The Measurement of Psychological States Through the Content Analysis of Verbal Behavior
... About 40% of all dreams in remitted patients, but only about 20% of control dreams, were shorter than 70 words. Gottschalk and Gleser (1969) have suggested that if dreams shorter than 70 words are rated on their scales, serious doubts about reliability as well as validity arise. ...
... Ratings by outside judges. The results of outside ratings are compared in Table 4. Dreams from remitted patients were rated quite similar to dreams from controls on most scales used in this study: Foulkes' scale of dreamlike fantasy (Foulkes, 1971) and Gottschalk and Gleser's (1969) Anxiety, Overt Hostility Out, Ambivalent Hostility, and Hos- tility In Scales. However, remitted patients scored significantly higher than controls on Beck and Hurvich's (19S9) Masochism Scale and on Gottschalk and Gleser's (1969) Covert Hostility Out Scale. ...
... The results of outside ratings are compared in Table 4. Dreams from remitted patients were rated quite similar to dreams from controls on most scales used in this study: Foulkes' scale of dreamlike fantasy (Foulkes, 1971) and Gottschalk and Gleser's (1969) Anxiety, Overt Hostility Out, Ambivalent Hostility, and Hos- tility In Scales. However, remitted patients scored significantly higher than controls on Beck and Hurvich's (19S9) Masochism Scale and on Gottschalk and Gleser's (1969) Covert Hostility Out Scale. On Foulkes' Scale of Hedonic Tone (Foulkes & Rechtschaffen, 1964), both remitted patients and controls scored about the same average, but remitted patients had more dreams rated as "neither pleasant nor unpleasant" than controls (p < .005). ...
Ten female and 1 male 23-63 yr old patients who had been fully remitted from serious reactive depression and 11 matched normal controls slept 3 nights in the laboratory where sleep mentation (mainly from REM periods) was collected. REM dreams from remitted patients still showed more masochism than dreams from controls, more hostility in the environment, and more inanimate objects exerting physical effort. Remitted patients also dreamed more about the past than controls. Furthermore, REM and sleep onset narratives were shorter in remitted patients than in controls, but NREM narratives were of equal length. Results suggest that some personality traits are chronically disturbed and do not improve when patients remit from reactive depression. (30 ref)
... Human speech carries a tremendous number of informative features, which enables listeners to extract a wealth of information about speakers' identity. These features can range from linguistic characteristics through extralinguistic features to paralinguistic information, such as the speaker's feelings, attitudes, or psychological states [40]. The psychological states (including emotions, feelings, and affections) embedded in people's speech are among the most important parts of the verbal communication array humans possess. ...
... Multiple studies have indicated that the frequent use of the first-person singular is associated with negative affective states [44][45][46][47][48], which reveals a high degree of self-preoccupation [49]. People with negative emotional states (such as sadness or depression) use second and third person pronouns less often [38][39][40]. These people have a lower ability to express positive emotions and express more negative emotions in their speech [44][45][46][47][48]. Also, people with negative emotional states use more words referring to death [44]. ...
An important factor in the course of daily medical diagnosis and treatment is understanding patients’ emotional states by the caregiver physicians. However, patients usually avoid speaking out their emotions when expressing their somatic symptoms and complaints to their non-psychiatrist doctor. On the other hand, clinicians usually lack the required expertise (or time) and have a deficit in mining various verbal and non-verbal emotional signals of the patients. As a result, in many cases, there is an emotion recognition barrier between the clinician and the patients making all patients seem the same except for their different somatic symptoms. In particular, we aim to identify and combine three major disciplines (psychology, linguistics, and data science) approaches for detecting emotions from verbal communication and propose an integrated solution for emotion recognition support. Such a platform may give emotional guides and indices to the clinician based on verbal communication at the consultation time. In the context of doctor-patient interactions, we focus on patient speech emotion recognition as a multifaceted problem viewed from three main perspectives: Psychology/psychiatry, linguistics, and data science. Reviewing the key elements and approaches within each of these perspectives, and surveying the current literature on them, we recognize the lack of a systematic comprehensive collaboration among the three disciplines. Thus, motivated by the necessity of such multidisciplinary collaboration, we propose an integrated platform for patient emotion recognition, as a collaborative framework towards clinical decision support.
... Here, we applied the expressed emotions coding paradigm (Gottschalk & Gleser, 1969;Magaña et al., 1986) to mothers' and fathers' 5-min speech samples when the parents' children were 14 months of age. We tested three hypotheses. ...
... Speech samples were transcribed and coded for EEs using a coding scheme developed by Gottschalk and Gleser (1969) and Magaña and colleagues (1986). EEs included three subscales: critical comments (e.g., ''She is very obnoxious"), EOI (e.g., ''I was so worried, I had to skip work"), and quality of relationship (e.g., ''Our relationship is great"). ...
The ways in which people talk about their family members may say as much as the words themselves. For example, emotions expressed by family members of mentally ill patients during unscripted speech samples relate to the risk of relapse and the prognosis of psychiatric disorders; however, the idea of expressed emotions as a construct has previously been limited to parents of children and adolescents aged 4–18 years who suffer from severe emotional or behavior dysregulation. Here, we applied an expressed emotions coding paradigm to speech samples obtained from mothers and fathers of 104 typically developing children when the children were 14 months of age. This is the first study applying the expressed emotions coding paradigm at this age. Parents were prompted to give thoughts, attitudes, and feelings about their children; speech samples were coded for critical comments (e.g., “She is very whiny”), emotional over-involvement (e.g., “I was so worried, I couldn’t sleep”), and quality of relationship (e.g., “We get along great”). During the same home visit, children completed three executive function tasks that measured children’s inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. We found negative associations between fathers’ criticism and their children’s inhibition and between fathers’ emotional over-involvement and their children’s working memory. In contrast, we found positive associations between mothers’ expressed quality of relationship and their children’s working memory. This approach to analyzing parents’ speech samples may allow for unique insights into the thoughts, attitudes, and feelings of new parents and how that might guide children’s development.
... Психічні стани є ключовими концептами в психологічній науці, поряд із психічними процесами та явищами [8]. На рівні психічних станів відбувається інтеграція різнорівневих і багатомодальних компонентів психіки в єдине ціле [9]. ...
... Brief interviews were conducted using an adapted version of the 5-minute interview used in health services 25 and psychiatry. 26 Participants were encouraged to speak for 5 minutes or more based on a single prompt. Participants were asked about the reintegration experience, defined as "the process of resuming roles in your family, in your community, at work, after returning from military service, " with the following prompt: "Please tell me about how this event fits into your overall process of separating from the military." ...
LAY SUMMARY
This study looked at how U.S. military Veterans view events aiding their move to civilian life. The authors talked to Veterans to learn their thoughts on finding help for readjustment. Using a natural approach, three themes were found. First, Veterans worried about jobs, housing, and family after the military. They liked support but felt a gap between needs and information, and were overwhelmed by repetitive, one-size-fits-all approaches. Second, Veterans struggled to share personal information because of stigma, distrust, and civilian confusion. They wanted safe spaces among fellow Veterans to talk about sensitive topics and talked about knowing their rights. Third, transitioning Veterans aimed for new personal and work networks. Some had trouble with family adjustments versus new connections. Guides who understood challenges were important. Experts said that to improve events, add peer support and treat mental health. Findings show tailored approaches for transitioning Veterans’ unique issues. Research highlights available resources, but Veterans say they need better delivery for individual support during military-to-civilian transition.
... Measures 5-Min Speech Sample. The 5-min speech sample (Gottschalk & Gleser, 1969) is a short interview in which the respondent is asked to speak about a topic for 5 min, without verbal prompts from the interviewer. The 5-min speech sample has several strengths. ...
Bedouin society in Israel is characterized as a marginalized minority (Muslim) society struggling to maintain its uniqueness in a Western (Jewish) dominant society. In this unique qualitative study, we aimed to shed light on the distinctive characteristics of Bedouin parenting practices in the context of social change by exploring Bedouin parents’ accounts of factors contributing to or hampering their parenthood. Ninety-nine parents (Mage = 33.25, SD = 4.89) were interviewed about their parenting and their perceptions of Bedouin society. Interviews were analyzed using a phenomenological approach. Parents’ accounts indicated a tension between preserving traditions, social norms, and religious rules that offer cohesion, comfort, and security and embracing individualistic values and cultural changes to promote social mobility for future generations. Bedouin mothers were conflicted between seeking self-fulfillment and meeting societal expectations. Whereas some emphasized investing time and effort in parenting as a form of ensuring their children’s success, others saw investing in themselves as a means to improve family mobility. The findings suggest the need to be mindful of cultural values that are important to parents (e.g., maintaining traditions) and of barriers to help-seeking (e.g., viewing secular ideas as threats to religiously based social structures) when working with parents from minority indigenous societies such as the Bedouin.
... Incomplete and infrequent monitoring of vital signs may lead to delay in detection of deterioration (Mok et al, 2015). Gottschalk and Gleser (2022) refer to clinical psychoanalysis as unconscious motives that influence individuals resulting in a distortion of perception, memory and thinking. Mental Status is related to altered level of consciousness (confusion, disorientation, stupor) agitation, restlessness, or lethargy which are all overt features that depicts danger if interventions are not instituted. ...
Introduction: Danger signs are specific indicators signaling potential serious or life-threatening health conditions, crucial for prompt intervention in healthcare settings. Recognizing these signs can be challenging due to variations in cultural perceptions and individual interpretations. Additionally, danger signs are context-dependent, requiring awareness and contextual analysis. This complexity is amplified when dealing with abstract or non-physical signs. Understanding and consistently applying the concept of danger signs is essential for effective healthcare delivery. Method: This paper utilized Walker and Avant's eight-step concept analysis method, offering a systematic and structured approach for defining and understanding concepts. The method promotes clarity, precision, and thorough exploration of the concept's relationships with others, enhancing comprehensive understanding within its context. Result: Conceptually, danger signs represent a broad array of indicators signaling potential harm or imminent risk. Through analysis, this paper defines danger signs operationally as objective, measurable cues that are context-dependent, indicating the presence of a potential negative outcome. Conclusion: This paper contributes to existing knowledge by identifying danger sign attributes, reducing ambiguity and facilitating clearer application in health specialties training. The enhanced clarity also allows for the development of more precise tools to assess competence in danger sign identification.
... The constituents' original comment letters were subsequently analyzed to identify issues raised therein, and afterwards matched with the corresponding issues in the staff summary of comment letters. To determine the numerical representation of the 166 instances in which the staff used a verbal quantifier, a frequency analysis was conducted as described by Berelson and Salter (1946), Gottschalk and Gleser (1969), Pustet (2007) and Roland et al. (2007). All comment letters were coded by screening for the 170 issues identified in the staff summary paper. ...
Paper conditionally accepted by the Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, scheduled for publication in the June 2025 issue
... Значително увеличение на рефлексивното функциониране (d=.74) в интервенционната група в сравнение с контролната група се наблюдава в изследването на програмата "Семейството в ума ни" (Adkins et al. 2018). В изследването на същата програма от 2021 г. е отчетена значителна разлика в рефлексивното функциониране, измерено шест месеца след интервенцията, с голям размер на ефекта (измерен чрез Задача за рефлексивно функциониране, RF-FMSS) в сравнение с първоначалното ниво и в сравнение с контролната група (Gottschalk & Gleser 1969), измерено с Въпросник за рефлексивно функциониране на родители (Luyten et al. 2017). Изследването, проведено през 2015 г., отчита подобрение на родителското рефлексивно функциониране, измерено със Задача за рефлексивно функциониране, в интервенционната група в сравнение с контролната група (Bammens et al. 2015). ...
Psychoeducational programs to enhance reflective parental capacity are among the main prevention and intervention strategies for parents of children with behavioural and emotional problems. The objectives of the present systematic literature review are: 1) to identify evidence-based psychoeducational programs for parents of children over three years of age that aim to increase parental capacity for reflection and self-reflection; 2) to describe the characteristics and outcomes of these programs on parameters of parental functioning, parent-child relationships, and children's behaviours. This systematic review follows the protocol for systematic review (PRISMA-P). In four of the studied programs, there are data on a significant increase in the ability to reflect, in two of them - on a reduction in parental stress, and in the others, tendencies are reported. Direct comparison between programs is impossible due to differences in research design.
... At Time 1 (T1), teachers were interviewed using the Five-Minute Speech Sample (FMSS; Gottschalk & Gleser, 1969) in a quiet room with only the interviewer present. Next, an intelligence test, Mullen Scales of Early Learning (Mullen, 1995), was administered to the child participants in a quiet room, and teachers were asked to complete a demographic questionnaire. ...
... Analyzing verbatim samples, early studies found talkativeness associated with extroversion and frequent self-references linked to neuroticism [1]. Building on this lexical hypothesis, psychologists identified systematic links between word categories and emotional states or moods [2]. The emergence of the Five Factor Model provided a comprehensive taxonomy for studying personality through language. ...
In today's digital age, the comprehension and prediction of human personality traits have assumed paramount significance. This study embarks on the task of forecasting the Big Five personality traits through textual data, harnessing the capabilities of advanced natural language processing models. The focal dataset is the ChaLearn First Impressions V2, a treasure trove of human-generated text coupled with Big Five personality trait labels. A diverse array of models undergo scrutiny, ranging from basic deep learning models like Deep Pyramid Convolutional Neural Network (DPCNN) and Hierarchical Attention Network (HAN) to cutting-edge transformer-based architectures such as BERT and FLAN-T5. These models undergo meticulous evaluation across various training scenarios, spanning scenarios where all layers are fine-tuned, only the embedding layer is freezed, and the complete layer freezing, with exclusive attention to Transformer models. Notably, models such as DPCNN and HAN emerge as stars, boasting remarkable accuracy attributable to their prowess in hierarchical feature extraction. Conversely, Transformer models like ELECTRA shine when layers remain frozen, showcasing their exceptional contextual comprehension. Furthermore, the study employs word clouds to visually encapsulate the essence of each Big Five personality trait, unraveling intricate relationships between specific words and these traits. The findings underscore the intricate interplay among model architecture, training methodologies, and layer freezing, offering valuable insights into strategies that yield optimal performance in predicting personality traits. In an age dominated by digital communication, this research contributes significantly to our understanding and prediction of human personalities.
... Nebula is a supporting character changing from a villain to antihero throughout the plot. Language use has been long known as a strong indicator of the speaker"s psychological and emotional state (Gottschalk & Gleser, 1969) and is well studied with a number of applications such as automatic personality detection (Mairesse et al., 2007). Research demonstrates that a powerful reflection of personality can be collected from the words people use in routine life. ...
Blockbuster films intended for an international audience often depict universally recognisable psychological motivations and limitations, presenting characters whose verbal expressions create distinct psychological impressions. This paper focused on the relationship between language use, including narratives and psychological categories of words, and the psychological traits of cinematic personalities. The study aimed to investigate how a character's language usage exposed their personality, psychological attributes, and transformations throughout their story arc and archetype. To achieve this, in the research a connection between Maslow's hierarchy of human needs, Jung's concept of archetypes, and Schmidt's typology of master characters in fiction was drawn, which expanded the understanding of the heroine Nebula from Guardians of the Galaxy verbal behavior. The research further defined the character's psychological image and arc by analysing their speech patterns. It identified the character's archetypes, namely the Backstabber and the Father's Daughter, and explored the progression between these archetypes. Additionally, the article employed the narrative analysis to construct the character's story. The narrative analysis was concluded with the implementation of the LIWC-22 psycholinguistic analysis in order to validate the findings derived from the psycholinguistics and cinematic studies. This method allowed for a comprehensive examination of the language used by cinematic characters, providing insights into their psychological traits and development. Ultimately, this research has contributed to the comprehension of how people's psychological characteristics are depicted and communicated through language in mass cinematography.
... One promising assessment is the Five Minute Speech Sample (FMSS; Magaña et al., 1986). Developed by Louis Gottschalk and his colleagues (Gottschalk et al., 1958;Gottschalk & Gleser, 1969), FMSS is a brief measure of EE in the context of family relationships. Compared with direct observation, FMSS is more time and cost-efficient. ...
Emotions are highly dynamic and social in nature. Traditional approaches to studying emotion expression face obstacles such as substantial time investments, susceptibility to human biases, and limited capacity to capture nuanced emotional patterns. To address these challenges, this research leveraged text mining and sentiment analysis to explore the dynamic patterns of emotion expression within the context of mother‐child interactions. We analyzed 8,841 conversation transcripts involving 1,462 mother‐child dyads, sourced from the Child Language Data Exchange System. Polarity scores were calculated and analyzed to uncover the temporal patterns of mother and child emotional sentiment. Our findings revealed that mothers tended to exhibit heightened levels of positive emotion at the beginning and conclusion of conversations, whereas children displayed a more linear positive trend. Using model‐based cluster analysis, we identified two distinct clusters of mothers characterized by varying degrees of emotion expression variation and two clusters of children showing different rates of elevation in positive emotion. At the dyadic level, the differences between mother and child polarity scores varied as a function of time, with an increase of difference from the beginning to the 20 th percentile point, a decrease until the 90 th percentile, and then an increase again towards the end of the conversation. This study demonstrates the utility of text mining and sentiment analysis in developmental studies, particularly in the context of parent‐child interactions. The findings hold informative implications for interventions that focus on fostering healthy parent‐child relationships.
... Parents are required to provide a brief description of their child using an open-ended format, with minimal prompts from the interviewer. Verbal content analysis of brief and open-ended approaches such as the FMSS can enable researchers to capture parents' true internal emotions, thoughts, and attitudes about their child (Gottschalk & Gleser, 1969). The FMSS approach is one of the most commonly used methods to elicit an understanding of parents' expressed emotion towards their child (e.g., criticism, concern), the emotional climate of the parent-child relationship, and family relational processes, and has been shown to be a valid procedure for predicting child outcomes across diverse contexts (Sher-Censor, 2015). ...
Autistic children experience high rates of mental health challenges, and links have been found between child mental health and the parent-child relationship. As parents of autistic children are often actively involved in their child’s treatment, it is important to consider aspects of the parent-child relationship within this context. The present study investigated changes in a component of the parent-child relationship, the coherence of parental representations, following participation in a 10-week cognitive behavioural therapy intervention designed to address autistic children’s mental health challenges. Relationships were examined between coherence and child characteristics (i.e., autism symptoms, mental health), and associations with child treatment outcomes (i.e., mental health). Participants included 81 children (89% boys) aged 8 to 13 years and their parents (85% mothers) aged 35 to 54 years. Baseline levels of coherence were related to children’s mental health symptoms but not autism symptoms. Although there were no significant changes in overall coherence across therapy, subscale-level improvements (i.e., concern, acceptance) emerged. Changes in coherence across therapy were linked with children’s post-intervention behavioural symptoms and were approaching significance for internalizing problems, but were not associated with externalizing problems. It is critical to investigate factors that shape the coherence of parents’ representations of their children, as this may provide insight into potential targets for intervention. Ascertaining whether participation in therapy improves parental coherence, and consequently child treatment outcomes, can advocate for parent-involved therapy, which will ultimately benefit the well-being of autistic children.
... The interview schedule consisted of five open-ended questions exploring EE in participants' relationships with their 'significant others'. The schedule followed the ethos of commonly used tools to identify EE i.e. the Five-Minute Speech Sample [20] and Camberwell Family Interview [21] which use an exploratory approach to understand the nature of both positive and negative aspects of relationships. Existing EE domain terms (eg. ...
Background
‘Expressed Emotion (EE)’ captures ways in which emotions are expressed within a family environment. Research has found that EE in families has an impact on psychiatric illness, in particular psychosis, such that it increases risk of relapse. EE was conceptualised by research conducted in the UK. Thus, behaviours defined as pathological were largely based on white samples adhering to UK norms. Cross-cultural variations have been found in EE and its relationship with clinical outcomes. A more culturally appropriate understanding of norms surrounding the EE across cultures is required.
Aims
This study aims to use a bottom-up approach to provide a culturally specific understanding of family relationships and EE across ‘non-clinical’ UK-based South Asian families.
Methods
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 South Asian participants to explore their relationships with a significant other. Interviews were analysed using thematic analysis.
Results
Four main themes were generated: expression of love, setting boundaries, inter-generational differences and acceptance.
Conclusion
The findings indicate considerable cultural variability within EE and highlight the need to interpret EE in the context of socio-cultural norms. Whilst certain domains of EE that are considered pathological in Western contexts are present in the UK-based South Asian diaspora, these are perceived as less problematic, indicative of varying cultural norms.
... Swartz and Ungur provide an overview of the various contentbased methods used to analyse social media data [8]. Content analysis has been previously applied in the medical domain [20,[48][49][50][51]. ...
The growth of online health communities and socially generated health-related content has the potential to provide considerable value for patients and healthcare providers alike. For example, members of the public can acquire medical knowledge and interact with others online. However, the volume of information—and the consequent ‘noise’ associated with large data volumes—can create difficulties for users. In this paper, we present a data-driven approach to better understand these data from multiple stakeholder perspectives. We utilise three techniques—sentiment analysis, content analysis, and topic analysis—to analyse user-generated medical content related to Lyme disease. We use a supervised feature-based model to identify sentiments, content analysis to identify concepts that predominate, and latent Dirichlet allocation strategy as an unsupervised generative model to identify topics represented in the discourse. We validate that applying three different analytic methods highlights differing aspects of the information different stakeholders will be interested in based on the goals of different stakeholders, expert opinion, and comparison with patient information leaflets.
... Two early strategies dominated text analysis in psychology. The first, which was strongly influenced by physician Louis Gottschalk (e.g., Gottschalk & Gleser, 1969), is heavily psychoanalytic in orientation and requires trained raters to evaluate each clause of a sentence (for a recent computerized version, see Gottschalk, Stein, & Shapiro, 1997). Speech samples are generated by individuals who are asked to talk aloud in a stream of consciousness mode for 5 min. ...
Can language use reflect personality style? Studies examined the reliability, factor structure, and validity of written language using a word-based, computerized text analysis program. Daily diaries from 15 substance abuse inpatients, daily writing assignments from 35 students, and journal abstracts from 40 social psychologists demonstrated good internal consistency for over 36 language dimensions. Analyses of the best 15 language dimensions from essays by 838 students yielded 4 factors that replicated across written samples from another 381 students. Finally, linguistic profiles from writing samples were compared with Thematic Apperception Test coding, self-reports, and behavioral measures from 79 students and with self-reports of a 5-factor measure and health markers from more than 1,200 students. Despite modest effect sizes, the data suggest that linguistic style is an independent and meaningful way of exploring personality.
... We measured anxiety measured using the Total Anxiety Scale (Gottschalk & Gleser, 1969). Its validity has been demonstrated through experimental manipulations of stress, as well as through correlations with self-ratings and psychiatrists' ratings of anxiety and with indexes of physiological arousal. ...
A comparison of the quality of life of terminal cancer patients in two palliative care units with that of those in a general hospital is reported here. Quality of life was considered as a multidimensional concept. It was assessed for the 182 patients by applying content analysis scales to transcripts of their responses to part of a standardized interview. A personal construct model of dying provided the specific hypotheses about differences in quality of life. Patients in specialized palliative care units were, as predicted, found to differ from those dying in hospital, showing less indirectly expressed anger but more positive feelings. They also reported more anxiety about death but less anxiety about isolation and general anxiety, and fewer influential and nonspecified shared relationships. Against prediction, the patients in the two specialized units were also found to differ from each other, those in the smaller unit showing more directly expressed anger and helplessness than those in the larger unit.
... A commonly used dictionary-based method employed to analyze text samples automatically is to count words corresponding to psychologically relevant categories, which is also referred to as the word-count approach (Stone and Hunt, 1963;Gottschalk and Gleser, 1979;Berry et al., 1997, i.a.). We use this closed-vocabulary approach to understand the relationship between a set of predefined psychological categories and regulatory focus. ...
People differ fundamentally in what motivates them to pursue a goal and how they approach it. For instance, some people seek growth and show eagerness, whereas others prefer security and are vigilant. The concept of regulatory focus is employed in psychology, to explain and predict this goal-directed behavior of humans underpinned by two unique motivational systems – the promotion and the prevention system. Traditionally, text analysis methods using closed-vocabularies are employed to assess the distinctive linguistic patterns associated with the two systems. From an NLP perspective, automatically detecting the regulatory focus of individuals from text provides valuable insights into the behavioral inclinations of the author, finding its applications in areas like marketing or health communication. However, the concept never made an impactful debut in computational linguistics research. To bridge this gap we introduce the novel task of regulatory focus classification from text and present two complementary German datasets – (1) experimentally generated event descriptions and (2) manually annotated short social media texts used for evaluating the generalizability of models on real-world data. First, we conduct a correlation analysis to verify if the linguistic footprints of regulatory focus reported in psychology studies are observable and to what extent in our datasets. For automatic classification, we compare closed-vocabulary-based analyses with a state-of-the-art BERT-based text classification model and observe that the latter outperforms lexicon-based approaches on experimental data and is notably better on out-of-domain Twitter data.
... For example, although studies commonly show that parents report mixed emotions during the school transition, they do not consider whether specific aspects of the transition are especially likely to evoke positive, negative, or mixed emotions. Addressing this gap, we gathered parents' views and experiences of the transition to school by adapting the Five-Minute Speech Sample (FMSS; Gottschalk and Gleser 1979), which captures 5-minutes of uninterrupted speech from parents. Studies show rich individual differences in participants' narratives (e.g. ...
... Different categories were built within a category system, with the minimum and maximum numbers of codes defined for each category. The remaining codes were summarized in terms of the digital transformation dimensions, such as digital data, automation, networking, and digital customer access [52,53,[61][62][63][64][65][66][67]. ...
... These include the Adult Attachment Interview 13 , in which parents are asked to narrate about their early attachment experiences, and the Working Model of the Child Interview . The researchers argued that although the procedure is brief, it maximizes the projection and expression of internal psychological states, response sets and attitudes as it requires narrating without the aid of prompts or responses from the interviewer 18 . Adult psychiatry researchers have embraced this procedure and have been using it to evaluate the quality of the relationships formed between mentally ill patients and their caregivers. ...
... A lth o u g h there are several systems o f c o n te n t analysis th a t have made one o r m ore c o n trib u tio n s to th e understanding o f dream c o n te n t (Foulkes & Shepherd, 1971; G o tts c h a lk &. Gleser, 1969;W in g e t & Kram er, 1979), the largest and m ost system atic body o f fin d in g s o n w ha t people dream about comes fro m a com prehensive set o f d e scriptive e m p iric a l categories developed b y H a ll ( 1951) and th e n fin alized-w ith th e h e lp o f Van~de Castle-(H a ll & V a n de Castle, 1966). Four general fin d in g s w ith th is H a ll-V a n de C astle system m ust be encompassed by a n e u ro co g n itive m odel. ...
This book presents a new neurocognitive model of dreams that draws from empirical research to explain the process of dreaming and the nature of dream content. Until now, dream studies have been limited in their usefulness, but recent advances in neuroscience, dream content analysis, cognitive linguistics, statistics, and computer software have made it possible to revitalize this area of research with the use of scientific methods. G. W. Domhoff's model helps explain the neural and cognitive bases for dreaming. He discusses how dreams express conceptions and concerns and how they are consistent over years and decades. He also shows that there may be limits to understanding the meaning of dreams, as there are many aspects of dream content that cannot be related to waking cognition or personal concerns. In addition, the book includes a detailed explanation of the methods needed to test the new model as well as a case study of a comprehensive dream journal. A new system of content analysis that can be used for highly sophisticated studies is discussed.
... The LIWC method is based on the theoretical assumption that the words people use in daily life have considerable psychological value [88]. Words have historically been considered by the social sciences as carriers of beliefs, emotions, habits of thought, lived experiences, social relationships, and personality traits [95][96][97][98]. ...
Background:
Attachment theory represents one of the most important references for the study of the development of an individual throughout their life cycle and provides the clinician with a profound key for the purposes of understanding the suffering that underlies severe psychopathologies such as eating disorders. As such, we conducted a cross-sectional study with a mixed-methods analysis on a sample of 32 young women with anorexia nervosa (AN); this study was embedded in the utilized theoretical framework with the following aims: 1. to evaluate the state of mind (SoM) in relation to adult attachment, assuming a prevalence of the dismissing (DS) SoM and 2. to analyze the linguistic attachment profile emerging from the transcripts of the AAIs.
Methods:
Interviews were transcribed verbatim, coded, and analyzed using the linguistic inquiry and word count (LIWC) method.
Results:
The results were observed to be consistent with the referenced literature. The prevalence of a DS SoM (68.75%) is observed in the study sample, whereas the results of the lexical analysis of the stories deviate from expectations. Notably, the lexical results indicate the coexistence of the dismissing and entangled aspects at the representational level.
Conclusions:
The study results suggest a high level of specificity in the emotional functioning of patients with AN, with a focusing on a pervasive control of emotions that is well illustrated by the avoidant/ambivalent (A/C) strategy described in Crittenden's dynamic-maturational model. These findings and considerations have important implications for clinical work and treatment, which we believe must be structured on the basis of starting from a reappraisal of emotional content.
... The Five-Minute Speech Sample (FMSS) asks the caregiver to talk about their thoughts and feelings about the patient for 5 min, without interruption. Originally developed by Gottschalk and Gleser [9] to assess anxiety, hostility, and hope, it was later proposed by Magana et al. [10] as a specific measure of EE, for which they designed a coding scheme. The FMSS interview is audio-recorded and coded according to Magana's [11] scoring system. ...
Expressed Emotion (EE) describes the tone of a caregiver’s response to a patient with a mental disorder, and it is used to predict relapse. The Five-Minute Speech Sample (FMSS) is a 5-min interview with a caregiver that evaluates only two EE dimensions. The present study aimed at evaluating HEE (High Expressed Emotion) as a predictor of relapse in patients with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. Six studies were selected for the meta-analysis. In total, the studies included 297 subjects. The analyses included a random effects model; a meta-analysis excluding the study with the smallest sample; a cumulative meta-analysis; a meta-regression with random effects, using patient age and duration of illness as moderators; a leave-one-out meta-analysis; and a funnel plot to estimate publication bias. The FMSS emerged as a valid and reliable tool for measuring EE as a predictor of relapse in patients with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. Patient age and duration of illness had no significant effect on the results. Future meta-analyses should include more studies to reduce publication bias. EE may be a good predictor of relapse when examined through a fast measurement technique such as the FMSS, which may also be useful to analyze the psychopathological structure of caregivers.
... In a fiveminute interview, relatives are asked to talk continuously for 5 minutes about a family member with a condition. The idea of using FMSS was proposed by Gottschalk and Gleser (1979). According to them, speech discloses intra-personal qualities and relatives' responses to the individual with a condition, which are frequently hidden during structural or semi-structural interviews. ...
Large gaps of data still exist within the Ukrainian context utilizing Expresses Emotion as a warm, hostile, critical or emotional over-involving behaviour towards individual with a mental or physical condition. The aim of the current article was to suggest translation and cross-cultural adaptation of level of expressed emotion (LEE) as it is perceived by service users. This study applies the LEE which includes four factors: perceived lack of emotional support (pLES: 19 items), perceived intrusiveness (pIN: seven items), perceived irritation (pIR: seven items), and perceived criticism (pC: five items). All items are rated according to frequency and intensity on a four-point Likert scale 1 to 4 (1: untrue; 2: somewhat untrue; 3: somewhat true; 4: true). The total score of the 38 items is entitled perceived expressed emotion (pEE). LEE has strong psychometric properties in adolescents and adults. The translation LEE followed WHO guidelines (2020) and comprises some stages, namely a forward translation from English to Ukrainian, a back translation, expert panel validation, pretesting and cognitive face-to-face interviews with 10 clinical psychologists. The Ukrainian translation version of LEE meets requirements of LEE original version. However, some items were transformed according to semantic, grammatical or stylistic norms of the Ukrainian language. The Ukrainian version of LEE is the first psychometric tool to assess expressed emotion in a Ukrainian healthcare setting.
... The connection between the human mind and language has fascinated scientists from various fields since the concept of "Freudian slips" was first introduced over a century ago -a Freudian slip is a linguistic behavior which unintentionally reveals an individual's true thoughts and feelings (Freud, 1901;Taus- & Pennebaker, 2010). Since then, the value of analysis of language (linguistic analysis) has been widely acknowledged in psychology (e.g., Freda, Esposito, & Quaranta, 2015;Gottschalk & Gleser, 1969;Weintraub, 1989), psychiatry (e.g., Bersudsky Fine, Gorjaltsan, Chen, & Walters, 2005;Fine, 2006;Nienow & Docherty, 2004;Smirnova et al., 2014;Smirnova et al., 2015;Stirling et al., 2006), and forensic sciences (e.g., McMenamin, 2002;Sudjana & Fitri, 2013). However, in educational research its significance and affordances are still underestimated. ...
This chapter presents the linguistic analysis of science teachers' narratives regarding their worldviews in the digital age and their views of technology. The analysis was performed using Laurence Anthony's software AntConc, which is suitable for analyzing large data corpora. The language behavior of the following groups of teachers was analyzed by exploring three distinctive linguistic markers: personal pronouns to study participants' foci of attention; emotion words, to measure the extent of their emotional immersion in the discourse; and semantic fields of specific word collocations. The results, based on the variations in the language behavior, indicated differences between the three groups of teachers' worldviews. In addition, the examination of the degree of descriptive elaboration, expressed through the use of sense, motion, and exclusion words, revealed similar levels of truthfulness in all three groups. The linguistic analysis, enhanced by various computational linguistic technologies available through the AntConc software, made it possible to identify implicitly conveyed thoughts and feelings, thereby affording a better understanding of complex education-related processes and phenomena.
... From the time of Freud's writings about "slips of the tongue" to the early days of computer-based text analysis, researchers across the social sciences have amassed an extensive body of evidence showing that people's words have tremendous psychological value. To appreciate some of the truly great pioneers, check out (Allport, 1942), Gottschalk and Gleser (1969), Stone et al., (1966), and Weintraub (1989). ...
The words that people use in everyday life tell us about their psychological states: their beliefs, emotions, thinking habits, lived experiences, social relationships, and personalities. From the time of Freud’s writings about “slips of the tongue” to the early days of computer-based text analysis, researchers across the social sciences have amassed an extensive body of evidence showing that people’s words have tremendous psychological value. To appreciate some of the truly great pioneers, check out (Allport, 1942), Gottschalk and Gleser (1969), Stone et al., (1966), and Weintraub (1989).
Although promising, the early computer methods floundered because of the sheer complexity of the task. In order to provide a better method for studying verbal and written speech samples, we originally developed a text analysis application called Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count, or LIWC (pronounced “Luke”). The first LIWC application was developed as part of an exploratory study of language and disclosure (Francis & Pennebaker, 1992). The second (LIWC2001), third (LIWC2007), fourth (2015), and now fifth (LIWC-22) versions updated the original application with increasingly expanded dictionaries and sophisticated software design (Pennebaker et al., 2001, 2007, 2015).
The most recent evolution, LIWC-22 (Pennebaker et al., 2022), has significantly altered both the dictionary and the software options to reflect new directions in text analysis. As with previous versions, the program is designed to analyze individual or multiple language files quickly and efficiently. At the same time, the program attempts to be transparent and flexible in its operation, allowing the user to explore word use in multiple ways.
... Since 1979, researchers have come to realize that the vocabulary used in oral communication can reflect personal feelings and thoughts. Therefore, a linguistic analysis can be used as an effective tool to understand a person's psychological state [16]. In 1980, researchers discovered that patients who wrote about their emotions experienced improvements in their psychological well-being. ...
China’s migrant population has significantly contributed to its economic growth; however, the impact on the well-being of left-behind children (LBC) has become a serious public health problem. Text mining is an effective tool for identifying people’s mental state, and is therefore beneficial in exploring the psychological mindset of LBC. Traditional data collection methods, which use questionnaires and standardized scales, are limited by their sample sizes. In this study, we created a computational application to quantitively collect personal narrative texts posted by LBC on Zhihu, which is a Chinese question-and-answer online community website; 1475 personal narrative texts posted by LBC were gathered. We used four types of words, i.e., first-person singular pronouns, negative words, past tense verbs, and death-related words, all of which have been associated with depression and suicidal ideations in the Chinese Linguistic Inquiry Word Count (CLIWC) dictionary. We conducted vocabulary statistics on the personal narrative texts of LBC, and bilateral t-tests, with a control group, to analyze the psychological well-being of LBC. The results showed that the proportion of words related to depression and suicidal ideations in the texts of LBC was significantly higher than in the control group. The differences, with respect to the four word types (i.e., first-person singular pronouns, negative words, past tense verbs, and death-related words), were 5.37, 2.99, 2.65, and 2.00 times, respectively, suggesting that LBC are at a higher risk of depression and suicide than their counterparts. By sorting the texts of LBC, this research also found that child neglect is a main contributing factor to psychological difficulties of LBC. Furthermore, mental health problems and the risk of suicide in vulnerable groups, such as LBC, is a global public health issue, as well as an important research topic in the era of digital public health. Through a linguistic analysis, the results of this study confirmed that the experiences of left-behind children negatively impact their mental health. The present findings suggest that it is vital for the public and nonprofit sectors to establish online suicide prevention and intervention systems to improve the well-being of LBC through digital technology.
Learning from experiences is crucial for pre-service teacher to become professional teacher. As
a bridge between theory and practice, reflection contributes to their professional development.
However, reflection often requires exploring much tacit knowledge, which needs guidance from
professionals. Indeed, many pre-service teachers do not receive adequate support due to lack of
time for teacher educators and large student populations. Recently, advancements in artificial
intelligence (AI) have led to the development of automated feedback systems. These systems
provide prompt and relevant feedback to pre-service teachers, enhancing opportunities for
professional development.
In the context of digital reform, this dissertation aims to explore the role of AI in fostering
pre-service teacher reflection. It seeks to investigate the acceptance of AI within teacher
education, enhance deep understanding of reflective writing, and develop suitable AI-driven
feedback mechanisms. More specifically, the research objectives are threefold: (i) to investigate
pre-service teachers’ AI acceptance and to determine whether gender plays a moderating role;
(ii) to assess the quality of reflective writing and explore its vital predictive indicators; (iii) to
develop an AI feedback system specifically designed to enhance the quality of pre-service
teachers’ reflection. Through these objectives, the research seeks to provide innovative
technological support for the professional development of pre-service teachers.
Employing a diverse array of research methods and incorporating multiple data types, this
thesis systematically synthesizes and presents the findings from three publications. The results
are structured to highlight the contributions of each study, providing a overview of the research
outcomes. In the discussion section, I delve into the factors influencing AI acceptance and
examine how gender moderates this process. Additionally, I also discuss the transparency and
explainability of AI feedback algorithms. Based on these discussions, this thesis proposes a
series of recommendations for improving future educational research.
Objectives
Incarcerated parents and children’s caregivers participated in a brief mindfulness skills intervention called IMMERSIVE: Including Meaningful Mindful Experiences of Relational Savoring In Visiting Environments. The goal of IMMERSIVE was to support positive visiting experiences for families during incarceration by increasing adult perspective-taking, mindfulness, and positive emotion when reflecting on children’s visiting experiences.
Method
In this mixed-methods study, implemented using an intervention-only group design, 44 families participated in the study, which included pre-intervention interviews, parent–child remote video visits, and two IMMERSIVE visit coaching sessions. We audio-recorded pre-intervention interviews focusing on the child, pre-visit coaching sessions, and post-visit coaching sessions. Parental reflective functioning was coded from transcripts. In addition, pre- and post-visit transcripts were analyzed for the frequency of positive emotion words, negative emotion words, and mindfulness words utilizing text analysis (Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count-22).
Results
For incarcerated parents, parental reflective functioning increased from pre-intervention to pre-visit coaching, with gains maintained through post-visit coaching sessions (medium effect size, p < 0.05). Negative emotion words decreased from pre- to post-visit coaching (large effect size, p < 0.05), with a particularly large effect size observed for at-home caregivers. Most caregivers and incarcerated parents reported that the intervention was helpful.
Conclusions
The study provides initial evidence that the IMMERSIVE intervention may help incarcerated parents gain insight into their children’s visiting experiences and help at-home caregivers use more positive and fewer negative emotion words when reflecting on children’s visiting experiences. Future research should confirm these benefits while expanding mindfulness skills interventions to include vulnerable children and families, such as families affected by parental incarceration.
Preregistration
This study is not preregistered.
Natural language processing (NLP)—previously the domain of a select few language and computer scientists—is undergoing an unprecedented surge in popularity across disciplines. The ubiquity of language data, alongside extremely rapid methodological innovations, has magnetized the field, attracting researchers with the promise of measuring, forecasting, and understanding the most central questions in business, psychology, biology, sociology, the humanities, and beyond. The power of language analysis to reveal insights into human thought, feeling, and behavior has become a core interest emerging from recent technological advances, which are being probed to unearth deeply embedded truths about the human condition. However, NLP research has reached a critical juncture, sitting at the cusp of societal transformation in many aspects of daily life. The details of how NLP research develops over the next 3–5 years will define this transformation. In this emerging, near-infinite space of NLP-driven research, we provide a critical frame of reference for how, when, and why these technologies should evolve in a particularly transdisciplinary manner. Specifically, we discuss (a) the urgency of pairing existing and emerging NLP research with existing scientific knowledge, theory, and principles from the behavioral sciences; (b) the coevolution of NLP technologies; and (c) the practical implications and ethical consequences of expanding language analysis using broader psychosocial theories of the human condition. While our discussion focuses principally on using language as a window in the individual mind, this topic holds substantial implications for other disciplines and lines of inquiry, including the dynamics of social interaction and beyond.
Over the last 50+ years, there has been a huge rise in interest in consumer language research. This article spotlights the emergence and evolution of this area, identifying key themes and trends and highlighting topics for future research. Work has evolved from exploration of broad language concepts (e.g., rhetorics) to specific linguistic features (e.g., phonemes) and from monologues (e.g., advertiser to consumer) to two-way dialogues (e.g., consumer to service representative and back). We discuss future opportunities that arise from past trends and suggest two important shifts that prompt questions for future research: the new shift toward using voice (vs. hands) when interacting with objects and the ongoing shift toward using hands (vs. voices) to communicate with people. By synthesizing the past, and delineating a research agenda for the future, we hope to encourage more researchers to begin to explore this burgeoning area.
Aim
To explore perceived expressed emotion in the south Asian context for individuals with a first episode of psychosis (FEP).
Method
Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 16 service users experiencing a FEP to understand their experience of expressed emotion (EE) from their caregivers. Interviews were analysed using inductive thematic analysis.
Results
Four main categories were identified: connection and support, understanding and awareness, boundaries and independence and context and influence. Factors influencing perceived expressed emotion such as acceptance, acculturation, warmth and expressions of love, communication and family values were identified. Findings highlight south Asian's experiences of being cared for, and their perception of EE, including warmth and connection as a strength and resource.
Conclusion
The findings shed light on culturally specific EE within the context of FEP that can be considered when working with south Asian communities within early intervention services. Findings highlight the impact of navigating and negotiating bicultural identities and generational differences in EE in the British south Asian context.
Con este estudio, resultado de una investigación empírica de carácter cualitativo, se pretende poner de relieve el desinterés que las ciencias sociales, y particularmente la sociología, han mostrado por la dimensión emocional de la sociabilidad. Este desinterés, que puede comprenderse como expresión del ethos cultural de la propia modernidad, resulta científicamente insostenible. De ahí que en los últimos años haya emergido con fuerza una corriente de pensamiento, y un campo de estudio específico, la sociología de las emociones, que pretende llenar este vacío. La investigación, partiendo del papel clave que el proceso comunicativo juega en la constitución del orden social, tal y como sostienen tanto el interaccionismo simbólico como la Teoría de Sistemas de N. Luhmann, pretende mostrar las funciones sociales que cumplen los contenidos emocionales presentes en la comunicación. Aplicando microanálisis del discurso a noticias publicadas en prensa escrita revela, pese al principio de "neutralidad afectiva" que debería orientar la "información" periodística, la abundante presencia de contenidos emocionales, revelando, al mismo tiempo, la imposibilidad de una adecuada interpretación del significado y sentido de una noticia, o de cualquier expresión comunicativa, si no se tiene en cuenta su estructura emocional. En el artículo se presenta la estructura emocional de una noticia, "el relato de un accidente de coche", en la que su sentido comunicativo y social se construye con una cadena de horror, de vergüenza y de preocupación. Aplicando al análisis de este artículo la metodología desarrollada por Thomas J. Scheff, que denomina part / whole analysis, se establecen conexiones entre esta cadena y la estructura vital de la sociedad posmoderna considerada en tanto sociedad del riesgo. Se sostiene que la sociedad contemporánea ya no puede basar su legitimidad en las metas, "positivas que sostuvieron y animaron a la sociedad moderna. En la sociedad del riesgo la legitimidad se sostiene no por la búsqueda de bienes, sino por la evitación de males, y en este nuevo modo de legitimidad, la cadena emocional aquí descrita, horror-vergüenza-preocupación, cumple una función social imprescindible.
Purpose
Research on the concept of expressed emotion (EE) has expanded in recent years but its role in dementia still requires elucidation. Understanding the role of EE in the dementia context could help in the development of appropriate interventions.
Method
The current review synthesized relevant literature to investigate the prevalence and correlates of EE status in families of people with dementia. A comprehensive search of four databases from inception to 2022 produced 2,683 papers; 18 studies met inclusion criteria.
Results
The use of EE criteria differed not only across cultural contexts, but even within the same cultural context. Overall, the prevalence of EE in families with dementia compared with other psychiatric conditions was not high.
Conclusion
Specific changes in EE over time remain to be explored, and findings emphasize the need to carefully discriminate High EE status based on the cultural background of family members with dementia. [ Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 50 (2), 17–25.]
Reviews the experimental literature on adult female and male aggression. Commonly held hypotheses that men are almost always more physically aggressive than women and that women display more indirect or displaced aggression were not supported. Evidence of the type of sex differences that sex role stereotypes would predict seemed to appear only in self-report measures of general hostility or aggressiveness. Factors that are related to observed sex differences include sex of the instigator and/or victim of aggression, empathy with the victim, guilt, and aggression anxiety. When aggresssion is perceived as justified or prosocial and when these other factors are controlled, women may act as aggressively as men. Some evidence suggests that men and women react differentially to external aggressive cues and provocation. What may be anger-provoking for men may be anxiety-provoking for women. The hypothesis that sex differences in aggression are biologically determined was not examined. The present discussion should be viewed as an attempt to lay the groundwork for an understanding of the phenotypic expression of whatever genetic differences may exist. (5 p ref)
This chapter is a summary and reconsideration of three of my study areas that focus on or at least involve emotions. The first concerns labeling theory. I didn’t realize then that the emotion of shame was an important component. The second area is my version of the theory of catharsis, an approach that has been mistakenly cast aside. The last aspect considers the pride-shame axis as a key part of a major social system, my current work. Theories by C. H. Cooley and Erving Goffman imply that shame, particularly, is all but ubiquitous in modern societies, yet usually invisible. My current ideas suggest that this conjecture may be somewhat overstated, if only slightly. However, empirical studies by Norbert Elias and by Helen Lewis imply support for both ubiquity and invisibility. Both the Elias/Lewis conjecture on hiding shame and Billig’s theory of repression are supported by my Ngram study of historical changes in frequency of shame terms in five languages. Like other emotions, such as fear, shame can be recursive, acting back on itself (shame about shame). Limitless recursion of shame may explain extreme cases of silence, and of shame/anger, violence. These propositions need further testing. For one thing, they may have implications not only for social science, but for society as a whole.
Стаття має за мету емпірично дослідити емоційну експресивність у зіставленні її з боку родичів до особи із хронічним захворюванням та суб’єктивним сприйманням емоційної експресивності самою особою із захворюванням. Серед методів дослідження були теоретичні (аналіз, порівняння, узагальнення, синтез), Шкала ставлення родини (FamilyAttitudeScale, FAS) (Kavanaghetal., 1997), опитувальник для діагностики рівня емоційної експресивності (LevelofExpressedEmotion, LEE), (Cole&Kazarian, 1988), самооцінювання стану здоров’я на основі Короткої версії шкали SF 12-RCH (Huoetal., 2018). Вибірку дослідження склали 88 особи із захворюваннями шлунково-кишкового тракту (ШКТ), які перебували на стаціонарному лікуванні в гастроентерологічному й проктологічному відділеннях КЗ «Волинська обласна клінічна лікарня», а також їхні найближчі родичі внаслідок чого утворилося 88 діад (176 осіб). Результати кореляційного аналізу свідчать про наявність кореляційних зв’язків між показниками FAS та LEE (r=0,504, p<0,01), що свідчить про сильний зв’язок між об’єктивним сімейним кліматом, представленим емоційною гіперопікою, критичністю та ворожістю, та суб’єктивним переживанням такого ставлення з боку родини самими особами із хронічним захворюванням. Як висновок, об’єктивний рівень переживання ворожості, критичності та емоційної гіперопіки з боку родичів (сприйнятий рівень ЕЕ) втілюється у відповідне суб’єктивне переживання цих осіб. Ключові слова: емоційна експресивність, медичний діагноз, психодіагностика, методи, методики, сприйнята емоційна експресивність.
Background: ‘Expressed Emotion (EE)’ captures ways in which emotions are expressed within a family environment. Research has found that EE in families has an impact on psychiatric illness, in particular psychosis, such that it increases risk of relapse. EE was conceptualised by research conducted in the UK. Thus, behaviours defined as pathological were largely based on Caucasian samples adhering to UK norms. Cross-cultural variations have been found in the expression of EE and its relationship with clinical outcomes. A more culturally appropriate understanding of norms surrounding the expression of emotion across cultures is required.
Aims: This study aims to use a bottom-up approach to provide a culturally specific understanding of family relationships and the expression of emotion across ‘non-clinical’ UK-based South Asian families.
Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 South Asian participants to explore their relationships with a significant other. Interviews were analysed using thematic analysis.
Results: Four main themes were generated: expression of love, setting boundaries, inter-generational differences and acceptance.
Conclusion: The findings indicate considerable cultural variability within emotional expression and highlight the need to interpret EE in the context of socio-cultural norms. Whilst certain expressions of emotion that are considered pathological in Western contexts are present in the UK-based South Asian diaspora, these are perceived as less problematic, indicative of varying cultural norms.
Advances in information technology have hugely influenced the tourism industry. Many tourists can generate and share their travel tips through social media, and people consult online reviews before making travel arrangements because they could access these sources of information easily. Either positive or negative reviews could increase consumer awareness of Airbnb. Using the approach of text mining and sentiment analysis, examining whether guests' emotions are positive or negative, this study investigates the attributes that influence Airbnb consumers' experiences compared with their previous hotel experiences by analysing big data of guests' online reviews. Findings reveal that the factors of guests' positive sentiment are the atmosphere, flexibility, special amenities, and humanized service; the factors of guests' negative sentiment are not value for money, have to clean the room before leaving, sharing amenities and space with strangers, disturbed by hosts' noisy recreational activities, and troubled by hosts' requesting good reviews.
В статье описаны результаты сравнительного контент-анализа когнитивного представления опыта преодоления в трудных жизненных ситуациях югоосетинской (РЮО) и московской (РФ) молодежи. Выявлены характерные психологические особенности связей и различий профилей совладания молодежи, ведущие смыслы совладающего поведения, особенности конструктивных и деструктивных стратегий преодоления.
The article describes the results of a comparative content analysis of the cognitive presentation of the experience of overcoming in difficult life situations of South Ossetian (RSO) and Moscow (RF) youth. The characteristic psychological features of the connections and differences in the coping profiles of young people, the leading meanings of coping behavior, the features of constructive and destructive coping strategies are revealed.
Mentalization refers to the capacity to understand and interpret one’s own and others mental states. There is good evidence for individualised treatments aimed at increasing this capacity with children and adolescents. However, there has been no focused synthesis of the literature concerning specifically group delivered mentalization-based parenting interventions. The current study aimed to systematically review the literature in relation to group delivered mentalization-based parenting interventions. Three databases were searched to identify N=515 studies that were screened and reported according to PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion criteria were met by N=10 studies. Interventions varied in terms of content, but often included psychoeducation, experiential group exercises and homework tasks. The length and setting of interventions did not appear to influence outcomes. Significant improvements in parental reflective functioning were found in eight of the ten studies. There was mixed evidence for the efficacy in terms of other parental and child outcomes. This may be due to the lack of high quality studies and the absence of longer-term follow-ups. There is a need for future research to conduct high quality studies with greater diversity in participating parents and long-term follow-up.
This paper simply describes about the Aritificial Intelligence part that is called knowledge and reasoning and on that basis we are going to define the predicate logic and prove the resolution theorem on a series of sentences that determine a sentiment and on the basis of the series of sentences and set of rules,we will first convert the sentences into FOL then into CNF form then we will negate the
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