Geographical Location Effects on PV Panel Output - Comparison Between Highland and Lowland Installation in South Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract

Environmental factors play a significant role in determining the PV system's performance, and the temperature is one factor. In the highland area, the temperature is lower than lowland but with relatively the same amount of irradiance. This paper compares the PV system's performance in the highlands (Semendo Darat Ulu) and the lowlands (Tanjung Enim). Semendo Darat Ulu has an elevation of 1100 meters above sea level and a temperature of ± 28.1 °C, sufficient for implementing solar power plants. Experimental data shows that Semendo Darat Ulu's PV system delivers better performance than Tanjung Enim's PV system. The average power generated by the PV system installed in Semendo Darat Ulu is 32.98 W, 4.21 W, or 115% higher than Tanjung Enim's PV system. It produced average power of 343.88 W per day, which is 77.99 W or 129 % more than the power produced by the PV system in Tanjung Enim. In Semendo Darat Ulu, the PV system pumped a total of 140,669 liters of water during the experiment, which means 33,915 liters or 132 % more water pumped by the PV system Tanjung Enim. Therefore, Semendo Darat Ulu highland has more potential for applying solar power plants than the lowland area.

Full text

ISSN: 04532198
Volume 63, Issue 02, February, 2021
7229
Geographical Location Effects on PV Panel Output -
Comparison Between Highland and Lowland
Installation in South Sumatra, Indonesia
Sarwono1, Tresna Dewi2, RD Kusumanto3
Applied Master of Renewable Energy Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya, Jalan Srijaya Negara,
Palembang, 30139, Indonesia1
Infrastructure Development Project, PT. Bukit Asam Tbk, Jalan Parigi No. 1, Tanjung Enim, Muara Enim,
Indonesia1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya, Jalan Srijaya Negara, Pelambang,
30139, Indonesia2,3
ABSTRACT— Environmental factors play a significant role in determining the PV system's performance,
and the temperature is one factor. In the highland area, the temperature is lower than lowland but with
relatively the same amount of irradiance. This paper compares the PV system's performance in the highlands
(Semendo Darat Ulu) and the lowlands (Tanjung Enim). Semendo Darat Ulu has an elevation of 1100 meters
above sea level and a temperature of ± 28.1 °C, sufficient for implementing solar power plants. Experimental
data shows that Semendo Darat Ulu's PV system delivers better performance than Tanjung Enim's PV system.
The average power generated by the PV system installed in Semendo Darat Ulu is 32.98 W, 4.21 W, or 115%
higher than Tanjung Enim's PV system. It produced average power of 343.88 W per day, which is 77.99 W
or 129 % more than the power produced by the PV system in Tanjung Enim. In Semendo Darat Ulu, the PV
system pumped a total of 140,669 liters of water during the experiment, which means 33,915 liters or 132 %
more water pumped by the PV system Tanjung Enim. Therefore, Semendo Darat Ulu highland has more
potential for applying solar power plants than the lowland area.
KEYWORDS: Highland, Lowland, PV System, Renewable Energy, Semendo Darat Ulu, Tanjung Enim.
1. INTRODUCTION
Energy plays an essential role in human life to ensure people carry out their everyday life activities. The
human population's growth allows the planet's energy to increase to achieve a living standard [1- 4]. Energy
use has a significant impact on the atmosphere, such as the greenhouse effect and global climate change;
therefore, it can no longer rely on conventional fossil fuel, which contributes to a reduction in the world's oil
reserves. This condition insists us to look for energy alternatives that are not only safe but also unlimited. Data
from the Indonesia Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources in 2014 shows that dependence on fossil
energy, particularly petroleum for consumption in Indonesia, is still high, about 96% (40.1 % of petroleum,
21.3%t of electricity, 17.7%t of gas, and 11% of coal) of total consumption, and efforts to maximize the use
of renewable energy have not been able to proceed as planned. In Presidential Regulation No 22 of 2017, the
Government set a target for a renewable energy mix in the National Energy General Plan (RUEN), 23% in
2025 or around 45.000 megawatts (MW), at least 31% in 2050. The contribution of renewable energy to the
new national energy mix has been around 12% [4- 6]. Indonesia has a high potential in solar energy
implementation due to its geographical position in the equator. However, solar energy is positively affected
by environmental conditions, which is crucial to the output and whole PV system performance [7], [8]. The
environmental effects include temperature, which affects PV panel installation in Indonesia due to tropical
weather results in high temperature. The temperature effect is discussed by many studies, such as [9]. The
high ambient temperature leads to a high PV surface panel. The overheated PV panels reduce the PV panels'

Sarwono, T. Dewi and RD. Kusumanto, 2021 Technology Reports of Kansai University
7230
output performance. The effort to reduce overheated is by installing cooling systems such as conducted by
[10], [11] with active cooling system and [12] with the passive cooling system [11], [12]. A relatively novel
method to reduce the possibility of overheating PV panels installed in the tropical island is floating PV panels
on the waterbody, such as conducted by [13], [14]. They floated the PV panels over brackish water to cool
down the PV panel and investigate the possibility of building a floating PV system over salt water to improve
fishermen's life quality around an estuary. [15] investigated the possibility of floating PV panels over Musi
River in Palembang. The effort in finding the method to increase the output of PV panels is also by applying
the arched semi-flexible PV panels to ensure more irradiance received, a research conducted by [16].
Indonesia is a country blessed with many islands and mountainous regions. The mountainous regions are
mostly located in remote areas, in contrast to the urban lowlands flocked with cities and high-density
populations. The mountainous region is mostly not reached by government utilities. Therefore, the application
of a PV system for electricity generation would be helpful to society. The mountainous region has the
advantage of having lower temperatures with similar irradiance to tropical lowland areas, as presented by [17].
Therefore, location choice is also a factor in increasing the electricity generated by PV systems [18- 23], as
discusses by [18], [19]. South Sumatra has a high potential for renewable energy, including solar, geothermal,
and rice-husk biomass power plants. The Ministry of Maritime Affairs has made South Sumatra a provincial
pilot project to develop and use renewable energy. South Sumatra already has a Jakabaring solar power plant,
which is well known for operating in the Jakabaring Sport City Palembang sports facility and supporting the
2018 Asian Games. Palembang is situated in a tropical lowland as the capital city of South Sumatra. State-
owned enterprises in South Sumatra are encouraged to take the role in developing renewable energy, such as
discussed by [24- 27]. The broader applications of PV systems are also investigated by [28- 30].
The Regency of Southern Sumatra is one of the Muara Enim regions. It is situated geographically between 4o-
6o South Latitude and 104o-106o East Longitude. The Regency of Muara Enim has a vast area and an
abundance of natural resources, the bulk of which is a river basin. In the center of South Sumatra's province,
the Muara Enim Regency territory is about 7,383.9 km2. The Muara Enim Regency administrative area is
divided into 22 municipalities, including Semendo Darat Laut, Semendo Darat Tengah, Semendo Darat Ulu,
Tanjung Agung, Lawang Kidul, Muara Enim, Ujan Mas, Benakat, Gunung Megang, Rambang Niru, Lubai,
Rambang, Gelumbang, Sungai Rotan, Lembak, Kelekar, Muara Belida, Belimbing, Lubai Ulu, Belida Darat,
Panang Enim, and Empat Petulai Dangku. Enim is the name of a big river run through the Muara Enim region.
The application of PV systems is very promising in those areas such as irrigation systems, as simulated by
[28]. The method to ensure the PV system is working as expected in a remote area, a monitoring system is
required, which were investigated by [31], [32]. The topography of Muara Enim Regency is quite diverse,
from lowland to highland. Most of the sub-districts are in lowland areas less than 100 meters above sea level
(asl), covering 19 sub-districts, with an area of 7,058.41 km2 (77.22%) of the Muara Enim Regency area. Five
other districts are situated at an altitude of more than 100 meters above sea level; that are Lawang Kidul (100-
500 m asl), Tanjung Agung (500-800 m asl), Semendo Darat Tengah (1000 m asl), Semendo Darat Laut (500-
1000 m asl) and Kecamatan Semendo Darat Ulu (> 1000 m asl). Pajar Bulan Village, Semendo Darat Ulu
District is a mountainous hillside area situated at -04o11'7" South Latitude, 103o33'38" East Longitude at an
altitude between 800-1200 m above sea level with temperatures between 19oC and 30oC with a distance of
±275 km from Palembang, the border area between the provinces of South Sumatra and Bengkulu. The
average temperature in this village is 2o-5oC, lower than Tanjung Enim, the lowland area. This paper
discusses the geographical location effects on PV panel output and performance. The comparison is conducted
by installing PV panels in the highland (Pajar Bulan Village, Semendo Darat Ulu District) and lowland
(Tanjung Enim, South Sumatra, Indonesia) and measuring the electricity output generated by those two panels.
The PV systems installed are identical, both in the highland and lowland area.

ISSN: 04532198
Volume 63, Issue 02, February, 2021
7231
2. Method
This study compares two identical PV systems installed in two different locations, in a highland and lowland
area. This research applies two 100 Wp solar panel monocrystalline (STS-100-18) to power a DC pump. The
water pumped by the PV system is to show the effect of PV panel installation in highland and lowland
implementation.
2.1 PV Electrical Properties
The photovoltaic effect is the phenomenon of direct electricity generation by a PV cell. The generation takes
place when photon energy is higher than the bandgap energy of a semiconductor. The photon energy from the
sun excites the electrons to move and carry the charge across the semiconductor junction. The electricity keeps
on generated if the sun's energy exists and higher than the bandgap energy of semiconductor material. The
photovoltaic system is positively affected by environmental factors, such as temperature. The temperature can
affect the current generated by the PN junction semiconductor inside the solar cell. The increase in temperature
affects the material parameters. The higher the environment temperature, the higher the PV panel surface
temperature is. The increment of temperature reduces the bandgap of a semiconductor, and as the bandgap
reduces, less energy is needed to excite electrons. Therefore, the higher temperature excites electrons more,
that the electrons move faster from the valence band to the conduction band. The faster electrons move, the
more possibility of bumping to other electrons, and each bumping creates recombination and stop current
generation. This recombination is called Auger Recombination.
Figure 1. The IV Curve to show how much power electricity can be harvested.
The maximum electricity generated by a solar cell is given as the IV curves shown in Figure 1. The maximum
power is given by the maximum open-circuit voltage and short circuit current of a PV cell. The open-circuit
voltage decreases with temperature, as shown in Figure 1 due to the temperature dependence of dark saturation
current (0) given by
 

, (1)
where  is electron charge (  C),  is the area,  is the diffusivity of minority carrier inside
silicon,  is the minority carrier diffusion length,  is the doping, and is the intrinsic carrier concentration
( m3 at 25oC).
PV cell is modeled as an ideal diode, as shown in Figure 2. The current generated by a solar cell presented in

Sarwono, T. Dewi and RD. Kusumanto, 2021 Technology Reports of Kansai University
7232
Figure 2 is
   
 
, (2)
 
    , (3)
where  is the photovoltaic generated current (A),  is short-circuit current (A),  is voltage (Volt),  is
shunt resistance (),  is modeling of power loss (),  is the cell short circuit current temperature,  is
the solar irradiance (KW/m2),  is the temperature (oK),  is standard operating condition. The open-circuit
voltage dependence on temperature is shown by
 

 (4)
where  is the Boltzmann constant (   m2 kg s-1 K-1).
The efficiency () of a solar cell is defined by the comparison of input power () and output power () as
given by
  
 
  
  (5)
where  and  are the maximum current and volage, and FF is the fill factor of higher temperature shown
as a shaded box in Figure 1.
Figure 2. Modeling PV cell as an ideal diode.
2.2 PV System Design
This research uses two 100 Wp monocrystalline PV panels with the highest possible produced current is 5.62
A and voltage is 17.8 V. The maximum Isc is 6.05 A and Voc are 21.8 V. The STC considered in Eq. 3 of those
PV panels are 1000 W/m2, 25oC, and AM 1.5 for the best option of produced electricity. The load considered
in this paper is a DC pump where the water debit pumped is intended to show the effect irradiance received
to how much power is produced by the panel. The PV panel installation design is shown in Figure 3. The PV
systems are installed in two different places with a distance of 89.5 km and different position above sea level.
The first PV panel is installed in Tanjung Enim (lowland), a small city near to Muara Enim, the capital city
of Muara Enim Regency in South Sumatra. Tanjung Enim has tropical weather with an average temperature
of 30o to 35oC. The second installation is in a village named Fajar Bulan, Semendo Darat Ulu, a highland with

ISSN: 04532198
Volume 63, Issue 02, February, 2021
7233
an elevation more than 1000 meters above sea level. This village enjoys the spring-like weather around 19o to
30oC with lots of sunray exposure without excessive temperature rise. Figure 4 shows the illustration of this
setup.
(a) Front view
(b) Side View
Figure 3. PV systems installation design.
The PV systems installed in those two locations are identical, including PV panels, the balance of system
(BOS), components, and measurement devices, as shown in Figures 3 and 4. The components and
measurement device are the charge controller 12 V/ 24 V automatic, multimeter to measure the generated
voltage and current, solar power meter to measure the irradiance received by PV panel, thermometer gun to
measure the PV panels’ surface, and flowmeter to measure the water flow pumped by the DC water pump as
given in Figure 4.
Figure 4. PV systems components and measurement devices.
3. Result and Discussion
The experiment is conducted in two places, the highland of Fajar Bulan village, Semendo Darat Ulu, and the
lowland of Tanjung Enim within distance of 89.5 km. The characteristic of two locations is quite different and
this paper is to show how this environmental condition affect the performance of PV system. The location of

Sarwono, T. Dewi and RD. Kusumanto, 2021 Technology Reports of Kansai University
7234
Fajar Bulan village relative to Tanjung Enim (indicated by PT Bukit Asam, Tbk) and Palembang (the capital
city of South Sumatra) is shown in Figure 5. The main office of PT Bukit Asam Tbk is chosen to be the
landmark since the PV system is installed at Tanah Putih Township housing for the employee of PT Bukit
Asam Tbk, which is a state-owned mining company. The environmental characteristic of the two locations is
shown in Figure 6.
Figure 5. Fajar bulan village position relative to Tanjung Enim and Palembang.
Figure 6. The geographical characteristic of two locations.
The experimental setup of the PV system considered in this study is shown in Figure 7 based on system design
in Figure 3. The water volume shows how much water is pumped by the PV system during weather variation
in a day.

ISSN: 04532198
Volume 63, Issue 02, February, 2021
7235
Figure 7. Experimental setup considered in this study.
The research was conducted in two batches with 32 days for each batch. The first batch was conducted in
Tanjung Enim from June 15 to July 16, 2020, and the second batch was conducted in Fajar Bulan village,
Semendo Darat Ulu, from July 19 to August 19, 2020. The data considered was from 08.00 AM to 05.00 PM.
The data recorded from two locations of PV installations was not taken at the same time; therefore, it is
necessary to show how the weather variated from the 64 days of the experiment. Figure 8a shows the weather
variation during experiment in Tanjung Enim for 10 hours. Figure 8a indicates how many hours of sunny,
cloudy, and rainy time during a day. Figure 8b shows the weather in Pajar Bulan village, Semendo Darat Ulu.
The weather in Semendo Darat Ulu has cloudier days compare to Tanjung Enim. The experiment was
conducted when Indonesia was in the dry season, which supposes to have less rain than the rainy season. The
current and voltage generated by the PV system are highly affected by how much the irradiance received by
the PV panels. Therefore, it is necessary to record how much irradiance received by the panels on the spans
of the experiment relative to the weather condition in Figure 8. Figure 9 shows the irradiance for 32 days of
Tanjung Enim (TE) and Semendo Darat Ulu (SDU). The data given in Figure 9 is the maximum and average
irradiance recorded during the hours in 32 days. The irradiance data were measured with a solar power meter,
and indeed the irradiance measured in Tanjung Enim and Semendo Darat Ulu was not the same due to not
only the date was different, but the location was also different. However, Figure 9 shows the average and
maximum irradiance of the two locations.

Sarwono, T. Dewi and RD. Kusumanto, 2021 Technology Reports of Kansai University
7236
(a) Tanjung Enim weather
(b) Semendo Darat Ulu weather
Figure 8. The weather variation during 64 days of experiment from two locations.
Figure 9. The irradiance comparison between Semendo Darat Laut and Tanjung Enim.
The mountainous area is known for milder weather compared to the lowland area. These weather conditions
impact the ambient and the PV surface temperature. The difference of ambient and PV panel surface
temperature from two locations is shown in Figure 10. In Tanjung Enim, the average ambient temperature is
32.5oC, which gives the average PV panel surface temperature of 37oC, while in Semendo, with an average
ambient temperature of 28oC, it raises the average PV panel surface temperature into 33.8oC. The PV surface
temperature varies from 25.1oC to 47.4oC, depending on the ambient temperature. Generally, PV panel
exposed to higher irradiance will have higher surface temperatures. Some of the heat on the PV panel surface
will be absorbed in highland areas with low environmental temperatures. In the Semendo Darat Ulu, the solar
irradiance received by the PV panel was higher, but the PV panel surface temperature was lower due to
environmental effects. Figure 10 shows that the surface temperature of the PV is strongly influenced by the
radiation received.

ISSN: 04532198
Volume 63, Issue 02, February, 2021
7237
Figure 10. Ambient and PV panel surface temperature installed in Tanjung Enim and Semendo Darat Ulu.
Figure 11. Effect of temperature and irradiance to the produced power.
Figure 11 shows the irradiance received and output power produced by PV systems considered in this study.
The maximum recorded irradiance in Semendo Darat Ulu was 1192 W/m2 at 12.00 AM that generated a
maximum power of 83.35 W compared to the maximum power in Tanjung Enim was 75.1 W generated from
the highest irradiance received by PV panel (1095 W/m2). Therefore, from Figures 10 and 11, it can be
concluded that the temperature at Semendo Darat Ulu was 4.4oC lower than what it was at Tanjung Enim, and
the solar radiation at Semendo Darat Ulu was 139.77 more than what it was at Tanjung Enim. Figure 11 shows
that the PV system in Semendo Darat Ulu generated more electricity compared to the one in Tanjung Enim.
Data.

Sarwono, T. Dewi and RD. Kusumanto, 2021 Technology Reports of Kansai University
7238
Figure 12. Comparison of Vload and Voc generated from two locations considered in this study.
Figure 13. Comparison of Iload and Isc generated from two locations.
The comparison of Vload and Voc generated from two locations considered in this study is shown in Figure 12.
The average measured Voc from PV system installed in Semendo Darat Ulu is 20.59 V, which is 0.31 V higher
than the average Voc of PV system in Tanjung Enim (20.32 V). The Vload measured in Semendo Darat ulu is
12.59 V, and Voc recorded in Tanjung Enim is 12.38 V, which is 0.22 lower.
Figure 13 compares short circuit current (Isc) and current during the PV system powers a DC pump (ILoad)
generated by PV systems in Tanjung Enim and Semendo Darat Laut. The average Isc of PV system in Tanjung
Enim is 2.41 A and in Semendo Darat Laut is 2.72 A, which is 0.31 A higher. The Iload in Tanjung Enim is
2.29 A, and the ILoad PV system in Semendo Darat Laut is 2.59 A.
Based on current measurements (ILoad, Isc) and voltage (VLoad, Voc), the fill factor (FF) and efficiency are
obtained. The FF of PV system in Tanjung Enim is between 0.43-0.70 with an efficiency between 9% - 11%,
while the FF of PV system Semendo Darat Ulu is between 0.46-0.91 with the efficiency between 9% - 14%,
details of FF and daily efficiency are shown in Figure 14. PV system efficiency ranges Semendo Darat Ulu is
± 5% higher than that of Tanjung Enim's PV system. The energy produced is used to operate the circulating

ISSN: 04532198
Volume 63, Issue 02, February, 2021
7239
water pump in a container so that the amount of energy from photovoltaic produces the volume of water being
pumped. The power received by the pump is measured using a flowmeter. The volumetric quantity is
proportional to the amount of energy delivered. Figure 15 demonstrates the high volumes of water allowed at
the Tanjung Enim and Semendo Darat Ulu locations on the 28th day. The water volume produced by the water
pump in Semendo Darat Ulu is 140,669 liters more than the water pump volume in Tanjung Enim.
Figure 14. The fill factor and efficiency of the output power from the installed PV systems.
Figure 15. Maximum power and total power during a day of two PV systems.

Sarwono, T. Dewi and RD. Kusumanto, 2021 Technology Reports of Kansai University
7240
Figure 16. The generated power and water volume pumped as the output of the PV systems.
Table 1. Maximum measured variables in Tanjung Enim and Semendo Darat Ulu.
No
Variables
Tanjung Enim
Semendo Darat Ulu
1
Ambient Temperature
40
oC
45.3
oC
2
PV Surface Panel
55.20
oC
52.60
oC
3
Irradiance
1095
W/m2
1192
W/m2
4
Voc
21.61
V
21.95
V
5
Isc
6.02
A
6.04
A
6
VLoad
15.66
V
14.84
V
7
ILoad
5.86
A
5.93
A
8
FF
0.99
0.93
9
Efficiency
20.24
%
19.84
%
10
Power
76.6
W
84.7
W
11
Total Power (32 days)
8,509
W
11,004
W
12
Daily Water Volume
3,343
L
4,396
L
13
Total Water Volume
106,754
L
140,669
L
The comparison of maximum variables measured in Tanjung Enim and Semendo Darat Ulu are shown in
Table 1, where the PV system installed in Semendo Darat Ulu produced more electricity that is proven by
more water volume pumped compared to the PV system installed in Tanjung Enim.
4. Conclusion
This research compares the PV system performance in highland Semendo Darat Ulu and lowland Tanjung
Enim. Based on the measurement and analysis data carried out in this study, it can be shown that the
temperature of the Semendo Darat Ulu environment is 4.4oC lower, and the Semendo Darat Ulu PV system
produces 4.21 W higher than PV system in Tanjung Enim, the Fill Factor 0.46-0.91 lower with an efficiency
of 11.5%. During the research, the energy produced by Semendo Darat Ulu PV system is 11,004 W and is
capable of pumping 140,669 liters of water; therefore, the resulting output is 343.88 W per day or 129%,
which is capable of pumping water up to 4395.91 liters per day or 132% compared to PV system in Tanjung
Enim. Semendo Darat Ulu, which is at-04o11'7 'latitude, 103o33'38' east longitude 1100 m above sea level,

ISSN: 04532198
Volume 63, Issue 02, February, 2021
7241
ambient temperature 28.1oC, irradiance 497.8 W/m2, has the potential to carry out further research into the
development and construction of solar power plants.
5. References
[1] A. T. Wardhana, A. Taqwa, and T. Dewi, Design of Mini Horizontal Wind Turbine for Low Wind
Speed Area, in Proceeding of 2nd Forum in Research, Science, and Technology 30-31 October 2018,
Palembang, Indonesia, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 1167, 2019.
[2] R. B. Yuliandi, T. Dewi, and Rusdianasari, Comparison of Blade Dimension Design of a Vertical
Wind Turbine Applied in Low Wind Speed, in Proceeding of The 1st Sriwijaya International Conference on
Environmental Issues 2018 (1st SRICOENV 2018), E3S Web of Conferences EDP Sciences, Vol. 68, 2018.
[3] Dewi, T., Risma, P., Oktarina, Y., Roseno, M. T, Yudha, H. M., Handayani, A. D., and Wijanarko,
Y., A Survey on Solar Cell; The Role of Solar Cell in Robotics and Robotic Application in Solar Cell industry
in Proceeding of Forum in Research, Science, and Technology (FIRST), 2016.
[4] IRENA (2017), Renewable Energy Prospects: Indonesia, a REmap analysis, International Renewable
Energy Agency (IRENA), Abu Dhabi, www.irena.org/remap.
[5] Outlook Energi Indonesia 2018, Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi, 2018 (Indonesian).
[6] Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia, Nomor 22, Tentang Rencana Umum Energi Nasional, Tahun
2017 (Indonesian).
[7] M. H. Yudha, T. Dewi, P. Risma, and Y. Oktarina, Life Cycle Analysis for the Feasibility of
Photovoltaic System Application in Indonesia, in Proceeding International Conference on Science,
Infrastructure Technology and Regional Development (ICoSITeR) 2017 Energy Security for Enhancing
National Competitiveness 25-26 August 2017, South Lampung, Indonesia, IOP Conference Series: Earth and
Environmental Science, Vol. 124, 012005, 2017.
[8] T. Dewi, P. Risma, and Y. Oktarina, A Review of Factors Affecting the Efficiency and Output of a
PV system Applied in Tropical Climate, presented at 2018 International Conference on Science, Infrastructure
Technology and Regional Development, the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Vol.
258, p. 012039, 2018.
[9] S. Dubey, J. N. Sarvaiya, ans B. Seshadri, Temperature Dependent Photovoltaic (PV) Efficiency and
Its Effect on PV Production in the World-A Review, Energy Procedia, 2012.
[10] H. A. Harahap, T. Dewi, and Rusdianasari, Automatic Cooling System for Efficiency and Output
Enhancement of a PV System Application in Palembang, Indonesia, presented in 2nd Forum in Research,
Science, and Technology, Journal of Physics: Conf. Vol. 1167, p. 012027, 2018.
[11] N. Savvakis, and T. Tsoutsos, Theoretical Design and Experimental Evaluation of a PV+PCM System
in the Mediterranean Climate, Energy, Vol 220, 119690, 2021, ISSN 0360-5442,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119690.(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S03605442
20327973)

Sarwono, T. Dewi and RD. Kusumanto, 2021 Technology Reports of Kansai University
7242
[12] V. Givarch, C. Bernon, and M. Cleizes, Power Optimization by Cooling Photovoltaic Plants as a
Dynamic self- adaptive Regulation Problem, 2016.
[13] F. Setiawan, T. Dewi, and M. S. Yusi, Sea Salt Deposition Effect on Output and Efficiency Losses of
the Photovoltaic System; a case study in Palembang, Indonesia, presented in 2nd Forum in Research, Science,
and Technology, Journal of Physics: Conf. Vol. 1167, p. 012027, 2018.
[14] A. Sasmanto, T. Dewi, and Rusdianasari, Eligibility Study on Floating Solar Panel Installation over
Brackish Water in Sungsang, South Sumatra, EMITTER International Journal of Engineering Technology,
Vol. 8, No. 1, 2020.
[15] B. Junianto, T. Dewi, and C. R. Sitompul, Development and Feasibility Analysis of Floating Solar
Panel Application in Palembang, South Sumatra, presented in 3nd Forum in Research, Science, and
Technology Palembang, Indonesia, Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 2020.
[16] I. Arissetyadhi, T. Dewi, and RD. Kusumanto, Experimental Study on The Effect of Arches Setting
on Semi- Flexible Monocrystalline Solar Panels, Kinetik: Game Technology, Information System, Computer
Network, Computing, Electronics, and Control KINETIK, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2020.
[17] A. Kahl, J. Dujardin, and M. Lehning, The Bright Side of PV Production in Snow-covered Mountains,
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Jan 2019, Vol 116, No 4, pp 1162-1167, 2019. Doi:
10.1073/pnas.1720808116
[18] A. Dhoke, R. Sharma, and T. K. Saha, An Approach for Fault Detection and Location in Solar PV
Systems, Solar Energy, Vol 194, pp. 197-208, 2019. ISSN 0038-092X,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.10.052.
[19] G. Notton, V. Lazarov, and L. Stoyanov, Optimal Sizing of a Grid-connected PV System for Various
PV Module Technologies and Inclinations, Inverter Efficiency Characteristics and Locations, Renewable
Energy, Vol 35, No 2, pp. 541-554, 2010. ISSN 0960-1481, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2009.07.013.
[20] C. Lacchini, a. F. Antoniolli, and R. Rüther, The Influence of Different Irradiation Databases on the
Assessment of the Return of Capital Invested in Residential PV Systems Installed in Different Locations of
the Brazilian Territory, Solar Energy, Vol 155, pp. 893-901, 2017. ISSN 0038-092x,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.07.004.
[21] O. P. Akkas, M. Y. Erten, E. Cam, and N. Inanc, Optimal Site Selection for a Solar Power Plant in
the Central Anatolian Region of Turkey, International Journal of Photoenergy, Hindawi, Vol. 2017, Article
ID 7452715, 13 pages, https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7452715.
[22] W. Guo, L. Kong, T. Chow, C. Li, Q. Zhu, Z. Qiu, L. Li, Y. Wang, and S. B. Riffat, Energy
Performance of Photovoltaic (PV) Windows Under Typical Climates of China in Terms of Transmittance and
Orientation, Energy, Vol. 213, 118794, 2020, ISSN 0360-5442,
Https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.118794.
[23] D. Mazzeo, N. Matera, P. De Luca, C. Baglivo, P. M. Congedo, and G. Oliveti, Worldwide
Geographical Mapping and Optimization of Stand-alone and Grid-connected Hybrid Renewable System

ISSN: 04532198
Volume 63, Issue 02, February, 2021
7243
Techno-economic Performance Across Köppen-geiger Climates, Applied Energy, Vol 276, 115507, 2020.
ISSN 0306-2619, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115507.
[24] Edward, T. Dewi, and Rusdianasari, the effectiveness of Solar Tracker Use on Solar Panels to The
Output of the Generated Electricity Power, presented in 6th International Conference on Sustainable
Agriculture, Food and Energy 18-21 October 2018, Manila, The Philippines, IOP Conference Series: Earth
and Environmental Science, Vol. 347, No. 1, p. 012130, 2019.
[25] B. R. D. M. Hamdi, T. Dewi, and Rusdianasari, Performance Comparison of 3 Kwp Solar Panels
Between Fixed and Sun Tracking in Palembang-Indonesia, presented in 6th International Conference on
Sustainable Agriculture, Food and Energy 18-21 October 2018, Manila, The Philippines, IOP Conference
Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Vol. 347, No. 1, p. 012131, 2019.
[26] I. N. Zhafarina, T. Dewi, and Rusdianasari, Analysis of Maximum Power Reduction Efficiency of
Photovoltaic System at PT. Pertamina (Persero) RU III Plaju, VOLT: Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Teknik
Elektro, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 19-25, 2018.
[27] K. Junaedi, T. Dewi, and M. S. Yusi, The Potential Overview of PV System Installation at the Quarry
Open Pit Mine PT. Bukit Asam, Tbk Tanjung Enim. Kinetik: Game Technology, Information System,
Computer Network, Computing, Electronics, and Control, Vol 6, No 1, 2021.
https://kinetik.umm.ac.id/index.php/kinetik/article/view/1148
[28] P. P. Putra, T. Dewi, and Rusdianasari, MPPT Implementation for Solar-Powered Watering System
Performance Enhancement, Technology Reports of Kansai University, Vol 63, No 1, pp. 6919-6931, 2021.
ISSN: 04532198.
[29] T. Dewi, P. Risma, Y. Oktarina, A. Taqwa, Rusdiansari, and H. Renaldi, Experimental Analysis on
Solar Powered Mobile Robot as the Prototype for Environmentally Friendly Automated Transportation,
presented in International Conference on Applied Science and Technology (iCAST on Engineering Science)
Bali, Indonesia, of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 1450, 2019.
[30] S. Verma, S. Mishra, S. Chowdhury, A. Gaur, S. Mohapatra, A. Soni, and P. Verma, Solar PV
Powered Water Pumping System - A review, Materials Today: Proceedings, 2020, ISSN 2214-7853,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.09.434.
[31] H. Budiman, A. Taqwa, RD Kusumanto, and T. Dewi, “Synchronization and Application of IoT for
on Grid Hybrid PV-Wind System,” in Proceeding of 2018 International Conference on Applied Science and
Technology (iCAST) IEEE, pp. 617-621, 2018.
[32] A. Taqwa, T. Dewi, A. A. Susmanto, Rusdianasari, and Y. Bow, Feasibility Study and Design of IoT-
based Monitoring for Remote PV System, Technology Reports of Kansai University, Vol 63, No 1, pp. 6933-
6944, 2021. ISSN: 04532198
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0
International License.