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Elena Marushiakova, Vesselin Popov (Eds.)
Roma Voices in History
A Sourcebook
Roma Civic Emancipation in Central, South-Eastern
and Eastern Europe from the 19th Century
until World War II
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The open access of this volume is possible thanks to funding from the European Research Council for the Project
RomaInterbellum. Roma Civic Emancipation between the Two World Wars, ERC-Advanced Grant no.69466,
hosted by University of St Andrews.
This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 License, which
permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no
alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited.
Further information and the complete license text can be found at
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated
by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the
respective copyright holder.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30965/9783657705184
Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek
The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliograe; detailed
bibliographic data available online: http://dnb.d-nb.de
© 2021 by the Editors and Authors. Published by Ferdinand Schöningh, an imprint of the Brill-Group
(Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, Netherlands; Brill USA Inc., Boston MA, USA; Brill Asia Pte Ltd, Singapore;
Brill Deutschland GmbH, Paderborn, Germany)
www.schoeningh.de
Ferdinand Schöningh reserves the right to protect the publication against unauthorized use and to authorize
dissemination by means of ofprints, legitimate photocopies, microform editions, reprints, translations, and
secondary information sources, such as abstracting and indexing services including databases.
Requests for commercial re-use, use of parts of the publication, and/or translations must be addressed to
Ferdinand Schöningh.
Cover image: Original drawing of the cover layout of the rst issue of journal Romany zorya. Author N. Zakharova.
With courtesy of the Personal Archive of Nikolay Bessonov.
Cover design: Evelyn Ziegler, Munich
Production: Brill Deutschland GmbH, Paderborn
---- (hardback)
---- (e-book)
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5.3 Media Testimonials
5.3.1 May Day
1 Mayıs Eğlencel Geçt.
Brkaç kş amele arasında tahrkât yapmak stedlerse de yakalandılar.
1 Mayıs öteden ber her tarafta amele bayramı olarak kabul edlmş bulunduğu çn,
İstanbul zabıtası komünst tahrkâtı ve propagandasını yapmak üzere bugünden stfade
etmek steyenlere karşı, her sene olduğu gb dün de sıkı tertbat almıştır.
On beş gün evvelnden ber şehrmzn muhtelf yerlernde, blhassa amelenn mütekâ-
sf bulunduğu mahallerde şçler ve halkı komünstlğe tahrk edc bazı beyannameler
bulunmuş, bunun üzerne zabıta tarafından tahkkat ve takbat crasına başlanılmıştı.
Beyanname, dağıtmağa ve taşkınlık yapmaya teşebbüs edecekler anlaşılan ameleden
52 kadarı nezaret altına alınmışlardı.
Buna rağmen evvelk gece sabaha karşı şehrn Şşl, Paşabahçe, Cbal ve Ortaköy
gb bazı yerlernde beyannameler dağıtılmak stenmş, br, k yere de bayrak asılmak
teşebbüsünde bulunulmuştur. Fakat müteyakkız olan zabıta kuvvetler bu beyanname-
lerle bayrakları ele geçrdkler gb müteşebbsler de yakalamışlardır. Bunlardan başka
evvelk gece sabaha karşı br şahsın elndek br paket Fathte Gelenbev mekteb civa-
rındaki bir arsaya bırakmak stedğ görülmüş, kends tevkf edlmştr. Paketn çnde
brçok beyannameler bulunmuştur.
Ufak kıt’ada ve matbu olan bu beyannameler, Cemyet Akvama, ş kanununa, Avrupa
emperyalzmne at komünst fkrlern htva etmekte, üstlernde kırmızı orak çekç şa-
ret, altında (Türkye komünst fırkası) bares bulunmaktadır.
Kadıköyü’nde üç yere de bu beyannamelerden atılmış ve bunları atanlar da
yakalanmıştır.
Kadıköy le Gelenbev mekteb cvarında yakalananlardan brnn şehrmze yen gel-
dğ anlaşılmıştır.
Dğer br ksnn “Kıbt” oldukları da meydana çıkmıştır. Beyanname dağıtmak, bayrak
asmak ve sare gb şuçlardan dolayı zan altına alınanların yekûnu yrmy bulmaktadır.
Şuraya buraya asılmak stenen ve tutulan bayraklar kırmızı zemn üstüne beyaz yazı
le yazılmış “1 Mayıs amelenn mücadele günüdür” baresn muhtevdr.
Zabıta tarafından dün, amelenn usulsüz ve nzamsız br şeklde toplanmalarına mey-
dan verlmemş, fabrka ve depolarda znsz ve şüphel olarak vazfelern terkeden bazı
şçler hakkında da tahkkata başlanmıştır.
Baharı tes’t
1 Mayıs öteden ber baharın başlangıcı sayılır. Dün brçok aleler bu münasebetle kır-
larda gezmşler, eğlentler tertp etmşlerdr. Sabahleyn erkenden ççeklerle süslenen br-
çok otomobller ve otobüsler kalabalık kafleler Kâğıthane’ye, Hürryet Ebedye tepes
cvarına, Boğazç’ne ve şehrn dğer mesrelerne götürmüşlerdr.
1 Mayıs gezntlerne çıkan aleler esk br âdete tevfkan fazla mktarda süt çtklern-
den dün Beyoğlu’nda adeta br süt buhranı olmuştur.
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.
Mayday was Full of Joy.
Although a few persons intended to provoke workers, they have been detained.
As the rst day of May has been accepted as a Labour holiday, Istanbul police have
taken strict security measures against the ones who intend to exploit May Day to make
communist provocation and propaganda as it happens each year.
In the last 15 days, in diferent parts of our city, particularly the places with a dense
labourer concentration, some leaets provoking workers and people in a pro-communist
manner have been found and therefore the police have initiated an investigation and
prosecution.
The fty-two of the workers whose intention had been detected to distribute leaets
and to create an uproar have already been arrested.
Nevertheless, there have been attempts to distribute the leaets in diferent parts of
the city such as Şişli, Paşabahçe, Cibali, and Ortaköy and in one or two places to display
some ags. However, police forces that had already been on the alert found the leaets
and caught the ofenders. Furthermore, a person trying to leave a package on the terrain
around Gelenbevi School in Fatih has been arrested. There were many leaets in the
package.
The leaets in small size and printed included communist ideas about the league of
nations, labour law, and European imperialism; a red hammer and sickle and an inscrip-
tion ‘the Communist Party of Turkey’ were located on their top and bottom, respectively.
These leaets were also distributed in three places in Kadıköy, and their distributors
have been arrested.
It is understood that one of the persons who has been arrested around Kadıköy and
Gelenbevi was a newcomer to our city.
It is also detected that a few of them were ‘Gypsies’ [1]. The number of accused indi-
viduals with the distribution of leaets, displaying ags, etc. was around twenty.
There was an inscription ‘May Day is the Day of Workers’ on the red background with
white letters on the ags which was attempted to be displayed and was found.
Yesterday, the police did not allow the workers to gather illegally and irregularly, and
an investigation has been initiated about the workers who left the factories and stores
suspiciously, without permission.
Celebration of Spring
May Day has been accepted as the beginning of spring all along and therefore, many
families went for a hike and had parties. Many cars and buses adorned with owers car-
ried populous groups to Kağıthane, places around Hürriyeti Ebediye Hill, Boğaziçi and
the other mesîres [2] of the city.
As the families who went on May Day trips drunk too much milk, following an old
tradition, a milk crisis almost occurred in Beyoğlu yesterday.
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Notes
1. The term used is ‘Kıbti’.
2. Mesîre. A local term used for the resorts which were generally located in the country-side
(Devellioğlu, 2013, p. 727). For a detailed description of mesîres in Ottoman and early Republican
İstanbul see Abdülaziz Bey (1995, pp. 290-310) and Kaygılı (2009).
Source: [No Author]. (1933a). 1 Mayıs Eğlenceli Geçti, Cumhuriyet, An. 9, No. 3226, 1933, May 2,
pp. 1-2.
Prepared for publication by Egemen Yılgür.
Comments
In the early republican period, the state was trying to limit the development of the far-left
activists’ organisation with preventive interventions. Members of leftist parties or unions
were not too populous, and it was a simple attempt for the state to trace their move-
ments, particularly of the ex-convict communists. It was also a common practice to arrest
the famous leftists before May Day, including the most prominent representatives of the
Roma tobacco workers. The majority of them were concentrated in a few districts such
as Ortaköy or Hacıhüsrev in İstanbul, and thus, the arrest campaigns primarily targeted
these settlements. One of the most important and famous personalities among Roma
tobacco workers, Zehra Kosova realised the presence of the politicised workers in her
neighbourhood when she witnessed the detention of her friends’ husbands before each
May Day (Kosova, 1996, p. 75).
The Gypsy tobacco workers were not enthusiastic to declare their Roma identity pub-
licly. Nevertheless, their non-Roma comrades were aware of the tobacco workers’ ethnic
background and expressed this in in-group conversations. However, they also preferred
not to emphasise it publicly. It was more likely that it was state of pro-state authors who
underlined this issue and raised it as an objection against the Roma tobacco workers’
reliability as political subjects. The narrative of Sayılgan (1969), a former leftist and one of
the most consistent critics of the Communist Party of Turkey, exemplies this intention
the use of stereotypes against ‘Gypsies’ was done in order to discredit the Roma cadres
of leftist organisations and the left itself. The news above indicates that the development
of this discourse occurred in the early republican era: The anonymous writer of the news
indicates the presence of ‘Gypsies’ among the detained ones in a specic paragraph.
Egemen Yılgür
5.3.2 The Trial of the Communists
Komünstlern Muhakemes.
Geçen 1 Mayıs’ta komünstlk tahrkâtı yapmak ve bazı muzır beyannameler dağıt-
mağa teşebbüs etmek ve beyannameler para le tedark edlen brtakım kmselerle
dağıttırmaktan ve duvarlara yapıştırmaktan suçlu olanların dün sabah muhakemelerne
İstanbul Ağır Ceza Mahkemes’nde başlandı.
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.
Muhakemeler gzl olarak yapılan bu suçlular arasında beyannameler dağıtmağa ve
yapıştırmağa memur bazı Çngeneler de vardı.
Komünstlk suçundan dün muhakeme edlenler: Mahmut oğlu Besm, İbş oğlu İbş,
Salh oğlu Hulûs, Mehmet oğlu Mustafa, Osman, Ramazan ve Mümn smnde yed kş-
den barettr.
The trial of the communists.
The trial of the ofenders who make communist provocation and attempt to distribute
pernicious leaets and hire people to distribute the leaets and stick them to walls on
last May Day has been initiated in Istanbul High Penal Court yesterday morning.
Among these criminals whose trial is conducted secretly are some “Gypsies” [1] who
had been assigned to distribute and stick the leaets.
The ones who are accused of being communist are seven people whose names are
Mahmut, the son of Besim, İbiş, the son of İbiş, Salih, the son of Hulûsi, Mehmet, the son
of Mustafa, Osman, Ramazan, and Mümin.
Notes
1. The term used in this case is ‘Çingene’ is an exonym used for Roma, and in many cases, for other
related communities, such as Dom, Lom, Abdals, etc. (Yılgür, 2016, pp. 21-24). However, it is also,
to a lesser degree, self-denomination of some exceptional individuals who see the adoption of the
term the best way to weaken the ethnic discrimination such as the ‘Çingene’ (Gypsy) intellectual,
Mustafa Aksu (2006).
Source: [No Author]. (1933b). Komünistlerin Muhakemesi. Cumhuriyet, Year 10, No. 3266, 1933,
June 11, p. 2.
Prepared for publication by Egemen Yılgür.
Comments
The news above again points to the participation of Gypsies in the communist movement.
At the same time, it exemplies how the press combined the popular prejudices against
‘Gypsies’ and the fear and distrust against communists to discredit the leftist movements
of the era. In the rst passage, the anonymous author declares that the ofenders hired
some people to distribute the leaets. Although it is uncertain who hired whom here,
the author claries its argument in the subsequent passage. There were some Çingeneler
(Gypsies) among the accused ones, and they were assigned to do the tasks mentioned
above. It is not too dicult for the reader to combine the connotations of passages and
extract the possible implication behind the text: Gypsies are not reliable to be dedicated
activists of any movement and, therefore, they can only be the ordinary labourers who
are hired by the evil communists behind the scene.
Egemen Yılgür
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Dictionary of Abbreviations and Neologisms in the USSR
Agitprop / APO. Department for Agitation and Propaganda at TsK VKP(b).
Artel. Producers’ Cooperative.
BSSR. Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
ChK. Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage.
VChK. All-Russian ChK at the SNK RSFSR.
Detgiz. State Publishing House for Children’s Literature.
Fedkomzem. Federal Committee about Issues of Land at VTsIK.
Glavlit. General Directorate for Literature and Publishing.
Glavnauka. Central Administration for Scientific, Scholarly-Artistic, and Museum Institutions.
Gosizdat. State Publishing House.
Goslitizdat / GIKh. State Publishing House for Fiction Literature.
Gosplan. The State Planning Committee.
GPU. State Political Directorate at NKVD RSFSR.
Gubkom. Governorate Committee of VKP(b).
Obkom. Oblast Committee of VKP(b).
Raykom. Rayon Committee of VKP(b).
GUBONO. Governorate Department of Education.
GULAG. Main Directorate of Camps at NKVD.
Ispolkom. Executive Committee of Council of People’s Deputies.
Gubispolkom. Executive Committee of Governorate.
Krayispolkom. Executive Committee of Kray.
Oblispolkom / ObLIK. Executive Committee of Oblast.
Rayispolkom / RIK. Executive Committee of Rayon.
Knigocentr. Soviet Iinstitution for Books and Journals Distribution.
Kogiz. Bookselling Association of State Publishers.
Kolkhoz. Collective Farm.
Kolkhozsoyuz. Union of Agricultural Collectives.
Komsomol. Young Communist League.
RLKSM. Russian Lenin’s Young Communist League (in 1922 renamed to VLKSM).
VLKSM. All-Union Leninist Young Communist League.
Komzet. Committee for Settling Toiling Jews on the Land at Presidium of the VTsik.
Komintern. Communist International, known also as the Third International (1919-1943).
KP(b). Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine.
Kulak. Literally ‘fist’; this is how wealthy peasants, who put in economic dependence and exploited
their fellow peasants, were called in the early USSR.
KPB. Communist Party of Byelorussia.
KUTV. Communist University of the Toilers of the East.
Likbez. Campaign of Eradication of Illiteracy in Soviet Union.
LKSMB. Leninist Communist Youth League of BSSR.
Medgiz. State Medical Publishing House.
MONO. Moscow City’s Department for People’s Education.
Mossovet. Moscow City Soviet of People’s Deputies.
MOZO. Moscow Regional Agricultural Department.
MTS. Machine Tractor Station; a state enterprise for maintenance of agricultural machinery.
Narkomfin. People’s Commissariat of Finances of USSR.
Narkomnats. People’s Commissariat of Nationalities of the RSFSR.
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Narkompros. People’s Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR.
Narkomzem / NKZem / NKZ. People’s Commissariat of Agriculture of USSR.
Natsmen. Member of National Minority.
NKVD. People’s Commissariat of Internal Afairs of RSFSR.
Ogiz. Unied State Publishing House.
OGPU. Joint State Political Directorate at SNK USSR.
Orgburo. Organisational Bureau of TsK VKP(b).
Partizdat. Publishing House for Political Literature at the TsK VKP(b).
Pioneer. Member of the All-Union Pioneer Organisation, mass youth organisation in the Soviet
Union.
Politburo. Political Bureau of TsK VKP(b).
Profizdat. The Soviet Trade-unions Publishing House.
Pyatiletka. The ve-year plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR.
Rabfak. Workers’ Faculty; educational institution that prepared workers to higher education.
RKP(b). Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), from 1925 renamed VKP(b).
ROSTA. Russian Telegraph Agency.
RSFSR. Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.
Selkhozbank. Agricultural Bank.
Selkhozgiz. State Publishing House of Agricultural Literature.
Selsoviet. Village council, local self-administration, a part of the Soviet system of administration.
Semiletka. Secondary school with seven years of education in the USSR.
SNK / Sovnarkom. Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR (from 1922 of the RSFSR).
Little Sovnarkom. Standing Committee to SNK.
Sovnatsmen. Education Department of National Minorities at Narkompros (1918-1921); renamed
Council for the Education of the Peoples of the Non-Russian Language (1921-1924); Central Council
for the Education of National Minorities of the RSFSR (1925-1929); Committee for the Education
of National Minorities of the RSFSR (1929-1934).
Sovnarkhoz. Soviet for National Economy.
SSP. Union of Soviet Writers.
TASS. Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union.
Tsentrizdat. Publishing House of the SNK RSFSR.
TsK KPSS. Central Committee of Communist Party of USSR.
TsK VKP(b). Central Committee of All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).
TsIK. Central Executive Committee of SSSR.
SN TsIK. Council of Nationalities at TsIK SSSR.
TsIK UkrSSR – Central Executive Committee of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.
Tsygkhimprom / Khimprom / Tsygkhimlabor. Gypsy artel for chemical products.
Tsygpishcheprom / Pishcheprom / Pishchepromartel. Gypsy artel for food products.
Uchpedgiz. State Pedagogical Publishing House of the Narkompros.
UkrSSR. Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.
USSR. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
UzSSR. Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic.
VKP(b). All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).
VKSKhSH. Higher Communist Agricultural School.
VKSS. Higher Courses of Soviet Construction at the VTsIK.
VOKS. All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries.
VPK. All-Union Resettlement Committee.
Vsekopromsovet. All-Union Council of the Industrial Cooperation.
Vserabis. All-Union Professional Union of Art Workers.
VTsIK. All-Russian Central Executive Committee.
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1022 Dictionary of Abbreviations and Neologisms in the USSR
ON VTsIK. Department of Nationalities of VTsIK.
VSTs. All-Russian Union of Gypsies.
VTsSPS. All-Union Central Council of Professional Unions.
VUTsVK. All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee.
TsKNM VUTsVK. Central Committee for National Minorities of VUTsVK.
Yacheyka. A primary (lowest) level in the organisational structure of VKP(b).
ZU. Agricultural management.
KrayZU. Regional (on Kray level) agricultural management.
OblZU. Regional (on Oblast level) agricultural management.
RayZU. Regional (on Rayon level) agricultural management.
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References
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[Scientic Archive of Bulgarian Academy of
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ΓΑΚ – ΑΝΣ. Γενικά Αρχεία του Κράτου – Αρχεία Νοµού Σερρών. [General State Archives – Archives
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υποφάκελο 1; 1912, φάκελο 122, υποφάκελο 5.
ΠΑ – ΓΑ . Πρωτοδικείο Αθηνών, Γενικό Αρχείο. [First Instance Court of Athens, General Archive]:
Αριθ. 1 ΚΑΤΑΣΤΑΤΙΚΟΝ. Του Πανεηνίου Μορφωτικού Συόγου Εήνων Αθιάνων.
Hungary
FSEK. Fővárosi Szabó Ervin Könyvtár [Ervin Szabó Metropolitan Library]: B 780/67.
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1935/153 186/3777 cs.
Latvia
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Poland
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Republic of Moldova
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Romania
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Russian Federation
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