A Beginner's Guide to Structural Equation Modeling: Fourth Edition
... IFI=.90, CFI=.90) görülmüştür. Modelin X 2 /df, GFI, RMSEA uyum indeksleri açısından iyi uyum düzeyinde olduğu, diğer indeksler açısından kabul edilebilir uyum düzeyinde bulunduğu (Kline, 2014;Schumacker & Lomax, 2016) söylenebilir. Ulaşılan üç faktörlü yapı, ilgili alanyazın doğrultusunda minnettarlık (13 madde), affedicilik (8 madde) ve sabır (7 madde) olarak isimlendirilmiştir. ...
... The AMOS 28 program was used to conduct confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in order to assess the model fit of the scale. The fit indices in CFA, including Chi-square (X 2 /df), RMSEA, GFI, AGFI, CFI, and IFI values, were analyzed (Çokluk vd., 2020;Kline, 2014;Marcoulides and Schumacker, 2001;Schumacker and Lomax, 2016). The scale's reliability was assessed through the utilization of Cronbach alpha, composite reliability, split-half reliability, and the test-retest method. ...
... IFI=.90, CFI=.90). The model can be considered to have a high degree of fit based on the X2/df, GFI, and RMSEA fit indices, and a satisfactory level of fit based on other indices (Kline, 2014;Schumacker and Lomax, 2016). The obtained three-factor structure was labeled as gratitude (13 items), forgiveness (8 items), and patience (7 items), in accordance with the existing literature. ...
Psikoloji ve din bilimleri eksenindeki çalışmalar genel ruh sağlığı yanında hastalık, doğal afet ve savaş gibi felaketlerde maneviyat ve değerlerin önemli koruyucu faktörler olduğunu vurgulamaktadır. Değerlerin içeriğine yönelik birçok sınıflamayı dahil etmesi yönünden kapsamlı etik değerler sınıflandırması içsel değerlere yaptığı vurgu ve maneviyat temelli yaklaşımıyla öne çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışma, kapsamlı etik değerler sınıflamasını temel alarak içsel manevi değerler ölçeği geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla öncelikle alan yazın taraması yapılmış ve araştırmacılar tarafından yarı yapılandırılmış bir form geliştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen form ile ergen ve gençler ile öğretmen ve anne-babalardan elde edilen cevaplar ve alan yazın taraması sonucunda madde havuzu oluşturulmuştur. Oluşturulan madde havuzu alanında uzman akademisyenlerin ve Türk dili uzmanı olan akademisyenlerin görüşüne sunulmuştur. Geri dönütler sonucunda pilot form 600 ergen ve genç bireye uygulanmıştır. Uygulama sonrasında açımlayıcı faktör analizi yapılmış ve ölçek için 3 faktörlü, 28 maddeli bir yapı ortaya çıkmıştır. Açımlayıcı faktör analizinde ortay çıkan yapı üzerinde gerçekleştirilen doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonrasında uyum indeksleri incelenmiş ve ölçeğin 3 faktörlü 28 maddelik yapısı doğrulanmıştır. Sonrasında iç tutarlık analizleri, test yarılama analizi, kompozit güvenirlik, test tekrar test yöntemleri kullanılarak ölçeğin güvenirliği test edilmiş ve bütün yöntemlerle ölçeğin güvenilir olduğu görülmüştür. Ölçeği ölçüt bağıntılı geçerliği için "Yaşam Doyumu Ölçeği" kullanılmış ve yapılan analizler sonucunda içsel manevi değerler ölçeğinin ölçüt bağıntılı geçerliği sağladığı görülmüştür. Ulaşılan sonuçlara göre ölçeğin gelecekteki araştırmalara katkısı a Sorumlu Yazar, Uzm. Psik. Dan., Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı, olcanaslan95@gmail.com b Doç. Dr., Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, omerfaruk@uludag.edu.tr
... This method was applied as it allows for the simultaneous analysis of direct and indirect effects and can account for complex relationships among variables. The relationships shown in SEM represent the hypotheses of the researchers (Schumacker & Lomax, 2015). ...
... (p < .01), c 2 /df = 2.239, which was in the acceptable range of 2 -5 (Schumacker & Lomax, 2015;Wheaton et al., 1977) CFI=.95 and TLI=.94, which exceeded the minimum value of .90 (Carlson & Mulaik, 1993;Ghozali, 2017), and RMSEA=.07, ...
This study explores how Indonesians perceive fully English and hybrid English-Indonesian brand names, such as blends and compounds. It addresses whether English use in branding reflects creativity or raises concerns about linguistic dominance. We hypothesized that English is used mainly for commercial creativity and that globalization, not nationalism, drives its adoption. Two online surveys were conducted: the first selected 15 familiar brand names, and the second measured participants' perceptions using Likert-scale items and open-ended questions. Findings showed moderate-to-high agreement (mean = 72.08%) that English enhances brand appeal (78.54%), memorability (73.94%), and market expansion (73.33%). Most participants (75.63%) did not see English use as conflicting with nationalism, suggesting English is viewed as a tool for global competitiveness. Structural Equation Modeling revealed that younger participants and those with higher English proficiency were more accepting of English brand names. Qualitative responses highlighted an appreciation for creative word blending, aligning with Halliday’s “anti-language” concept. Overall, hybrid branding reflects Indonesians’ pragmatic response to globalization, balancing commercial needs with cultural identity. This study contributes to sociolinguistic debates by showing that English adoption in branding can represent creative agency rather than cultural loss.
... This method was applied as it allows for the simultaneous analysis of direct and indirect effects and can account for complex relationships among variables. The relationships shown in SEM represent the hypotheses of the researchers (Schumacker & Lomax, 2015). ...
... (p < .01), c 2 /df = 2.239, which was in the acceptable range of 2 -5 (Schumacker & Lomax, 2015;Wheaton et al., 1977) CFI=.95 and TLI=.94, which exceeded the minimum value of .90 (Carlson & Mulaik, 1993;Ghozali, 2017), and RMSEA=.07, ...
Globalization demands wider use of foreign languages, especially English, on brand names, even for local products. This research aimed to understand how Indonesians perceived the use of English when naming local products and whether there was a feeling of being dominated. It contributes to the study of public perception of foreign languages on brand names. The study used two online surveys to examine perceptions of the brand naming practice, including its formations, meanings, and potential purposes. The first survey aims to select the 15 most familiar brand names out of 30 data points. The second survey, consisting of seven 5-scale Likert items and two open-ended questions, aims to measure the participants' perceptions of the 15 brands. The Likert items generated a mean of 72.08%, indicating that most respondents agree with the statement in each item. The structural equation modeling result shows that English skills have a significant and positive direct impact on perception at .16 (p < .01, 1-tailed), while age shows a negative direct impact at -.27 (p < .01, 1-tailed). Education, on the other hand, has a significant indirect effect on perception (p < .05, 1-tailed) as it affects English skills at .18 (p< .01, 1-tailed). Instead of feeling dominated, the respondents felt that using English is a negotiation to employ English as a creative tool for commercial purposes without losing the sense of nationalism for not using Bahasa Indonesia in the brand names.
... The AMOS 28 program was used to conduct confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in order to assess the model fit of the scale. The fit indices in CFA, including Chi-square (X 2 /df), RMSEA, GFI, AGFI, CFI, and IFI values, were analyzed (Çokluk vd., 2020;Kline, 2014;Marcoulides and Schumacker, 2001;Schumacker and Lomax, 2016). The scale's reliability was assessed through the utilization of Cronbach alpha, composite reliability, split-half reliability, and the test-retest method. ...
... RMSEA=.050,GFI=.91,AGFI=.89,IFI=.90,CFI=.90). The model can be considered to have a high degree of fit based on the X2/df, GFI, and RMSEA fit indices, and a satisfactory level of fit based on other indices (Kline, 2014;Schumacker and Lomax, 2016). The obtained three-factor structure was labeled as gratitude (13 items), forgiveness (8 items), and patience (7 items), in accordance with the existing literature. ...
Recently, psychology and religious studies have emphasized that spirituality and values are important protective factors in disasters such as illness, natural disasters and war. However, the comprehensive ethical values classification also stands out with its emphasis on intrinsic values and spirituality-based approach. This study aims to develop an inner spiritual values scale using the comprehensive ethical values classification. For this purpose, a literature review was conducted and a semi-structured form was developed by the researchers. An item pool was created as a result of the answers obtained from adolescents and young people and the literature review. The created item pool was presented to the opinions of academicians who are experts in their field and Turkish language experts. As a result of the feedback, the pilot form was applied to 600 adolescents and young people. After the application, exploratory factor analysis was conducted and a structure with 3 factors and 28 items emerged for the scale. In order to confirm the structure that emerged in the exploratory factor analysis, the fit indices were examined after the confirmatory factor analysis and the 3-factor 28-item structure of the scale was confirmed. The reliability of the scale was then tested using internal consistency analyses, test split analysis, composite reliability, and test-retest methods, and all methods showed that the scale was reliable. “Satisfaction with Life Scale” was used for the criterion-related validity of the scale and as a result of the analysis, it was seen that the inner spiritual values scale provided criterion-related validity. According to the results, the contribution of the scale to future research was discussed and various suggestions were made to researchers and field workers regarding the scale Spirituality-Based Inner Values
... In line with recommendations for Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) [19,21], a sample size of 275 participants was recruited to ensure robust analysis. ...
Background
In the current technology landscape, several individuals electronically stores their health information. The personal health system offers significant conveniences to users, hence enhancing patient satisfaction. Assessing the impact of e-health literacy, personal health system, and patient happiness on enhancing patient satisfaction an essential outcome of health services is crucial for system improvement and clarity. This study sought to assess the impact of patients’ e-health literacy levels, evaluated at a training and research hospital, on personal health systems and patient satisfaction.
Methods
The research was carried out in a teaching and research hospital associated with the Ministry of Health in Malatya province from March 15, 2024, until April 25, 2024. The research was executed with data from 275 people. The data collection form consists of 4 sections.
Results
In the present study, 275 people participated, and 57.8% of them were women. 3.69 were the mean score for the personal health system utilization perception, 92.64 was the mean score for the outpatient satisfaction scale, and 3.63 were the mean score for the e-health literacy scale. E-health literacy explained 2% (R² = 0.02) of outpatient satisfaction and e-health literacy and outpatient satisfaction explained 30% (R² = 0.30) of the perception of personal health system use.
Conclusion
Outpatient satisfaction influences individuals’ perceptions of their health system, e-health literacy affects outpatient satisfaction, and outpatient satisfaction serves as a mediator between e-health literacy and personal health system perspectives.
... Values greater than .95 were deemed appropriate for CFI and TLI indices(Schumacker & Lomax, 2015). McDonald's omega ...
Post-pandemic, there is concern about the increase in mental health problems associated with grief due to COVID-19. Recent studies have identified positive outcomes that may have emerged in the face of adversity, which can lead to positive psychological changes, such as posttraumatic growth. The aim of the study was to evaluate the transnational measurement invariance of the 8-item Posttraumatic Growth Inventory-Short Form (PTGI-SF) in individuals who experienced the death of loved ones during the post-COVID-19 period. A total of 1,820 individuals were recruited from four South American countries (Ecuador, Colombia, Peru and Bolivia) using non-probabilistic snowball sampling. The highest average age of participants was observed in Colombia (M = 35.8; SD = 12.5 years), while the lowest was recorded in Bolivia (M = 28.4; SD = 10.5 years). Similarly, a higher proportion of women (>57%) was found across all countries. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) methods were used. The results indicated that a model for measuring posttraumatic growth across the five countries was supported, encompassing four factors: relating to others, appreciation of life and opportunities, personal strength, and spiritual change. Furthermore, the four-factor structure showed sufficient strict invariance across the five countries. Similarly, the PTGI-SF-8 items demonstrated adequate discrimination and difficulty parameters. The findings provide initial evidence to consider the PTGI-SF-8 as a psychometric instrument for assessing posttraumatic growth.
... para indicar un buen ajuste y los valores comprendidos entre .05 y .08 indican un ajuste aceptable (Ferrando & Anguiano-Carrasco, 2010;Schumacker & Lomax, 2015). ...
El objetivo del trabajo consistió en la adaptación lingüística del Cuestionario de Motivación para el Aprendizaje y la Ejecución
MAPE-II para población argentina de adultos mayores. A través de un juicio de expertos se realizaron cambios en la redacción de los
ítems, versión que fue puesta a prueba con una prueba piloto que ratificó la claridad del cuestionario. Finalmente, a través de un
muestreo no probabilístico se administró el cuestionario a 380 adultos mayores (54,2 % mujeres y 45,8 % hombres; edad entre 60 y
92 años (ME = 69,04; DE = 7,56). Se analizaron las propiedades psicométricas del cuestionario. Primero, se realizó un análisis
paralelo óptimo que sugirió la estructura factorial de 3 factores. Luego, el análisis factorial exploratorio permitió conocer cuáles eran os ítems que presentaban complejidad psicométrica. A partir de esto, se llegó a una versión de 25 ítems y 3 factores que fue puesta a
prueba en un análisis factorial semi-confirmatorio que arrojó buenos índices de bondad de ajuste (GFI=.95, AGFI=.91,
RMSR=.05). La confiabilidad se evaluó a través del KR 20 que arrojó valores entre .60 y .65 para cada factor, y .70 para la escala total.
Se discuten los resultados a la luz del modelo teórico propuesto y se presentan futuras líneas de investigación. Se concluye que el
presente estudio aporta una versión preliminar válida y confiable del MAPE-II para adultos mayores argentinos.
Palabras clave: Motivación, Aprendizaje, Adultos Mayores, Adaptación, MAPE-II.
... The fundamental objective is to confirm the proposed relationships based on the theory applied to the studied system (Escobedo et al., 2016;Hair et al., 2006). The robust Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) estimator was used, and the model's fit was evaluated using the Comparative Fit Index (CFI) (> 0.95), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) (> 0.95), Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation (RMSEA) (< 0.08), and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) (< 0.08) (Kline, 2016;Schumacker & Lomax, 2015). ...
Introduction: To determine whether resilience dimensions are able to predict empathy dimensions based on individual resilience scores in a sample of health sciences students. Methods: The sample consisted of 1,093 students from the Faculty of Health Sciences of El Salvador. Descriptive statistics were estimated to characterize the sample and the prediction of the dimensions of resilience on those of empathy was estimated using structural equations. Results: It was found that the Engineering and Adaptive dimensions of resilience negatively predict the Adoption of Perspective and Compassionate Care dimensions of empathy, while the ecological dimension positively predicted the Adoption of Perspective and Compassionate Care dimensions of empathy. Conclusion: Individual resilience is a variable that can influence empathy and predict empathic behaviour in students from different careers or study programmes belonging to a Faculty of Health Sciences. These findings provide empirical evidence supporting the concept that empathy can be defined as a dependent variable regarding individual resilience. It is necessary to introduce training in resilience and empathy in a coordinated manner in the teaching-learning process in health sciences students.
... For CFA and MGCFA, a good model fit has considered if CFI, TLI, IFI and GFI values were between 0.90 and 0.95 (Bentler & Bonett, 1980;Schumacker & Lomax, 2016), RMSEA ≤ 0.05 (very good fit) or ≤ 0.08 (acceptable fit; (Byrne, 2016) and SRMR ≤ 0.05 (very good fit) or ≤ 0.08 (good fit; Bagozzi & Yi, 2012;Schermelleh-Engel et al., 2003). ...
Subjective well-being influences longevity and health maintenance. No specific scale exists in French to measure the physical, psychological, and social dimensions of subjective well-being simultaneously. The BBC Subjective Well-Being Scale (BBC-SWB) is a reliable and valid measure of subjective well-being in the general population. The aim of this study was to translate and cross-culturally adapt the BBC-SWB into a French version and to evaluate its psychometric properties, validity, and reliability in the general adult population in France. After providing their informed consent, a sample of 1419 participants, were asked to complete a sociodemographic questionnaire and respond to a battery of online self-report measures probing subjective well-being, subjective happiness, mental health, quality of life, anxiety, and depression. The process of intercultural adaptation showed a semantic, idiomatic, cultural, and conceptual equivalence between the original version and the French version. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to extract and confirm a three-factor structural model in the sample. A 24-item version showed acceptable psychometric properties and measured the three dimensions of well-being. Spearman correlations were performed demonstrating significant concurrent validity. Internal consistency and intraclass and inter-rater correlation coefficients showed excellent reliability. This scale renamed “EBES” for Évaluation du Bien-Être Subjectif, represents a valid, reliable, and recommended instrument for research and clinical intervention purposes.
... Regression analysis was performed using structural equation modeling (SEM). SEM allows for the analysis of complex theoretical relationships while accounting for how constructs are measured, defined, and related to each other (Schumacker & Lomax, 2016). This form of analytic method is especially useful when examining a process with many potential components such as self-perception. ...
Eating disorders are serious mental health conditions with significant negative health outcomes, high mortality rates, and comorbid mental health conditions. Despite many available interventions for eating disorders, treatment remains challenging due to the difficulty in maintaining treatment gains. Understanding effective treatment processes is crucial. This study aimed to examine the role of self-perception components in predicting eating disorder severity in a residential sample of women and girls. Participants ( N = 175) completed measures assessing eating disorder severity, self-kindness, self-judgment, and self-esteem at admission. Correlational analyses and structural equation modeling were used to explore these relationships. Results indicated that self-judgment and self-esteem were significant predictors of eating disorder severity, while self-kindness was not. These findings highlight the importance of targeting self-judgment and self-esteem in treating eating disorders, suggesting potential areas for therapeutic focus to improve treatment outcomes. Further research is needed to refine transdiagnostic interventions for eating disorders and explore their efficacy across clinical settings.
... RMSEA < 0.06, IFI > .90, and regression weight ≥ .50 (Hu & Bentler, 1999;Schumacker & Lomax, 2015). The model's fitness was evaluated by meeting at least three thresholds. ...
Global concern surrounds students' mathematics learning, development, and achievement. Scholarly discussions have explored various factors influencing students' mathematics performance. However, more information is needed to understand the impact of mathematics teaching styles on student outcomes in developing contexts like Nepal. This study examines the moderators of mathematics teaching styles and their influence on students' performance. To achieve this, the Teachers' Teaching Style Questionnaire (TTSQ) collected quantitative data from 469 grade nine students across 14 high schools in Kathmandu, Lalitpur, and Bhaktapur districts of Nepal. Confirmatory factor analysis, path analysis, and moderation analysis were performed to examine the effects of teaching styles on student achievement in mathematics. Key findings indicate that teaching styles, such as consideration and openness, are not significant predictors of student achievement, but rigid teaching styles can predict student achievement in mathematics. However, impact of the rigid teaching style was negative on student achievement. School type influenced the relationship between performance and considerate teaching, favoring private schools. School location influenced the relationship between considerate teaching and student performance in mathematics, favoring rural schools. Likewise, urban schools had a negative effect on the relationship between teacher openness and student performance, but rural schools had a positive effect on their relationship. Furthermore, low and high-ability students moderated the relationship between considerate teaching and student achievement, with the negative effect of low ability on considerate teaching and student performance and the positive influence of high ability on considerate teaching and student achievement. Student ability influenced the relationship between teacher openness and student performance, with a negative moderations of low and moderate ability students. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of teacher training in teaching styles for high schools in Nepal and similar contexts.
... In confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), a criterion considers the ratio between cases and free parameters. A range of 10:1 to 20:1 is often suggested (Jackson, 2003;Schumacker & Lomax, 2015). Therefore, if all commonalities are 0.7 or higher and at least three factors have significant loadings on each component, a sample size of 100 is sufficient. ...
Background: The educational environment is crucial to student learning and professional development in nursing education. The Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM) is a widely used tool for assessing educational environments in health professions. However, its psychometric properties have not been sufficiently evaluated in the Moroccan context, particularly among nursing students.
Objective: This study aimed to examine and validate the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the DREEM scale in a sample of Moroccan nursing students.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between May and July 2023 among 445 undergraduate nursing students at the Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques in Meknes, Morocco. Data were collected using the Arabic-translated DREEM questionnaire. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was conducted to assess variance distribution, while Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was used to test model fit using key indices. Reliability was measured using Cronbach’s alpha, and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated for test-retest reliability.
Results: PCA confirmed a five-factor structure, with the first two principal components explaining 19.13% and 23.61% of the total variance. CFA results showed that the students’ perceptions of learning (SPL) and academic atmosphere (SPA) subscales had good to acceptable fit, while the students’ perceptions of teachers (SPT) and academic self-perception (SASP) subscales demonstrated moderate to marginal fit. The Arabic DREEM scale exhibited good internal consistency, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.87. Sociodemographic factors, including gender, scholarship status, and rural-urban background, influenced students’ perceptions of their educational environment.
Conclusion: This study confirmed the reliability and validity of the Arabic version of the DREEM scale for assessing nursing students’ educational environments in Morocco. However, variability in model fit across subscales suggests the need for further refinement to enhance cultural adaptation. Findings highlight disparities in teaching quality, academic support, and student engagement, emphasizing the importance of improving teacher-student interactions, interactive teaching methods, and social support systems to enhance learning outcomes.
... Model fit indices (CFI = 0.82; RMSEA = 0.1) were lower than commonly used cut-offs to indicate good model fit, CFI > 0.9 and RMSEA < 0.08 (Hooper et al. 2008;Schumacker and Lomax 2016). The misfit plot was therefore examined (Rogers 2024) and four items with high residual intercorrelations were removed (items 8, 19, 11 and 16). ...
Many HRD interventions aim to enhance self‐awareness to shape employee behavior, to develop skills, or as a performance‐related outcome. But measuring this development faces significant metacognitive challenges: self‐awareness changes when one's attention is directed to it, and self‐report relies on accurate self‐awareness. To address this issue, we develop a measure of outcomes associated with self‐awareness development and test its internal and external validity. In study 1, datasets from six countries (N = 1164) were collated from users of a previous self‐awareness outcomes (SAO) questionnaire. Factor analysis was used to reduce the original item set and identify two latent variable dimensions (balanced awareness and emotional challenges). In study 2 (N = 442), these dimensions and a third work‐focused subscale were evaluated using CFA. Subsequently, regression analyses tested the relationships between SAOs and self‐awareness building processes and practices. In addition, the dimensions were found to account for well‐being after controlling for Big Five personality traits: emotional challenges were associated with reduced well‐being, while balanced awareness and work reflection were associated with higher well‐being. By indexing distinct outcomes associated with self‐awareness development, this measure addresses the metacognitive challenge of assessing self‐awareness and can be used to evaluate and demonstrate the effectiveness of a range of HRD interventions that rely on improved self‐awareness. In addition, it highlights the importance of supporting employees through the emotional challenges of the self‐awareness journey.
... Otherwise model fit was evaluated using the chi-square test (χ²) and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), with values between 0.05 and 0.08 indicating an acceptable fit (Kline, 2016). Additionally, other fit indices, including the comparative fit index (CFI), goodness-of-fit index (GFI), and Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), were used to assess model fit, with values above 0.90 considered acceptable (Schumacker and Lomax, 2015). In bold Significant factor loading; g1, skewness; g2, kurtosis. ...
Background
Attitudes toward gender and sexual diversity can range from acceptance to rejection, influenced by various social, psychological, and cultural factors. In Latin America, instruments tailored to measure these attitudes within specific cultural contexts are limited. This study aimed to develop and validate a culturally relevant scale to assess attitudes toward gender and sexual diversity in Ecuador.
Methods
The research was conducted in two studies. In Study 1, an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed on data collected from 225 psychology students to identify the scale's structure. In Study 2, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted with 362 students to confirm the factor structure and assess the scale's validity. The final scale comprised 18 items across three factors: social coexistence, moral and pathological views, and stereotypes.
Results
The scale demonstrated sound psychometric properties, with acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.74–0.77). Factor loadings ranged from 0.56 to 0.87, confirming the robustness of the scale. Three distinct factors were identified, providing a comprehensive measure of attitudes toward gender and sexual diversity in social, psychological, and behavioral contexts.
Conclusion
This scale represents a valuable tool for assessing attitudes toward gender and sexual diversity in Latin American populations. Future research should test its applicability across broader populations and in different Latin American countries to further validate its use and generalizability.
... NFI = 0.911, and RMSEA = 0.220. As per Schumacker and Lomax [48], CFI, TLI, and NFI values near 1.000, alongside an RMSEA value close to 0, indicate the best fit. Hence, the developed path model fits the data very well. ...
Balancing academic responsibilities and work commitments poses significant challenges for students in built environment (BE) programs, often leading to compromised well-being and academic difficulties. This study examines the causal effects of balancing work–study responsibilities on students’ health, well-being, and academic outcomes, addressing critical gaps in the literature. A positivist research approach was employed, with data collected via an online survey of 253 undergraduate BE students from Australian universities. The survey assessed academic and work stressors, health, mental well-being, coping strategies, and academic outcomes. Statistical analyses, including one-sample t-tests, factor analysis, and path analysis, were used to analyse the data. The findings reveal that BE students experience severe stress and moderate levels of anxiety and depression, significantly impacting their academic performance. Common health issues include fatigue and sleep disturbances. Work–study conflict and performance anxiety were identified as the strongest predictors of negative health outcomes, with maladaptive coping strategies amplifying these effects. These results underscore the urgent need for institutional interventions, such as flexible learning options, enhanced mental health services, and industry partnerships to alleviate work–study conflicts. Encouraging adaptive coping mechanisms and providing targeted support can help mitigate adverse effects, promoting improved academic performance and well-being among BE students. These findings can be generalised to students in other academic disciplines and countries, as similar work–study challenges and their associated impacts are observed globally.
... Sample size was multiply determined. First, we considered that the stability of correlation coefficients influences the validity of factor analyses (Schumacker & Lomax, 2015), and correlation coefficients stabilize around N = 250 (Schönbrodt & Perugini, 2013); additionally, n = 200 is recommended per group for testing MI (Meade & Lautenschlager, 2004). Finally, we considered that a sample size of 692 participants provided at least a power of 0.80 to detect a 0.10 r difference using Steiger's t tests at an α of .05 ...
Sexual sadism has long been of interest to scholars and clinicians in psychology, and most research on sexual sadism has focused on forensic samples. However, recently, research has uncovered the existence of sexual sadism in general populations. Measures designed to assess sexual sadism in the general population are lacking. To address this gap, we created the Index of Consensual Sexual Sadism (ICSS) and performed some initial psychometric testing of its structure, measurement invariance, validity (e.g., distinguishment from everyday sadism), and reliability. In this preregistered study, separate samples of community adults and undergraduates (N = 1,391; Mage = 24.21, SDage = 10.92, rangeage = 18–85; 68.40% female; 76.10% White) completed the ICSS and measures of sadistic pleasure in sexual and nonsexual contexts, normal personality traits (HEXACO), personality disorder traits, antagonistic personality features (e.g., psychopathy), frequency of sadistic sexual fantasies, romantic relationship satisfaction, and social desirability. The ICSS demonstrated a unidimensional structure that was invariant across the tested groupings of sample type, sex, and age; in addition, the scale had only a trivial relation to social desirability bias, and it related to the other outcomes in a way that highlighted its construct validity and distinguished it from everyday sadism. The ICSS seems a viable candidate for assessing consensual sexual sadism so that clinicians and researchers can begin evaluating the full spectrum of sexual sadism.
... Additionally, the standard deviations were within acceptable ranges, further indicating the consistency and reliability of measurements. The findings are in line with the work of Schumacker and Lomax (2015), who argue that factor loadings above 0.5 or 0.6 are generally considered acceptable for indicator variables. Despite these exceptions, the overall robustness of the factor loadings supports the constructs' validity and reliability and offer insights into the relationships between AI capability indicators, Employee Productivity, and Organizational Performance, providing a solid foundation for further analysis and interpretation within the SEM framework. ...
The adoption of Artificial intelligence (AI) technology in the workplace is becoming more common, with several research highlighting both its positive and adverse influence on employee productivity (EP) and organizational performance (OP). Furthermore, there is a scarcity of research focused on the mediator role of EP in the nexus between AI and OP. This ambiguity underscores the need for a comprehensive understanding of how AI interacts with EP and OP within specific organizational contexts, such as Ethio Telecom. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of AI on OP with a mediating role of EP. Quantitative data was collected through an online survey using Kobo Toolbox from 172 purposively selected employees. AI was modeled as third-order formative construct, while EP and OP were first-order reflective constructs. The variables were measured using validated multi-item questionnaires with a 7-point Likert scale. The association between these variables was investigated with PLS-SEM in SMART PLS 4.1.03. The results showed that there were positive and significant relationships between AI and EP, AI and OP, EP and OP, and AI on OP through EP. Furthermore, EP served as a partial mediator between OP and AI. These findings are consistent with previous studies and theories, such as the resource-based view and human capital theories. The results suggest that organizations can dramatically improve performance in the digital age by implementing AI and creating a work environment that encourages productivity.
... Exploratory factor analysis was conducted using principal components analysis (PCA) with VARIMAX rotation and Pearson's correlation tests (r) for the 20 items identified in the previous section (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2019). The PCA met the criteria of sample adequacy (a proportion of 6.55 subjects per item), Bartlett's test of sphericity (χ 2 ) with a significance level of p ≤ 0.05, and a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test (KMO) of 0.864 (greater than 0.70, following the guidelines of (Schumacker & Lomax, 2015)). ...
Gastronomic tourism has become a dynamic segment within the tourism sector, serving as a vital tool for the economic, cultural, and environmental growth of regions that emphasize culinary experiences. This study examines the motivations of young food-motivated tourists (“foodies”) and their impact on travel choices and destination development. Using a quantitative methodology, data were collected from 170 respondents (131 valid answers) in Portugal. The data were collected through the PTFoodies survey, a tool specifically designed by the authors to analyze tourist motivations and their connections to destination attributes. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified five key factors—endogenous products, local gastronomy, quality and innovation, authenticity and tradition, and diversity—revealing a balance between sustainability, local authenticity, and openness to innovation in tourist preferences. Additionally, correlation analysis highlighted significant relationships between motivations, such as the strong association between an interest in culinary routes and event participation and between local product appreciation and the preference for organic food. These findings contribute to both theory and practice by refining motivational theories specific to gastronomic tourism, offering insights into destination development strategies and emphasizing sustainable practices that resonate with tourists’ preferences. The study provides destination managers with actionable strategies to attract food-motivated tourists and foster sustainable community growth through gastronomic tourism.
... The findings obtained as a result of the CFA conducted to confirm the two-factor structure of the organizational healing scale are presented in Table 7. Kline (2015, p. 269) posits that a variety of fit indices should be evaluated through the application of CFA, with the objective of verifying the model that emerges from EFA. The model fit indices and the reference intervals for the perfect and acceptable fit indices for the organizational healing scale are provided in Table 7 ( Büyüköztürk et al., 2020;Schermelleh-Engel et al., 2003;Hu and Bentler, 1999;Schumacker and Lomax, 2016). ...
Introduction
Adverse and destructive situations can have a significant and long-lasting impact on organizational members, resulting in considerable disruption to organizational functioning. The occurrence of negative or traumatic events in organizations can be attributed to a range of factors, including natural adversities, as well as intentional or human-induced crises. The concept of organizational healing encompasses both the processes that enable an organization to regain functionality following adversity and the strategies that facilitate enhanced performance in the period following trauma or harm. Recent advances have highlighted the topic of organizational healing, particularly in relation to how organizations can recover from significant traumatic events and return to their pre-disaster state. This study aimed to develop the Organizational Healing Scale by verifying its reliability and validity.
Methods
The item pool for the organizational healing scale was developed with the objective of ensuring its applicability for researchers and participants by adhering to the principles of scientific rigor and practicality. In this context, an item pool of 32 items was created. To ensure construct validity, EFA and CFA were conducted, and for content and face validity, expert opinion was consulted. Validity was also ensured through convergent and discriminant validity. Reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha coefficient value.
Results
The two components (individual priority, organizational priority) identified through EFA as contributing to the construct validity of the scale were subsequently confirmed by CFA. The fit indices for the scale were at satisfactory level. The Cronbach Alpha coefficient value demonstrated that both components were reliable.
Discussion
A review of the results indicated that the organizational healing scale is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring the healing levels of organizations with respect to the component under consideration.
This study presents the development of the Plant Perception Scale (PPS), a multidimensional tool designed to assess high school students' awareness of the ecological , utilitarian, and cultural significance of plants. Positioned within the broader goal of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD), the scale aims to identify perception gaps that may hinder students' engagement with biodiversity and sustainability. Following a rigorous development process-including item generation, expert review, pilot testing, and psychometric validation-the final 21-item scale revealed a three-factor structure: Ecological Awareness and Sustainability Perception (12 items), Utility-Oriented Plant Perception (5 items), and Cultural and Aesthetic Perception (4 items). Exploratory Factor Analysis confirmed data suitability (KMO = 0.920; Bartlett's χ 2 (210) = 2245.215, p < 0.001). Confirmatory Factor Analysis supported the structure with strong fit indices (χ 2 /df = 2.204; CFI = 0.949; RMSEA = 0.055). Internal consistency was high (Cronbach's α = 0.88 for the total scale; factor α values ranged from 0.823 to 0.939). The PPS contributes to sustainable education by offering a reliable framework to evaluate plant-related awareness among adolescents and can serve as a diagnostic and pedagogical tool to guide curriculum development and educational interventions in support of the SDGs.
It is often said that the form and socio-spatial organization of cities reflect the way in which they are financed. The challenge for many cities is that municipal revenues are insufficient to meet the large and growing needs for public spending. This article aims to improve city financial resources by promoting their governance, through an empirical study of a sample of 271 actors and partners involved in cities in Morocco. The methodology applied is based on a deductive approach involving the establishment of a set of hypotheses and the construction of a research model. The data were processed using an exploratory data analysis method: the variance-type structural equation method through the Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach. The results reveal that the promotion of this governance must involve improving and diversifying the city's sources of income, encouraging consultation and coordination with all city stakeholders, providing an effective strategic planning, and strict budgetary control.
Objectives
Adolescence is a critical period for psychosocial development, often marked by elevated stress levels. The present study examines the role of psychosocial factors as predictors of adolescent stress, with a focus on personality traits, social support, and family health.
Methods
A cross-sectional sample of 1,104 school-going adolescents from Telangana, India were analysed. Using the Adolescence Stress Scale and various psychosocial scales, hierarchical multiple regression and path analysis were employed to assess direct and indirect effects of psychosocial variables on stress levels.
Results
Key predictors of stress included ill-health experiences, conscientiousness, emotional instability, and psychosocial support. Together, these factors explained 6 % of the variance in stress. Serial mediation analysis revealed significant indirect effects, where family health and emotional efficacy acted as mediators between psychosocial factors and stress. Emotional instability and frustrative non-reward responsiveness were the strongest predictors of stress.
Conclusions
Psychosocial factors play a significant but modest role in adolescent stress, highlighting the need for further research into additional contributors. Interventions targeting family health and emotional regulation may alleviate stress among adolescents.
Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar si la autoestima y la comunicación familiar predicen el bienestar psicológico en mujeres de la ciudad de Juliaca, Perú. Método: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, de diseño predictivo y corte transversal. Se utilizó un muestreo no probabilístico intencional, con la participación voluntaria de 499 mujeres de 18 a 56 años (M = 35.03, DE = 9.13). Se aplicaron tres instrumentos validados: la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg, la Escala de Comunicación Familiar (FCS) y la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico para Adultos (BIEPS-A). Resultados: El análisis mediante modelamiento de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM) indicó un ajuste aceptable del modelo: χ²(12) = 29.5, p < .001, CFI = .980, RMSEA = .053, SRMR = .030. La autoestima predijo significativamente el bienestar psicológico (β = .78, p < .001), mientras que la comunicación familiar no mostró una relación significativa (β = .05, p = .538). El modelo explicó el 65% de la varianza en el bienestar psicológico. Conclusión: Estos resultados subrayan el papel central de la autoestima en la promoción del bienestar psicológico en mujeres peruanas, lo que sugiere la necesidad de implementar estrategias de intervención dirigidas a fortalecer la autovaloración y la resiliencia emocional en poblaciones vulnerables.
The present study investigated the factorial structure and psychometric characteristics, particularly reliability and validity, of the brief self-control scale amongst Arab university students (N = 525) utilizing exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The construct validity was gauged by examining the scale relationship with ambiguity tolerance. The findings of the exploratory factor analysis suggested that a two-factor structure was the optimal factorial solution, accounting for 30.93% of the variance in the study sample. Factor 1 had nine items and was named impulsivity. Factor 2 had four items and was called self-discipline. Both factors had good and acceptable reliability coefficients. The findings of confirmatory factor analysis provided supporting evidence of the estimated two-factor structure after applying modification indices of the model. The construct validity was substantiated by estimating a significant positive moderate association between self-control and ambiguity tolerance. These findings showed that the brief self-control scale is a reliable and valid measurement tool to evaluate students’ self-control in the academic context of Arabic culture.
El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar de qué manera afectan las actividades delictivas al desempeño organizacional en las empresas comerciales desde los factores externos planteados en la teoría de la contingencia. Como parte del método, se utilizó la técnica de ecuaciones estructurales por covarianza (CBSEM). En los resultados se presenta el modelo estructural para la comprobación de las hipótesis planteadas. Los principales hallazgos muestran que la actividad delictiva que presenta un mayor efecto en el desempeño organizacional es el fraude y los otros delitos (robo, extorsión y vandalismo) no afectan el desempeño organizacional de las empresas estudiadas. La originalidad de la presente investigación, se basa en el abordaje de la problemática delincuencial y cómo ésta afecta a las organizaciones. La principal limitación del estudio radica en la inclusión de un solo sector de la economía (comercial) lo que dificulta su generalización a otro tipo de empresas.
This study leverages the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to investigate the variations in entrepreneurial intent (EI) among Romanian students, before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. By examining the interactions between attitudes, social norms (SocNorms), and perceived behavioral control (PBC), as represented in the TPB framework, we aimed to uncover what factors promote or hinder students’ decisions to pursue entrepreneurship. We examined these relationships across two cohorts (2018 and 2023) using structural equation modeling (SEM) on data collected through an online survey from a total sample of 383 Romanian bachelor students. Our findings indicate that PBC is a significant predictor of EI for both cohorts; however, attitudes have shown a direct but reverse influence for the 2023 group. This cohort, faced with isolation, unemployment, and resource shortages, has adapted by cultivating an innovation and perseverance mindset, positioning entrepreneurship as a viable solution. This study is one of the few longitudinal comparative investigations of EI in Romania during a significant societal crisis, offering insights into the evolving dynamics of young entrepreneurs, which can inform educational strategies and policies designed to nurture a new generation of resilient entrepreneurs.
Background
Self‐determination has seen increasing interest in literature worldwide, in terms of its contextualisation, operationalisation and assessment. Developing sound and robust instruments will enable valid assessment both within individual countries and in cross‐cultural comparisons.
Methods
The new Self‐Determination Inventory (SDI) was translated and adapted into Portuguese, for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) and our goal was to analyse the SDI Portuguese Translation's factorial structure. The inventory was administered to 408 participants, between 13 and 73 years old (27 ± 13.6), 246 females and 162 males, with ( n = 146) and without IDD ( n = 262). Factor structure, measurement invariance and latent difference between persons with and without IDD were analysed.
Results
The confirmatory factor analysis supported the SDI Portuguese Translations' psychometric properties. The data fit a unidimensional model, indicating that the 21 items represent the construct better than a three‐factor model. The measurement invariance across groups confirms that the latent construct can be measured and the assessment used with both groups. However, participants with IDD experience greater variability in scores and tend to report lower levels of self‐determination.
Conclusions
Findings provide support for the use of SDI Portuguese Translation for persons with and without IDD. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
In order to support the psychological well-being of individuals in emerging adulthood, it is important to understand the cognitive mechanisms that may contribute to social anxiety. In particular, intolerance of uncertainty is considered an important factor associated with anxiety levels among emerging adults. Accordingly, this cross-sectional study investigated whether intolerance of uncertainty is associated with social anxiety through ruminative thoughts. The study group consisted of 405 individuals living in Türkiye and in emerging adulthood, 70.60% (n = 286) of whom were female and 29.40% (n = 119) of whom were male. The ages of the participants selected by convenience sampling method ranged between 18 and 25 years, with a mean age of 21.73 years (SD = 1.87). In this study, data were collected using a demographic information form and three different self-report scales. The findings revealed that intolerance of uncertainty was significantly associated with higher levels of social anxiety (β = 0.22, p < 0.001). Moreover, rumination emerged as a significant cognitive mediator in this relationship (β = 0.23, p < 0.001). The indirect effect was statistically significant, indicating that individuals who experience high intolerance of uncertainty may be more prone to social anxiety when they also engage in ruminative thinking. Together, intolerance of uncertainty and rumination explained 26% of the variance in social anxiety (R² = 0.26). These results emphasize the importance of targeting both intolerance of uncertainty and rumination in interventions aimed at reducing social anxiety among emerging adults.
Human resource management is a key area in the digital age, firstly in business. It is central to a business strategy, facilitates the attainment of competitive advantage and improves business performance. This research sought to examine the role of certain factors that affect competitive advantage, test these factors through Confirmatory Factor Analysis, and construct a model depicting the interrelationships between business performance in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. This research used quantitative research methods only. Data were obtained from a sample size of 256 SMEs in Vientiane Capital and were analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling for hypothesis testing. The research findings from testing the hypotheses shows that the Human Resource Management factors in this era of digitalization greatly impacts on competitive, with the t-value = 9.86, influence coefficient β=0.87, and P-value < 0.001, likewise, the factors of competitive advantage have a positive impact on firm performance in the case of Vientiane Capital, the hypothesis is accepted at the t-value of 2.1, influence β=0.36 and P-value <0.05, In addition, human resources management factors in this digital era also significantly impact the business performance in Vientiane Capital, the evidence for this is that t-Value is 2.88 with an influence coefficient β=0.54 and P-value <0.05. Further, with respect to business performance the SEM model has the following values: (χ2/df)= 1.78; GFI=0.97; AGFI=0.93; CFI=0.99; RMSEA=0.05. Both factors account for business performance variance at R2=0.76. The findings of the research underline the importance of Human Resource Management in the development of firm’s competitive advantage and efficiency of business activity in rudimentary states regulating them within age. The evidence indicates that firms in Vientiane Capital should place more emphasis on their HRM practices in order to achieve greater competitive advantage and improved performance.
Objetivo: Analizar el vínculo entre las capacidades financieras (CF) y el aprendizaje organizacional en Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas (PYMES), a partir de la revisión bibliométrica y sistémica en el camino a validar la relevancia científica de su abordaje y de las posibles rutas investigativas que emergen.Metodología: De enfoque cualitativo, se basa en una revisión sistemática, que integra un análisis bibliométrico y de contenido, conforme a las directrices de Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses -PRISMA, y Knowledge Development Process-Constructivist - Proknow-C.Resultados: La revisión, apoyada en Scopus®, VOSviewer y Bibliometrix, identificó 109 artículos esenciales que evidencian una colaboración académica destacada y una tendencia geográfica hacia Asia y Europa, focalizada en alfabetización financiera y fintech, respectivamente. Es de resaltar que en el análisis de integración se identifican cinco categorías o rutas de investigación, tales como: 1) innovación, sostenibilidad y rendimiento organizacional; 2) resiliencia organizacional, gestión de riesgos y transformación; 3) acceso financiero y capacidad estratégica; 4) cultura de aprendizaje y desarrollo del capital humano; y 5) tecnología, sistemas de información y capacitación como catalizadores de la competitividad.Conclusiones: Las capacidades financieras (CF) no sólo son esenciales para la toma de decisiones estratégicas, sino que también propician un entorno organizacional para el aprendizaje continuo, lo que a su vez potencia la sostenibilidad y el éxito empresarial. Además, se han identificado diversas rutas investigativas emergentes que pueden ser exploradas en futuros estudios, lo que sugiere un campo fértil para la investigación académica y práctica en la gestión de Pymes.Originalidad: Este trabajo conecta estrechamente las capacidades financieras y el aprendizaje organizacional en PYMES con los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS), subrayando que la integración efectiva de estas áreas es vital para el desarrollo sostenible regional. Alinea a las PYMES con los principios globales de sostenibilidad, promoviendo así un crecimiento empresarial responsable y duradero.
El objetivo de este trabajo fue generar una versión corta de la Escala de Tecnoestrés. Para ello se analizó una muestra de 1656 estudiantes universitarios de edad promedio de 24.69 años (DE = 6.25; 78.25% mujeres, 21 % varones, 0.80% otro). Se obtuvo una versión corta de 10 elementos que cumplían con los criterios de validez, confiabilidad y aceptabilidad. Los elementos resultaron claros, no redundantes y altamente correlacionados con la puntuación total de la escala a la que pertenecían (entre .89 y .96). Además, la estructura factorial de segundo orden compuesta por diez reactivos presentó un buen ajuste y buena consistencia interna. Las correlaciones entre las versiones cortas de las escalas y las largas fueron todas positivas y altas (entre .84 y .96). Por otro lado, las mujeres puntuaron significativamente más alto y se encontraron diferencias significativas según tiempo de uso de computadora y celular para fines académicos. Además, se hallaron asociaciones negativas y significativas entre la edad y el tecnoestrés. Se concluye, de estos análisis, que la versión breve de la Escala de Tecnoestrés cuenta con adecuadas propiedades psicométricas pudiendo ser de utilidad tanto en investigaciones académicas como en contextos aplicados. Se transfiere tanto la escala como sus correspondientes baremos.
This study aims to investigate the effect of CHSE and Halal certification on tourist intentions to visit halal restaurants in the halal tourism area of Lombok Island. It is crucial as it represents the first comprehensive investigation into the interaction between CHSE certification and halal certification in the context of behavioral studies. This study uses a quantitative approach, namely the structural equation model-partial least square with a Likert scale survey with a total of 100 Muslim tourists as respondents. The findings of this study indicate that CHSE certification does not exert a direct influence on intention; however, it does impact intention indirectly through the mediation of trust. In contrast, halal certification demonstrates a significant positive effect on tourist intentions, both directly and indirectly, with trust serving as a mediating variable. This research recommends that the government continue promoting CHSE and halal certification among halal tourism entrepreneurs. Additionally, given the limited sample size of respondents in this study, future research should aim to encompass a broader demographic across Indonesia.
One of the educational programs implemented in Indonesia is the independent learning program, or it is called as Merdeka Belajar program. The objective is to provide flexible opportunities for students to study according to their interests and abilities. Although the program has been implemented, there is no effective evaluation model to assess its process and result. This research aims to examine the structural effects of different evaluation types in measuring the effectiveness of the Merdeka Belajar program. A mixed-method approach was used with a sequential explanatory research design. The sample was taken from 167 students in higher education through cluster random sampling. Questionnaires, interviews, and documentation were used as data collection techniques. Descriptive statistics, Structural Equation Modeling, and qualitative data analysis were used to process the data. The results show that there are structural effects of the evaluation types on students’ competence. Context and input evaluations influence process evaluations, while process evaluations impact output evaluations and student achievement, with non-academic achievements serving as the more dominant indicator. The research findings contribute to the development of Stufflebeam’s CIPP evaluation model and, in practice, can be utilized to enhance the quality of Merdeka Belajar program management.
Despite growing attention to well-being in dementia, few studies have defined meaning-based (eudaimonic) well-being in this population, mainly due to challenges posed by cognitive decline and self-report limitations. We developed and validated a novel tool for measuring meaning-based well-being in individuals with dementia, particularly those receiving residential or home care. The study included two samples: carers of 174 care home residents and carers of 420 community-dwelling individuals for whom respondents reported dementia. The Well-being in Dementia Inventory (WiDI) assesses six core dimensions: Self-Sufficiency, Functional Mastery, Goal-Based Mastery, Purposeful Engagement, Positive Interactions and Constructive Self-Perspective. Confirmatory Factor Analysis established the WiDI’s six-factor structure, underscoring its multidimensional nature and equivalence across community-dwelling individuals, regardless of gender, age group (younger-old/mid-older-old), or care context (family or professional). The scale exhibited high internal and inter-rater reliability, though very low scores in the care home sample inflated these statistics. Concurrent validity was confirmed through strong correlations with adapted indices of meaning-based well-being (e.g. the Scales of Psychological Well-being and the Mental Health Continuum Short Form, commonly used in non-dementia samples), indicating the WiDI’s conceptual consistency. These findings clarify how meaning-based well-being can be assessed in individuals with dementia and introduce the WiDI as a reliable and valid tool for assessing well-being, suggesting broad applicability across care settings. These results have important implications for practice and policy, advocating a meaning-based approach to well-being assessments that ensures holistic, personalised care by focusing on key indicators of life quality.
Incorporating 3D technology and artificial intelligence, often known as AI, into STEM education in the current day is creating new opportunities to improve student engagement and performance. With an emphasis on STEM areas specifically, this study attempts to bring the elements that affect the uptake of AI‐enabled 3D instructional technology. A survey was carried out with 300 participants, including teachers and students from universities. To gauge participant impressions, the study used UTAUT2—the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 framework. IMB SPSS 25 and AMOS 24 has been used to calculate, evaluate, analyze data to determine the main variables influencing the adoption of these technologies. The results show that while AI and 3D technologies have a great deal of potential to enhance users' interaction, understanding, and engagement with difficult scientific concepts, there are still obstacles to overcome, including those related to infrastructure, cost, and the requirement for faculty training. Furthermore, it was discovered that moderating factors including experience, gender, age, and education level had very little effect on the final outcomes. This study provides insightful information on how to successfully incorporate 3D and AI technology into STEM curricula at the university level.
This study aims to investigate the impact of physical activity on problematic internet use and to reveal the mediating role of self-control and psychological distress in the path relationship between them, providing a theoretical foundation for reducing problematic internet use and promoting mental health among college students. This cross-sectional study was conducted with undergraduate students. Data were collected online using network sampling through the online survey platform Google Forms. Data were collected using the Demographic Data Form (DDF), Physical Activity Scale-2 (PAS-2), the Addiction Profile Index Internet Addiction Form (BAPINT), the Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS), and the Psychological Distress Scale (K10-PDS). In order to evaluate the adequacy of the research model, path analysis, a component of structural equation modeling (SEM), was used using AMOS software. The structural model also exhibits a good fit, with x² /df = 3.105, RMSEA = 0.081, GFI = 0.964, AGFI = 0.924, CFI = 0.948, TLI = 0.914, and IFI = 0.949. Physical activity could directly negatively predict the problematic internet use of college students. Self control and distress partially mediate the relationship between physical activity and problematic internet use, and the mediating pathways included “physical activiy-self control- problematic internet use”, “physical activity-distress- problematic internet use”, and “physical activity-self conrtol-distress- problematic internet use”, accounting for 12.6%, 33.7% and 4.7% of the total effect, respectively. The results of this study provide an important framework for understanding internet addiction in this population, supporting the I-PACE model.
Social and competitive environmental pressures, combined with changes in self-identity, make self-criticism especially problematic in the identity-forming phase of childhood. Yet, no robust measure of self-criticism exists for use with child populations. Here, via two studies, we present the development of the first psychometrically robust measure of self-criticism for children aged seven to 11 years: the Child Self-Criticism Scale (CSCS). In study one, an item pool was generated through: (i) a literature review of existing self-criticism measures to produce an initial pool of 104 items; (ii) eight subject matter experts’ assessment of the content validity of these items; and (iii) five focus groups with 33 children in total. This resulted in a final pool of 45 items. Study 2 involved data collected at two time-points. At time-point one, 45 items were administered to a sample of 394 U.K. primary school children. Factor Analysis revealed two latent factors based on a reduced set of 15 items characterised as: Criticising self and Reassuring self. Both subscales demonstrated high internal consistency (Factor 1 α.90; Factor 2 α.82). At time point two, the 15-item CSCS was administered to 214 of the participants at time point one, alongside standardised measures of wellbeing. The CSCS showed high correlations with depression, self-compassion, self-criticism, and perfectionism, with significant correlations between CSCS subscales and validation measures. Test-retest reliability at four weeks was excellent (0.74). Overall, as a short, psychometrically robust scale, the CSCS offers a promising tool for measuring the emotional wellbeing of children and/or the effectiveness of wellbeing interventions.
Student learning engagement remains a critical issue in education, with global challenges reflected in the Philippine context, particularly in Region XI's junior high schools. This study aimed to develop a best-fit model of student engagement linking leadership skills, interpersonal relationships, ethical values, and teacher performance to enhance student learning engagement. Utilizing a quantitative descriptive-correlational design with Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the researcher gathered data from 400 teachers through validated instruments. Results revealed that Ethical values (β = .321) and teacher performance (β = .319) emerged as the strongest predictors of student engagement, accounting 41.9% of its variance (R² = .419). The best-fit model (CMIN/DF = 1.303, RMSEA = 0.027, CFI = 0.996) highlighted ethical integrity and professional effectiveness as critical factors, while leadership skills showed an indirect impact. The study highlighted the importance of ethical practices and professional growth for teachers. Professional development and policy initiatives were recommended to foster a holistic educational environment.
This study explores the public acceptance of autonomous vehicles (AVs) using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2 framework. Drawing on survey data from 1000 commuters in Seoul, South Korea, this study examines the influence of performance expectations, effort expectations, social influence, hedonic motivation, and facilitating conditions on the behavioral intention to adopt AVs. Structural equation modeling reveals that hedonic motivation (β = 0.56, p < 0.001), price value (β = 0.47, p < 0.001), and performance expectancy (β = 0.64, p < 0.001) are critical determinants of AV acceptance. Additionally, risk perception negatively impacts behavioral intention (β = −0.25, p < 0.001), while policy support (β = 0.51, p < 0.001) and facilitating conditions (β = 0.46, p < 0.001) demonstrate substantial positive influences. Demographic analysis highlights age and gender as significant moderators, with younger users prioritizing performance expectancy and being more sensitive to risk, while older users exhibit a shift from hedonic to utility-driven motivations as they age. Women exhibit greater sensitivity to policy support and economic factors, while men respond more strongly to environmental considerations. In addition, prior experience with advanced driver assistance systems amplifies the influence of enjoyment on facilitating conditions, whereas inexperienced users are more affected by perceived risks. These findings underscore the importance of tailored interventions that address demographic variations, enhance user satisfaction, and balance cost-effectiveness with safety assurances. This study provides insights into actionable strategies for policymakers and industry leaders to promote AV adoption and support the evolution of sustainable urban mobility systems.
Bu araştırmanın amacı, içsel motivasyonun akademisyenlerin çalışma azmi üzerindeki etkisinde psikolojik sağlamlığın aracı rolünün olup olmadığını belirlemektir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu ise Türkiye’deki devlet ve vakıf üniversitelerinde görev yapan %45.40’ı (n = 119) kadın, %54.60’ı (n = 143) erkek olmak üzere toplamda 262 akademisyenden oluşmaktadır. Çalışma grubunun yaşı 23 ila 62 arasında değişmekte iken yaş ortalaması 34.02’dir (SD = 7.75). Araştırmada veriler, demografik bilgi formu ve üç farklı öz-bildirim ölçeği kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde betimsel istatistiklerin yanı sıra değişkenler arasındaki ilişkinin saptanması için Pearson Korelasyon Katsayısı ve Bootstrap Analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre akademisyenlerin sahip oldukları içsel motivasyonun, onların çalışma azimlerini olumlu yönde etkilediği söylenebilir. Ayrıca akademisyenlerin içsel motivasyonları ile çalışma azimleri arasındaki bu ilişkiye psikolojik sağlamlığın aracılık ettiği tespit edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda içsel motivasyonun akademisyenlerin çalışma azimleri üzerindeki olumlu etkisini açıklamak ve desteklemek için psikolojik sağlamlığın akademisyenler üzerindeki pozitif etkisinden faydalanılabileceği ifade edilebilir.
This systematic review explores the most validated methodologies for measuring managerial skills that contribute to sustainable organizational development, with a focus on confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Using PRISMA guidelines and the PICOS framework, a systematic search in the Web of Science (6810 articles) and Scopus (11,267 articles) identified 27 relevant studies. Our findings emphasize the significance of valid, reliable measurement scales for key managerial competencies, such as leadership, decision-making, communication, and teamwork, which enhance employability and foster sustainable management aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). CFA emerges as a robust technique for ensuring methodological rigor in competency assessment, confirming theoretical models with empirical data. This study identifies gaps in current measurement frameworks, advocating for expanding models to incorporate digital transformation, sustainability leadership, and crisis management skills. Additionally, it underscores the importance of developing context-specific instruments that reflect sectoral and cultural variations. This review contributes to management education and workforce development by providing a validated framework for assessing managerial skills, supporting organizations in aligning leadership training with sustainability-driven business goals. Our findings offer practical implications for designing competency-based curricula and corporate training programs to enhance organizational resilience in an evolving global landscape.
Background: Violence legitimization has been associated with the myths of romantic love. In the Portuguese context, there are no available standardized tools to assess it. This study aimed to develop the adaptation and validation of the Portuguese version of the Scale of Myths of Romantic Love (SMRL) in youth and emerging adults. Also, the acceptance of myths of romantic love was described. Methods: The sample comprised 165 individuals (83% female) aged from 18 to 30 (M = 23.01; SD = 3.33). Results: Confirmatory factor analysis supported the two-factor correlated structure found in the original validation: Idealized Love (IL) and Distorted Love (DL). The selected nested model obtained acceptable good-of-fit indices. Reliability analysis indicated acceptable internal consistency (α = 0.728; ω = 0.711) and the item-factor correlations were strong. Gender differences in the endorsement of romantic myths were found. Males obtained significantly greater acceptance of need for a couple and ambivalence myths. Females significantly endorsed the half orange myth. Conclusions: Our findings supported the two-factor related structure of the SMRL Portuguese version. Gender-based differences in romantic beliefs and their potential link to violence legitimization, gender stereotypes, and love perception are highlighted as in need of further studies. This research provides evidence regarding the psychometric properties of the Escala de Mitos do Amor Romântico (EMAR).
Background: Team viability, understood as the ability to adapt and collaborate effectively over time, is a key concept in organizational literature. In Peru, where changes are constant, culturally adapted tools are needed for its measurement. Objective: To translate and validate a team viability scale for Peruvian workers. Methods: An instrumental design was used with 290 public sector employees (M = 34.61; SD = 9.2). The translation followed a cultural adaptation process, and validity was assessed through descriptive, correlational, and confirmatory factor analysis. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis supported a unidimensional structure with excellent fit indices (CFI and TLI > 0.99, RMSEA and SRMR < 0.01). The scale showed high invariance across gender and good internal consistency (α = 0.90). Conclusions: The validated scale is a reliable tool for measuring team viability in Peru. Its implementation can enhance human resource management and improve collaboration in the public sector.
Ethiopia’s agricultural sector faces several challenges, including low productivity, limited technology adoption, and vulnerability to climate change. Integrated Agro-Industrial Parks (IAIPs) have been designed to address these issues by linking agriculture with industrialization and encouraging the adoption of advanced technologies. However, the role of IAIPs in driving agricultural innovation has not been thoroughly explored. This study employs the Sectoral Innovation Systems (SIS) framework combined with Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and qualitative insights to identify the key drivers of agricultural innovation within Ethiopia’s IAIPs. The key drivers analyzed include institutional support, networking, policy frameworks, technology adoption, and gender dynamics. Data were collected from a range of stakeholders, including government agencies, research institutions, agro-businesses, and local communities with direct linkages to two of Ethiopia’s four IAIPs. The findings highlight the crucial role of institutional support and networking in fostering innovation, with government policies significantly influencing technological advancements. Additionally, qualitative insights underscore the potential of circular economy principles—such as waste management and byproduct recycling—towards improving sustainability and economic efficiency within IAIPs. Based on these findings, the study recommends strengthening institutional frameworks, promoting greater stakeholder collaboration, and integrating technological innovations as key strategies for enhancing agricultural innovation. Future research should expand to include a broader range of IAIPs and investigate the long-term effects of innovation systems through both quantitative and qualitative approaches.
Las habilidades directivas han sido un tema abordado ampliamente en la literatura; sin embargo, son pocos los estudios que analizan la importancia relativa de cada una de ellas en el desempeño de los empleados. El propósito del presente estudio es analizar el efecto de las habilidades directivas en el desempeño laboral en empresas restauranteras. Se utilizó un cuestionario de 41 ítems aplicado a 221 empleados de puestos operativos. Para el tratamiento de los datos se utilizó el programa IBM SPSS Statistics V.29 y para la comprobación del modelo se usó el software IBM SPSS AMOS V.29 y la técnica de ecuaciones estructurales por covarianzas (CB-SEM). Se llevó a cabo un análisis factorial confirmatorio y la respectiva prueba de normalidad multivariada. Se calcularon los coeficientes Beta, además de su p-valor, con lo que se demostró que solo las habilidades de trabajo en equipo y manejo de conflictos tienen un efecto directo en el desempeño de los trabajadores. Las habilidades de motivación, solución de problemas y comunicación efectiva no afectan el desempeño de los empleados operativos de las empresas restauranteras analizadas.
This study aimed to determine whether higher education students used a second screen during remote learning, identify the reasons for such usage, and assess their impact on academic performance. A mixed-methods design was employed, comprising 471 students (survey) and 10 students (semi-structured interviews) from a state university with distance education experience. The findings revealed that the majority of participants utilized a second screen, with smartphones being the preferred secondary device and laptops serving as the primary tool. Students who used a second screen for in-class activities showed high motivation and maintained an average GPA of three or higher. Those who used it for extracurricular activities exhibited low motivation, and an average GPA below 3. Students using a second screen for both in-class and extracurricular activities experienced interruptions in communication with instructors. The results underscore the significance of technological tools in distance education, emphasizing second-screen usage, motivation, and effects on academic achievement. Limitations include reliance on self-reported data, a cross-sectional design preventing causal inferences, and a qualitative sample size that may not fully capture the impact of second-screen use on learning outcomes. Further research involving larger populations is necessary to better understand and develop instructional technologies and second-screen use in education. ARTICLE HISTORY
Introducción/objetivo: el emprendimiento se ha consolidado como un motor clave para el crecimiento personal y el desarrollo económico en distintos ámbitos. Este estudio tiene como propósito evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Intenciones Emprendedoras en estudiantes universitarios jóvenes.
Metodología: la investigación, de tipo psicométrica, incluyó la participación de 519 estudiantes universitarios del estado de Morelos, México, de los cuales el 40% eran hombres y el 60% mujeres, con edades entre 18 y 29 años (DE = 4.257). Se realizaron análisis factoriales exploratorios (AFE) y confirmatorios (AFC) para evaluar la estructura y validez de la escala.
Resultados: los análisis confirmaron una estructura unifactorial consistente con el modelo teórico propuesto. Asimismo, los resultados mostraron indicadores adecuados de confiabilidad (Omega) y validez convergente, respaldando la robustez de la escala.
Conclusiones: los hallazgos sugieren que la Escala de Intenciones Emprendedoras es una herramienta válida y confiable para medir la intención emprendedora en jóvenes. Esto destaca su relevancia como instrumento para investigaciones futuras en diversos contextos educativos y culturales.
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