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EFFECT OF PINCHING AND SPACING ON FLOWERING ATTRIBUTES OF AFRICAN MARIGOLD (TAGETS ERECTA L.)

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The present experiment was laid out during the winter season of the year 2016-17 at the Garden of, Department of Horticulture, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (UP). There were four level of pinching i.e., P-Control (no pinching), P-pinching at 30 days after transplanting, P-pinching at 40 days after 0 1 2 transplanting and P-pinching at 50 days after transplanting and three different spacing i.e., D (45cm X 20cm), 3 1 D (45cm X 30cm) and D (45cm X 40cm), thus there was total twelve treatment. Effect of pinching and spacing was 2 3 observed on flower attributing parameters like days taken to first flower bud initiation, days taken first flower opening, duration of flowering and pedicel length of flower of African marigold. Maximum days taken to first flower bud initiation, maximum duration of flowering and maximum pedicel length was found at widest spacing (45cm X 40cm) and minimum was found at closest spacing (45cm X 20cm). Pinching after 50 DAT treatment increases days taken to first flower bud initiation; days taken for first flower opening and duration of flowering most but pedicel length was maximum in no pinching treatment. Interaction effect of pinching and spacing was non-significant on above mentioned parameters.
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Plant Archives Vol. 20, Special Issue (AIAAS-2020), 2020 pp. 516-519
EFFECT OF PINCHING AND SPACING ON FLOWERING
ATTRIBUTES OF AFRICAN MARIGOLD (TAGETS ERECTA L.)
1Department of Horticulture, CSAUAT, Kanpur- 208002 (UP), India
2Department of Vegetable Science, CSAUAT, Kanpur- 208002 (UP), India
Abstract
The present experiment was laid out during the winter season of the year 2016-17 at the Garden of, Department of
Horticulture, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (UP). There were four level of
pinching i.e., P - Control (no pinching), P - pinching at 30 days after transplanting, P - pinching at 40 days after
0 1 2
transplanting and P - pinching at 50 days after transplanting and three different spacing i.e., D (45cm X 20cm),
3 1
D (45cm X 30cm) and D (45cm X 40cm), thus there was total twelve treatment. Effect of pinching and spacing was
2 3
observed on flower attributing parameters like days taken to first flower bud initiation, days taken first flower opening,
duration of flowering and pedicel length of flower of African marigold. Maximum days taken to first flower bud
initiation, maximum duration of flowering and maximum pedicel length was found at widest spacing (45cm X 40cm)
and minimum was found at closest spacing (45cm X 20cm). Pinching after 50 DAT treatment increases days taken to
first flower bud initiation; days taken for first flower opening and duration of flowering most but pedicel length was
maximum in no pinching treatment. Interaction effect of pinching and spacing was non-significant on above mentioned
parameters.
Keywords: African marigold, Pinching, Spacing and Flowering.
Introduction
Floriculture is regarded as a viable alternative for
diversification from the traditional field crops due to the
increasing demand of flowers and higher returns per unit area.
African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) belongs to the family
Asteraceae and is a native of Mexico. Mainly two types of
marigold are grown in India viz., African marigold (Tagetes
erecta L., 2n = 24) and French marigold (Tagetes patula L., 2n
= 48) for loose as well as cut flower production. Marigold is
also known as “Sayapatri” in Nepali and “Gainda” in Hindi. A
wider spacing increases the photosynthetic area and reduces
the competition for nutrients, while the reverse is true for
closer spacing. Plant required a certain area for their normal
growth and development as they compete for the space and an
inappropriate planting distance affects the plant growth and
flower yield, adversely indicating that the economic yield
(flower) can only be achieved after providing proper planting
space.
Pinching is the process of removal of apical bud along
with few leaves. It might be due to the fact that by removal of
the apical portion more energy might have been to promote
the number of side branches. The number of side branches
directly positively correlated the yield of flower in African
marigold (Singh et al., 2019). Pinching delays the flowering
but increases the number of flowers. The main purpose of
pinching is to encourage branching to produce a bushy growth
and to enhance the production of more flowers.
Material and Methods
The present experiment was laid out during the winter
season of the year 2016-17 at the Garden of Department of
Horticulture, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of
Agriculture & Technology, Kanpur, (UP). Geographically it is
situated between 25.26 to 26.28 North Latitude, 79.31 to
80.34° East longitudes and at an elevation of 127.12 meter
from mean sea level. The site is located in typical sandy loam
belt of Indo-Gangetic plains of central part of Uttar Pradesh
(Table-1).
Flowering attributes: The following observations were
recorded-
Days taken to first bud initiation: Days taken for the
appearance of first bud were counted from the date of
transplanting of seedling to the days taken for appearance of
first bud.
Days taken to opening of first flower: Days taken for the
opening of first flower were counted from transplanting of
seedling to the days taken for opening of first flower.
Duration of flowering (days): The duration of flowering was
observed by counting the date of first flowering to the last
flowering was recorded by taking average of five plants in
each plot.
Pedicel Length (cm): Pedicel length was recorded in
centimetre with the help of measuring scale. Length of pedicel
was recorded from calyx end to first vegetative bud of flower.
Mean of five pedicels from each representative plant was
taken.
ISSN 0972- 5210
*Corresponding author Email: chaudhary.csa@gmail.com
1 1 2 1,
Vikash Rajput , Abhishek , Jitendra Kumar and Saurabh Tomar *
Duration of flowering (days): A perusal of above data
clearly indicate that the duration of flowering days varied
significantly because of different level of spacing and
pinching. An increasing trend was observed on duration of
flowering (days) with both pinching and spacing treatments
the plants. The closer spacing D (45cm X 20cm) showed
1
minimum duration of flowering (89.27 days). It was increased
by increasing the spacing as D (45cm X 30cm) and D (45cm
2 3
X 40cm) showed 90.82 and 94.20 days (maximum)
respectively. D were found to be significant with D and D .
3 2 1
On the other hand, the maximum days 100.30 were taken for
the duration of flowering by plants in P (50 DAT). The trend
3
was followed by P (40 DAT), P (30 DAT) and P (no
2 1 0
pinching) with 93.81 days, 87.80 days and 83.80 days
(minimum) respectively. Pinching treatment P varied
3
significantly to P , P and P . The effect of interaction between
2 1 0
D x P was found to be non-significant.
The variability of optimum light which is influenced with
different metrological activities also has the critical effect on
flowering. In the wider spacing let the plants to utilise the
entire above mention factor at appropriate level than closer
spacing. The result is in agreement with reports of Chanda and
Roychaudhary (1991) in marigold. The reason might to be due
to the fact that the removal of the apical portion forced the
plant entered in to the vegetative phase and the new shoots to
longer time to become physiologically mature which in term
started flowering. The findings got the support of Arora and
Khanna (1986) and Ubukata (1999) in marigold.
Pedicel length (cm): A perusal of Table-3 of data clearly
indicates the significant variation on average pedicel length
(cm) showed because of different level of spacing and
pinching. An increasing trend was observed on pedicel length
(cm) from closer to wider spacing. It was maximum in D
3
(45cm X 40cm) with 7.56 cm followed by D (45cm X 30cm)
2
and D (45cm X 20cm) with 7.19 cm and 6.26 cm (minimum)
1
respectively. D , D and D were significant to each other.
3 2 1
Further observation reflected that the maximum pedicel
length (cm) was in control P (no pinching) i.e., 7.86 cm. It was
0
followed by the plant pinched in P (50 DAT) with 7.10 cm, P
3 2
(40 DAT) with 6.83 cm and P (30 DAT) with 6.22 cm
1
(minimum). P showed the significant variation to all pinching
0
treatments. P and P revealed at par values when compared
2 3
with each other. The influence of interaction D x P was found
to be non-significant.
It is evident from the fact that the wider spacing will allow
to have the pronounced growth in all respect be it pedicel
length, flower size, vegetative spread. It is natural that in
wider spacing the competition for light, nutrient and water
will be less in comparison to closer spacing, thereby the length
of pedicel would decrease in closer spacing, comparatively.
Findings are enclosed conformity with those of Pinzaru and
Hagiu (1990) in marigold. This reduction in pedicel length
due to pinching might be attributed to the fact that pinching
caused development of more side shoot and flower. Since the
same quantity of food material is distributed among such
larger number of shoots and flowers. It is natural to decline the
pedicel length. The findings are in agreements with reports
with Srivastava et al. (2002) and Chaturvedi et al. (2010) in
marigold.
Conclusion
It could be concluded pinching in African marigold
increases Days taken to first flower bud initiation, Days taken
Statistical Analysis
The experimental data recorded on each aspect on each
treatment (Table-2) were statistically computed in factorial
RBD as following procedure which is given by Panse and
Sukhatme (1985). For calculating standard error of mean and
critical difference (t) value was taken at 0.05 level of
significance.
Results and Discussion
Days taken to first flower bud initiation: Data recorded in
table-3 clearly revealed that days taken to first flower bud
initiation varied significantly due to different levels of spacing
and date of pinching. The maximum days (60.63) were taken
by D (45cm X 40cm) followed by D (45cm X 30cm) and D
3 2 1
(45cm X 20cm) spacing with 59.32 and 58.59 days taken to
first flower bud initiation respectively. D was significant to D
3 2
and D .
1
First flower bud initiation was delayed by every increase
in pinching time. It was observed the minimum (51.77days) in
P (no pinching), increase in succeeding order from P (30
0 1
DAT), P (40 DAT) and P (50 DAT) with 60.80, 62.08 and
2 3
63.40, respectively. P was significant to P and P and was at
3 0 1
par with P . Interactive effect of D x P was found to be non-
2
significant.
Days taken first flower opening (g): The closer spacing D
1
(45cm X 20cm) took the maximum number of days i.e.
(71.42) to have the first flower opening. As the spacing
increased days taken to first flower opening decrease
accordingly. It was 70.90 in D (45cm X 30cm) and 68.35 days
2
(minimum) in D (45cm X 40cm) respectively. D and D were
3 1 2
found to be significant to D while D was at par with D in this
3 1 2
respect. The maximum number of days taken to first flower
opening i.e., 74.24 was taken by plants pinched in P (50 DAT)
3
followed by P (40 DAT), P (30 DAT) and P (no pinching)
2 1 0
with 72.96, 70.53 and 63.16 (minimum) days respectively. P ,
3
P and P were found to be significant with each other. But P
1 0 3
and P values were found at par in this regard. The influence of
2
interaction between D x P was found to be non- significant.
The plants grown at closer spacing completed their
vegetative growth earlier than the wider spaced plants. The
plants entered earlier in to reproductive phase after
completing the vegetative growth rather than wider spacing,
resulting in earlier flower bud initiation comparatively appear
in closer spaced plants. However, the flower bud opening was
delayed in closer spaced plants because the distance thickness
and number of leaves were less. Therefore, formation and
availability of photosynthates were also less in closer spaced
plants that took maximum days of flower bud opening. The
finding is in agreement with the result of Tiwari et al. (2010)
and Chaturvedi et al. (2010) in marigold. The removal of
physiologically mature portion of the shoot and new shoot
during pinching process might be attributed to be a reason in
delay of flowering. The new shoot emerging out from the
pinched plants took more time to become physiologically
mature, Resulting the bud initiation and flowering were delay
in pinched plants. Another reason for delay in flowering might
be due to the fact that auxiliary shoots have slower growth and
development rate than apical shoot as reported by Sekhon
(1981) and Arora and Khanna (1986) in marigold.
517
Vikash Rajput et al
first flower opening and duration of flowering but decreases
pedicel length of flowers. Plants at closer spacing between
took fewer days for first flower bud initiationand first flower
opening. As spacing between plants increases, duration of
flowering and pedicel length also increases. Interaction of
spacing and pinching has non-significant effect on flowering
parameters of African marigold.
References
Arora JS and Khanna K (1986). Effect of nitrogen and
pinching on growth and flower production of marigold
(Tagetes erecta L.). Indian J. Hort., 43(3- 4): 291-294.
Panse VG and Sukhatme PV (1985). Statistical methods for
agricultural workers, Indian Council of Agricultural
Research, New Delhi. 2, 197 pp.
Chanda S and Roychoudhury N (1991). The effect of time,
planting and spacing on growth, flowering and yield of
African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) cv. Siracole. Hort. J.,
4(2): 53-56.
Chaturvedi SK, Meena ML, Divya Maurya and Tiwari RK
(2010). Effect of spacing and nitrogen level on growth,
flowering and yield of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) cv
pusanarangi. Environment and Ecology, 28(3): 1567-
1570.
Pinzaru G and Hagiu A (1990). Studies on the optimum
spacing for nutrition of marigold in the edaphic climatic
conditions of Secuieni-Neamt. Cercetari. Agronomic in
Moldova, 23(1): 56-60.
Sekhon PS (1981). The effect of nitrogen and pinching on
growth and flower production of marigold cv. African
Giant Double Orange. M.Sc. (Ag.) thesis submitted to
Punjab Agric. Uni. Ludhiana, Punjab.
Srivastava SK, Singh HK and Srivastava AK (2002). Effect of
spacing and pinching on growth and flowering of 'Pusa
Narangi Gainda' (Tagetes erecta). Indian Journal of
Agricultural Sciences, 72(10): 611-612.
Tiwari RK, Meena ML, Chaturvedi SK and Ram RB (2010).
Influence of spacing and nitrogen on growth and yield of
marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) cv Pusa Narangi.
Horticultural Journal, 23(1): 26-29.
Ubukata M (1999). Evaluation of one-half-pinch method for
spray carnation cultivation in Hokkaido. Bull. Hokkaido
prefecture Agric. Exp. Stn., 77: 39-43
Singh R, Meena ML, Verma S, Mauriya SK, Yadav S, Kumar
V, Singh V, Kumar L and Maurya SK (2019). A Review on
Effect of Pinching on Growth, Flowering and Flower
Yield of Marigold. Ind. J. Pure App. Biosci., 7(4): 493-
501.
Effect of Pinching and Spacing on Flowering Attributes of African Marigold (Tagets erecta L.)
518
Table 1: Meteorological observations (weekly) during the period of Investigation 2016-17
Months and Date
Weak
Temperature (oC)
Relative humidity (%)
Wind velocity
(km/h)
Rainfall
(mm)
Max.
Mini.
Morning
Evening
1-7 Oct
40
33.45
24.82
84.42
59
4.65
2.85
8-14 Oct
41
33.31
27.44
84.14
50.85
3.50
2.00
15-21
Oct
42
33.65
16.64
83.57
37.54
2.65
0.00
22-28
Oct
43
33.68
16.64
77.00
35.14
1.95
0.00
29 Oct-
4 Nov
44
31.05
13.76
85.14
38.28
2.28
0.00
05-11 Nov
45
30.05
12.54
86.42
43.42
1.20
0.00
12-18Nov
46
28.81
11.34
71.85
42.42
2.25
0.00
19-25Nov
47
28.65
13.22
74.57
42.00
1.65
0.00
26 Nov -
2 Dec
48
21.42
12.24
99.71
77.42
2.62
0.00
3-9 Dec
49
20.01
10.17
99.28
62.85
2.87
0.00
10-16
Dec
50
22.85
7.87
90.71
42.14
2.95
0.00
17-23 Dec
51
24.14
8.85
93.00
36.00
4.07
0.00
24-31 Dec
52
20.04
10.42
96.85
73.14
4.48
0.05
01-07 Jan
1
19.91
5.98
88.14
53.00
3.74
0.00
08-14
Jan
2
21.14
6.40
91.28
52.14
3.42
0.00
15-21
Jan
3
18.40
9.58
94.28
57.57
9.30
3.88
22-28
Jan
4
24.00
9.67
93.71
43.14
3.00
0.00
29 Jan -
4 Feb
5
24.11
8.92
90.57
37.42
4.41
0.00
5-11 Feb
6
27.48
12.24
76.42
40.00
3.07
0.00
12-18 Feb
7
27.27
11.14
73.42
52.71
7.75
0.00
19-25 Feb
8
28.97
13.02
78.28
40.00
4.15
0.00
26
Feb -
4 March
9
25.72
12.25
76.85
52.71
5.64
0.08
05-11March 10 30.77 13.37 75.00 43.85 4.67 3.3
12-18 March 11 36.86 18.13 70.57 53.57 5.65 0
19-25 March 12 39.25 21.61 68.57 43.71 5.25 0.57
26 March - 01 April 13 39.00 19.34 70.42 39.71 5.73 0.0
02-08 April 14 36.68 21.81 69.42 51.00 6.45 0.57
519
Vikash Rajput et al
Table 2: Treatment combination
T1
No pinching
45cm X
20cm
P0D1
T2
No pinching
45cm X
30cm
P0D2
T3
No pinching
45cm X
40cm
P0D3
T4
Pinching at 30 DAT
45cm X
20cm
P1D1
T5
Pinching at 30 DAT
45cm X
30cm
P1D2
T6
Pinching at 30 DAT
45cm X
40cm
P1D3
T7
Pinching at 40 DAT
45cm X
20cm
P2D1
T8
Pinching at 40 DAT
45cm X
30cm
P2D2
T9
Pinching at 40 DAT
45cm X
40cm
P2D3
T10
Pinching at 50 DAT
45cm X
20cm
P3D1
T11 Pinching at 50 DAT
45cm X
30cm
P3D2
T12
Pinching at 50 DAT
45cm X
40cm
P3D3
Table 3: Influence of spacing and pinching on days taken to first flower bud initiation, days taken first
flower opening, duration of flowering (days) and pedicel length (cm) of marigold (Tegetes erecta L.)
Treatments
Days taken to first
flower bud initiation
Days taken first
flower
opening
Duration of
flowering (days)
Pedicel
length (cm)
Spacing
D1 58.59
71.42
89.27
6.26
D2 59.31
70.90
90.82
7.19
D3 60.63
68.34
94.20
7.56
CD at 5%
1.60
1.76
2.46
0.36
Pinching
P0 51.77
63.16
83.80
7.86
P1
60.80
70.53
87.80
6.22
P2
62.08
72.96
93.81
6.83
P3
63.40
74.24
100.30
7.10
CD at 5%
1.84
2.03
2.84
0.42
Interaction effect (P X D)
P0D1
50.33
64.10
81.79
7.72
P0D2
51.77
63.37
82.47
7.85
P0D3
53.21
63.16
87.14
8.02
P1D1
60.01
71.13
86.12
5.27
P1D2
60.63
72.30
87.88
6.61
P1D3
61.76
68.44
89.14
6.78
P2D1
61.23
74.59
91.61
5.93
P2D2
61.98
73.66
93.06
7.03
P2D3
63.03
70.65
96.78
7.55
P3D1
62.79
76.88
97.56
6.12
P3D2
62.89
74.57
99.87
7.27
P3D3
64.53
72.29
103.49
7.91
CD at 5%
NS
NS
NS
NS
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... The production of high value cash crops such as flowers has always been more beneficial to the farmers than the traditional crops but the marketing, post-harvest management and value addition significantly affected the income of the cultivators/farmers. Rajput et al. 2020c [3,4,5] ; Tomar et al. 2017 [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] ; Tomar et al. 2020a and Tomar S. 2020 [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] . The major states being Karnataka Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Maharastra. ...
... The production of high value cash crops such as flowers has always been more beneficial to the farmers than the traditional crops but the marketing, post-harvest management and value addition significantly affected the income of the cultivators/farmers. Rajput et al. 2020c [3,4,5] ; Tomar et al. 2017 [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] ; Tomar et al. 2020a and Tomar S. 2020 [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] . The major states being Karnataka Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Maharastra. ...
... The production of high value cash crops such as flowers has always been more beneficial to the farmers than the traditional crops but the marketing, post-harvest management and value addition significantly affected the income of the cultivators/farmers. Rajput et al. 2020c [3,4,5] ; Tomar et al. 2017 [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] ; Tomar et al. 2020a and Tomar S. 2020 [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] . The major states being Karnataka Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Maharastra. ...
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Marigold is one of the most important commercially grown loose flower crops in India. It is used as loose flower or to make garlands, which are extensively used in the religious and social functions. Marigold is broadly classified into two groups, viz., African marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) and French marigold (Tagetes patula L.). About 342000 ha of area is under floriculture producing 1760000 MT of loose flowers and 769000 MT of cut flowers annually (2017-18 advanced estimates). In order to sustain the growth the floriculture sector must constantly innovate to produce novel products. To meet the objective RBD and CACP tools were used for data analysis. The result shows the T7 perform better in both way i.e. growth aspects as well as economically.
... Furthermore, this result might be because wider spacing had a better light interception as compared to the narrow row spacing, resulting in more number of days to flowering. The results of the present study are in conformity with the findings of [32,33,34,35,36,37]. This findings are in contrast to the views of [38] and [39] who reported early flowering and fruiting in wider spaced plants which might be due to less interplant competition and more leaf surfaces exposed to light, which increased the metabolism of the plant causing early physiological maturity, flowering and subsequent fruiting. ...
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Plant spacing and mulch material have got tremendous influence on crop growth and yield.Proper crop spacing aids in adequate harvesting of solar radiation and sufficient absorption of nutrients and moisture from the soil due to well developed root system which can be accommodated by making changes in inter and intra row spacing.Although plant spacing has a prominent influence on plant growth and development but has received a sort of slight attention in strawberry cultivation.Mulching controls or increases soil temperature, maintains soil moisture, improves water and nutrient absorption and reduces weed growth.These factors have tremendous influence on crop growth and as Strawberry is a surface feeder, mulching plays a very important role.The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of spacing and mulch on growth of Strawberry. The present experiment was carried out during 2019-20 and 2020-21 in Jorhat, Assam with the objective to assess the influence of spacing and mulch on growth of Strawberry.The experiment was laid out in randomized block Design with 2 factors viz. spacing and mulch with three replications involving twenty treatments comprising of five plant spacings viz., 20 cm x 30 cm (S1), 30 cm x 30 cm (S2), 30 cm x 40 cm (S3), 40 cm x 40 cm (S4), 40 cm x 60 cm (S5) and four different mulch applications viz., paddy straw (M1), red mulch (M2), silver black mulch (M3) and no mulch (M4) and the data of individual years were subjected to pooled analysis.The treatments significantly influenced the various parameters. The experiment's findings showed that mulch material and the plant spacing had a favorable effect on strawberry growth.The pooled data revealed that 40 cm x 60 cm spacing with silver black mulch recorded maximum leaf area, Leaf Relative Water Content and minimum days from first flower opening to fruit setting which may have influence on crop yield.Standardization of spacing and mulch material according to agroclimatic condition will help farmers to cultivate Strawberry on commercial level.
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An experiment was conducted during 2000-2001 to study effect of spacing and pinching on growth and flowering of 'Pusa Narangi Gainda' marigold (Tagetes erecta L.). A spacing of 40 cm x 50 cm and pinching 40 days aider transplanting resulted in optimum flower yield (52.15 tonnes/ha) with better quality flowers of marigold.
Effect of nitrogen and pinching on growth and flower production of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.)
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The effect of time, planting and spacing on growth, flowering and yield of African marigold
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Influence of spacing and nitrogen on growth and yield of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) cv Pusa Narangi
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Tiwari RK, Meena ML, Chaturvedi SK and Ram RB (2010). Influence of spacing and nitrogen on growth and yield of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) cv Pusa Narangi. Horticultural Journal, 23(1): 26-29.
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A Review on Effect of Pinching on Growth, Flowering and Flower Yield of Marigold
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Singh R, Meena ML, Verma S, Mauriya SK, Yadav S, Kumar V, Singh V, Kumar L and Maurya SK (2019). A Review on Effect of Pinching on Growth, Flowering and Flower Yield of Marigold. Ind. J. Pure App. Biosci., 7(4): 493-501.