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Marko, D, Bahenský, P, Snarr, RL, and Malátová, R. V̇ o2 peak Comparison of a treadmill vs. cycling protocol in elite teenage competitive runners, cyclists, and swimmers. J Strength Cond Res 36(10): 2875-2882, 2022-The purpose of this study was to compare the cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses of a maximal graded exercise test (GXT) on a treadmill and cycle ergometer in elite-level, youth competitive athletes. Thirty-one athletes (11 distance runners, 11 mountain-bike cyclists, and 9 long-distance swimmers) were randomly selected to complete either a running or cycling GXT on the first day, followed by the alternative 72 hours apart. The initial work rate for each GXT was set at 50% of the individuals' previously established V̇ o2 peak to elicit fatigue within 8-12 minutes. For the treadmill protocol, speed was increased by 1 km·h -1 each minute, with a constant 5% grade, until volitional fatigue. Cycle ergometer work rate was increased by 30 W every minute until volitional fatigue or the inability to maintain proper cadence (i.e., 100 ± 5 rev·min -1 ). Throughout both testing sessions, V̇ o2 peak, heart rate [HR] peak, breathing frequency (BF), tidal volume (V T ), and minute ventilation (V E ) were assessed and used to compare within-sport differences. Runners displayed a higher V̇ o2 peak (∼7%; d = 0.92), HRpeak (4%; d = 0.77), V E (6%; d = 0.66), and BF (12%; d = 0.62) on the treadmill vs. cycle. However, the cycling group demonstrated a greater V̇ o2 peak (∼8%; d = 0.92), V T (∼14%; d = 0.99), and V E (∼9%; d = 0.78) on the cycle, despite no change in HRpeak. For swimmers, the treadmill GXT elicited higher values in V̇ o2 peak (∼5%; d = 0.75), BF (∼11.5%; d = 0.78), and HRpeak (3%; d = 0.69). Collectively, these findings indicate that exercise mode may greatly affect physiological outcome variables and should be considered before exercise prescription and athletic monitoring.
O2peak Comparison of a Treadmill Vs. Cycling
Protocol in Elite Teenage Competitive Runners,
Cyclists, and Swimmers
David Marko1, Petr 1, Ronald L. Snarr2, and Renata Maltov1
1Department of Sports Studies, Faculty of Education, University of South Bohemia in esk
Budjovice, esk Budjovice, Czech Republic; and
2Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro,
Georgia
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses of a
maximal graded exercise test (GXT) on a treadmill and cycle ergometer in elite-level, youth
competitive athletes. Thirty-one athletes (11 distance runners, 11 mountain-bike cyclists, and
9 long-distance swimmers) were randomly selected to complete either a running or cycling
GXT on the first day, followed by the alternative 72 hours apart. The initial work rate for each
         
O2peak to elicit fatigue
within 812 minutes. For the treadmill protocol      -1 each
minute, with a constant 5% grade, until volitional fatigue. Cycle ergometer work rate was
increased by 30 W every minute until volitional fatigue or the inability to maintain proper
cadence (i.e., 100 -1
O2peak, heart rate [HR]
peak, breathing frequency (BF), tidal volume (VT), and minute ventilation (VE) were assessed
-
O2peak (7%; d
= 0.92), HRpeak (4%; d = 0.77), VE (6%; d = 0.66), and BF (12%; d = 0.62) on the
treadmill vs. cycle. However, the cycling 
O2peak (8%; d =
0.92), VT (14%; d = 0.99), and VE (9%; d = 0.78) on the cycle, despite no change in
          
O2peak (5%; d =
0.75), BF (11.5%; d = 0.78), and HRpeak (3%; d = 0.69). Collectively, these findings
indicate that exercise mode may greatly affect physiological outcome variables and should be
considered before exercise prescription and athletic monitoring.
Key Words: measurement, ergometer, cardiovascular fitness, aerobic capacity, aerobic testing
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... These patterns suggest that exercise modality significantly influences VO 2 outcomes across different populations. The findings of a study [43] that compared the VO 2 Max of a treadmill and cycling protocol in 31 athletes (11 distance runners, 11 mountain-bike cyclists, and 9 long-distance swimmers), the result of his findings concluded that exercise mode can affect the physiological outcome of variables. The higher values of predicted VO 2 in these populations could also be justified by genetic variations, exceptional motivation, or due to higher levels of physical fitness, which is in accordance with the attribution of higher VO 2 max to motivation [44,45]. ...
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The aim of our study was to verify the relationship between the amount of muscle mass (MM), the rebound force (one-leg jump) and the speed of power output (1s power in the Wingate test), all measured on each leg separately. The study participants were players in the highest national youth football competition (n = 69, age = 16.0 ± 1.2 years, height = 178.8 ± 6.4 cm, weight = 70.8 ± 8.7 kg). The amount of MM was measured on the lower legs (LL), the height of reflection of the one-foot on the reflecting board and the one-second maximum power in the 30s Wingate test (WAnT). Dependency was sought through correlation analysis (p<0.05). The differences in the amount of MM between limbs do not increase as a result of football training. A significant relationship was confirmed between the height of the jump and the maximum 1s power in WAnT (r=0.294, p˂0.05), similarly between the amount of MM and the absolute power for individual limbs in WAnT (r = 0.829 for right LL and 0.798 for left LL, p ˂ 0.01). There is no general relationship (when analysing the results on the two LL) between the reflecting force and the quantity of MM, nor is there a relationship between the quantity of MM and the maximum 1s power at the speed force load. The amount of MM does not affect the reflecting force or the speed of power in WAnT. This is an important factor in the choice of empowerment methods for adolescent footballers. Ve hrách ovlivňuje lateralita motorický výkon. Hlavním cílem naší studie bylo ověřit vztah množství svalové hmoty (SH), odrazové síly (výskok jednonož) a rychlostně silového výkonu (1s výkon při Wingate testu), měřeno zvlášť na jednotlivých dolních končetinách (DK). Účastníci studie byli hráči nejvyšší národní mládežnické fotbalové soutěže (n = 69, věk = 16,0 ± 1,2 let, výška = 178,8 ± 6,4 cm, hmotnost = 70,8 ± 8,7 kg). Na DK bylo měřeno množství SH, výška výskoku jednonož na odrazové desce a jednosekundový maximální výkon při 30s Wingate testu (WAnT). Závislost jsme hledali prostřednictvím korelační analýzy (p<0,05). Rozdíly v množství svalové hmoty mezi končetinami se v důsledku fotbalového tréninku nezvětšují. Mezi výškou výskoku a maximálním 1s výkonem ve WAnT (r=0,294, p˂0,05) byl potvrzen významný vztah, podobně i mezi množstvím SH a absolutním výkonem u jednotlivých končetin při WAnT (r = 0,829 pro pravou DK a 0,798 pro levou DK, p ˂ 0,01). Neexistuje obecný vztah (při analýze výsledků na obou DK) mezi odrazovou silou a množstvím SH, ani vztah mezi množstvím SH a maximálním 1s výkonem při rychlostně silovém zatížení. Množství SH neovlivňuje odrazovou sílu ani rychlostně silový výkon ve WAnT. To je důležitým faktorem při volbě posilovacích metod adolescentních fotbalistů.
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Background This study aimed to compare the aerobic capacity in swimming, cycling and arm cranking in swimmers aged 11–13 years. Methods Eleven swimmers (mean age, 12.1 ± 1.0 years) performed three incremental exercise tests. One of the tests was performed under specific conditions (front crawl swimming), and the other two were under non–specific conditions (cycling and arm cranking). Data on the pulmonary gas exchange were recorded using the portable analyser MetaMax 3B (Cortex, Leipzig, Germany). One-way analysis of variance for repeated measures was employed to test the null hypothesis and determine statistically significant differences between the indicators obtained under specific and non–specific testing conditions. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated to assess the relationships between the indicators of the pulmonary gas exchange. Results The relative peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) value during swimming was 49.3 ± 6.2 mL/kg/min, which was higher than that during arm cranking (39.6 ± 7.3 mL/kg/min; P < 0.01) but lower than that during cycling (54.3 ± 7.8 mL/kg/min; P < 0.01). The peak minute ventilation (V̇Epeak) value during swimming (84.9 ± 12.6 L/min) was higher than that during arm cranking (69.4 ± 18.2 L/min; P < 0.01) but lower than that during cycling (98.4 ± 15.4 L/min; P < 0.01). Strong positive correlations were observed in the absolute and relative V̇O2peak values between swimming and cycling (r = 0.857, P < 0.01; r = 0.657, P < 0.05) and between swimming and arm cranking (r = 0.899, P < 0.01; r = 0.863, P < 0.05). A strong positive correlation was also observed in V̇Epeak values between swimming and arm cranking (r = 0.626, P < 0.05). Conclusion Swimmers aged 11–13 years showed V̇O2peak and V̇Epeak values during the specific swimming test greater than those during arm cranking but lower than those during cycling. However, aerobic capacity parameters measured during specific swimming conditions correlated with those measured during non–specific arm cranking and cycling conditions.
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The level of anaerobic performance primarily influences the result of the 30-second Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT). This study aims to determine the influence of position on the overall performance achieved in different phases of the WAnT in participants with different fitness levels. Sixty participants (21.00 ± 2.24 years): 20 race cyclists, 20 competitive runners, and 20 non-athletes performed three WAnTs (sitting, standing, and combined position) in one week. For the analysis, we used a random mixed effect model with type and position as a fixed effect. We studied the meaning of interactions and the main effects of fixed variables (ρ≤0,05). Technically advanced individuals perform significantly better in standing than sitting from the 8th second until the end of the test. Technically and physically advanced individuals achieve significantly higher performance levels in the first half of the standing position test than those who are fitness-ready but without the necessary level of technique. Fit individuals without of technique achieve high performance in the second half of the WAnT in the standing position. The main benefit of the work is the finding that the level of fitness and technique of pedalling have a different influence on performance in different phases of the WAnT.
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https://eshop.jcu.cz/simplifyworks/eoc/product/208791607 Běh je v posledních několika dekádách velkým celosvětovým fenoménem. V dnešní době není potřeba vynakládat fyzickou aktivitu na zajištění základních životních potřeb. I přesto nebo právě proto je v poslední době běh ve velké oblibě velké části populace nejen u nás, ale i ve světě. K běžeckému „boomu“ přispívá i velký počet městských závodů od 5 kilometrů po maratón, organizovaných po celém světě. Mnoho lidí si uvědomuje potřebu pohybu, kterou již nenaplňujeme přirozenou formou života, a běhá. Běh, společně s chůzí, jsou nejpřirozenější pohybovou aktivitou. Amatérské závody jsou dlouho před startem vyprodány, neustále roste jejich počet a obliba. Co se týká vrcholové atletiky, běhy na střední a dlouhé tratě patří mezi původní skupiny disciplín již od antického Řecka i od počátku moderního sportu. Disciplíny 800 m, 1 500 m a maratón (vše v mužské kategorii) byly součástí prvních novodobých olympijských her 1896 v Aténách. Přestože jsme malou zemí, tak jsme měli v naší historii mnoho vynikajících sportovců, včetně atletů, mezi nimi jsou i běžci. Běžecké disciplíny u nás v současné době nejsou na té úrovni, na které v minulosti byly. Nejsou aktuálně výstavní skříní české atletiky, ale i čeští, resp. českoslovenští závodníci dosahovali a dosahují světové či evropské úrovně. V historii se střídají období větších úspěchů s obdobími slabšími, což je ovlivněno nejen talentem našich běžců, ale spoustou dalších podmínek. Tato práce se snaží zmapovat vývoj výkonnostní úrovně v jednotlivých disciplínách a pojmenovat některé vlivy, které k tomuto vývoji přispěly. Zjištěné informace mohou pomoci aktivním i bývalým běžcům se zorientovat v úrovni jednotlivých disciplín v různých obdobích a zainteresovaným trenérům a atletickým činovníkům mohou pomoci při hledání východiska z aktuální situace. Také představuje nejúspěšnější běžce a běžkyně historie, ukazuje úspěšná období i období výkonnostní stagnace. Running has been a major global phenomenon in the last few decades. Nowadays, there is no need to expend physical activity to provide basic living needs. Even though, or because of it, running has recently become very popular with a large part of the population, not only in the Czech Republic, but also in the world. A large number of city races from 5 km to marathon, organized all over the world, contribute to the running “boom”. Many people are aware of the need for movement, which we no longer fulfill with a natural life form, and they run. Running, together with walking, are the most natural physical activity. Amateur races are sold out long before the start, their number and popularity are constantly increasing. As for top athletics, middle and long-distance runs have been among the original groups of disciplines since ancient Greece and since the beginning of modern sport. The 800 m, 1 500 m and marathon (all in the men's category) were part of the first modern Olympic Games of 1896 in Athens. Although we are a small country, we have had many outstanding athletes in our history, including athletes, among them are runners. Cross-country disciplines in our country are currently not at the level they were at in the past. They are not currently the showcase of Czech athletics, but also Czech or Czechoslovak competitors have reached and are reaching the world or European level. In history, periods of greater success alternate with periods of weakness, which is influenced not only by the talent of our runners, but by many other conditions. This work aims to map the development of performance levels in individual disciplines and to name some influences that contributed to this development. The information found can help active and former runners to navigate the level of individual disciplines at different times and can help interested coaches and athletic officials to find a way out of the current situation. It also presents the most successful runners and runners in history, showing successful periods as well as periods of performance stagnation.
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https://eshop.jcu.cz/simplifyworks/eoc/product/174612361 Vytvořená učební skripta "Fyziologie tělesných cvičení" jsou výsledkem spolupráce kolektivu Katedry tělesné výchovy a sportu Pedagogické fakulty Jihočeské univerzity v Českých Budějovicích. Skripta se snaží obsáhnout nejnovější poznatky z oboru zátěžové fyziologie a výživy ve sportu. Učební text slouží převážně pro studenty bakalářských a magisterských oborů Tělesná výchova a sport. První část učebního textu se věnuje tělesným systémům a jejich reaktivním a adaptačním změnám. Dále je řešena fyziologická podmíněnost pohybových schopností, hodnocení zdatnosti a výkonnosti jedince, únava či problematika dětského, ženského a staršího organismu. Závěrem jsou rozebrány fyziologické aspekty výživy, doplňky stravy a tekutiny. Součástí textu je také celá řada tabulek, obrázku a grafů. Tímto bychom chtěli poděkovat recenzentům prof. MUDr. Janu Hellerovi, CSc. a Mgr. Martině Bernacikové, Ph.D. za pečlivě zpracované recenze, které významně dopomohly ke zkvalitnění tohoto textu.
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Physical exercise is one of the most effective methods to help prevent cardiovascular (CV) disease and to promote CV health. Aerobic and anaerobic exercises are two types of exercise that differ based on the intensity, interval and types of muscle fibers incorporated. In this article, we aim to further elaborate on these two categories of physical exercise and to help decipher which provides the most effective means of promoting CV health.
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The purpose of this study was to compare the pedalling technique in road cyclists of different competitive levels. Eleven professional, thirteen elite and fourteen club cyclists were assessed at the beginning of their competition season. Cyclists’ anthropometric characteristics and bike measurements were recorded. Three sets of pedalling (200, 250 and 300 W) on a cycle ergometer that simulated their habitual cycling posture were performed at a constant cadence (~90 rpm), while kinetic and kinematic variables were registered. The results showed no differences on the main anthropometric variables and bike measurements. Professional cyclists obtained higher positive impulse proportion (1.5–3.3% and P < 0.05), mainly due to a lower resistive torque during the upstroke (15.4–28.7% and P < 0.05). They also showed a higher ankle range of movement (ROM, 1.1–4.0° and P < 0.05). Significant correlations (P < 0.05) were found between the cyclists’ body mass and the kinetic variables of pedalling: positive impulse proportion (r = −0.59 to −0.61), minimum (r = −0.59 to −0.63) and maximum torques (r = 0.35–0.47). In conclusion, professional cyclists had better pedalling technique than elite and club cyclists, because they opted for enhancing pulling force at the recovery phase to sustain the same power output. This technique depended on cycling experience and level of expertise
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In a randomized cross-over study of 15 healthy men aged 20–30 years, we compared physiological and perceptual responses during treadmill and cycle exercise test protocols matched for increments in work rate — the source of increased locomotor muscle metabolic and contractile demands. The rates of O2 consumption and CO2 production were higher at the peak of treadmill versus cycle testing (p ≤ 0.05). Nevertheless, work rate, minute ventilation, tidal volume (VT), breathing frequency (fR), inspiratory capacity (IC), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), tidal esophageal (Pes,tidal) and transdiaphragmatic pressure swings (Pdi,tidal), peak expiratory gastric pressures (Pga,peak), the root mean square of the diaphragm electromyogram (EMGdi,rms) expressed as a percentage of maximum EMGdi,rms (EMGdi,rms%max), and dyspnea ratings were similar at the peak of treadmill versus cycle testing (p > 0.05). Ratings of leg discomfort were higher at the peak of cycle versus treadmill exercise (p ≤ 0.05), even though peak O2 consumption was lower during cycling. Oxygen consumption, CO2 production, minute ventilation, fR, Pes,tidal, Pdi,tidal and Pga,peak were higher (p ≤ 0.05), while VT, IC, IRV, EMGdi,rms%max, and ratings of dyspnea and leg discomfort were similar (p > 0.05) at all or most submaximal work rates during treadmill versus cycle exercise. Our findings highlight important differences (and similarities) in physiological and perceptual responses at maximal and submaximal work rates during incremental treadmill and cycle exercise testing protocols. The lack of effect of exercise test modality on peak work rate advocates for the use of this readily available parameter to optimize training intensity determination, regardless of exercise training mode.
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Running economy (RE) is considered an important physiological measure for endurance athletes, especially distance runners. This review considers 1) how RE is defined and measured and 2) physiological and biomechanical factors that determine or influence RE. It is difficult to accurately ascertain what is good, average, and poor RE between athletes and studies due to variation in protocols, gas-analysis systems, and data averaging techniques. However, representative RE values for different caliber of male and female runners can be identified from existing literature with mostly clear delineations in oxygen uptake across a range of speeds in moderately and highly trained and elite runners. Despite being simple to measure and acceptably reliable, it is evident that RE is a complex, multifactorial concept that reflects the integrated composite of a variety of metabolic, cardiorespiratory, biomechanical and neuromuscular characteristics that are unique to the individual. Metabolic efficiency refers to the utilization of available energy to facilitate optimal performance, whereas cardiopulmonary efficiency refers to a reduced work output for the processes related to oxygen transport and utilization. Biomechanical and neuromuscular characteristics refer to the interaction between the neural and musculoskeletal systems and their ability to convert power output into translocation and therefore performance. Of the numerous metabolic, cardiopulmonary, biomechanical and neuromuscular characteristics contributing to RE, many of these are able to adapt through training or other interventions resulting in improved RE.
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The purpose of this study was to determine whether an individually designed incremental exercise protocol results in greater rates of oxygen uptake (VO2max) than standardized testing. Fourteen well-trained, male runners performed five incremental protocols in randomized order to measure their VO2max: i) an incremental test (INCS+I) with pre-defined increases in speed (2 min at 8.64 km·h(-1), then a rise of 1.44 km·h(-1) every 30 s up to 14.4 km·h(-1)) and thereafter inclination (0.5° every 30 s); ii) an incremental test (INCI) at constant speed (14.4 km·h(-1)) and increasing inclination (2° every 2 min from the initial 0°); iii) an incremental test (INCS) at constant inclination (0°) and increasing speed (0.5 km·h(-1) every 30 s from the initial 12.0 km·h(-1)); iv) a graded exercise protocol (GXP) at a 1° incline with increasing speed (initially 8.64 km·h(-1) + 1.44 km·h(-1) every 5 min); v) an individual exercise protocol (INDXP) in which the runner chose the inclination and speed. VO2max was lowest (-4.2%) during the GXP (p = 0.01; d = 0.06-0.61) compared to all other tests. The highest rating of perceived exertion, heart rate, ventilation and end-exercise blood lactate concentration were similar between the different protocols (p < 0.05). The time to exhaustion ranged from 7 min 18 sec (INCS) to 25 min 30 sec (GXP) (p = 0.01).The VO2max attained by employing an individual treadmill protocol does not differ from the values derived from various standardized incremental protocols. Key pointsThe mean maximum oxygen uptake during the GXP was lower than for all other tests.Differences in the maximum rate of oxygen uptake between the various protocols exhibited considerable inter-individual variation.From the current findings, it can be concluded that well trained athletes are able to perform an individually designed treadmill running protocol.
Article
Purpose: The aim was to determine the minimum maximum oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) criteria cut-offs in highly trained athletes (i.e., maximum RER [RERmax], maximum HR [HRmax], maximum RPE [RPEmax], and maximum blood lactate concentration [BLmax]) necessary to determine maximum oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) during cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPET), by balancing type I and type II errors. A further aim was to investigate if the defined cutoffs would be robust to diurnal and to day-to-day variations. Methods: Data from two CPET studies involving young athletes were analyzed. In the first study, 70 male participants performed one CPET until exhaustion to define cutoffs. In the second study, eight males and five females performed one CPET on seven consecutive days at six different times of day (i.e., diurnal variation). The time of the CPET was identical on the sixth and seventh days (i.e., day-to-day variation). To ensure comparability both studies were carried out under the same conditions. Results: Participants' mean V˙O2max was 63.0 ± 5.3 mL·kg·min. RERmax ≥1.10 was reached by 100%, HRmax ≥95% of age-predicted HRmax by 99%, RPEmax ≥19 by 100%, and BLmax ≥8 mmol·L by 100% of participants, respectively. Regarding the intraday variations, latter cutoffs were not reached in two cases for RERmax and in one case for HRmax and BLmax. Intraclass correlations for the day-to-day variability were r = 0.823 for RERmax, r = 0.828 for HRmax, and r = 0.380 for BLmax, respectively. Conclusions: The proposed high cut-off values for secondary criteria provide some assurance that V˙O2max may have been achieved in athletes without increasing type II errors. However, type I errors may still occur indicating that further methods such as V˙O2-plateau or V˙O2-validation may be required.
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Introducing the Fifth Edition of the more focused version of the best-selling Exercise Physiology text. Ideal for an introductory course, this title emphasizes nutrition as the foundation of exercise and uses a new student-friendly magazine-style design, hallmark pedagogy, and an engaging, accessible writing style to make exercise physiology interesting and understandable for todays students. Featuring updates in every section that reflect the latest trends and research in the field, Essentials of Exercise Physiology helps students develop a deep understanding of the interrelationships among energy intake, energy transfer during exercise, and the related physiologic systems. As they progress through the book, students also master the how-tos of applying key concepts to enhance exercise training, athletic performance, and health. © 2016 Wolters Kluwer 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|Wolters Kluwer © 2006 and 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins