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We will rescue Italy, but we dislike the European Union: Collective Narcissism and the COVID-19 Threat
Abstract
Collective narcissists are hostile towards outgroup members, especially in response to threats against one's group. In the current study (N = 662; community sample of Poles), we examined the associations between collective narcissism and intergroup relations referring to the agency-communion model of collective narcissism during the initial weeks of the COVID-19 threat in Poland. Assuming the COVID-19 threat is agentic (i.e., related to biological and economic danger towards oneself), we expected it would be unrelated to the communal aspect of collective narcissism. We also expected the way collective narcissists would enhance their ingroup image would be to modify the effects of the COVID-19 threat on intergroup relations. In general, collective narcissism was related to less favorable attitudes toward the European Union, more favorable attitudes toward China, and a willingness to help Italians. In addition, the agentic aspect of narcissism was unrelated to intergroup prosocialness, while the communal aspect of narcissism was unrelated to attitudes toward the European Union. The COVID threat suppressed unfavorable attitudes towards the European Union among collective narcissists. Therefore, the COVID threat has limited, yet unexpected effects on attitudes toward outgroups among collective narcissists.
... Additionally, collective narcissism may be particularly relevant to the emergence of nationalism under pandemic conditions (Bieber, 2020;Su and Shen, 2020;Woods et al., 2020). Collective narcissism involves a strong identification with one's own perceived group, accompanied by feelings of collective entitlement, unrealistic beliefs about the group, and outgroup hostility as a reaction to perceived threat (Zemojtel-Piotrowska et al., 2021). This trait has been classified into two types: agentic (unrealistic beliefs about the group's competence or dominance) and communal (unrealistic beliefs about the group's helpfulness or tolerance) (Nowak et al., 2020). ...
... Although collective narcissism is ultimately an individual trait, it is ingrained within and reinforced by broader political polarization and nationalist ideology. In Poland, Zemojtel-Piotrowska et al. (2021) observed that the agentic (but not the communal) form of collective narcissism was related to more perceived COVID-19 threats, and that such perceived threat mediated the relationship between collective narcissism and positive attitudes toward the European Union, as well as negative attitudes toward China. Both agentic and communal collective narcissism were negatively correlated with preventive behaviors such as washing hands, disinfecting objects, and staying home (Nowak et al., 2020). ...
Over the course of the year 2020, the global scientific community dedicated considerable effort to understanding COVID-19. In this review, we discuss some of the findings accumulated between the onset of the pandemic and the end of 2020, and argue that although COVID-19 is clearly a biological disease tied to a specific virus, the culture–mind relation at the heart of cultural psychology is nonetheless essential to understanding the pandemic. Striking differences have been observed in terms of relative mortality, transmission rates, behavioral responses, official policies, compliance with authorities, and even the extent to which beliefs about COVID-19 have been politicized across different societies and groups. Moreover, many minority groups have very different experiences of the pandemic relative to dominant groups, notably through existing health inequities as well as discrimination and marginalization, which we believe calls for a better integration of political and socioeconomic factors into cultural psychology and into the narrative of health and illness in psychological science more broadly. Finally, individual differences in, for example, intolerance of uncertainty, optimism, conspiratorial thinking, or collectivist orientation are influenced by cultural context, with implications for behaviors that are relevant to the spread and impact of COVID-19, such as mask-wearing and social distancing. The interplay between cultural context and the experience and expression of mental disorders continues to be documented by cultural-clinical psychology; the current work extends this thinking to infectious disease, with special attention to diseases spread by social contact and fought at least in part through social interventions. We will discuss cultural influences on the transmission, course, and outcome of COVID-19 at three levels: (1) cross-society differences; (2) within-society communities and intergroup relations; and (3) individual differences shaped by cultural context. We conclude by considering potential theoretical implications of this perspective on infectious disease for cultural psychology and related disciplines, as well as practical implications of this perspective on science communication and public health interventions.
... It was investigated how collective narcissism could explain people's attitudes toward other groups, particularly in threat situations. Even though collective narcissism constituted negative attitudes against outgroups, it could also encourage intergroup pro-socialness [139]. ...
Background
The COVID-19 pandemic initiated a great global crisis, during which media influenced society and social interactions affected media use. Researchers from various research fields have studied the pandemic both globally and locally. This study aims to summarize the research on COVID-19 pandemic within communication studies, taking into account 358 articles published in SJR best ranked journals in 2020–2022.
Methods
The study uses both qualitative and quantitative methods. Using manual coding and qualitative content analysis, we investigate articles’ distribution according to journals, time, accessibility (either open, free or restricted) and methodological approaches. We also provide a qualitative summary of trending research themes. Using quantitative social network analysis (SNA) we present the distribution of institutions and countries in articles’ affiliations, and the collaboration network at institutional and country level.
Results
Results show an in-time increase of COVID-related publications. Articles were affiliated with 490 institutions from 68 countries, with the USA having the greatest representation. There was an underrepresentation of African and South American countries, which reflects the core-periphery challenge in knowledge production. The network analysis revealed that very few of possible connections were actually achieved. There is an observable trend of using quantitative methods. A growth on the gap between qualitative and quantitative studies was observed each year. More than a half of articles using qualitative methods were published in restricted access. Our qualitative summary of the addressed topics and main findings in articles related to COVID-19, media and society revealed a wide research interest in pandemics impacts on news consumption, media use and journalism, as well as infodemic, conspiracy narratives, science mistrust and discrimination and inequalities increased by the pandemic.
Conclusion
To provide a wider perspective on the worldwide impact of pandemic, more studies from underrepresented countries are needed. The collaboration between institutions and countries requires strengthening. Qualitative studies were conducted considerably less than quantitative studies and they were usually published in restricted access, which leads to a methodological gap.
... These results suggest that the fourfold model is an improvement over simpler models, such as those that only made a distinction between agentic narcissism and communal narcissism 15 . Taking into account the motives (self-enhancement and self-protection) presumed to underlie narcissism contributes to the construct's predictive power of thought and behavior 26,34,40 . ...
A theoretical perspective on grandiose narcissism suggests four forms of it (sanctity, admiration, heroism, rivalry) and states that these forms conduce to different ways of thinking and acting. Guided by this perspective, we examined in a multinational and multicultural study (61 countries; N = 15,039) how narcissism forms are linked to cognitions and behaviors prompted by the COVID-19 pandemic. As expected, differences in cognitions and behaviors across narcissism forms emerged. For example, higher narcissistic rivalry predicted lower likelihood of enactment of COVID-19 prevention behaviors, but higher narcissistic sanctity predicted higher likelihood of enactment of COVID-19 prevention behaviors. Further, whereas the heroism, admiration, and rivalry narcissism forms acted in a typically antisocial manner, with high narcissism predicting greater endorsement of unfounded health beliefs, the sanctity form acted in a prosocial manner, with higher narcissism being linked to lower endorsement of unfounded COVID-19 health beliefs. Thus, the findings (a) support the idea of four narcissism forms acting differently, and (b) show that these differences reflect a double-edged sword, sometimes linking to an anti-social orientation, and sometimes linking to a pro-social orientation.
... Doubtlessly, previous studies seem to support this conclusion. For example, the data from Poland show that collective narcissism is an important predictor of voting for populism (Marchlewska et al., 2018). Similarly, with reliance on a British sample, collective narcissism is susceptible to strained cooperation with other countries . ...
Collective narcissism, as a belief about the in-group’s exceptionality, is broadly studied in general inter-group relationships. While collective narcissism is gaining more and more attention, little research has been done to address the interrelation between collective narcissism and international prosocial behavior. Based on agency-communion model of collective narcissism, we assessed whether collective forms of narcissistic agency and communion predicted international prosocial behavior differently in the Chinese context or not. We also examined the mediating roles of prosocial motives and strategical motives which may play in the relationship between collective narcissism and international prosocial behavior. The results of the study indicated that: (1) Collective narcissism was positively associated with in-group satisfaction. (2) Agentic collective narcissism negatively predicted humanitarian aid, but there was no significant mediating effect of strategic motives in the relationship between agentic collective narcissism and humanitarian aid. (3) Communal collective narcissism positively predicted humanitarian aid. Interestingly, both prosocial motives and strategic motives played mediating roles in the relationship between communal collective narcissism and humanitarian aid. Altogether, these findings advanced our understanding of the mechanism driving the link between collective narcissism and international prosocial behavior in the Chinese culture. The evidence also showed that the communal aspects of collective narcissism prompt and encourage international prosocial behavior not only through prosocial motives but also strategic motives.
... This behavior may serve to see the world more predictable by avoiding the uncertainty of politics in the country (Stewart et al., 2019). Significant relationships were also observed between the COVID-19 outbreak and outgroup derogation in different samples (e.g., Van Assche et al., 2020;Żemojtel-Piotrowska et al., 2021). ...
This study aims to reveal the fake news content in the context of the social identity approach and to examine the mediating role of perceived outgroup on the association between ingroup identification and detecting fake news blaming ingroup, outgroup, or fictional groups. Study 1 found that fake news could be gathered under six themes: contacted‐outgroup blaming, represented‐outgroup blaming, outgroup derogation, outgroup appreciation, ingroup glorification, and phantom‐mastermind blaming. In preregistered Study 2 with representative non‐weird participants ( N = 216), we examined the mediating role of perceived outgroup threat on the association between ingroup identification and detecting fake news revealed in Study 1. Perceived outgroup threat was only mediating for detecting outgroup‐blaming fake news when intuitive and analytical thinking styles were controlled. Detecting ingroup‐blaming fake news was associated with ingroup identification. Analytical thinking predicted only detecting phantom‐mastermind‐blaming fake news. Findings demonstrated that the contents of fake news play a vital role in detecting them, and variables pointing to content (i.e., ingroup identification for ingroup‐blaming fake news, and perceived outgroup threat for outgroup‐blaming fake news) are predictive for detecting fake news.
... The intention to help outgroup members is less likely to arise with such beliefs. This tendency could be more pronounced during the pandemic because COVID-19 evoked threats to one's sense of group superiority (Sternisko et al., 2020;Ż emojtel-Piotrowska et al., 2022). ...
This study analyzes how a novel psychological factor-collective narcissism-affects giving behavior to national and international charities during the COVID-19 pandemic. We found that collective narcissists tended to keep more resources for themselves or national charities while giving less to international charities. In line with the group threat theory, this tendency is more pronounced in countries with a high share of foreign population. Our findings suggest that the shared experience of the global COVID-19 public health crisis did not blur the boundaries between ingroups and outgroups for collective narcissists. These results imply that mitigating outgroup hostility associated with collective narcissism is critical to strengthening cross-national solidarity during unprecedented crises. However, more contact with foreign nationals might not reduce the negative impact of collective narcissism.
Background: Personality traits are significant indicators of health across the lifespan, and influence behavioral choices. Available research evidence shows that personality can play a role in adherence to preventive health behaviors during the COVID-19 crisis. Certain traits increase the risk of infection, while others enhance coping with the COVID-19 pandemic. Objectives: This review examines how personality influences adherence to health guidelines during a crisis. Method: A narrative synthesis approach was used to review studies showing how personality traits are associated with adherence to COVID-19 preventive measures. Results: The Findings suggest that benevolent personality traits correlate with greater adherence, while malevolent personality traits increase the risk of noncompliance with public health measures. Specifically, conscientiousness emerges as the strongest predictor of adherence to health regulations and behaviors. Conclusions: According to the results of this review, it can be concluded that personality can be a determinant of individual differences in compliance. This means that people with different personality traits are more or less likely to comply with health measures and rules. Understanding these connections can help public health officials develop more effective strategies to promote healthy behaviors.
In a multinational study (61 countries; N =15,039), we examined how collective narcissists, both agentic (ACN) and communal (CCN), reacted cognitively (through endorsement of unfounded conspiracy and health beliefs) and behaviorally (via prevention, hoarding, and prosociality) to the pandemic. Higher ACN and CCN predicted greater endorsement of COVID-19 unfounded beliefs and higher likelihood of having recently engaged in pandemic-related prevention, hoarding, and prosociality. The predictive effects of ACN and CCN were inde
pendent, suggesting construct separability. Fear positively predicted endorsement of unfounded beliefs and behaviors, but the slope of that relation was flattened when ACN and CCN were particularly high. Finally, the relation between ACN or CCN and outcomes changed across countries varying in collective fear.
Even though Poles accept war refugees from Ukraine, the refugees could represent a realistic threat (via economic competition), which could create anti-refugee attitudes. However, they are unlikely to represent a symbolic threat toward ingroup values, given that they are culturally like Poles. Agentic and communal national
narcissists differ in their sensitivity toward realistic and symbolic threats but agentic ones are more sensitive to realistic threats whereas communal ones react more to symbolic ones. Therefore, we expect their different reactions toward Ukrainian refugees along with accepting relevant justifications of such reactions, that is, Russian anti-Ukrainian narration. Therefore, we examined (N = 402) the attitudes of Polish national agentic and communal narcissists toward Ukrainian refugees, both directly and indirectly, through belief in Russian narration. Agentic national narcissism was associated with less favorable attitudes toward Ukrainians both directly and indirectly through stronger beliefs in Russian narration. Communal national narcissism was correlated with more favorable attitudes toward Ukrainians and weaker beliefs in Russian narration. The results align with the idea that national narcissists react stronger to the kind of threat relevant to the domain that satisfies their narcissistic needs. Therefore, national narcissism is not necessarily accompanied by more anti-refugee prejudice.
We investigated pandemic denial in the general public in Germany after the first wave of COVID-19 in May 2020. Using latent class analysis, we compared patterns of disagreement with claims about (a) the origin, spread, or infectiousness of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and (b) the personal risk from COVID-19 between scientific laypersons (N = 1,575) and scientific experts (N = 128). Two groups in the general public differed distinctively from expert evaluations. The Dismissive (8%) are characterized by lowrisk assessment, low compliance with containment measures, and mistrust in politicians. The Doubtful (19%) are characterized by low cognitive reflection, high uncertainty in the distinction between true and false claims, and high social media intake. Our research indicates that pandemic denial cannot be linked to a single and distinct pattern of psychological dispositions but involves different subgroups within the general population that share high COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs and low beliefs in epistemic complexity.
Objectives: We aimed to introduce, validate, and showcase the utility of a new construct: communal collective narcissism.
Method: We conducted four studies, in which we developed a new scale for communal collective narcissism (Study 1, N = 856), tested the construct’s unique predictions (Study 2, N = 276), examined its social relevance (Study 3, N = 250), and assessed its implications for intergroup outcomes (Study 4, N = 664).
Results. In Study 1, we verified the structural soundness of the Communal Collective Narcissism Inventory. In Study 2, we obtained evidence for a defining feature of communal collective narcissism, namely that it predicts communal, but not agentic, ingroup-enhancement. In Study 3, we illustrated the social relevance of communal collective narcissism. Communal collective narcissists derogated outgroup members, if those outgroups threatened the ingroup and the threat targeted the ingroup’s communion. Finally, in Study 4, we showed that communal collective narcissism predicts intergroup outcomes in the communal domain (e.g., humanitarian aid) better than agentic collective narcissism does, whereas agentic collective narcissism predicts intergroup outcomes in the agentic domain (i.e., preferences for military aggression) better than communal collective narcissism does.
Conclusions: The construct of communal collective narcissism is conceptually and empirically distinct from classic (i.e., agentic) collective narcissism.
Although it is known that collective narcissism is associated with problematic intergroup relations, its predictors are less well understood. Two studies, conducted in four European Union countries (Germany, Greece, Portugal, the United Kingdom [UK]), tested the hypotheses that integrated (i.e., realistic and symbolic) threat (Study 1, N = 936) as well as distinctiveness threat (Study 2, N = 434) positively predict national collective narcissism and national ingroup satisfaction, but that only national collective narcissism predicts problematic intergroup relations in reference to threatening outgroups. The results were consistent with those hypotheses. The two types of threat predicted increased national collective narcissism and national ingroup satisfaction. However, only national collective narcissism was associated with negative emotions and hostile behavioral intentions toward the threatening outgroups, when its overlap with national ingroup satisfaction was partialled out. These cross-national findings advanced knowledge of predictors, as well as consequences, of collective narcissism.
distinction refers to ingroup enhancement based on perceived exceptional agency (e.g., bragging about the group’s competence, ability, and ambition) or based on perceived exceptional communion (e.g., bragging about the ingroup’s helpfulness, compassion, and morality). We consider the relevance of the agency-communion model of individual narcissism for the group level. In particular, we discuss the theoretical and empirical consequences of splitting the collective narcissism into agentic and communal as well as the psychometric properties of two scales: the Collective Narcissism Scale (purported to assess agentic collective narcissism) and the Communal Collective Narcissism Inventory (purported to assess communal collective narcissism). Further, we present evidences for the scales’ reliability, validity, as well as cross-cultural and cross-group replicability. We conclude that the Collective Narcissism Scale measures predominantly agentic ingroup enhancement, whereas the Communal Collective Narcissism Inventory measures predominantly communal ingroup enhancement.
Keywords: collective narcissism; agency; communion; Collective Narcissism Scale; Communal Collective Narcissism Inventory
In three studies we examine the link between types of national identity and support for leaving the European Union (EU). We found that national collective narcissism (but not national identification without the narcissistic component) was positively associated with a willingness to vote Leave, over and above the effect of political orientation. This pattern was observed in a representative Polish sample (Study 1, n = 635), as well as in samples of Polish youth (Study 2, n = 219), and both Polish (n = 73) and British (n = 60) professionals employed in the field of international relations (Study 3). In Studies 2 and 3 this effect was mediated by biased EU membership perceptions. The role of defensive versus secure forms of in-group identification in shaping support for EU membership is discussed.
A frequent rhetoric in the political arena calls members of larger groups like nations to lay aside all dividing differences and unite in face of a common threat. In the present research we sought to test whether such a unifying effect of external threat already manifests in such basic cognitive processes as automatic categorization even for such strong schisms as the ones between black and white Americans or Israeli Jews and Arabs. In Studies 1 & 2 (N = 183/144, USA), we established the decategorization effect in the context of black and white US Americans. In Study 3, we showed the effect again in a German lab for the gender category (N = 101). In Study 4 (N = 168, Israel), we transferred the effect to the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and teased apart the separate effects of intergroup threat, common goal and common threat, and category membership of participants. In summary, a “common enemy” leads to the decategorization of social groups already at an early automatic stage.
Threat is one of the most important predictors for attitudes towards refugees and migration. The current research addresses the role of different threat types and emotional reactions in the context of refugee migration with a multi‐method approach. Using qualitative (Study 1, N = 202) and quantitative (Studies 2–4, N = 873) methods, we identified six types of threat that majority group members in Germany experience in the face of refugee migration: Concerns about cultural differences (symbolic threat), financial strain (realistic threat), criminal acts (safety threat), conflicts within society (cohesion threat), increasing xenophobia (prejudice threat), and refugee care (altruistic threat). All these threat types elicited negative emotions and were associated with negative attitudes towards refugees and support for restrictive migration policies. Paradoxically, concerns about refugee care predicted support for restrictive migration policies particularly well (altruistic threat paradox), which can be explained by a lack of emotional responses to this type of threat. Based on these findings, we propose a bidirectional model of intergroup threat.
This article proposes a new theoretical framework for the reviewed state‐of‐the‐art research on collective narcissism—the belief that the ingroup’s exceptionality is not sufficiently appreciated by others. Collective narcissism is motivated by the investment of an undermined sense of self‐esteem into the belief in the ingroup’s entitlement to privilege. Collective narcissism lies in the heart of populist rhetoric. The belief in ingroup’s exceptionality compensates the undermined sense of self‐worth, leaving collective narcissists hypervigilant to signs of threat to the ingroup’s position. People endorsing the collective narcissistic belief are prone to biased perceptions of intergroup situations and to conspiratorial thinking. They retaliate to imagined provocations against the ingroup but sometimes overlook real threats. They are prejudiced and hostile. Deficits in emotional regulation, hostile attribution bias, and vindictiveness lie behind the robust link between collective narcissism and intergroup hostility. Interventions that support the regulation of negative emotions, such as experiencing self‐transcendent emotions, decrease the link between collective narcissism and intergroup hostility and offer further insights into the nature of collective narcissism.
The Leave campaign in the U.K., which advocated exiting the European Union, emphasized anxiety over immigration and the need to take control of the U.K.'s borders. Citizens who expressed concerns about immigration to the U.K. were more likely to vote to leave. Two correlational studies examined the previously unexplored question of whether the Brexit vote and support for the outcome of the E.U. referendum were linked to individual predictors of prejudice toward foreigners: British collective narcissism (a belief in national greatness), right wing authoritarianism, and social dominance orientation. The results converged to indicate that all three variables were independently related to the perceived threat of immigrants and, via this variable, to the Brexit vote and a support for the outcome of the E.U. referendum. These variables explained the variance in the perceived threat of immigrants and support for the Brexit vote over and above other previously examined predictors such as age, education, or ethnicity, as well as, national identification and national attachment.
Results of five studies (N=1596) linked collective narcissism—a belief in in-group exaggerated greatness
contingent on external validation—to direct and indirect, retaliatory hostility in response to situations that collective narcissists perceived as insulting to the in-group but which fell well beyond the definition of an insult. In Turkey, collective narcissists responded with schadenfreude to the European economic crisis after feeling humiliated by the Turkish wait to be admitted to the European Union (Study 1). In Portugal, they supported hostile actions towards Germans and rejoiced in the German economic crisis after perceiving Germany’s position in the European Union as more important than the position of Portugal (Study 2). In Poland, they supported hostile actions towards the makers of a movie they found offensive to Poland (Studies 3 and 5) and responded with direct and indirect hostility towards a celebrity whose jokes about the Polish government they found offensive (Study 4). Comparisons with self-positivity and in-group positivity
indices and predictors of intergroup hostility indicated that collective narcissism is the only systematic predictor of hypersensitivity to in-group insult followed by direct and indirect, retaliatory intergroup hostility. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology
Guided by the Needs-Based Model of Reconciliation, we hypothesized that being a member of a victimized
group would be associated with a threat to the status and power of one’s ingroup, whereas being a member of a perpetrating group would threaten the image of the ingroup as moral and socially acceptable. A social
exchange interaction through which victims feel empowered by their perpetrators and perpetrators feel accepted by their victims was thus predicted to enhance the parties’ willingness to reconcile. Supporting the predictions across two experiments, members of the perpetrator group (Jews in Study 1 and Germans in Study 2) showed greater willingness to reconcile when they received a message of acceptance, rather than empowerment, from a member of the victimized group. Members of the victimized group (Arabs in Study 1 and Jews in Study 2) demonstrated the opposite effect. Applied and theoretical implications of these results are discussed.
When their sense of personal control is threatened people try to restore perceived control through the social self. We propose that it is the perceived agency of ingroups that provides the self with a sense of control. In three experiments, we for the first time tested the hypothesis that threat to personal control increases the attractiveness of being part or joining those groups that are perceived as coherent entities engaging in coordinated group goal pursuit (agentic groups) but not of those groups whose agency is perceived to be low. Consistent with this hypothesis we found in Study 1 (N = 93) that threat to personal control increased ingroup identification only with task groups, but not with less agentic types of ingroups that were made salient simultaneously. Furthermore, personal control threat increased a sense of collective control and support within the task group, mediated through task-group identification (indirect effects). Turning to groups people are not (yet) part of, Study 2 (N = 47) showed that personal control threat increased relative attractiveness ratings of small groups as possible future ingroups only when the relative agency of small groups was perceived to be high. Perceived group homogeneity or social power did not moderate the effect. Study 3 (N = 78) replicated the moderating role of perceived group agency for attractiveness ratings of entitative groups, whereas perceived group status did not moderate the effect. These findings extend previous research on group-based control, showing that perceived agency accounts for group-based responses to threatened control.
1. In the face of natural complexities and multicollinearity, model selection and predictions using multiple regression may be ambiguous and risky. Confounding effects of predictors often cloud researchers’ assessment and interpretation of the single best ‘magic model’. The shortcomings of stepwise regression have been extensively described in statistical literature, yet it is still widely used in ecological literature. Similarly, hierarchical regression which is thought to be an improvement of the stepwise procedure, fails to address multicollinearity.
2. We propose that regression commonality analysis (CA), a technique more commonly used in psychology and education research will be helpful in interpreting the typical multiple regression analyses conducted on ecological data.
3. CA decomposes the variance of R2 into unique and common (or shared) variance (or effects) of predictors, and hence, it can significantly improve exploratory capabilities in studies where multiple regressions are widely used, particularly when predictors are correlated. CA can explicitly identify the magnitude and location of multicollinearity and suppression in a regression model.
In this paper, using a simulated (from a correlation matrix) and an empirical dataset (human habitat selection, migration of Canadians across cities), we demonstrate how CA can be used with correlated predictors in multiple regression to improve our understanding and interpretation of data. We strongly encourage the use of CA in ecological research as a follow-on analysis from multiple regressions.
Results of 4 experiments demonstrated that under in-group image threat collective narcissism predicts retaliatory intergroup hostility. Under in-group criticism (vs. praise) collective narcissists expressed intention to harm the offending out-group but not other, nonoffending out-groups. This effect was specific to collective narcissism and was replicated in studies that accounted for the overlap between collective narcissism and individual narcissism, in-group positivity (in-group identification, blind and constructive patriotism), social dominance orientation, and right wing authoritarianism. The link between collective narcissism and retaliatory intergroup hostility under in-group image threat was found in the context of national identity and international relations and in the context of a social identity defined by university affiliation. Study 4 demonstrated that the relationship between collective narcissism and intergroup hostility was mediated by the perception of in-group criticism as personally threatening. The results advance our understanding of the mechanism driving the link between collective narcissism and intergroup hostility. They indicate that threatened egotism theory can be extended into the intergroup domain. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved).
To obtain reliable measures researchers prefer multiple-item questionnaires rather than single-item tests. Multiple-item questionnaires may be costly however and time-consuming for participants to complete. They therefore frequently administer two-item measures, the reliability of which is commonly assessed by computing a reliability coefficient. There is some disagreement, however, what the most appropriate indicator of scale reliability is when a measure is composed of two items. The most frequently reported reliability statistic for multiple-item scales is Cronbach’s coefficient alpha and many researchers report this coefficient for their two-item measure. Others however claim that coefficient alpha is inappropriate and meaningless for two-item scales. Instead, they recommend using the Pearson correlation coefficient as a measure of reliability. Still others argue that the inter-item correlation equals the split-half reliability estimate for the two-item measure and they advocate the use of the Spearman-Brown formula to estimate the reliability of the total scale. As these recommendations are reported without elaborating, there is considerable confusion among end users as to the best reliability coefficient for two-item measures. This note aims to clarify the issue.
This article reports the results of 2 studies examining altruism born of suffering (E. Staub & J. R. Vollhardt, 2008). More specifically, we examined inclusive altruism born of suffering, which is directed toward members of disadvantaged outgroups. Drawing on and integrating clinical and social psychological theories, we hypothesized that individuals who had suffered from adverse life events would be more likely to help the outgroups in need than those who had not suffered. This was demonstrated for helpers who had experienced various forms of suffering (interpersonal and group-based harm, natural disasters) and for 2 distinct types of prosocial behavior and attitudes (long-term volunteering and disaster aid) benefiting outgroups within society and from other countries. We also found that prosocial attitudes toward tsunami victims were highest among those who had suffered in a similar way (from natural disasters). Additionally, we examined the underlying social psychological processes and found that empathy and reduced ingroup bias (but not personal distress) mediated the effect (Study 2). Implications for social justice and an empowering view of victims as potential helpers in society are discussed.
This article introduces the concept of collective narcissism--an emotional investment in an unrealistic belief about the in group's greatness--aiming to explain how feelings about an ingroup shape a tendency to aggress against outgroups. The results of 5 studies indicate that collective, but not individual, narcissism predicts intergroup aggressiveness. Collective narcissism is related to high private and low public collective self-esteem and low implicit group esteem. It predicts perceived threat from outgroups, unwillingness to forgive outgroups, preference for military aggression over and above social dominance orientation, right-wing authoritarianism, and blind patriotism. The relationship between collective narcissism and aggressiveness is mediated by perceived threat from outgroups and perceived insult to the ingroup. In sum, the results indicate that collective narcissism is a form of high but ambivalent group esteem related to sensitivity to threats to the ingroup's image and retaliatory aggression.
G*Power is a free power analysis program for a variety of statistical tests. We present extensions and improvements of the version introduced by Faul, Erdfelder, Lang, and Buchner (2007) in the domain of correlation and regression analyses. In the new version, we have added procedures to analyze the power of tests based on (1) single-sample tetrachoric correlations, (2) comparisons of dependent correlations, (3) bivariate linear regression, (4) multiple linear regression based on the random predictor model, (5) logistic regression, and (6) Poisson regression. We describe these new features and provide a brief introduction to their scope and handling.
R(2) effect-size measures are presented to assess variance accounted for in mediation models. The measures offer a means to evaluate both component paths and the overall mediated effect in mediation models. Statistical simulation results indicate acceptable bias across varying parameter and sample-size combinations. The measures are applied to a real-world example using data from a team-based health promotion program to improve the nutrition and exercise habits of firefighters. SAS and SPSS computer code are also provided for researchers to compute the measures in their own data.
Interest in the problem of method biases has a long history in the behavioral sciences. Despite this, a comprehensive summary of the potential sources of method biases and how to control for them does not exist. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to examine the extent to which method biases influence behavioral research results, identify potential sources of method biases, discuss the cognitive processes through which method biases influence responses to measures, evaluate the many different procedural and statistical techniques that can be used to control method biases, and provide recommendations for how to select appropriate procedural and statistical remedies for different types of research settings.
Narcissism is a polyhedric construct. It assumes different forms: grandiose versus vulnerable, agentic versus communal, admirative versus rivalrous, collective versus individual. These predict unique outcomes, but can be integrated under structural models that contribute predictive power or process models that contribute explanatory power.
The narcissistic nucleus may be unstable, especially for some forms (vulnerable, collective).
Parental overvaluation may predict grandiose narcissism, although the role of parental inconsistency in predicting other forms of narcissism (e.g., vulnerable) is worth investigating.
Narcissism may entail some intrapersonal benefits for narcissists (especially grandiose ones), such as psychological health, serving as a buffer against adversity, and motivating better performance.
Given that narcissism entails interpersonal and social costs, laboratory techniques have addressed ways to curtail it, although long-term and behaviour-oriented interventions are needed.
In a nationally representative sample from Poland (N = 755), we examined the relationships between the Dark Triad traits (i.e., psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism) and collective narcissism (i.e., agentic and communal) on the one hand, and behaviors related to the COVID-19 pandemic at (1) the zero-order level, at (2) the latent variance level, and (3) indirectly through health beliefs about the virus (i.e., the health belief model) on the other. We focused on preventive and hoarding behaviors as common reactions toward the pandemic. Participants characterized by the Dark Triad traits engaged less in prevention and more in hoarding, whereas those characterized by collective narcissism engaged in more hoarding only. Coronavirus-related health beliefs mediated patterns of prevention (fully) and hoarding (partially) in the latent Dark Triad (Dark Core) and collective narcissism. However, specific beliefs worked in opposite directions, resulting in a weak indirect effect for prevention and a null indirect effect for hoarding. The results point to the utility of health beliefs in predicting behaviors during the pandemic, explaining (at least in part) problematic behaviors associated with the dark personalities (i.e., Dark Triad, collective narcissism).
There are two classes of explanations of prejudice: situational and personality. In a sample of Polish community members (N = 394), we tried to understand personality variance in prejudice towards refugees (i.e., classical and modern prejudice along with social distance) by considering the role of individual differences in the Dark Triad traits (i.e., narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism), collective narcissism (i.e., agentic and communal), social dominance, and authoritarianism. Both the Dark Triad traits and collective narcissism were associated with prejudice towards refugees among Poles, but the association for the former was fully mediated by social dominance-an effect that was stronger in men-whereas the association for the latter was partially mediated by authoritarianism-an effect that was stronger in women. We discuss our findings referring to a dual process model of prejudice.
Sample correlations converge to the population value with increasing sample size, but the estimates are often inaccurate in small samples. In this report we use Monte-Carlo simulations to determine the critical sample size from which on the magnitude of a correlation can be expected to be stable. The necessary sample size to achieve stable estimates for correlations depends on the effect size, the width of the corridor of stability (i.e., a corridor around the true value where deviations are tolerated), and the requested confidence that the trajectory does not leave this corridor any more. Results indicate that in typical scenarios the sample size should approach 250 for stable estimates.
In this chapter we attempt to integrate work from the fields of close relationships and approach and avoidance motivation, in the hopes of enhancing our understanding of interpersonal relationships and motivation more broadly. Understanding the regulation of social incentives and threats is likely to be particularly important, because the majority of life experiences, both meaningful and trivial, take place in the context of close relationships. First we briefly review the prolific literature on the approach-avoidance distinction, including work in general motivation and the achievement motivation domain. Next we summarize previous work on social motivation, including work on affiliation, intimacy, and rejection motives and goals. Finally, we present a model of approach and avoidance social motivation that may be useful for understanding both regulation in the context of specific close relationships and social regulatory processes more broadly, along with preliminary evidence in the support of the model and questions for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
We propose that two psychological dimensions, one relevant to relationships and group life (communion, C) and the other to skill acquisition, talent, and accomplishment (agency, A), aid people in interpreting their social worlds. Moreover, our analysis demonstrates the privileged nature of the C dimension and its relative stability compared to the A dimension across contexts and cultures. In Study 1 we use a standard compilation of culturally universal practices and show that the C dimension accounts for the majority of these universals, implying that the meaning of A traits varies more across cultures than that of C traits. In Studies 2 and 3, we provide evidence for this proposal using different judgment paradigms and cultural groups. The findings indicate that there is greater similarity and consensus in how people make sense of and judge information from the C than A dimension. We discuss the findings in terms of the recurring challenges people face over time as a result of living in groups. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Typically, people rate enhancement needs as more important than security needs to their well-being. Two studies tested whether
event valence and prior trauma moderate relative need importance. Traumatized (hurricane survivors) and non-traumatized (control)
participants recalled the most “distressing” (security-relevant) or “satisfying” (enhancement-relevant) event they had recently
experienced and rated the importance of 10 needs in defining the event. In both studies, event valence moderated relative
need importance on explicit (salience) and implicit (affect) measures as enhancement needs were more important for enhancement-relevant
(satisfying) events whereas security needs were more important for security-relevant (distressing) events. However, results
also suggest that differences in traumatic experience across samples moderated the effect of event valence on relative need
importance. Unlike non-traumatized (control) participants, traumatized (hurricane survivors) participants did not reassign
greater importance to enhancement over security needs when event valence shifted to enhancement-relevant (satisfying) memories.
We close by discussing implications for human motivation.
Loss of control stimulates approach motivation
- K H Greenaway
- K R Storrs
- M C Philipp
- W R Louis
- M J Hornsey
- K D Vohs
Greenaway, K.H., Storrs, K.R., Philipp, M.C., Louis, W.R., Hornsey, M.J., & Vohs, K.D.
(2014). Loss of control stimulates approach motivation. Journal of Experimental
Social Psychology, 56, 235-241. doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2014.10.009
Life on lockdown in China: Forty-five days of avoiding the coronavirus
- P Hessler
Hessler, P. (2020) Life on lockdown in China: Forty-five days of avoiding the coronavirus.
Accessed on 12 December 2020 at
https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/03/30/life-on-lockdown-in-china
China is legally responsible for COVID-19 damage and claims could be in the trillions
- J Kraska
Kraska, J. (2020). China is legally responsible for COVID-19 damage and claims could be in
the trillions. Accessed on 16 April 2020 at https://warontherocks.com/2020/03/chinais-legally-responsible-for-covid-19-damage-and-claims-could-be-in-the-trillions
China responsibility for the global pandemic
- R Miller
- W Starshak
Miller, R. & Starshak, W. (2020). China responsibility for the global pandemic. Accessed on
16 th April 2020 at https://www.justsecurity.org/69398/chinas-responsibility-for-theglobal-pandemic
Shining light on the dark side of personality: Measurement properties and theoretical advances
- M Żemojtel-Piotrowska
- J Piotrowski
- C Sedikides
Żemojtel-Piotrowska, M., Piotrowski, J., & Sedikides, C. (in press). Agentic collective
narcissism and communal collective narcissism. In P.K. Jonason (Ed.), Shining light
on the dark side of personality: Measurement properties and theoretical advances.
London, England: Hogrefe.
Coronavirus: Opinion and reaction - Results from a multi-country poll
- Ipsos
Package: yhat. Version 2.0-2
- K Nimon
- P Oswald
- J K Roberts