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T.C. DOKUZ EYLÜL ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ ANABİLİM DALI AVRUPA BİRLİĞİ PROGRAMI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ GÖÇÜN YENİLİĞE KATKISI: ALMANYA'DAKİ TÜRKLER ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME Sinem ERBAŞ
Abstract
Son yıllarda göç ve yenilik arasındaki ilişkiyi inceleyen çok sayıda
çalışma bulunmaktadır. İki olgu arasında pozitif bir ilişki kuran bu çalışmalar,
göçün yeniliğe katkı sağladığı yönünde çıkarımlarda bulunmuştur. Göçün
kültürel çeşitliliği ve bilgi transferini sağlayarak, beşeri sermayedeki çeşitliliği
arttırarak ve yerli halkın bilgi ve becerilerini tamamlar nitelikte yeni bilgi ve
becerileri ev sahibi ülkeye aktararak büyümeyi ve rekabeti arttırdığı ileri
sürülmektedir.
Bu tez çalışmasının amacı Almanya’da bulunan Türklerin
Almanya’daki yeniliğe ve yenilikçi faaliyetlere olan katkılarını
değerlendirmektir. Çalışma kapsamında Türk girişimci sayıları, Türklerin
Almanya’daki beşeri sermayeye katkıları, yarı tamamlanmış işgücü (semifinished human capital) olarak Almanya’da öğrenim gören Türk öğrenciler,
Türklerin istihdam edildikleri sektörler ve topluma yaptığı kültürel ve
ekonomik katkılar ile patent başvurusunda bulunan Alman firmalarındaki
Türk mucitler incelenmiştir.
Çalışmada Türklerin beşeri sermayeyi çeşitlendirerek, topluma yeni bilgi
ve beceriler getirerek, kültürel çeşitliliği arttırarak ve çok sayıda işyeri kurarak
Almanya’daki yeniliğe ve yenilikçi faaliyetlere katkıda bulundukları sonucuna
varılmıştır.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
Turkey’s accession to the European Union is one of the most controversial and divisive topics the EU faces. Both EU governments and citizens are deeply divided on whether Turkey should become a member or not. This paper takes an in-depth look at European citizens’ attitudes towards Turkey’s accession to the EU and explains which elements are key in determining support for or opposition to Turkish membership. We use new data, derived from the new questions measuring citizens’ attitudes towards Turkey that have recently been introduced in Eurobarometer questionnaires. We prove that views for and against Turkish membership are multidimensional and that citizens use different arguments for both positions. In particular, we show that the likelihood of supporting or opposing Turkey’s membership depends on whether citizens adopt a perspective that is utilitarian (resting on costs and benefits), identity-based (founded on Turkey being part of Europe) or post-national (linked to the view of a rights-based EU emphasising democracy and human rights). The main findings are as follows: first, support for Turkey’s membership is mostly based on post-national arguments; second, opposition to Turkey’s accession is mainly connected with identity-related arguments; and third, instrumental reasons (costs/benefits) play a less relevant role. Turkey’s future membership in the EU, we conclude, will thus not be won or lost at the public opinion level on the material plane (costs/benefits) but on the relative weight of post-national visions of the EU vis-à-vis more essentialist visions of Europe. The key to Turkish EU membership, we suggest, may well lie in the way accession is argued and justified, and not wholly in the way it is negotiated.
Abstract This paper links higher education to economic development,through an analysis of how graduates contribute to innovation and learning and it draws policy implications for economic,development. The starting points are two original contributionsto the understanding of the role of higher
Diese Arbeit stellt die Eckdaten der türkischen Migration nach Deutschland zusammen. Das erste Kapitel beleuchtet die historischen Meilensteine der Integration, vom Anwerbungsabkommen am 31. Oktober 1961, über das Rückkehrförderungsgesetz 1983 und dem Einbürgerungsgesetz aus dem Jahr 2000. Das zweite Kapitel fasst wesentliche Daten und Fakten über die türkischen Einwanderer in Deutschland - im Vergleich auch zu anderen Migrantengruppen - zusammen; unter anderem werden dabei Altersstruktur, Bildung und Einbindung in den Arbeitsmarkt analysiert. Im dritten Kapitel wird der Fall Baden-Württemberg näher dargestellt, im vierten kurz auf die Stadt Stuttgart eingegangen. Abschließend werden die positiven und negativen Tendenzen, basierend auf dem zugrundeliegenden Datenmaterial, noch einmal zusammengefasst. Einerseits wird die positive Tendenz vom Gastarbeiter zum Bürger deutlich, andererseits decken die Zahlen nach wie vor bestehende Schwächen deutlich auf. Diese Arbeit soll einen Beitrag dazu leisten, die Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Statistiken zum Thema Deutsch-Türkische Migration prägnant zusammenzufassen und anschaulich darzustellen. --
. This paper examines the emigration and immigration system of Turkey and its cor� related visions of development. For that purpose, the paper will study the major characteristics and dynamics of emigration from Turkey into Europe (in particular Germany and the Nether� lands), and the major impact on host societies as well as on Turkey. The analysis gives particular attention to the extent to which Turkish emigration and the Turkish Diaspora have influenced economic, political and social development in Turkey. In a similar manner, we will examine the evolving nature of immigration into Turkey. Finally, we give attention to the place of these issues in EU–Turkish relations. The parallel development of Turkish migrants becoming per� manent residents in Europe and of Turkey receiving new – potentially permanent – migrants from its surrounding region are discussed with a close look at what kind of impact this has on Turkey itself.
The remarkable change and differentiation in the enjoyment and preferences of thecustomers cause amazing improvements in the processes of production, competition and price aswell as various efforts made by enterprises in order to survive. Because of competition, adaptingthe capabilities and resources to a natural and flexible process is a necessity for the enterprises. Inthis context, they need to improve and even renew their inputs and outputs to operatesuccessfully in the global and local economies and gain competitive advantage over the rivals.Enterprises which are growing fast in today’s highly competitive business environment payheed to research and development and to be innovative. This attention to research anddevelopment has some reasons about market, enterprise itself, social benefit and stuff andtherefore research and development has been gaining importance in the global scale. Enterprisestoday have no other choices rather than being innovative because of the fast and radical changesoccurring in the business environment and this situation makes research and developmentactivities strategically more important for them.
Recent theoretical research deals with economic costs and benefits of cultural diversity related to immigration. However, empirical evidence regarding the impact of cultural diversity on economic performance is still scarce. We analyse the effect of cultural diversity of the labour force on patent applications for a cross‐section of German regions. The results suggest that differences in knowledge and capabilities of workers from diverse cultural backgrounds enhance performance of regional R&D sectors. As regards innovation, the benefits of diversity seem to outweigh the costs caused, for example, by communication barriers.
Resumen
La investigación teórica reciente trata los costos económicos y los beneficios de la diversidad cultural relacionados con la inmigración. Sin embargo, aun son escasas las pruebas empíricas relacionadas con el impacto de la diversidad cultural sobre el desempeño económico. Analizamos el efecto de la diversidad cultural de la fuerza laboral sobre solicitudes de patentes para una muestra transversal de regiones alemanas. Los resultados sugieren que las diferencias en conocimiento y capacidad de los trabajadores de orígenes culturales diversos mejoran el rendimiento de los sectores regionales de I+D. en cuanto a la innovación, parece ser que los beneficios de la diversidad superan con creces los costos que implican, por ejemplo en barreras de comunicación.
Why did Germany support provisions on freedom of movement for Turkish workers in the Association Agreement between the European Economic Community (EEC) and Turkey, which was concluded in 1963? This is puzzling given that Germany was fervently opposed to other common EU measures on legal economic migration since immigration policy was communitarized by the Amsterdam Treaty? The paper causally links the German position to three causal factors, first, Cold War geopolitical security concerns, second, active Turkish efforts to join the EEC, and third Germany's economic situation. The paper structures its analysis by applying the theory of preference formation introduced by liberal intergovernmentalism and the concept of a control dilemma between politics and economics. The findings of the paper highlight the importance of structural factors versus theories of preference formation that focus too much on agency. A theory of preference formation needs to feature in any approach to explain European Integration. The paper also shows that for a comprehensive explanation of Member States preferences on the first immigration measures on the European Union level, multi- causal explanations incorporating both economic and political factors are necessary.
This paper argues that Turkey's accession to the EU has been securitised by the French and German right, according to the Copenhagen School's constructivist explanation of securitisation as a ‘speech act’. Moreover, like other critical security schools, the Copenhagen School argues that security is not limited to the state or the military, but that securitisation may take place in other sectors, with the political, economic, environmental and societal spheres as its referent object.
We combine firm-level innovation data with area-level Census data to examine the relationship between local workforce characteristics, especially the presence of immigrants and local skills, and the likelihood of innovation by firms. We examine a range of innovation outcomes, and test the relationship for selected subgroups of firms. We find a positive relationship between local workforce characteristics and average innovation outcomes in labour market areas, but this is accounted for by variation in firm characteristics such as firm size, industry, and research and development expenditure. Controlling for these influences, we find no systematic evidence of an independent link between local workforce characteristics and innovation.
Whether Europe will be able to stand up to its internal and external challenges crucially depends on its ability to manage its internal mobility and inflows of international migrants. Using a unique expert opinion survey, we document that Europe needs skilled migrants, and skill mismatch is to be expected. A review of current immigration policies shows that despite a number of positive recent developments Europe lacks a consistent strategy to address this challenge effectively, paralyzed by the notion of "fortress" Europe, which we argue should be abandoned. Since significant political tensions can be expected between native actors that favor and disfavor further immigration, improving European immigration policies and procedures is a formidable challenge. This task involves the need to improve Europe's image among potential migrants, especially the high-skilled ones.
The pooling of people with diverse backgrounds in particular areas may boost the creation of new ideas, knowledge spillovers, entrepreneurship and economic growth. In this paper we measure the impact of the size, skills and diversity of immigration on innovativeness of host regions. For this purpose we construct a panel of data on 170 regions in Europe (NUTS 2 level) for the period 1991-2001. Innovation outcomes are measured by means of the number and types of patent applications. Given the geographical concentration and subsequent diffusion of innovation activity, and the spatial selectivity of immigrant settlement patterns, we take account of spatial dependence and of endogeneity of immigrant settlement in the econometric modelling. We find that an increase in patent applications in a region is associated with (i) net immigration; (ii) the share of foreigners in the population of the region; (iii) the average skill level of the immigrants; and (iv) the cultural diversity of the immigrants. The magnitude of these effects varies between types of patents.
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- Porsche
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- Stuttgart Şehrinde Bulunmaktadır
Porsche, elektrikli ürün imalatçısı Bosch ve bilgi teknolojileri işletmeleri Hewlett-Packard ve IBM, Stuttgart şehrinde bulunmaktadır. Baden Württemberg Eyaleti'nin
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