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Blockchain Technology in the Healthcare Industry: Trends and Opportunities

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Abstract

The growth in the use of blockchain technology in healthcare is remarkable and has a significant impact on the healthcare industry. In this work, the gap between the healthcare industry and blockchain technologies was addressed by evaluating previous activities. Bibliometric analysis of dataset distribution, venues, keywords and citations was conducted to identify the trend of blockchain technology in healthcare. Case studies of telecare medicine information system and E-health were also reviewed and evaluated in terms of security and privacy. This study discussed potential future challenges such as scalability and storage capacity, blockchain size, universal interoperability and standardisation. This work highlighted the motivations of employing blockchain technology in the healthcare industry. Prospects in health data and sharing process, clinical trials, the pharmaceutical industry, big data, artificial intelligence, 5G ultrasonic device, security and privacy were highlighted.

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... Uses FHIRChain for secure and scalable clinical data sharing. [17] 2021 Journal Examines blockchain's role in health data, clinical trials, and privacy. ...
... It provides a bibliometric overview and analyses gathered data properties, contributing to a better understanding of the current state of blockchain research in healthcare. Hussein et al., [13,17] employed a systematic review methodology to analyse the research landscape of blockchain technology in healthcare applications. It contributed to the literature by mapping the research landscape and identifying gaps, offering opportunities for further development of decentralised healthcare applications. ...
... The study highlights the necessity for further exploration of blockchain architectures beyond Hyperledger and Ethereum, as most prototypes followed similar structures. Hussien et al. [17] highlighted the motivations for employing blockchain technology in the healthcare industry. They discussed potential future challenges such as scalability and storage capacity, blockchain size, universal interoperability, and standardisation. ...
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Blockchain technology leverages a cryptographic system to provide secure and immutable storage of transaction histories within a decentralised framework. While various industries have demonstrated interest in integrating blockchain into their IT systems, concerns regarding accessibility, privacy, performance, and scalability persist. Permissioned blockchain frameworks offer a viable solution for securing confidential records. Extensive research has been conducted to explore the opportunities, challenges, application areas, and performance evaluations of different public and permissioned blockchain platforms. Given the sensitive nature of medical information, healthcare organisations must adhere to various legal obligations, including HIPAA regulations, to protect these data. Although navigating these requirements can be challenging, it is crucial for safeguarding the reputation of healthcare providers, maintaining patient trust, and avoiding legal repercussions. Permissioned blockchains represent decentralised digital ledgers tailored to collaborate among businesses and organisations. Their popularity has increased significantly in recent years, resulting in the availability of several leading options, such as Hyperledger Fabric, Corda, Quorum, and MultiChain. Each of these platforms presents its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Although blockchain technology remains relatively nascent in the permissioned realm, several factors warrant consideration when comparing these platforms. This study will review the existing landscape of blockchain technologies in healthcare applications and identify the research scopes. This research aims to determine how permissioned blockchain technology can effectively fulfil the requirements for managing healthcare data.
... The features like decentralization and transparency that blockchain technology offers promise to ensure data security and privacy in all aspects [15]. These characteristics of Blockchain attract researchers to integrate Blockchain technology into WBAN to ensure the security and privacy of medical data [6,16]. For that let us analyze various security attacks in WBANs. ...
... Here all the transactions are transparent to participating nodes in the network. Without permission the Blockchain consensus mechanism allows any node to participate [16]. The major drawback of this type of network is, it requires more computational power, it offers minimal privacy and security requirements. ...
... In this network, there will be a few nodes whose features are established in advance. These nodes are responsible for validating any transaction which follows the consensus mechanism for creating and finalizing a new block [16]. ...
... It is not widely appreciated how susceptible IoT hardware devices are to failure caused by high operating temperatures [45]. We observed that during a DDoS attack, the temperature of the victim node increased dramatically, which could potentially cause hardware failure due to overheating [45]. ...
... It is not widely appreciated how susceptible IoT hardware devices are to failure caused by high operating temperatures [45]. We observed that during a DDoS attack, the temperature of the victim node increased dramatically, which could potentially cause hardware failure due to overheating [45]. This can also pose a risk of fire hazards. ...
... This can also pose a risk of fire hazards. It is crucial to identify any temperature variability anomalies that may occur during a DDoS threat [45]. We individually analysed how device temperature varies based on three blockchain platforms. ...
Article
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The Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain are emerging technologies that have attracted attention in many industries, including healthcare, automotive, and supply chain. IoT networks and devices are typically low-powered and susceptible to cyber intrusions. However, blockchains hold considerable potential for securing low-power IoT networks. Blockchain networks provide security features such as encryption, decentralisation, time stamps, and ledger functions. The integration of blockchain and IoT technologies may address many of the security concerns. However, integrating blockchain with IoT raises several issues, including the security vulnerabilities and anomalies of blockchain-based IoT networks. In this paper, we report on our experiments using our blockchain test bed to demonstrate that blockchains on IoT platforms are vulnerable to DDoS attacks, which can also potentially lead to device hardware failures. We show that a number of anomalies are visible during either a DDoS attack or IoT device failure. In particular, the temperature of IoT hardware devices can exceed 90 °C during a DDoS attack, which could lead to hardware failure and potential fire hazards. We also found that the Block Transaction Rate (BTR) and network block loss percentage can increase due to corrupted hardware, with the BTR dropping to nearly zero blocks/sec and a block loss percentage of over 50 percent for all evaluated blockchains, and as high as 81.3 percent in one case. Our experiments demonstrate that anomalous temperature, latency, bandwidth, BTR, and network block loss percentage can potentially be used to identify DDoS attacks.
... As blockchain technology becomes more popular, smart contracts are getting new life. Now they are starting to be used in many different fields like finance [7,8], supply chain management [9][10][11], Internet of Things [12][13][14], and healthcare [15][16][17]. For instance, in September, 2023, Huawei and Beijing Bank showed, for the first time, the application of smart contracts in IoT scenarios. ...
... We employed widely used evaluation metrics that are widely used in the field of machine learning, such as F1 score, accuracy, recall, and precision, to provide a reasonable assessment of the detection results produced by our proposed model. (14)- (17). ...
Article
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Ensuring the absence of vulnerabilities or flaws in smart contracts before their deployment is crucial for the smooth progress of subsequent work. Existing detection methods heavily rely on expert rules, resulting in low robustness and accuracy. Therefore, we propose EDSCVD, an enhanced deep learning vulnerability detection model based on dual-channel networks. Firstly, the contract fragments are preprocessed by BERT into the required word embeddings. Next, we utilized adversarial training FGM to the word embeddings to generate perturbations, thereby producing symmetric adversarial samples and enhancing the robustness of the model. Then, the dual-channel model combining BiLSTM and CNN is utilized for feature training to obtain more comprehensive and symmetric information on temporal and local contract features.Finally, the combined output features are passed through a classifier to classify and detect contract vulnerabilities. Experimental results show that our EDSCVD exhibits excellent detection performance in the detection of classical reentrancy vulnerabilities, timestamp dependencies, and integer overflow vulnerabilities.
... Blockchain can address interoperability issues by providing a standardized framework for data sharing among different healthcare systems and providers, facilitating seamless access to patient records [7,11,22]. This research explores blockchain technology's potential to shape wearable devices and UX while enhancing trust. ...
... Blockchain offers a decentralized and secure way to store and manage data, providing transparency while ensuring privacy and control [7][8][9][10][11]. Blockchain employs advanced cryptographic methods such as hash chaining, anonymous signatures, and non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs to ensure data integrity and privacy [9,12]. ...
Article
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This study explores the integration of blockchain technology in wearable health devices through the design and development of a Smart Fidget Toy. We aimed to investigate design challenges and opportunities of blockchain-based health devices, examine the impact of blockchain integration user experience, and assess its potential to improve data control and user trust. Using an iterative user-centered design approach, we developed a mid-fidelity prototype of a physical fidget device with a blockchain-based web application. Our key contributions include the design of a fidget toy using blockchain for secure health data management, an iterative development process balancing user needs with blockchain integration challenges, and insights into user perceptions of blockchain wearables for health. We conducted user studies, including a survey (n = 28), focus group (n = 6), interactive wireframe testing (n = 7), and prototype testing (n = 10). Our study revealed high user interest (70%) in blockchain-based data control and sharing features and improved perceived security of data (90% of users) with blockchain integration. However, we also identified challenges in user understanding of blockchain concepts, necessitating additional support. Our smart contract, deployed on the Polygon zkEVM testnet, efficiently manages data storage and retrieval while maintaining user privacy. This research advances the understanding of blockchain applications in health wearables, offering valuable insights for the future development of this field.
... Recent advancements in technology have made blockchain (BC) a contender for systems that can offer unmatched security characteristics. 17 The history of Blockchain technology is attempted to be explained simply by a number of definitions. A distributed system (distributed ledger) organized into blocks and connected by nodes is one of the most often used definitions of a blockchain. ...
... To prevent and identify diseases, numerous systems have been developed in recent years. 17 Data integrity, record-sharing, data privacy, and patient enrollment are some of the weaknesses in existing systems, which blockchain technology can address. The clinical healthcare systems listed below offer data integrity and privacy. ...
Article
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There is a dearth of interoperability between apps, data streams, and predictability in the healthcare industry for a significant amount of the data generated by multiple digital ecosystems. Real-time data streams can be derived as meaningful and scalable enough to enable real-time healthcare predictive analytics thanks to the new technology approach in distributed messaging and Blockchain, which has become a fundamental component of many healthcare technology stacks. Additionally, absorbing data streams from multiple sources from patterns of data can enhance models that are hampered by complex and lengthy analyses by raising the level of prediction and accuracy. Improved responses, lowered availability requirements, and unified predictive modeling will speed up healthcare interoperability and, in turn, improve diagnosis accuracy, move evidence-based medicine (EBM) in the right direction, and produce other positive effects on healthcare that improve best results and quality.
... In the current era of widespread technological progress linked to globalization, the electronic medical record system is a highly efficient and effective option for managing and storing patient health information (Sheikh et al., 2021). Regarding the deployment of electronic medical records in healthcare institutions, ensuring compliance and safeguarding data represent paramount concerns (Hussien et al., 2021). This is because the use of this system also gives rise to novel issues pertaining to the security of patient health information (Naarttijärvi, 2018). ...
Article
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Electronic medical records must adhere to the principles of data and information security, which include availability, integrity, and confidentiality. Medical records serve as legitimate legal evidence, thereby satisfying these principles both individually and institutionally. Consequently, the aim of this research is to explore the roles of law on medical records for data and information security. To achieve this aim, a systematic literature review (SLR) was employed. The Scopus and PubMed databases were chosen for their global recognition. Full-text articles from these databases were subjected to PRISMA analysis using Mendeley Reference Manager. The researchers collected 32 research articles by the categories of data protection law, medical records' law enforcement, and data protection law recommendation. The research findings indicate that the roles of law deal with the role of law in compliance and data protection, law enforcement and sanctions, a recommendation for improving compliance and data protection. In addition, the law is crucial for ensuring compliance and data protection in electronic medical records implementation in hospitals. However, compliance levels have not reached optimal levels. To improve security, awareness, and enforcement, collaboration with legal bodies, and educational initiatives are needed. Legislation like HIPAA and GDPR influence data protection measures, but penalties are insufficient. To enhance compliance, medical personnel should undergo rigorous training and improve oversight of health data management procedures
... In the healthcare industry, blockchain technology's potential to enhance the handling of data, confidentiality, and privacy [23] has garnered a lot of interest. Still, there are several barriers to its adoption. ...
Chapter
Blockchain-Enabled Internet of Things Applications in Healthcare: Current Practices and Future Directions examines cutting-edge applications, from blockchain-powered IoT innovations in healthcare systems to intelligent health profile management, remote patient monitoring, and healthcare credential verification. Additionally, the book extends its insights into blockchain-enabled IoT applications in smart agriculture, highlighting AI-driven technologies for health management and sustainable practices. With expert analyses, case studies, and practical guidance, this book offers readers a roadmap for implementing these technologies to improve efficiency, security, and data management in healthcare. It is an invaluable resource for industry professionals, researchers, and students interested in the future of healthcare technology. Key Features: - Exploration of blockchain and IoT applications in healthcare and agriculture - In-depth case studies and expert analyses - Practical insights into technology challenges and benefits
... In this regard, Chelladurai et al. [81] put forth a management system for electronic health records based on blockchain technology. Hussien et al. [82] explored the disparity between the healthcare sector and blockchain technology by evaluating cutting-edge technologies. This thorough review not only covered prior methodologies but also underscored the security and privacy concerns surrounding blockchain, using telehealth and electronic health information systems as illustrative case studies. ...
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The integration of artificial intelligence and blockchain in healthcare promises a significant transformation in data management, service quality improvement, and increased patient data security. Blockchain, by offering a decentralized and transparent platform, enhances the reliability and security of information. Meanwhile, artificial intelligence, with its ability to analyse and process data, helps identify patterns and predict treatment outcomes. The aim of this study is Evaluation and prioritization of artificial intelligence integrated blockchain factors in the healthcare supply chain using F-AHP and F-DEMATEL. Following a review of previous studies, four criteria and 23 sub-criteria were identified. In the first step, these criteria were ranked using the F-AHP method. In the second step, relationships among the sub-criteria were determined through F-DEMATEL, identifying causal and effect criteria. The F-AHP results show that among the 23 sub-criteria identified from previous studies, "integration of treatment processes (C32)", "Provide fair service (C31)", "health monitoring (C12)", "security of medical data (C34)", and "clinical decision support (C21)" ranked first to fifth, respectively. The F-DEMATEL results indicate that sub-criteria are divided into causal and effect categories, with "stakeholder participation (C42)" and "technology acceptance (C44)" being the most important causal sub-criteria, while "monitoring the treatment process (C15)" and "patient-centered treatment strategies (C22)" were identified as the most important effect sub-criteria. These findings suggest that the use of AI-blockchain integration in healthcare can lead to significant improvements in managing healthcare systems.
... Babich and Hilary [20] clarified the positive impact of blockchain technology on operations. These advantages were identified by Hussien et al. [21] and Li [22] for the healthcare and food industries, respectively. Considering the importance of information sharing among members, Wang et al. [23] show that blockchain technology can significantly minimize information asymmetry and overcome information sharing mistrust, privacy issues, and data misuse. ...
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Frequent exposure of fraud in online retailing has created consumer distrust in platforms and constrained the sustainability platform-based supply chains. We consider the role of blockchain in countering consumer mistrust and explore its impact on the platform sales modes selection (marketplace, wholesale, and hybrid) in a platform-based supply chain. Six game theoretic models where the platform takes three different sales modes (wholesale, marketplace, or hybrid) without and with blockchain adoption are developed. Intuition suggests that consumer mistrust reduces profits for the manufacturer and the platform. Counter-intuitively, there is little impact on the selection of platform sales modes. Moreover, as with previous studies where blockchain was not implemented, the manufacturer and the platform make an agreement on the wholesale (hybrid) mode when the commission rate and service effort are lower (higher) after implementing blockchain. The difference is that as the blockchain cost increases, the hybrid mode will no longer be selected.
... These contracts are written in the Solidity programming language. Solidity is the most popular programming language for smart contracts on the Ethereum platform [32]. Solidity has a syntax similar to other languages such as C++ and JavaScript. ...
Article
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The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) refers to a structure where multiple devices and sensors communicate with each other over a network. As the number of internet-connected devices increases, so does the number of attacks on these devices. Therefore, it has become important to secure the data and prevent potential threats to the data in factories or workplaces. In this study, a deep learning-based architecture was used to determine whether the data collected from IIoT sensors was under attack by looking at network traffic. The data that was not exposed to attacks was stored on the Ethereum Blockchain network. The Ethereum blockchain network ensured that sensor data was stored securely without relying on any central authority and prevented data loss in case of any attack. Thanks to the communication process over the blockchain network, updating and sharing data was facilitated. The proposed deep learning-based intrusion detection system separated normal and anomaly data with 100% accuracy. The anomaly data were identified with an average of 95% accuracy for which attack type they belonged to. The data that was not exposed to attacks was processed on the blockchain network, and an alert system was implemented for the detected attack data. This study presents a method that companies can use to secure IIoT sensor data.
... This includes the infrastructure that supports the EHR, including the following computer hardware and software applications: core clinical and administrative EHR applications, clinical decision support systems, electronic prescribing, health information exchanges, patient portal systems, and telehealth and remote patient monitoring systems. HIT also incorporates computer networks, servers, and network security technology [6]. HIT is critical for EHRs. ...
Article
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Digital health technologies, encompassing telemedicine and health information technology (HIT), have demonstrated the potential to reduce healthcare costs while improving accessibility and care quality. With healthcare costs rising globally, digital tools offer a promising solution by enabling early diagnosis, remote monitoring, and streamlined care coordination. Telemedicine facilitates access to medical services, especially in underserved areas, while HIT, particularly through electronic health records (EHR), enhances care efficiency and reduces unnecessary procedures. Despite the benefits, challenges such as resistance to technology, integration difficulties, and disparities in access must be addressed to realize the full cost-saving potential of digital health. This paper explores the impact of digital health on reducing healthcare expenditures and presents case studies that highlight the technology's success in improving care outcomes and controlling costs. INTRODUCTION The high cost of healthcare is a global issue. People are spending more on medical bills, making it difficult to keep up. Countries with government-funded healthcare are renegotiating plans and cutting programs to maintain budgets. In America, people struggle to pay medical bills and navigate the complicated world of healthcare. However, there is an overlooked solution a new technology that allows for monitoring health through digital means. This addresses the problem of rising healthcare costs [1]. There are simple health issues that often go unnoticed before they become bigger problems. Identifying and addressing these issues early on can significantly improve outcomes, and this can be achieved through making necessary lifestyle changes. It is well-established that prevention is better than a cure, and in this regard, digital monitoring plays a crucial role. By harnessing the power of technology, individuals can track their health status and receive real-time updates, enabling them to take proactive measures. However, to truly revolutionize healthcare, there is a pressing need for a highly efficient and readily accessible mass-produced device that consolidates all monitoring capabilities. This all-in-one solution would empower individuals to conveniently monitor various aspects of their health, facilitating timely intervention and personalization of care [2]. Overview of Digital Health Technologies Digital health technologies can be grouped into two major categories: telemedicine and health information technology (HIT). Telemedicine encompasses a variety of applications and services using two-way video, email, smartphones, wireless tools, and other forms of telecommunication's technology and health care services. Examples of telemedicine are digital stethoscopes, store-and-forward telemedicine, remote monitoring, online health management, and tele-education (health professional training). HIT supports the collection, storage, exchange, and analysis of health data using technology. HIT includes electronic health records (EHR), health information exchange (HIE), personal health records (PHR), and population health management. The most common form of HIT is an EHR. Both telemedicine and HIT can offer a more coordinated system of care that permits real-time access to patient information and the sharing of that information among providers. Technologies such as EHRs and secure messaging can reduce unnecessary tests and procedures, and the need for unnecessary hospital admissions, potentially leading to a reduction in overall expenditures. Policy-makers require new ways to measure the impact of digital health technologies on costs to see if they can reduce healthcare spending as hypothesized by many estimates. Before the implementation of EHRs and other health information
... The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are also testing BC capabilities, such as time-stamping, peer-to-peer reporting, and feature processing, for real-time detection of disease outbreaks [84]. Recent studies have explored the use of BC in information management systems [85], especially in the healthcare context [27,86,87]. One of the most serious challenges in healthcare is data management, which faces problems such as lack of diagnostic data, interoperability, and inability to maintain confidentiality and security of patient health records [20,21]. ...
Article
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Article History: This study proposes a high-level design and configuration for an intelligent dual (hybrid and private) blockchain-based system. The configuration includes the type of network, level of decentralization, nodes, and roles, block structure information, authority control, and smart contracts and intended to address the two main categories of challenges-operation management and data management-through three intelligent modules across the pandemic stages. In the pre-hospital stage, an intelligent infection prediction system is proposed that utilizes in-house data to address the lack of a simple, efficient, agile, and low-cost screening method for identifying potentially infected individuals promptly and preventing the overload of patients entering hospitals. In the in-hospital stage, an intelligent prediction system is proposed to predict infection severity and hospital Length of Stay (LoS) to identify high-risk patients, prioritize them for receiving care services, and facilitate better resource allocation. In the post-hospital stage, an intelligent prediction system is proposed to predict the reinfection and readmission rates, to help reduce the burden on the healthcare system and provide personalized care and follow-up for higher-risk patients. In addition, the distribution of limited Personal protective equipment (PPE) is made fair using private blockchain (BC) and smart contracts. These modules were developed using Python and utilized to evaluate the performance of state-of-the-art machine learning (ML) techniques through 10-fold cross-validation at each stage. The most critical features were plotted and analyzed using SHapely Adaptive exPlanations (SHAP). Finally, we explored the implications of our system for both research and practice and provided recommendations for future enhancements.
... Recent disruptive technologies [1] have revolutionized the things around us, and sectors such as the healthcare industry have even changed in terms of their quality and diagnosis process. Healthcare 4.0 is one such technology which began in 2016 [2][3][4], and its primary intention was on wearable health systems customized for real-time deployment. Benefits from these technologies for enhanced clinical medical diagnosis and treatment processes accrue to patients as well as physicians. ...
Article
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Healthcare 4.0 is considered the most promising technology for gathering data from humans and strongly couples with a communication system for precise clinical and diagnosis performance. Though sensor-driven devices have largely made our everyday lives easier, these technologies have been suffering from various security challenges. Because of data breaches and privacy issues, this heightens the demand for a comprehensive healthcare solution. Since most healthcare data are sensitive and valuable and transferred mostly via the Internet, the safety and confidentiality of patient data remain an important concern. To face the security challenges in Healthcare 4.0, Web 3.0 and blockchain technology have been increasingly deployed to resolve the security breaches due to their immutability and decentralized properties. In this research article, a Web 3.0 ensemble hybrid chaotic blockchain framework is proposed for effective and secure authentication in the Healthcare 4.0 industry. The proposed framework uses the Infura Web API, Web 3.0, hybrid chaotic keys, Ganache interfaces, and MongoDB. To allow for more secure authentication, an ensemble of scroll and Henon maps is deployed to formulate the high dynamic hashes during the formation of genesis blocks, and all of the data are backed in the proposed model. The complete framework was tested in Ethereum blockchain using Web 3.0, in which Python 3.19 is used as the major programming tool for developing the different interfaces. Formal analysis is carried out with Burrows–Abadi–Needham Logic (BAN) to assess the cybersecurity reliability of the suggested framework, and NIST standard tests are used for a thorough review. Furthermore, the robustness of the proposed blockchain is also measured and compared with the other secured blockchain frameworks. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model exhibited more defensive characteristics against multiple attacks and outperformed the other models in terms of complexity and robustness. Finally, the paper gives a panoramic view of integrating Web 3.0 with the blockchain and the inevitable directions of a secured authentication framework for Healthcare 4.0.
... [9] Furthermore, Hussien and Huang et al addressed medical privacy protection using blockchain technology. [10,11] Mittelstadt and Salerno et al explored the ethical challenges and opportunities of privacy protection in health big data. [12,13] Additionally, discussions have extended to laws, regulations on gene data, health information, and regional data sharing. ...
Article
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With the rapid development of emerging information technologies such as artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things, the world has entered the era of big data. In the face of growing medical big data, research on the privacy protection of personal information has attracted more and more attention, but few studies have analyzed and forecasted the research hotspots and future development trends on the privacy protection. Presently, to systematically and comprehensively summarize the relevant privacy protection literature in the context of big healthcare data, a bibliometric analysis was conducted to clarify the spatial and temporal distribution and research hotspots of privacy protection using the information visualization software CiteSpace. The literature papers related to privacy protection in the Web of Science were collected from 2012 to 2023. Through analysis of the time, author and countries distribution of relevant publications, we found that after 2013, research on the privacy protection has received increasing attention and the core institution of privacy protection research is the university, but the countries show weak cooperation. Additionally, keywords like privacy, big data, internet, challenge, care, and information have high centralities and frequency, indicating the research hotspots and research trends in the field of the privacy protection. All the findings will provide a comprehensive privacy protection research knowledge structure for scholars in the field of privacy protection research under the background of health big data, which can help them quickly grasp the research hotspots and choose future research projects.
... Several studies have explored incorporating blockchain technology into various domains, including healthcare, smart cities, e-health, robotics, and cardiovascular medicine. Tagde et al. reviewed the use of blockchain and AI in e-health [22], while Lopes and Alexandre provided an overview of blockchain integration with robotics and AI [23], and Hussien et al. explored the trends and opportunities of blockchain technology in the healthcare industry [24]. ...
Article
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Today, AI is primarily narrow, meaning that each model or agent can only perform one task or a narrow range of tasks. However, systems with broad capabilities can be built by connecting multiple narrow AIs. Connecting various AI agents in an open, multi-organizational environment requires a new communication model. Here, we develop a multi-layered ontology-based communication framework. Ontology concepts provide semantic definitions for the agents’ inputs and outputs, enabling them to dynamically identify communication requirements and build processing pipelines. Critical is that the ontology concepts are stored on a decentralized storage medium, allowing fast reading and writing. The multi-layered design offers flexibility by dividing a monolithic ontology model into semantic layers, allowing for the optimization of read and write latencies. We investigate the impact of this optimization by benchmarking experiments on three decentralized storage mediums—IPFS, Tendermint Cosmos, and Hyperledger Fabric—across a wide range of configurations. The increased read-write speeds allow AI agents to communicate efficiently in a decentralized environment utilizing ontology principles, making it easier for AI to be used widely in various applications.
... Accepted [22] healthcare sector in Jordan at a significant level ( ≤0.05). Moreover, based on Table 5, the hypotheses of this study were accepted and confirmed based on the cited studies in the table. ...
... Blockchain technology is grounded on three primary concepts: blocks, nodes, and miners. The technology saves data in different locations, across a network of computers [13] [14] [15]. Every computer independently updates its blockchain, reflecting the latest unit to the blockchain. ...
Article
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As stated recently, the advanced technologies emerge as safe and reliable paths for private data sharing in numerous sectors, including finance, industry, energy, the web, supply, and the most critical one-healthcare. With a large amount of data increasingly generated in almost all those sectors, the powerful message for data analysis also rises-and the similar implies the concerns over privacy. Privacy protection techniques and solutions of some years back have seemingly become antiquated. Some privacy protections are weak while others can only work if the available data is degraded to suit their strength. Healthcare is treated as one of the most privacy-sensitive data domains with some of the most peculiar privacy protection regulatory requirements, well layered in major industry-specific standards such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act-HIPAA. In this regard, modern security experts have formulated modern approaches that allow running simulated health data (data security) and privacy. This facilitates the exploration of the big potential of data in the healthcare sector while adhering to state, international, and industry-based laws. In this review survey, big data and block-chain have been brought forward as useful tools to improve the privacy and data security in the healthcare industry. The goal of this study is to review the current status of data security and privacy in healthcare, which is made possible by these cutting-edge digital technologies in the provision of study consent systems to patients, about the sharing of their private, sensitive data. The outcome of the review shows that in order to protect patients' data privacy and their security, these modern tools facilitate quick, simple, effective, and seamless interactions between data processors (healthcare organizations) and data owners (patients).
... Ensures large amount of details of individual patients by storing it in format for every individual. 2 [44][45] Specific analysis of procedural effects ...
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Blockchain technology is a new development that is being used in a variety of industries, including the healthcare industry. Blockchain networks are utilized in the systems in healthcare to safely store and transfer patient data across hospitals, pharmaceutical firms, diagnostic centers, and healthcare providers. The capacity of Blockchain apps to precisely identify both critical and potentially hazardous faults in the medical industry is one of the significant benefits of using them in healthcare. The transparency, efficiency, and security of shared medical records throughout the healthcare network could, therefore, be improved by this technology. Blockchain technology can help medical organizations learn important lessons and ensure better analysis of patient information. This paper explores Blockchain technology and its benefits when used in healthcare. It provides the need for blockchain in healthcare and facilitates a road map of Blockchain in global healthcare. Additionally, it lists and discusses important Blockchain applications for the healthcare industry.
... Literature review and analysis -Secure data storage and patient record management -Supply chain tracking for pharmaceuticals -Improved data access and sharing L. Ismail et al. [36] Proposing a lightweight blockchain architecture for healthcare Design and simulation of a new blockchain architecture -Improved scalability and transaction processing speed compared to traditional blockchain -Reduced resource consumption and energy footprint T. Kumar et al. [37] Identifying key requirements and challenges for using blockchain in healthcare Literature review and analysis of existing blockchain applications in healthcare -Secure and efficient data management -Patient privacy and data protection -Regulatory compliance and interoperability H. M. Hussien et al. [38] Reviewing current trends and opportunities for using blockchain in healthcare Literature review and analysis of recent research and development in blockchain healthcare applications -Improved data security and transparency -Enhanced medication traceability and supply chain management -Increased efficiency and automation of healthcare processes A. Farouk et al. [39] Proposing a blockchain platform for industrial healthcare with a focus on data sharing and collaboration Design and conceptualization of a new blockchain platform -Improved security and transparency of data sharing between healthcare providers and manufacturers P. Zhang et al. [40] Overview of potential use cases for blockchain technology in healthcare Literature review and analysis of existing and proposed applications -Secure medical record management -Personalized medicine and precision healthcare -Supply chain tracking and counterfeit prevention [42] Heart disease diagnosis using federated learning on EHR data Modified artificial bee colony algorithm for feature selection combined with federated learning ...
... • Integration with Legacy Systems: Many healthcare organizations have existing EHR systems. Integrating these legacy systems with blockchain technology while ensuring data consistency can be challenging [21,134]. • User Training and Adoption: Healthcare professionals and staff need adequate training in using blockchainbased EHR systems. Adapting to new technology can be a hurdle in the healthcare sector [120,155]. ...
Article
Blockchain has gained significant interest because of its inherent characteristics—decentralization, integrity, immutability, interoperability, transparency, and trustworthiness. Additionally, Blockchain has the potential to revolutionize the healthcare sector, ushering in a novel era. This survey presents some novel insights into blockchain-based electronic health record systems. Its aim is to present the research discoveries regarding the present state of blockchain technology in diverse healthcare application contexts. This paper presents a theoretical survey of various reputed research papers and white papers representing successful implementation. It helps the researchers to assess and understand blockchain-enabled healthcare systems properly. This detailed survey analysis presents the contribution of existing works from the perspective of identified challenges and their respective solutions. This paper presents a graphical survey analysis based on research findings, which helps identify some future exploratory directions for proper research work.
... The key contribution of bitcoin was allowing transactions between anonymous parties without the need for intermediaries or third parties, such as banks and financial institutions, by enabling trust and security. Applicationspractically and conceptually -include multiple use applications of blockchain across various contexts including healthcare management Hussien et al., 2021), the energy sector (Ahl et al., 2020;Teng et al., 2021), e-government (Sullivan and Burger, 2019;Assiri et al., 2022;Kassen, 2022) and supply chain management (Saberi et al., 2019;Queiroz et al., 2019;Lim et al., 2021). ...
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Internet of Things (IoT) is able to integrate the computation and physical processes as services in the social world. The number of services at the edge of IoT is rising rapidly due to the prevalent uses of smart devices and cyber-physical systems (CPSs). To explore the promising applications of IoT services, one of the challenges is to enable the interoperability of the services in a decentralized environment. The blockchain technology (BCT) has been proven as a promising solution to establish the trust of data and call for executions; theoretically, it can be used to support the interoperability of services. BCT verifies data or a process and stores it as a transaction in a distributed ledger. Similar to the topology to IoT, applying BCT at the edges of the network exhibits the distributed characteristic. However, currently, BCT is still facing the challenges for interoperability due to a number of factors such as consensus protocols, block sizes, and interval of blocks. Prominent protocols such as proof-of-work (PoW) may cause excessive delays in finality settlement. One promising protocol Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerant offers a fast finality settlement and uses hyperledger to support the scalability; however, the trust might also be a concern if the validators are chosen improperly. This paper discusses the interoperability of IoT services and the challenges and proposes an architecture solution by integrating BCT, service-oriented architecture (SoA), and enablers of key performance indicators (KPIs) and service selections. The proposed architecture aims to solve both interoperability and trust issues for IoT services. The feasibility of the proposed method is validated by the examples of smart contract implementations.
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