Psychological Assessment With the MMPI-2
... Both methods stem from the interpretation of the MMPI-2 (adult version) but they can also be used for the MMPI-A (Archer, 2005) with some modifications (Archer, 2017). The function of coding is to provide a convenient way to identify salient characteristics in the profile by organizing the information into a simple-to-read summary for clinical and research purposes (Friedman et al., 2014). ...
... Although Scale 2 (Depression) is sensitive to state factors (e.g., the adolescent's emotional state at the time of completing the MMPI-A), it is not regarded as an indication of a depressive mood disorder. Moreover, Scale 2 is often elevated in profiles of youths for whom depression is not the primary diagnosis (Friedman et al., 2014). In our sample, the most common primary diagnoses were anxiety disorders. ...
... Absence from school can contribute to distress when one realizes that they are not able to do "what all the other kids do" in terms of going to school (Heyne & Sauter, 2013). Scale 0 (Social Introversion) measures the degree of social introversion and is the most stable scale of the MMPI-A, reflecting a biological component and behavioral stability (Friedman et al., 2014). The elevations on this scale may reflect more stable characteristics of social anxiety and social avoidance found to be related to SR (Ingul & Nordahl, 2013). ...
There has been little attention to personality in research on school refusal (SR). This study examined personality traits among 41 adolescents receiving cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) during participation in a School Refusal Program. Traits were examined via clinical scales and 2-point code types derived from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—Adolescent. The influence of personality traits on treatment outcome was examined at post-treatment and 1-year follow-up. At pretreatment, eight of the 10 clinical scales were disproportionately skewed toward the “high to very high” range relative to a norm group. Social introversion and depressive symptomatology were significantly increased relative to the norm group, and nearly one-half of the adolescents were characterized by code type 2-3/3-2 (depression/hysteria) or 2-0/0-2 (depression/social introversion). Adolescents characterized by a 2-0/0-2 code type were almost twice as likely (odds ratio = 1.78) to be treatment responders at post-treatment. There was no relation between personality traits and treatment outcome at follow-up. The small sample size limits generalization of the study’s findings. If the results are replicated, personality traits may provide useful indications for personalizing treatment when employing interventions recommended in CBT manuals for SR.
... [16][17][18] For example, 45 adult patients with ILO produced elevated scores on the hypochondriasis and hysteria sections of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, 19 suggesting that patients with ILO experience elevated health-related distress and/or anxiety related to physical symptoms. 20 Another study sampling 27 patients with ILO reported that 48% presented with anxiety and 11% with depression symptoms. 21 Studies examining posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with ILO are less common; however, 43.8% of 16 patients with ILO screened positive for PTSD. ...
Importance
Patients with induced laryngeal obstruction (ILO) present with a variety of behavioral health profiles. Identifying these profiles is crucial in that behavioral health conditions may affect treatment duration and outcomes.
Objective
To characterize the prevalence of anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and physical somatic symptoms in adult and pediatric patients with ILO and determine the factors associated with anxiety, depression, PTSD, and physical somatic symptoms in patients with ILO?
Design, Setting, and Participants
This cross-sectional study included a nonprobability sample of 83 adult and 81 pediatric patients diagnosed with ILO at outpatient adult and pediatric otolaryngology clinics between 2021 and 2023. Exclusion criteria included a comorbid respiratory diagnosis other than asthma, head or neck cancer, or neurological impairments. Recruitment took place between September 2021 and March 2023. The analyses were run in January 2024.
Main Outcome Measures
Patients were prospectively screened for anxiety, depression, PTSD, and somatic physical symptoms. In addition, any past behavioral health diagnoses were extracted from the medical record. Comorbidities, ILO symptoms triggers, and onset details were gathered from ILO evaluations. Adult patients completed the Screen for Adult Anxiety Related Disorders (SCAARED), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ]-9), and somatic physical symptoms portions of the Patient Health Questionnaires (PHQ-15), and the PTSD Checklist for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) (PCL-5). Pediatric patients completed the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders (SCARED), depression (PHQ-9A) and somatic physical symptoms portions of the Patient Health Questionnaires for Adolescents (PHQ-15A), and the UCLA PTSD Reaction Index brief screeners.
Results
Eighty-three adult patients participated in this study (mean [SD] age, 45.8 [14.3] years; 64 female, 19 male). Eighty-one pediatric patients participated (mean [SD] age, 13.83 [2.55] years; 67 female, 14 male). Adult and pediatric patients with ILO screened positive for elevated rates of anxiety (53 adults [63%]; 49 children [60%]), depression (27 adults [32%]; 25 children [30%]), and PTSD (29 adults [34%]; 13 children [16%]). Most of the patients with anxiety and depression symptoms were formally diagnosed prior to ILO evaluation, with rates of previously diagnosed anxiety, depression, and PTSD also above published norms. Adults were twice as likely as children to present with PTSD (odds ratio, 2.1; 95% CI, 0.05-4.48). Elevated rates of physical somatic symptoms were also evident, with 38 adults (45%) and 32 children (39%) scoring in the moderate to severe range.
Conclusions and Relevance
This study found high rates of adult and pediatric patients with ILO screened positive for anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms. Future work should investigate how behavioral health and ILO treatments can best be coordinated to maximize treatment outcomes.
... help arrive at some hypothesis about a person and their behavior, personality and capabilities. According to Framingham, (2018), it can also be referred as psychological testing or performing a series of tests to a person. It includes norm-reference testing or the use of standardized test, interviews both formal and informal, different types of observations and informal assessments such as projective testing, career testing, and even a self-made test. ...
This study was conducted to assess the possible establishment of psychological assessment and counseling center at Laguna State Polytechnic University, San Pablo City Campus. Specifically, it aimed to assess its feasibility, acceptability and potential sustainability. Opinion of community stakeholders were also gathered as one of the research’s primary objectives, which is to provide basic mental health services to the community. This study used exploratory mix method of quantitative and qualitative research which utilized a researcher-made survey questionnaire with 150 working respondents from which 15 were subjected to unstructured in-depth interview. They were the ones who were residents of San Pablo City and other nearby municipalities namely: Victoria, Calauan, Alaminos, Nagcarlan, Rizal, and Liliw. Findings revealed that establishing a psychological assessment and counseling center at LSPU, San Pablo was feasible in terms of the number of psychometricians and other mental health professionals available. In addition, it was acceptable in terms of the qualification of test administrators and its location as it lies at the center of 3 rd district of Laguna. Moreover, it was sustainable in terms of the number of clients it can possibly have. However further considerations were raised by the respondents such as the existing conditions of LSPU-SPCC and its potential capacity to establish the said centers such as the aspects of human resources, physical facilities, funding and community eagerness.
... This white paper is meant to help the MMPI user interpret MMPI scoring positions and score combinations in a theory-driven manner and is an addition to the various existing MMPI manuals (amongst others, Hathaway & McKinley, 1943;Dahlstrom & Welsh, 1960;Butcher et al, 1989;Lachar, 1990;Greene, 2000;Friedman et al, 2001;Graham, 2011). It also adds to the Dynamic Personality Assessment handbook , 2017. ...
White paper: Instruction manual for the Dynamic Theory-driven Profile Interpretation (DTP) of the MMPI-2. New interpretations, the MMPI-2 viewed from a developmental perspective.
Recommendation:
"William Snellen has produced a brilliant and very useful book on MMPI-2 interpretation. Now with the MMPI-2 RF and MMPI-3, Snellen’s book is especially valuable because it demonstrates the clinical utility of a deeper understanding of personality that is not possible with the simplified content driven MMPI-RF and MMPI-3." (Robert M. Gordon, PhD)
... The "Pt" scale and the "Sc" scale, commonly associated with a psychotic functioning index (ibidem), might have a different meaning for OCD: the increase of scores on these scales are not necessarily an index of a deficit in thought processing and/or an altered reality check. These scores reflect instead the fear of the person to be or to become insane because of the presence of obsessive thoughts, making the score on the "Sc" scale increase(Friedman et al., 2014), as usually happens in situations characterized by high situational stress(Butcher et al., 2015) such as OCD. ...
Background: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder is often measured through self-report questionnaires focused on measuring symptomatology (Y-BOCS, OCI-R, and PI). The scientific literature identifies the Pt scale as a distinctive marker, but does not report data related to a specific OCD profile of the MMPI-2 test. Therefore, based on some clinical considerations and preliminary investigations, the following study aims to identify a specific MMPI-OCD configuration marked by the presence of significant indicators able to describe its psychological functioning and its key features in cognitive, emotional and affective terms.
Method: In order to explore the expected relationships, 395 participants were involved (average age: 34.20 years) and evaluated through the MMPI-2 test and the Yale-Brown interview.
Results: MANOVA, Multiple Linear Regression Analysis and Discriminant Function Analysis confirm that the OCD is marked by the recurrence of three elevated clinical scales (Pt, D, Sc). Hyper-prudential reasoning and some reasoning bias, typically employed by these subjects, could justify such results.
Conclusions: This specific configuration could therefore support the clinician during the assessment phases and lead him to identify – as well as differentiate – his characteristics from those of other psychological disorders, thus stimulating him to deepen during the interpretation of the results.
... and T-scores 40 (low score) are expression of a better adjustment than medium and high scores (Friedman 2001, Keiller 1993). MMPI-2 has been widely standardized on Italian population samples, and many studies confirmed its usefulness and effectiveness in normal and pathological cohorts; furthermore, Italian profiles can be compared with those of other countries and cultures (Hathaway 1995, De Fidio 2005. ...
Background: Antepartum depression (APD) and postpartum depression (PPD) are a significant public health problem. Aim of the study was to determine which personality disorders features could be found in women with APD and PPD compared to women without perinatal depression.
Subjects and methods: The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) were administered during peripartum to a sample of 54 women recruited at the Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit, Perugia (Italy).
Results: Results were grouped according to the EPDS ranges 0-8 and 9, and to the MMPI-2 scores on each clinical scale. Women with APD had high scores on the MMPI-2 Hypomania, Cynicism, and Antisocial Practices scales; women with early onset PPD (detected in the first week after childbirth) had high scores on the Paranoia and Low Self-Esteem scales; women with late onset PPD (detected up to three months after childbirth), had high scores on the Fears, Obsessiveness, and Depression scales.
Conclusions: Based on the high scores of specific MMPI-2 scales, our study would suggest that: cluster B personality features may represent a vulnerability factor for APD; passive-aggressive personality features may be a vulnerability factor for early onset PPD; cluster C personality features may act as a vulnerability factor for late onset PPD.
... Scores of 65 or above in the clinical scales were considered to be clinically significant. [13] Statistical analysis Before analysis, the sample was divided into groups according to gender, i.e., male-to-female (MF) and female-to-male (FM) patients who were requesting sex reassignment surgery. The data were analyzed using the computerized software. ...
Background
Gender identity disorder (GID) is a distressing disorder characterized by a persistent unhappiness with one's own sex and a desire to be of the opposite sex as well as seeking sex reassignment surgery for the same. The aim of the study was to assess the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) profiles in patients with GID and examine differences in the profiles based on original gender of the patients.
Methodology
Twenty-seven patients with GID that fulfilled the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition Text Revision criteria for the same were participants of the study. They were administered the MMPI-2 and the scores across various scales were statistically analyzed. Before analysis, the sample was divided into groups according to gender, i.e., male-to-female and female-to-male patients who were requesting sex reassignment surgery.
Results
No significant elevation of scores on any of the scales was noted in keeping with the fact that patients with GID usually demonstrate minimal psychopathology. All patients showed elevation on at least one subscale other than the masculinity-femininity subscale. No differences across gender were noted indicating that gender was probably not a determinant of psychopathology in GID.
Conclusions
MMPI-2 profiles in patients with GID failed to reveal major psychopathology though the MMPI still remains a useful tool in the assessment of this population.
... Entonces la evaluación tradicional justifica la existencia de pruebas que permiten clasificar a los sujetos en entidades nosológicas específicas, además de suponer que a partir de dichos resultados podrían ofrecer el pronóstico. Otra diferencia fundamental entre ambas aproximaciones supone que desde la perspectiva conductual la conducta observada a través de un inventario supone una muestra, un ejemplo del repertorio conductual en un contexto específico, mientras que la evaluación tradicional supone que el resultado de una prueba obedece a la identificación de rasgos de personalidad constantes en el tiempo que por lo tanto son permanentes e identificables en cualquier momento (Haynes, 1990). El cuadro que se presenta a continuación resume las características principales de la evaluación tradicional y la conductual. ...
A number of researchers have called for additional investigations into cognitive ability and intelligence in recent years. This paper utilized a person-centered approach, multiple cognitive ability dimensions, and latent profile analysis to investigate multivariate relationships among cognitive ability dimensions in a sample of 1681 Army recruits. Six cognitive ability dimensions were assessed via the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery. Performance measures were obtained from supervisor ratings of Effort, Discipline, and Peer Leadership. Using latent profile analysis, the results identified five distinct cognitive profiles or classes, which differed significantly across the three types of supervisor ratings.
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