The Typification and Nomenclature of the Genera and Species of the Subtribe Archontophoenicinae (Arecaceae) in New Caledonia

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The Typification and Nomenclature of the
Genera and Species of the Subtribe
Archontophoenicinae (Arecaceae) in New Caledonia
DONALD R. HODEL AND CELIO E. MOYA LÓPEZ
We reviewed the nomenclature and typification of the three genera, Actinokentia,
Chambeyronia, and Kentiopsis, and the eight currently accepted species comprising the subtribe
Archontophoenicinae (Arecaceae) in New Caledonia (Hodel and Pintaud 1998). We did this in
preparation for a molecular-based taxonomic reassessment of this subtribe on the Island. We
followed the rules set forth in Turland et al. (2018) and frequently refer to specific article numbers
(Art.) upon which we based our findings. We made no taxonomic changes at this time and
accepted the species as presented in the major on-line taxonomic databases (Tropicos, IPNI, The
Plant List, Govaerts et al. 2021). Unless otherwise noted, all specimens were seen as high-
resolution digital images (without designation as such in the text). Co-author Hodel took the
photographs of living plants in habitat in New Caledonia in 1995 and 1996 and scanned the
original transparencies to present here.
Actinokentia Dammer, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39: 20 (1906).
Type species: Actinokentia divaricata Dammer.
Actinokentia divaricata Dammer, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39: 21 (1906). Fig. 1.
Type. New Caledonia. [Province Sud, commune Nouméa], “mont Conghi [Koghi],” fl., ft., no
date, Pancher 765 (lectotype [first-step]: Beccari 1920: 322, P; lectotype [second-step]:
designated here, P 00065056; isolectotypes: P 00065057, P 00065058, P 00065059, P
00065060, P 00065061, P 00065063, P 00065064).
When he described Actinokentia divaricata, Dammer (1906) cited five different
specimens in the protologue: Pancher 765, Balansa 1969, Balansa 1969a, Balansa 770,
and Balansa 770a, creating syntypes (Art. 9.6). Later, In treating A. divaricata, Beccari
(1920) noted that he studied the specimens of Pancher 765 at P, which are not clearly
labeled as being part of a single specimen, thus creating syntypes (Art. 9.6). Beccari’s
action is considered the first-step lectotype; here we designate P 00065056 (Fig. 2) as the
second-step lectotype because it is the most diagnostic for the species and the remaining
seven specimens at P as isolectotypes.

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1. Actinokentia divaricata with striking red, newly unfolding leaf, Me Maoya,
Nodela, March 1996.

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2. Lectotype of Actinokentia divaricata, Pancher 765 at P, P 00065056.

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Although identified as a type at P, we have excluded P 00065062 because the label reads
“Pancher 770” rather than Pancher 765.
When Brongniart and Gris (1864) described Kentia divaricata, they cited Vieillard 1281,
which was previously cited as type for Kentia oliviformis Brongn. & Gris (1864), a name
that they then ought to have adopted (Art. 52.1). Because they did not do so, the name
Kentia divaricata is superfluous and illegitimate, and must be rejected and, therefore, the
name Kentiopsis divaricata is also superfluous and illegitimate and cannot serve as a
basionym (Art. 6.10). Thus, the correct author citation is not Actinokentia divaricata
(Brongn.) Dammer but rather A. divaricata Dammer.
“Kentiopsis divaricata” Brongn., in Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 77(6): 398.
1873, superfl. and illeg. name.
Govaerts et al. 2021) noted Kentia divaricata Pancher ex Brongn., in Compt. Rend. Hebd.
Séances Acad. Sci. 77: 398. 1873, pro syn., but Brongniart (1873) did not publish it.
Benthan and Hooker f. (1883) and Beccari (1885) transferred the superfluous and
illegitimate name Kentiopsis divaricata to the genus Drymophloeus; thus, the new
combinations are also illegitimate names.
“Drymophloeus divaricatus” Benth. & Hook.f., in Gen. Pl. [Bentham & Hooker f.] 3(2): 893.
1883, illeg. name.
“Drymophloeus divaricatus” (Brongn.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Becc., in Ann. Jard. Bot.
Buitenzorg 2: 168. 1885, illeg. name.
Dammer (1906) listed “Kentia polystemon Planch. in herb.” as a synonym without
providing a description or diagnosis, which renders it a nomen nudum.
The following designation “Kentia polystemon” Planch. ex Dammer (Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39:
21 (1906) is a nomen nudum and not validly published (Art. 38.1(a).
“Kentia polystemon” Planch. ex Dammer, in Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39: 21. 1906, nom. nud.
= Actinokentia schlechteri Dammer, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 39: 21 (1906).
Type. New Caledonia. [Province Sud, commune Ngoye], “Auf den Bergen am Ngoye,” 200
m, fl., ft., 18 Nov. 1902, Schlechter 15373 (holotype: B, destroyed; lectotype: Moore & Uhl

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3. Lectotype of Actinokentia schlechteri, Schlechter 15373 at P, P 00065065.

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1984 : 32] P, identified here, P 00065065 [Fig. 3]; isolectotypes: BRU 0000006941550;
HBG 522388; K 000736154).
Dammer (1906) provided a description of Actinokentia schlechteri, which validates it as a
species, and designated Schlechter 15373 as the type. In doing so he referred to multiple
specimens without designating a particular one as the holotype, thus creating syntypes.
Moore and Uhl (1984) designated the specimen at P as the lectotype, which we identify
as P 00065065. The remaining three specimens at BRU, HBG and K as isolectotypes.
Actinokentia huerlimannii H. E. Moore, Gentes Herbarum 12: 17. f. 1B (1980).
Type. New Caledonia. [Province Nord], “au-dessus, de la terre. Forêt méso-hygrophile de
montagne sur serpentine, pente d’une vallée latérale de la haute Ni,” 880 m, fl., fr., 25 Jun.
1951, Hüerlimann 1712 (holotype: BH [n.v.]; isotypes: K 000736153; P 00065066 [Fig. 4], P
00065068; Z 000017011, Z 000017012, Z 000017013, Z 000017014, Z 000017014A).
Moore (1980), in the protologue of Actinokentia huerlimannii, designated Hurlimann
1712 deposited at BH as a holotype, a decision that we maintain. Because of the current
situation with the COVID-19 pandemic, we have been unable to review the holotype at
BH, which, according to Reveal and Nixon (2013), consists of one box and two envelopes.
Our decision might change when we review the collection at BH.
Chambeyronia Vieill., Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, sér. 2(6): 229 (1873).
Type species: Chambeyronia macrocarpa Becc.
While he listed three species for the genus, Vieillard (1871) did not designate a type
species for Chambeyronia. When Beccari (1920) attributed C. macrocarpa to Vieillard, he
designated that species as the type for the genus.
Chambeyronia lepidota H. E. Moore, Gentes Herbarum 11: 291 (1978). Fig. 5.
Type: New Caledonia [Province Nord, commune Pouébo], “Wet forest, Roches de Ouaième,
between Hienghène and Tao,” 900 m, fl., ft., 21 Jun. 1971, Moore, Brinon, Schmid & Veillon
9960 (holotype: BH [n.v.] isotypes: NOU 006143, NOU 006144, NOU 006145, NOU 006146,
NOU 006147, NOU 006148, NOU 006149, NOU 006150, NOU 006159; P 00065134,
P00065135).
Moore (1978), in the protologue of Chambeyronia lepidota, designated Moore, Brinon,
Schmid & Veillon 9960 deposited at BH as a holotype, a decision that we maintain.
Because of the current situation with the COVID-19 pandemic, we have been unable to

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4. Isolectotype of Actinokentia huerlimannii, Hüerlimann 1712 at P, P 00065066.
Note the exceptionally large bracteoles subtending the floral triads, a character
that distinguishes this species from A. divaricata.

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5. Chambeyronia lepidota, Mt. Panié, 1400 m, June 1996.

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review the holotype at BH, which, according to Reveal and Nixon (2013), consists of three
boxes, two envelopes, and one packet. Our decision might change when we review the
collection at BH.
Chambeyronia macrocarpa Becc., Palme Nuova Caledonia: 13 (1920). Fig. 6.
Type: New Caledonia [Province Sud, commune Noumea], “forêts situeés au-dessus de la
Ferme-modèle,” 500 m, fl., ft., Feb. 1870, Balansa 2911 (lectotype: designated here, P
00192699; isolectotypes: P 00192700, P 00192701, P 00192702, P 00192703).
The nomenclature and typification of Chambeyronia macrocarpa is somewhat complex.
When Beccari published C. macrocarpa (1920) he listed as synonyms Kentiopsis
macrocarpa Vieill. ex Brongn. (1873) and Kentia lindenii Linden ex André (1877). Because
these two synonyms have types, the name C. macrocarpa Becc. is superfluous and
illegitimate (Art. 52.2). However, because Beccari (1920) designated a different type in
the protologue, the name C. macrocarpa is treated and accepted as the name of a new
taxon (Art. 7.5b).
Also, Beccari (1920) attributed the name to Vieillard (1873) but he did not adopt the “ex”
citation in the protologue; therefore, the “ex” citation does not precede his author
citation, the name is attributed solely to Beccari (Art. 46.10), and it is correctly cited as
C. macrocarpa Becc., not C. macrocarpa “Vieill. ex Becc.” (Art. 46.4).
Because it was without a description, “Chambeyronia macrocarpa” Vieill. is a nomen
nudum and not validly published (Art. 38.1(a)).
“Chambeyronia macrocarpa” Vieill., in Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie sér. 2(6): 230. 1873,
nom. nud.
When Beccari (1920) validly published Chambeyronia macrocarpa, he created three
syntypes (Art. 9.6) by citing three of Brongniart’s original five Balansa specimens (see
below), 647, 1959, and 2911. Here we designate Balansa 2911 as the lectotype because
it best exemplifies the concept of C. macrocarpa. The specimen at P consists of five
separate specimens, which are not clearly labeled as being part of a single specimen; thus,
they are duplicates (Art. 8.3). We select P 00192699 (Fig. 7) as the lectotype and the four
remaining specimens at P as isolectotypes.
Chambeyronia macrocarpa Beccari (1920) is not a replacement name (Art. 6.11) for C.
macrocarpa Vieill. (1873) because the latter is a nomen nudum and not validly published.

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6. Chambeyronia macrocarpa, Col d’Amieu, December 1995.

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7. Lectotype of Chambeyronia macrocarpa, Balansa 2911 at P, P 00192699.

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8. Lectotype of Kentiopsis macrocarpa, Balansa 771a at P, P 00192558.

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Neither is it a later homonym (Art. 53.1) of C. macrocarpa Vieill. (1873) because it is not
based on a different, previously and validly published type.
“Chambeyronia macrocarpa” (Brongn.) Vieill. ex Becc., in Palme Nuova Caledonia: 13.
1920, is an incorrect citation of authors.
= Kentiopsis macrocarpa Brongn., Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 77: 398 (1873).
Type: New Caledonia [Province Sud, commune Bourail], “Mont Nékou, au-Dessus du
village de Nékou (circumscription de Bourail),” 500 m, fl., Mar. 1869, Balansa 771a
(lectotype: designated here, P 00192558; isolectotype: P 00192557).
When Brongniart (1873) validly published Kentiopsis macrocarpa, he created five
syntypes (Art. 9.6) by citing five Balansa specimens, 647, 771a, 1956 (likely a mistake and
probably 1959), 1958, and 2911. Here we designate 771a as the lectotype of K.
macrocarpa. Because the specimen at P consists of two separate specimens, which are
not clearly labeled as being part of a single specimen, they are duplicates (Art. 8.3); thus,
we select P 00192558 (Fig. 8) as the lectotype because it is the most diagnostic for the
species and the remaining specimen at P as an isolectotype. While Brongniart cited
Balansa 1956, this specimen could not be found at P but Balansa 1959 is at P, leading us
to suspect that 1956 is a misprint and it should be 1959.
When Brongniart (1873) validly published Kentiopsis macrocarpa, he referred to the
nomen nudum “Kentia macrocarpa, Vieill. ex Pancher in Herb.,” with a handwritten note
by Vieillard on P [P00192634], but Brongniart did not adopt the “ex” citation in the
protologue of Kentiopsis macrocarpa; therefore, the “ex” does precede his author citation
and the name is attributed solely to Brongniart. (Art. 46.10).
“Kentia macrocarpa” Vieill. ex Brongn., in Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 77(6):
398. 1873, nom. nud. (Art. 38.1(a)).
The names Kentia rubricaulis, K. lindenii, and Kentiopsis lucianii also figure in the
nomenclatural history of Chambeyronia macrocarpa. All were described from plants
cultivated in Europe. Linden had introduced at least two of them from New Caledonia,
Kentia lindenii in 1875 (André 1877) and seeds of Kentiopsis lucianii in 1877 (Rodigas
1882).
= Kentia rubricaulis hort. Van Geert, Gard. Chron., n.s., 5: 603 (1876).
Type. [Cultivated], [1876], unknown locality.

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The name Kentia rubricaulis first appeared in The Gardeners' Chronicle. n.s. 5 (1876);
therefore, it has priority over Kentia rubricaulis Linden ex Salomon, Palmen 75 (1887)
(Art. 11.3).
= Kentia lindenii hort. Linden ex André, Illustr. Hortic. 24: 61 (1877). ‘lindeni’.
≡ Cyphokentia macrocarpa Brongn. hort., Gard. Chron., n.s., 9: 440 (1878).
Type: New Caledonia. [Cultivated], [1875], unknown locality, Linden s.n., (lectotype:
designated here: [illustration], t. 276, in André [1877]).
Salomon (1887) was the first to list “Cyphokentia macrocarpa Brgt.” [Brongn.],
“Kentia lindeni Rollis.,” “Kentia luciani Lind.,” and Kentia rubricalis Lind., all as synonyms
of Kentiopsis macrocarpa Brongn. Two, “Kentia lindeni Hort.” and “Kentia luciani Rodigas”
take priority over Beccari (1920) when he also cited them as synonyms of
Chambeyronia hookeri Becc. (1920) (Art. 11.3)).
The name Cyphokentia macrocarpa first appeared in The Gardeners' Chronicle n.s. 9
(1878), where it was noted as synonymous with Kentia lindenii, and was published on
April 6; therefore, it has priority over Cyphokentia macrocarpa (Brongn.) Rob., Garden 14:
345 (1878), which was published on October 19 (Art. 11.3).
“Cyphokentia macrocarpa” (Brongn.) Rob., in Garden 14: 345. 1878, illeg. name.
Attributing the name to Linden, André (1877) provided a brief description of "Kentia
lindeni hort.," which validates it as a species, and designated (without actually citing it)
“plate 276" as the type. Here the citation error is corrected, because the description is on
page 61, and the illustration becomes the lectotype designated here (Fig. 9). André (1877)
listed Cyphokentia macrocarpa as a synonym of Kentia lindenii.
= Kentiopsis lucianii hort. Rodigas, Illustr. Hortic. 29: 77 (1882). ‘luciani’.
Type. New Caledonia. [Cultivated], [1877], unknown locality, Linden s.n., (lectotype:
designated here, [illustration], t. 451, in Rodigas [1882]).
Previously known as “Kentia luciani” and a nomen nudum, Rodigas (1882) provided a brief
description of Kentiopsis lucianii, which validates it as a species, and designated (without
actually citing it) “plate 451" as the type. Here the citation error is corrected, because the
description is on page 77, and the illustration becomes the lectotype designated (Fig. 10).

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9. Lectotype of Kentia lindenii, t. 276, in André (1877) (Courtesy of Biodiversity Heritage
Library).

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10. Lectotype of Kentiopsis lucianii, t. 451, in Rodigas (1882) (Courtesy of Biodiversity Heritage
Library).

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11. Lectotype of Chambeyronia hookeri, Balansa 1958 p.p. at P, P 00065131.

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Because “Kentia luciani” Linden ex Rodigas (Gard. Chron., n.s., 9: 440. 1878) was
published without a description, it is a nomen nudum and not validly published (Art.
38.1(a)).
“Kentia luciani” Linden ex Rodigas, in Gard. Chron., n.s., 9: 440. 1878, nom. nud.
= Chambeyronia hookeri Becc., Palme Nuova Caledonia: 13 (1920).
Type. New Caledonia. “Mont Arago, dans les forêts, ver 800 metres d’altitude,” 27 Nov.
1869, Balansa 1958 p.p. (lectotype: designated here, P 00065131).
Beccari (1920) provided a diagnosis that distinguished Chambeyronia hookeri from C.
macrocarpa, thus validating the name, and cited as the type “pro parte” of Balansa 1958,
which is one of Brongniart’s original syntypes for Kentiopsis macrocarpa. He noted in the
protologue that the specimens of Balansa (no. 1958) bear the following information,
“Tronco alto 15-20 m. Spate 2, tubolose. Stami 30-40. Nelle foreste del M. Arago a circa
800 m. di altezza, 29 Novembre 1869,” this text appearing in French on specimen P
00065131, thus, we select it (Fig. 11) as the lectotype.
The name “Kentia macrocarpa” Brongn. “ex parte” (Palme Nuova Caledonia: 17 (1920) is
a nomen nudum and not validly published (Art. 38.1(a)).
“Kentia macrocarpa” Brongn. p.p., in Beccari, Palme Nuova Caledonia: 17. (1920), nom.
nud.
Kentiopsis species diversa Benth. & Hook. 3 (2): 887 (1883) is not validly published but
Beccari (1920) cited it as a synonym of Chambeyronia hookeri.
Chambeyronia hookeri Becc., Palme Nuova Caledonia: 13 (1920) has priority over
C. hookeri Becc., Webbia 5: 81, 85 (1921), the latter as it appears in Govaerts et al. 2021,
IPNI, The Plant List, and Tropicos. (Art. 11.3). While the two references are primarily
identical, differing only in their pagination, the 1920 reference was a stand-alone, preprint
of the 1921 publication in Webbia.
Kentiopsis Brongn., Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 77(6): 398 (1873).
Type species: Kentiopsis oliviformis (Brongn. & Gris) Brongn.
Brongniart (1873) listed three for the genus without designating one for the type. Beccari
(1920) designated Kentiopsis oliviformis as the type species for the genus.

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12. Kentiopsis magnifica, Haute Mayavetch, Col d’Amos, the type locality,
December 1995.

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Kentiopsis magnifica (H. E. Moore) Pintaud & Hodel, Principes 42(1): 42. (1998).
Fig. 12.
≡ Mackeea magnifica H. E. Moore, Gentes Herb. 11: 304 (1978).
Type. New Caledonia. [Province Nord, commune Ouégoa], “Col d’ Amos, Haute Mayavetch,
reste de forêt humide sur terrain schisteux,” 500 m, fl. 24 Mar. 1973, MacKee 26471
(holotype: BH [n.v.]; isotypes: K 000736152; MO 04584043, MO 04584044, MO 04584045; P
00065165, P 00065166, P 00187961, P 00187962).
Moore (1978), in the protologue of Mackeea magnifica, designated Mackee 26471
deposited at BH as a holotype, a decision that we maintain. Because of the current
situation with the COVID-19 pandemic, we have been unable to review the holotype at
BH, which, according to Reveal and Nixon (2013), consists of one box and one envelope.
Our decision might change when we review the collection at BH.
Kentiopsis oliviformis (Brongn. & Gris) Brongn., Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad.
Sci. 77(6): 398 (1873). Fig. 13.
≡ Kentia oliviformis Brongn. & Gris, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5(2): 161 (1864). ‘olivæformis’
Type. New Caledonia. [Province Nord, commune Canala], “circa Kanala vigens” [Canala], ft.,
1855–1860, Vieillard 1281 (lectotype: designated here, P 00065170; isolectotypes: P
00065171, P 00065172, P 00065173).
Brongniart and Gris (1864a), without naming it, designated Vieillard 1281 at P as the
type of Kentia oliviformis. In doing so they referred to multiple specimens without
designating a particular one as the holotype, thus creating syntypes. Here we designate
P 00065170 (Fig. 14), which best corresponds to the description of the species, as the
lectotype, and the remaining three sheets at P as isolectotypes.
When Brongniart (1873) published Kentiopsis oliviformis, he did so as a new
combination, using Kentia oliviformis Brongn. & Gris, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. 5(2): 161 (1864)
as the basionym. This basionym has priority over Kentia oliviformis Brongn. & Gris, Bull.
Soc. Bot. France 11: 31 (1864), published on 9 December 1864, and over Kentia
oliviformis Brongn. & Gris, Compt. Rend. Hebd. Séances Acad. Sci. 77(6): 399 (1873) (Art.
11.3).
Kentiopsis piersoniorum Pintaud & Hodel, Principes 42(1): 45 (1998). Fig. 15.
Type. New Caledonia. [Province Nord], Mt. Panié, “sur le sentier du sommet,” 20°34’ S,
164°47’ E, 570 m, 29 Dec. 1995, Pintaud 309 (lectotype: designated here: P 00064969;
isolectotypes: BH [n.v.]; P 00064970, P 00064971, P 00064972).

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13. Kentiopsis oliviformis, Col de Koh, March 1996.

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14. Lectotype of Kentiopsis oliviformis, Vieillard 1281 at P, P 00065170.

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15. Kentiopsis piersoniorum, Mt. Panié, 570 m, at the type locality, June 1996.

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Because the specimen at P consists of four separate specimens, which are not clearly
labeled as being part of a single specimen, they are syntypes; we select P 00064969 as
the lectotype because it is the most diagnostic for the species and the remaining four
specimens at BH and P as isolectotypes. Reveal and Nixon (2013) noted that the isotype
(now isolectotypes) at BH consisted of one sheet and one envelope.
Kentiopsis pyriformis Pintaud & Hodel, Principes 42(1): 49 (1998). Fig. 16.
Type. New Caledonia. [Province Sud, commune Goro], “embouchure de la Kuebini, poussant
de façon assez grégaire dans une forêt dense relictuelle perturbée sur sol ultrbasique
rocheux,” 22°16’ S, 167° E, 50 m, 6 December 1995, Pintaud & Hodel 303 (lectotype:
designated here, P 00064973; isolectotypes: BH [n.v.]; BRI-AQ 532255-01, BRI-AQ 532255-02,
BRI-AQ 532255-03, BRI-AQ 532255-04, BRI-AQ 532255-05, BRI-AQ 532255-06, BRI-AQ
532255-07, BRI-AQ 532255-08; NOU 006158, NOU 006159, NOU 006178, NOU 006179; NY
02325498-01, NY 02325498-02, NY 02325498-03, NY 02325498-04, NY 02325498-05; K
000520107; P 00064974, P 00064975, P 00064976, P 00064977, P 00064978, P 00064979, P
00064980, P 00064981, P 00064982, P 00064983).
Because the specimen at P consists of 11 separate specimens, which are not clearly
labeled as being part of a single specimen, they are syntypes; we select P 00064973 as
the lectotype because it is the most diagnostic for the species and the remaining 29
specimens at BH, BRI, NOU, NY, K, and P as isolectotypes. Reveal and Nixon (2013) noted
that the isotype (now isolectotypes) at BH consisted of one box and one envelope.
Acknowledgements
We thank Michael Grayum and Rafaël Govaerts for assistance with nomenclatural and
typification matters; the following herbaria for making available digital images of their type
specimens: BRI, BRU, HBG, K, MO, NOU, NY, P, and Z; and the Biodiversity Heritage Library for
making available digital versions of critical and historic journals.
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___________________________________________
Donald R. Hodel is the emeritus landscape horticulture advisor for the University of California
Cooperative Extension in Los Angeles and specializes in the selection and management
of palms and trees. drhodel@ucanr.edu
Celio E. Moya López is an independent researcher specializing in palm biology of the Cuban and
Caribbean palms. celio.moya@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5033-483X
Text © 2021 by the authors.
Photographs of living palms © 2021 by Donald R. Hodel.
Photographs of herbarium specimens and journal images © 2021 by each herbarium or journal.
Publication Date: 5 March 2021.
PalmArbor: http://ucanr.edu/sites/HodelPalmsTrees/PalmArbor/
ISSN 2690-3245
Editor-In-Chief: Donald R. Hodel
Hodel Palms and Trees: http://ucanr.edu/sites/HodelPalmsTrees/