoscopist when performing
ERCP during pregnancy.
Conclusions. ERCP during the gestational period
should be performed whenever indicated.
Key words. Laparoscopy, endoscopic retrograde chol-
angiopancreatography, endoscopy, choledocholithiasis.
RESUMEN
Antecedentes. El papel del endoscopista debe tomar
mayor peso en la era de la mínima invasión, el entrena-
miento en laparoscopia actualmente nos permite tener
acceso directo a los cálculos del conducto biliar común;
sin embargo, la coledocotomía, aunque sea realizada
por laparoscopia continua teniendo alto porcentaje de
complicaciones, y la morbilidad que conlleva realizar
exploración laparoscópica de la vía biliar con la coloca-
ción de un drenaje biliar, es considerablemente mayor a
realizar una CPRE rendezvous.
Objetivo. Comentar las preocupaciones a las que se
enfrenta un endoscopista para decidir el momento ideal
para realizar la CPRE.
Conclusión. Recomendamos esta técnica como de elec-
ción, debemos priorizar los casos graves y resolver la
patología por completo con seguridad y rapidez.
Palabras clave. Laparoscopia, colangiopancreatografía
retrógrada endoscópica, endoscopia, coledocolitiasis.
Revista Mexicana de Cirugía del Aparato Digestivo / Vol. 9 Núm. 4 / Octubre-Diciembre, 2020 / p. 155-158
Correspondencia:
Dr. Ansony Roger Godínez-Vidal
Cirugía General. Endoscopia Gastrointestinal, Hospital General de México
Dr. Balmis, Núm. 148, Col. Doctores. C.P.06726, Alcaldía Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad de México, México
Tel.: 55 1890-8891. Correo electrónico: ansony.rgv@gmail.com
ARTÍCULO DE REVISIÓN
CIRUGÍA GENERAL
COLANGIOPANCREATOGRAFÍA
RETRÓGRADA ENDOSCÓPICA
CON TÉCNICA RENDEZVOUS
En los últimos años se reportó con mayor frecuencia la
colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE)
realizada durante el procedimiento quirúrgico. Esta técnica
fue descrita por primera vez en 1993 por Deslandres, et al.1
y está bien reportado que tiene una alta tasa de éxito en la
eliminación de cálculos del conducto biliar común (CBC) y
una baja tasa de complicaciones, en particular de pancreatitis
post-CPRE. Esto puede deberse a que el acceso al colédoco se
realiza con menos manipulación y traumatismo de la papila
de Vater.
Rev Mex de Cirugía del Aparato Digestivo, 2020; 9(4): 155-158
156 Godínez-Vidal AR, et al. CPRE rendezvous
Una preocupación a la que se enfrenta el cirujano endos-
copista es el momento en el cual realizar una CPRE:
• Antesdelacolecistectomía.
• Enelmismotiempoenqueserealizalacolecistectomía
con técnica rendezvous.
• Despuésdelacolecistectomía.
Nos dimos a la tarea de revisar la técnica rendezvous, por
lo que comentaremos este punto (Cuadro 1).
VENTAJAS
La CPRE rendezvous es recomendada como método de
elección debido a la menor morbilidad, los costos son más
bajos y los días de estancia hospitalaria disminuyen.2-5
En nuestra institución el tiempo de espera para realizar una
colecistectomía posterior a una CPRE en promedio es de tres
días, por lo que realizar la CPRE en el mismo tiempo que la
colecistectomía influiría positivamente a la completa resolu-
ción de la patología, menor tiempo de estancia hospitalaria,
menores costos y mayor disponibilidad de camas para lograr
un mejor flujo de pacientes.
El papel del cirujano endoscopista debe tomar mayor
peso en la era de la mínima invasión, el entrenamiento en
laparoscopia actualmente nos permite tener acceso directo a
los cálculos del CBC; sin embargo, la coledocotomía –aun-
que sea realizada por laparoscopia continua–, teniendo alto
porcentaje de complicaciones, y la morbilidad que conlleva
realizar exploración laparoscópica de la vía biliar con la
colocación de un drenaje biliar, es considerablemente mayor
a realizar una CPRE rendezvous. En ocasiones, la anatomía
alterada (tamaño y tortuosidad) del conducto cístico, su
sitio de inserción y la angulación del CBC son factores que
dificultan la extracción de los cálculos, sobre todo si estos
se localizan proximales al conducto cístico. Litos de gran
tamaño dificultan aún más esta técnica. En estos casos es de
gran ayuda que el cirujano laparoscopista coloque una guía
transcística hasta evidenciar salida de la misma a través de
la papila de Vater.
Cuadro 1. CPRE rendezvous, pros vs. contras.
Pros Contras
Menos días de estancia hospitalaria. Poca experiencia en el binomio endoscopia-cirugía.
Menor riesgo de pancreatitis post-CPRE. Disponibilidad de recursos hospitalarios 24/7.
Menor costo. Medicina basada en tradiciones.
Mayor facilidad para canular la papila de Vater. Faltan ensayos controlados aleatorios multicéntricos, grandes y
de alta calidad que evalúen los resultados a largo plazo
para cambiar práctica y los miedos de la medicina por costumbres.
Hasta 18% de los intentos de CPRE fracasa debido a la
incapacidad de canular el conducto biliar.6 Es aquí donde la
técnica rendezvous toma mayor presencia, ya que permite
identificar la papila con facilidad, logrando que la canu-
lacion sea exitosa y rápida. Por otro lado, la pancreatitis
post-CPRE es la complicación más frecuente; según la
serie que leamos, hasta en 5% de los casos.7 Este riesgo
está relacionado con la técnica: manipulación e inyección
de contraste en el conducto pancreático y los intentos de
canulación que duran más de 5 min.8,9 Al hacer una CPRE
rendezvous la guía hidrofílica nos conduce por el CBC, con
una nula posibilidad de canulación pancreática, reduciendo
así el riesgo de pancreatitis post-CPRE.
DESVENTAJAS
El tiempo quirúrgico-endoscópico en ocasiones se prolon-
ga más de lo esperado y en los centros con poca experiencia,
tanto del equipo endoscópico como del quirúgico, es una
odisea la organización y logística para llevar a cabo esta
técnica. Debemos recordar que en México existen unidades
hospitalarias que realizan la colecistectomía, pero no cuentan
con los recursos necesarios para realizar la CPRE en cual-
quier momento. Otra limitante es que en algunas unidades
en las que la CPRE es realizada para el tratamiento de los
cálculos del colédoco durante la colecistectomía, no hay
experiencia endoscópica disponible durante las noches y/o
los fines de semana.
¿CUÁNDO REALIZAR LA CPRE?
Evidencia científica
Recientemente se publicó un artículo de revisión donde
incluyeron 21 estudios (n = 2,697 pacientes) comparando
los tres momentos para realizar la CPRE pre, trans o post
colecistectomía, reportando que el enfoque de una sola
sesión para el tratamiento de la colelitiasis-coledocolitiasis
es superior al de dos etapas, en términos de aclaramiento
del CBC y riesgo de morbilidad operatoria.10
Rev Mex de Cirugía del Aparato Digestivo, 2020; 9(4): 155-158
157
Godínez-Vidal AR, et al. CPRE rendezvous
En un estudio restrospectivo en el que se realizaron 2,290
CPREs transquirúrgicas con técnica rendezvous, se concluyó
que este método es seguro y efectivo, y debe ser el manejo
de elección si buscamos reducir la tasa de complicaciones
y optimizar los recursos hospitalarios.11
Un estudio aleatorizado de 83 pacientes realizado en
India comparó la CPRE rendezvous en una misma sesión
vs. la CPRE preoperatoria seguida de colecistectomía
laparoscópica en un segundo tiempo, concluyendo que
el encuentro entre laparoscopia y endoscopia en un solo
momento aumenta la canulación selectiva del CBC, reduce
la pancreatitis posterior a la CPRE (reportada con amilasa
post-CPRE), disminuye los días de estancia hospitalaria y
evita la intervención innecesaria del CBC.12
PANORAMA EN MÉXICO
La CPRE es la técnica estándar para tratar la coledoco-
litiasis y debe de realizarse siempre que tenga indicación;
sin embargo, el momento para realizarla sigue en debate. Es
importante que sea oportuno; incluso en el momento agudo,
ya sea por la colangitis o pancreatitis secundarias. La espera
en la mayoría de los casos únicamente sirve para empeorar
las condiciones.
En nuestra institución en la mayoría de los casos se reali-
zó la CPRE y posteriormente colecistectomía laparoscópica
en el mismo internamiento; sin embargo, en ocasiones se
ha realizado la técnica rendezvous, ya sea por organización
previa con el equipo quirúrgico o por hallazgo transquirúr-
gico de coledocolitiasis.
CONCLUSIÓN
Recomendamos esta técnica como de elección, debemos
priorizar los casos graves y resolverles la patología por com-
pleto con seguridad y rapidez; coincidimos con la literatura
mundial obteniendo mayor facilidad para canular la papila,
reduciendo así el riesgo de pancreatitis post-CPRE; además,
al realizar en un mismo tiempo la endoscopia y la cirugía dis-
minuye la estancia hospitalaria y, por consiguiente, los costos.
ABREVIATURAS
CPRE. Colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica.
CBC. Conducto biliar común.
RESPONSABILIDADES ÉTICAS
• Proteccióndepersonasyanimales.Losautoresdeclaran
que para esta investigación no se han realizado experi-
mentos en seres humanos ni en animales.
• Confidencialidaddelosdatos.Losautoresdeclaranque
han seguido los protocolos de su centro de trabajo sobre
la publicación de datos de pacientes.
• Derecho a la privacidad y consentimiento informado.
Los autores declaran que en este artículo no aparecen
datos de pacientes.
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... 4 The treatment of this pathology is mainly performed endoscopically using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP); 5 however, it is not the only way to treat this entity; open or laparoscopic exploration of the biliary tract is the second most used technique or a combination of both techniques (endoscopic and laparoscopic) may also be used. 6 For its diagnosis, hepatobiliary abdominal ultrasound (HPB-US) is the first study to be performed on these patients due to its high availability in second-level centers. However, it has a sensitivity of 75% for detecting choledocholithiasis 7 and 66.5% for detecting dilated biliary tract. ...
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Introduction: one of the main complications of cholelithiasis is choledocholithiasis. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the treatment of choice. Objective: to differentiate and predict a normal result during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Material and methods: a case-control study was performed in patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde c h o l a n g i o p a n c r e a t o g r a p h y f o r s u s p e c t e d choledocholithiasis in groups of cases with patients with normal biliary tract and patients with choledocholithiasis as controls. Age, cannulation, procedure time, bile duct size, total, direct and indirect bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), amylase before endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, pancreatitis before the procedure, pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, and ASGE (American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy) risk were evaluated. Results: statistically significant differences were only found in cannulation attempts, 4.1 vs. 3.0, p = 0.02; bile duct size, 5.2 mm vs. 11.4 mm, p < 0.001; and alanine aminotransferase concentration, 207.1 U/l vs. 291.9 U/l, p = 0.01. Conclusions: it was impossible to differentiate between patients with normal biliary tract and those with choledocholithiasis with the variables studied. A proportion of patients with normal biliary tract had spontaneously resolved choledocholithiasis.
... 4 El tratamiento de esta patología se realiza principalmente por endoscopia mediante la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE), 5 sin embargo, no es la única forma de tratar esta entidad; la exploración abierta o laparoscópica de la vía biliar es la segunda técnica más utilizada, o bien una combinación entre ambas técnicas (endoscópica y laparoscópica). 6 Para su diagnóstico el ultrasonido abdominal hepatobiliar (US-HPB) es el primer estudio por realizar en estos pacientes, debido a su alta disponibilidad en centros de segundo nivel. Sin embargo, tiene una sensibilidad de 75% para la detección de coledocolitiasis 7 y de 66.5% para la detección de vía biliar dilatada. ...
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Introducción: una de las principales complicaciones de la colelitiasis es la coledocolitiasis. La colangio- pancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) es el tratamiento de elección. Objetivo: diferenciar y predecir un resultado normal durante una colangiopancreato- grafía retrógrada endoscópica. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio de casos y controles en pacientes que fueron sometidos a colangiopancreatografía retró- grada endoscópica por sospecha de coledocolitiasis en grupos de casos con pacientes con vía biliar normal y controles con pacientes con coledocolitiasis. Se evaluaron edad, canulación, tiempo de procedimien- to, tamaño de la vía biliar, bilirrubina total, directa e indirecta, aspartato aminotransferasa (AST), alanina aminotransferasa (ALT), amilasa previa colangiopan- creatografía retrógrada endoscópica, pancreatitis previa a procedimiento, pancreatitis poscolangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica, riesgo ASGE (American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy). Resultados: sólo se encontraron diferencias con significancia estadística en intentos de canulación, 4.1 vs 3.0, p = 0.02; tamaño de la vía biliar, 5.2 mm vs 11.4 mm, p > 0.001; y en la concentración de alanina aminotransferasa, 207.1 U/l vs 291.9 U/l, p = 0.01. Conclusiones: no fue posible diferenciar entre los pacientes que cursan con vía biliar normal y pacientes con coledocolitiasis con las variables estudiadas. Es probable que una proporción de pacientes con vía biliar normal hayan cursado con una coledoco- litiasis resuelta de manera espontánea.
... A técnica Rendez-Vous foi descrita por Deslandres, et al em 1993 como um método eficaz e com alta taxa de êxito para retirada de cálculos no ducto biliar comum. Nos dias atuais, ainda se mostra uma técnica complexa, mas preferida, devido á menores taxas de complicações aos pacientes, bem como uma forma de reduzir tempo e custos intra-hospitalares (Vidal, 2020). ...
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Introdução: Pacientes diagnosticados com colelitíase, submetidos a Colecistectomia Laparoscópica, podem apresentar coledocolitíase concomitante em uma proporção aproximada de 10 a 15% dos casos confirmados pela literatura. Entretanto, ainda não existe um consenso sobre o procedimento de padrão-ouro para o manejo de colelitiase concomitante com coledocolitíase. Associado a isso, com a preferência, tanto dos pacientes como dos profissionais, por opções minimamente invasivas e mais seguras para o tratamento da colelitiase concomitande com coledocolitíase, a CPRE associada CVL constitui uma opção amplamente defendida e aceita em diversas literaturas. Relato do Caso: A. A. B., 35 anos, procurou atendimento hospitalar com um quadro típico de abdome agudo concomitante com icterícia. Realizou US de abdômen que diagnosticou colelitíase e, posteriormente uma RM confirmou coledocolitiase concomitante. Encaminhado para cirurgia, foi submetido a uma CPRE e CVL em um só tempo. O paciente teve alta no dia seguinte e recuperou satisfatoriamente. Conclusão: Com o êxito completo do procedimento cirúrgico realizado, pode-se dizer que a colecistite associada à coledocolitíase, de fato, pode ser tratada de forma segura e eficaz por meio de uma Colangiopancreatografia Endoscópica Retrógrada concomitante com a Colesistectomia Laparoscópica em um só tempo.
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Background The management of cholecysto-choledocholithiasis is controversial with the risks and benefits of one versus two-stage approaches debated. This study aims to perform decision analysis of minimally invasive laparo-endoscopic approaches.Methods An advanced decision tree was constructed to compare pre, intra and post-operative ERCP and laparoscopic common bile duct exploration in terms of primary ductal clearance and significant complications for patients intended to undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Transition probabilities were calculated from randomised controlled trials following a comprehensive literature search. Model uncertainties were extensively tested through deterministic and probabilistic Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis. Utility outcomes were 1 and 0.5 for successful primary clearance without and with complications, respectively, and 0 for failure of primary clearance of the duct.ResultsTwenty-one studies (n = 2697) were included in the analysis. At base case analysis, a laparo-endoscopic rendezvous approach had the highest utility output (0.90; no complication probability: 0.87/complication probability 0.06). Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration was ranked second with a utility output 0.87 (no complication probability: 0.82/complication probability 0.10). Pre-operative ERCP utility score was 0.84 (no complication probability: 0.78/ complication probability 0.11) and post-operative ERCP utility score was 0.78 (no complication probability: 0.71/complication probability 0.13). Monte Carlo analysis showed that laparo-endoscopic rendezvous and laparoscopic common bile duct exploration had an equal mean utility output of 0.57 (standard deviation 0.36; variance 0.13; 95% confidence interval 0.00–0.99 versus standard deviation 0.34; variance 0.12; 95% confidence interval 0.01–0.98). Laparo-endoscopic rendezvous had a superior treatment selection frequency of 39.93% followed by laparoscopic bile duct exploration (36.11%), pre-operative ERCP (20.67%) and post-operative ERCP (2.99%).Conclusion One-stage approach to the management of cholecysto-choledocholithiasis is superior to two-stage, in terms of primary clearance of the duct and risk of operative morbidity. Laparo-endoscopic rendezvous approach could offer marginal additional benefit but more high-quality randomised controlled trials are needed.
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Background Rendezvous endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography (ERCP) is a well-established method for treatment of choledocholithiasis. The primary aim of this study was to determine how different techniques for management of common bile duct stone (CBDS) clearance in patients undergoing cholecystectomy have changed over time at tertiary referral hospitals (TRH) and county/community hospitals (CH). The secondary aim was to see if postoperative rendezvous ERCP is a safe, effective and feasible alternative to intraoperative rendezvous ERCP in the management of CBDS. Methods Data were retrieved from the Swedish registry for cholecystectomy and ERCP (GallRiks) 2006–2016. All cholecystectomies, where CBDS were found at intraoperative cholangiography, and with complete 30-day follow-up (n = 10,386) were identified. Data concerning intraoperative and postoperative complications, readmission and reoperation within 30 days were retrieved for patients where intraoperative ERCP (n = 2290) and preparation for postoperative ERCP were performed (n = 2283). Results Intraoperative ERCP increased (7.5% 2006; 43.1% 2016) whereas preparation for postoperative ERCP decreased (21.2% 2006; 17.2% 2016) during 2006–2016. CBDS management differed between TRHs and CHs. Complications were higher in the postoperative rendezvous ERCP group: Odds Ratio [OR] 1.69 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16–2.45) for intraoperative complications and OR 1.50 (CI 1.29–1.75) for postoperative complications. Intraoperative bleeding OR 2.46 (CI 1.17–5.16), postoperative bile leakage OR 1.89 (CI 1.23–2.90) and postoperative infection with abscess OR 1.55 (CI 1.05–2.29) were higher in the postoperative group. Neither post-ERCP pancreatitis, postoperative bleeding, cholangitis, percutaneous drainage, antibiotic treatment, ICU stay, readmission/reoperation within 30 days nor 30-day mortality differed between groups. Conclusions Techniques for management of CBDS found at cholecystectomy have changed over time and differ between TRH and CH. Rendezvous ERCP is a safe and effective method. Even though intraoperative rendezvous ERCP is the preferred method, postoperative rendezvous ERCP constitutes an acceptable alternative where ERCP resources are lacking or limited.
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Background Evidence from controlled trials and meta-analyses suggests that laparoendoscopic rendezvous (LERV) is preferable to sequential treatment in the management of common bile duct stones. Materials and methodsWith this retrospective analysis of a prospective database that included consecutive patients treated for cholecystocholedocholithiasis at our institution between January 2007 and July 2015, we compared LERV with sequential treatment. The primary endpoint was global cost, defined as the cost/patient/hospital stay, and the secondary end points were efficacy and morbidity. Fisher’s exact test or Mann–Whitney test was used. ResultsOf a total of 249 consecutive patients, 143 underwent LERV (group A) and 106 a two-stage procedure (group B). Based on an average cost of €613 for 1 day of hospital stay in the General Surgery Department, the overall median cost of treatment was €6403 for group A and €8194 for group B (p < 0.001). Operative time was significantly shorter (p < 0.001), and length of hospital stay was significantly longer for group B (p < 0.001). No mortality in either group was observed. The postoperative complications rate was significantly higher in group B than in group A (24.5 vs. 10.5%; p = 0.003). No significant difference in the postoperative pancreatitis rate or the number of patients with increased serum amylase at 24 h was observed in either group. Conclusion Our study suggests that LERV is preferable to sequential treatment not only in terms of less morbidity, but also of lower costs accrued by a shorter hospital stay. However, the longer operative time raises multiple organizational issues in the coordination of surgery and endoscopy services.
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INTRODUCTION: The ‘Rendezvous’ technique consists of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) standards with intra-operative cholangiography followed by endoscopic sphincterotomy. The sphincterotome is driven across the papilla through a guidewire inserted by the transcystic route. In this study, we intended to compare the two methods in a prospective randomised trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2005 to 2012, we enrolled 83 patients with a diagnosis of cholecysto-choledocolithiasis. They were randomised into two groups. In ‘group-A’,41 patients were treated with two stages management, first by pre-operative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and common bile duct (CBD) clearance and second by LC. In ‘group-B’, 42 patients were treated with LC and intra-operative cholangiography; and when diagnosis of choledocholithiasis was confirmed, patients had undergone one stage management of by Laparo-endoscopic Rendezvous technique. RESULTS: In arm-A and arm-B groups, complete CBD clearance was achieved in 29 and 38 patients, respectively. Failure of the treatment in arm-A was 29% and in arm-B was 9.5%. In arm-A, selective CBD cannulation was achieved in 33 cases (80.5%) and in arm-B in 39 cases (93%). In arm-Agroup, post-ERCP hyperamylasia was presented in nine patients (22%) and severe pancreatitis in five patients (12%) versus none of the patients (0%) in arm-B group, respectively. Mean post-operative hospital stay in arm-A and arm-B groups are 10.9 and 6.8 days, respectively. CONCLUSION: One stage laparo-endoscopic rendezvous approach increases selective cannulation of CBD, reduces post-ERCP pancreatitis, reduces days of hospital stay, increases patient's compliance and prevents unnecessary intervention to CBD.
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In various prospective studies, the frequency of post-ERCP pancreatitis ranges from 1 to 14%. After exposure to trigger events, injury to the gland occurs extremely rapidly. In experimental models of acute pancreatitis, it has been suggested that digestive enzyme activation might occur within acinar cells and it has been shown that in the early stages of acute pancreatitis induced by secretagogues or by diet, there is a co-localization of digestive enzymes and lysosomal hydrolases within large cytoplasm vacuoles; this co-localization mechanism might result in activation of the digestive enzyme. In this article, we will review the trigger events which may determine the final effect of acute pancreatitis during ERCP and endoscopic sphincterotomy: mechanical, chemical, enzymatic and microbiological. Nonetheless, factors related to the patient and the physician will be considered. Finally, the hypothesis of activation of chemokines by endoscopic maneuvers as a cause of acute pancreatitis will be described.
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Objectives The rendezvous postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) technique has been introduced as a modification of the single‐session rendezvous intraoperative ERCP procedure in the management of concurrent common bile duct stones during cholecystectomy. There are no reports on the impact of this modified technique on post‐ERCP morbidity. The objective of this study was to study and compare the rendezvous techniques in terms of procedure‐associated morbidities, such as post‐ERCP pancreatitis and postoperative infections. Methods The Swedish National Registry for Gallstone Disease and ERCP was searched for ERCP procedures cross‐matched with cholecystectomies for the same patient performed for gallstone indications between 2008 and 2014. A total of 1770 rendezvous ERCP procedures were retrieved and included in this study. The ERCP procedures were considered rendezvous intraoperative or rendezvous postoperative, depending on whether the ERCP procedure was performed during or after completing the cholecystectomy. Results There were 1205 and 565 ERCP procedures in the rendezvous intraoperative and the rendezvous postoperative groups respectively. The cohorts were similar in age and gender distribution. Overall complication rates were higher in the rendezvous postoperative group compared with the rendezvous intraoperative group (19.7% vs. 14%, p=0.004), involving specifically post‐ERCP pancreatitis (6.4% vs. 3.2% p=0.003) and postoperative infections (4.4% vs. 2.3% p=0.028). Despite similar stone clearance rates, there were higher rates of retained stones in the rendezvous postoperative group (5.5% vs. 0.6%, p<0.001). Conclusions The single‐session rendezvous intraoperative ERCP is superior to the rendezvous postoperative ERCP technique in terms of post‐ERCP pancreatitis and postoperative infections. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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