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In vitro antioxidant and anti-arthritic effect of the aqueous and ethanolic leaf and root bark extract of Alafia barteri
Abstract
Alafia barteri (Apocynaceae) is a climbing shrub having white or pink flowers. Traditionally, it has been used to treat diseases like malaria, sickle cell anemia, and eye infections. This research is focused on investigating the antioxidant and anti-arthritic activities of the aqueous and ethanol leaf and root extract of Alafia barteri plant in vitro. In-vitro antioxidant methods used were 2, 2 -diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay, reducing power activity and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay while the anti-arthritic activity was studied using the assay method of protein denaturation. Results revealed that aqueous and ethanol root extracts scavenge free radicals, thus inhibiting damage caused by oxidative stress in arthritis while the ethanol extracts of both the leaf and roots had good anti-arthritic activities as seen in its ability to decrease protein denaturation.
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This study was to investigate the constituents of stem extracts of Alafia barteri and evaluate its antiproliferative activity in order to support its ethnomedicinal application. Chromatographic isolation procedure was used to separate the constituents from n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of Alafia barteri stem and testing against three human cancer cell lines, i.e., leukemia carcinoma, K-562, hepatic liver cancer cells, WRL68, and breast carcinoma, MCF-7 using the MTT assay. Thirteen known fatty esters: 1,2,3-propanetriyl tris(dodecanoate) (1), 1,2,3-propanetriyl tris(tetradecanoate) (2), 1,2,3-propanetriyl tris(pentadecanoate) (3), 1,2,3-propanetriyl (5Z,5′Z,5″Z)tris(-5-pentadecenoate) (4), 1,2,3-propanetriyl (7Z,7′Z,7″Z)tris(-7-pentadecenoate) (5), 1,2,3-propanetriyl tris(hexadecanoate) (6), 1,2,3-propanetriyl (9Z,9′Z,9″Z)tris(-9-hexadecenoate) (7), 1,2,3-propanetriyl (9Z,9′Z,9″Z)tris(-9-octadecenoate) (8), methyl octanoate (9), 9Z-ethyloctadec-9-enoate (10), 1,2,3-propanetriyl (5Z,5′Z,5″Z)tris(-5-eicosenoate) (11), dodec-5-enoic acid (12) and 1,2,3-propanetriyl (9Z,12′Z,15″Z)tris(-9,12,15-uneicostrienoate) (13); an isoalcohol, 12-methyltridecan-2-ol (14), β-sitosterol (15), lupeol (16), and α-amyrin (17) were isolated from the extracts and characterized using infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectroscopic techniques. Compounds 2 and 3 showed cytotoxic activity against WRL68 cell lines (IC50 = 63.50 and 65.03 µM, respectively), while 5 exhibited cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 (IC50 = 85.26 µM). Compounds 9, 12, and 16 inhibited the growth of K-562 carcinoma with IC50 of 28.31, 52.32, and 85.20 µM, respectively. The phytochemical constituents of Alafia barteri stem extracts could be considered as lead compounds for further investigation as antiproliferative agents.
Graphical abstract
Antiproliferative activity………
WRL68 Compounds 2 and 3: IC50 = 63.50 ± 7.07 × 10⁻³ and 65.03 ± 7.07 × 10⁻³ µM. MCF-7 Compound 5: IC50 = 85.26 ± 1.41 × 10⁻² µM.
The ethanolic extract of Alafia barteri (Hook F. Icon) was dissolved in distilled water and successively partitioned in n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The fractions were evaluated for phytochemical composition, lethality against brine shrimp larvae and in vitro antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum strain. The obtained results revealed that the roots and leaf extracts of A. barteri exhibited broad spectrum of antiplasmodial activity (IC50 1.5 ± 0.7–6.2 ± 0.80 μg/mL). The aqueous leaf fractions displayed the most potent antiplasmodial activity with an IC50 value of 1.5 ± 0.7 μg/mL, which is comparable to reference antimalarial drug (IC50 value of 1.3 ± 0.2 μg/mL). The leaf fractions displayed higher activity than the root extracts. The highest minimum lethal concentration (105.2 ± 0.8 ppm) was exhibited by the aqueous leaf extract followed closely by the root extract (120.2 ± 1.1 ppm). The leaf extracts contained higher polyphenols (45.3 ± 0.85 mgGAE/g) and flavonoids (18.10 ± 0.2 mgCTE/g) than the root extracts. The n-hexane and EtOAc extracts/fractions displayed lower activity on brine shrimp larvae.
Tannic acid, a naturally occurring plant polyphenol, is composed of a central glucose molecule derivatized at its hydroxyl groups with one or more galloyl residues. In the present paper, we examines the in vitro radical scavenging and antioxidant capacity of tannic acid by using different in vitro analytical methodologies such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radical (DPPH) scavenging, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant activity determination by ferric thiocyanate, total reducing ability determination using by Fe3+–Fe2+ transformation method, superoxide anion radical scavenging by riboflavin–methionine-illuminate system, hydrogen peroxide scavenging and ferrous ions (Fe2+) chelating activities. Also, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), α-tocopherol and trolox, a water-soluble analogue of tocopherol, were used as the reference antioxidant radical scavenger compounds.Tannic acid inhibited 97.7% lipid peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion at 15μg/mL concentration. On the other hand, the above mentioned standard antioxidants indicated an inhibition of 92.2%, 99.6%, 84.6% and 95.6% on peroxidation of linoleic acid emulsion at 45μg/mL concentration, respectively. In addition, tannic acid had an effective DPPH scavenging, ABTS+ radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide scavenging, Fe3+ reducing power and metal chelating on ferrous ions activities. Also, those various antioxidant activities were compared to BHA, BHT, α-tocopherol and trolox as references antioxidant compounds. The present study shows that tannic acid is the effective natural antioxidant component that can be used as food preservative agents or nutraceuticals.
Reducing power assay of solvent extracts of Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms at different concentrations and time delay was evaluated. Reducing power was linearly proportional to the concentration and time and was found to increase with increase in concentration and time. The extracts were compared to standard antioxidant L-ascorbic acid. All extracts showed greater reducing power than that of the standard. The results suggest the potential of development of useful natural antioxidants.
Context:
The roots of Alafia barteri Oliver (Apocynaceae), Combretum mucronatum Schumach (Combretaceae) and Capparis thonningii Schum (Capparaceae) are used in Traditional African Medicine to alleviate painful and inflammatory conditions.
Objective:
This study investigated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the methanol root extracts of Alafia barteri (MeAB), C. mucronatum (MeCM), and Capparis thonningii (MeCT).
Materials and methods:
Analgesic activity of the extracts (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, p.o. 1 h) was evaluated using acetic acid-, formalin- and hot plate-induced pain while anti-inflammatory actions (100 or 200 mg/kg) were investigated using the carrageenan- and xylene-induced edema tests.
Results:
MeAB, MeCM, and MeCT (200 mg/kg) inhibited acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction by 55.07, 46.67, and 47.25%, respectively. In the formalin test, the index of pain inhibition of early and late phases was, respectively, 47.83 and 81.98% for MeAB, 56.10 and 63.81% for MeCM, and 42.84 and 63.29% for MeCT (200 mg/kg). MeAB and MeCT pretreatments significantly increased the reaction time by 46.67 and 25.53%, respectively, 120 min post-treatment in the hot-plate test. Naloxone (5 mg/kg, s.c.) pretreatment 15 min before extract administration, significantly (p < 0.05) reversed the analgesic effect of MeAB and MeCT in the formalin test. MeAB, MeCM, and MeCT showed significant anti-inflammatory activity with 60.44 and 30.39%, 63.74 and 58.08%, and 50.55 and 77.84% (200 mg/kg, 4 h), respectively, inhibition of paw and ear edema.
Discussion and conclusion:
The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of MeAB and MeCT involve an interaction with opioid pathway and/or inhibition of chemical mediators of pain and inflammation.
Objective
To assess the antioxidant and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of the alcoholic extract of Mimusops elengi L (M. elengi) leaves.Methods
In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated for peroxynitrite, superoxide and hypochlorous acid scavenging activity. Total phenolic content also determined. Inhibition of protein denaturation and HRBC (Human Red Blood Cell) membrane stabilization method was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity.ResultsThe leave extract of M. elengi exhibited dose dependent free radical scavenging property in peroxynitrite, superoxide and hypochlorous acid models and the IC50 value were found to be (205.53 ± 2.30), (60.5±2.3), (202.4±5.3) μg/mL respectively. Total phenolic content was found to be 97.3 μg/mg of extract. The maximum membrane stabilization of M. elengi L was found to be (73.85±0.80)% at a dose of 1 000 μg/0.5 mL and that of protein denaturation was found to be 86.23% at a dose of 250 μg/mL with regards to standards in the anti-inflammatory activity.Conclusion
From the result it can conclude that M. elengi extract show good antioxidant and in vitro anti -inflammatory activities.
A method for determining different types of reducing activity in aqueous leaf extracts of various edible herb species [watercress (Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum), parsley (Petroselinum crispum), basil (Ocimum basilicum), and sage (Salvia officinalis L.)] was developed. This method, based on kinetics of the reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II), was employed to study the correlation between leaf senescence rates under darkness and their relative reducing capacity in aqueous extracts, which represents an oxidative defense mechanism. Evidence is presented showing that the total reducing capacity is negatively correlated with the relative senescence rate of these four herb species and thereby provides a means to predict their storage potential. Also, the initiation of senescence processes was associated with a weakening of the oxidative defense systems. Exogenous application of active reducing agents (morin, ferulic acid, kaempferol, and glutathione) inhibited significantly chlorophyll degradation of detached parsley leaves to an extent related to their in vitro effectiveness of reducing activity. The results further emphasize the correlation between decreasing senescence rate and increasing reducing activity, thereby confirming the possible involvement of reducing compounds in oxidative defense systems of various edible senescing leaves.
Rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory disease of the joints causing pain and stiffness, pathologically characterized by chronic synovitis. Without proper treatment, it progresses to cause joint deformity that results in significant loss of function. Extra-articular disease can also occur, which exacerbates morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. Patients from all age groups can acquire the disease, hence the additional categories of juvenile onset and elderly onset rheumatoid arthritis. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs are the mainstay of therapy, and should be initiated as early as possible in the course of the disease in consultation with a rheumatologist.
Rheumatoid arthritis has uncommonly been reported among Africans and rarely among West Africans. Most of the reported cases have been from Southern Africa. A recent awareness of increased reports of RA among Nigerians necessitated this study. The objective of this retrospective study was to identify the clinical presentations, laboratory characteristics as well as treatment regimens of Nigerians presenting with rheumatoid arthritis to a private rheumatology clinic in Lagos, Nigeria. This is a retrospective study of consecutive rheumatoid arthritis patients seen over a period covering 7 years and 10 months diagnosed using the ARA Criteria for RA. Laboratory tests and radiographic investigations were carried out. Treatment was with NSAIDs, prednisolone, disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and biologics. RA accounted for 12.3% of a total of 1,623 patients presenting to the clinic with rheumatologic complaints over the study period. Females were mostly affected (F:M-2.4:1) and mean age is 46.9 years. Duration of symptoms before presentation was 4-264 months with a mean of 63.4 months. The proximal interphalangeal joints were mostly involved. Subcutaneous nodules were seen in 29.5% of the cases while rheumatoid factor was found in 38.5% of the subjects. ESR was mostly elevated and radiographic changes were mostly mild with 29.2% showing erosive changes on radiographs of the hands. Treatment was variously with non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), prednisolone, and DMARDs. Rheumatoid arthritis is not uncommon among Nigerian; and clinical, serologic acumen are necessary for early diagnosis and appropriate referral.
Histomorphological Responses to Aqueous Crude Leaf Extract of Alafia Barteri on Prefrontal Cortex, Heart, Kidney, Liver and Testis of Adult Male Sprague-Dawley Rats
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