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Elena Marushiakova, Vesselin Popov (Eds.)
Roma Voices in History
A Sourcebook
Roma Civic Emancipation in Central, South-Eastern
and Eastern Europe from the 19th Century
until World War II
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The open access of this volume is possible thanks to funding from the European Research Council for the Project
RomaInterbellum. Roma Civic Emancipation between the Two World Wars, ERC-Advanced Grant no.69466,
hosted by University of St Andrews.
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permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no
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respective copyright holder.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30965/9783657705184
Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek
The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliograe; detailed
bibliographic data available online: http://dnb.d-nb.de
© 2021 by the Editors and Authors. Published by Ferdinand Schöningh, an imprint of the Brill-Group
(Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, Netherlands; Brill USA Inc., Boston MA, USA; Brill Asia Pte Ltd, Singapore;
Brill Deutschland GmbH, Paderborn, Germany)
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Ferdinand Schöningh reserves the right to protect the publication against unauthorized use and to authorize
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Requests for commercial re-use, use of parts of the publication, and/or translations must be addressed to
Ferdinand Schöningh.
Cover image: Original drawing of the cover layout of the rst issue of journal Romany zorya. Author N. Zakharova.
With courtesy of the Personal Archive of Nikolay Bessonov.
Cover design: Evelyn Ziegler, Munich
Production: Brill Deutschland GmbH, Paderborn
---- (hardback)
---- (e-book)
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5.4 Training in the USSR
5.4.1 Remzi Salih Mustafa
. .
[] .
. – .
/ 8/III-35 .
, – . [1], []
, [19]34 . .
.
/ , -
. – ,
.
,
.
6260/3-7.
10/III [19]35 .
Top Secret.
Very Urgent.
To comrade Gorb.
Ref: Your letter dated March 8, 1935.
Papa Konstantinovich Istavridis whose real name is Remzi M., is a member of the
Communist Party of Turkey (TKP). He was sent to USSR for training in 1934. It was
decided to give him a chance to practice before he starts his education and sent to Rostov
on Don Tobacco Factory on condition that he should not reveal himself. His ocial docu-
ments were issued with the name of Greek Istavridis, but in fact he is a Turkish Gypsy.
He was called to the Rostov branch of NKVD [2], and he continued to keep secrecy
and in this way he misinformed the staf there.
Chenormordik
6269/3-7.
March 10, 1935.
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.
5.4.2 The Opinion Report
Gizli.
28.VII.[19]36.
Görüş raporu
İstavrds (Remz Mustafa): 1908 Yunanstan doğumlu Çngen. Tütün şçs. TKP’ye
1932’de grmştr. Aynı yıl tutuklanmış ve 4 yıl hapse mahkûm olmuş, 1 ½ yıl yatmış ve
1934’te genel aa salıverlmştr. Partsnn tavsyes üzerne okumak çn 1934’te kaçak
olarak SSCB’ne gelmştr. Moskova’ya vardığında ülkesndek part çalışmaları ve tutuk-
luluk sırasındak tavrı hakkında brçok yanıltıcı ve yanlış blg verdğ ve ECCI’e sunmak
üzere part MK’nden aldığı mektubu kaybettğ çn KUTV’a kabul edlmemştr. İstavrds
Rostov-Don Brnc Devlet Tütün Fabrkası’na şe gönderlmştr ve halhazırda bu fabr-
kada çalışmaktadır. Fabrkadak tutum ve tavrı ydr. Daha sonra kends teknk engeller
yüzünden ülkesine geri gönderilmemiştir.
İstavridis tarafımızca kendisinden yararlanabileceğimiz ülkesine geri gönderilmelidir.
Parti temsilcisi Ferdi … [İmza].
Kadro raportör yardimcisi Galcan … [İmza].
Secretly KP Turkey.
July 28, 1936.
Opinion Report
Istavridis (Remzi Mustafa): He was born in Greece in 1908. A Gypsy. Tobacco worker. He
became aliated to the TKP in 1932. In the same year he was arrested and sentenced to
4 years, stayed in prison for one year and a half and was released with a general amnesty
in 1934. He came to USSR illegally for training, on the recommendation of the Party. After
his arrival in Moscow, he was not accepted to KUTV [3] because of some embellished
and giving some deceptive information about his work in the party, and his attitude dur-
ing his arrest, and losing a letter given to him by the Central Committee of the party for
delivery to the Executive Committee of Komintern [4]. Istavridis has been sent to work
in the Rostov-on-Don First State Tobacco Factory, and he still works there. His attitude
in the factory is right. Subsequently he has not been sent to his country due to technical
restrictions.
Istavridis has to be sent to a country where we can use him.
The Party representative Ferdi [5] … [Signature].
The vice-rapporteur Galcan … [Signature].
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5.4.3 The Autobiography
1908 , . , , -
. , . .
1922 . ( ). [] .
. 1933
. .
1933 ., 4 , . .
1.5 , , .
().
. [.] . -
. [] . []
. [ ] , [ ] ,
. [] , []
. [] , .
().
The Autobiography [6]
I was born in Drama, Greece, in 1908. My name is Remzi. My father’s name is Sali. My
father is a tobacco worker. My mother, Gülsüm Mustafa, is a tobacco worker as well. I
went to Turkey from Greece in 1922 (I do not remember the exact time). I worked in the
Tobacco industry in Istanbul. I participated in the strike in Istanbul. At the beginning of
1933, I became a party member. I was chosen as the secretary of the branch in Kasımpaşa,
Istanbul. I was arrested in 1933 and sentenced to 4 years. I participated in the hunger
strike. I was sent to Ankara.
I stayed in prison for one and a half year, an amnesty was granted, I was released.
After the prison, I became the secretary in Kasımpaşa, Istanbul branch again. The Central
Committee of the TKP sent me to Samsun to strengthen the city committee. Then, the
Central Committee of the TKP sent me USSR for training and gave me a letter. I gave
it to NKVD, and they gave it to me back. Then, the letter was stolen. When I came to
Komintern, I said to them that I had lost the letter. Then, they did not accept me to the
school, and I was sent to work in production.
Remzi (Istavridis).
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.
5.4.4 References
[] .
, , 1908 ., . ,
, -. .
. . , . -
. 1932 . 1922 . . ,
. […] 1939 .
. -. 1941 . .
.
. .
.
: ; – .
, . – () , ,
.
: . , , .
1908 . . 1932 .
. 1 ½ .
.
: . -, . , . 13, . 25.
: .
, .
19 1943 .
(. No. 148).
Top Secret
Remzi Salih, who is known as Papa Konstantinovich Istavridis, was born as a member
of a tobacco worker’s family in Drama, Greece in 1908. His nationality is Gypsy. He is a
Turkish citizen. He graduated from primary school. He can speak Turkish, Greek, and
Russian. He is a tobacco worker. He has been a member of TKP since 1932. He went to
Turkey from Greece in 1922. He worked in a tobacco factory there […] [7]. He has worked
in Alma Ata Tobacco Factory since 1939 March until now. He applied to the legation of
TKP in ECCI to be sent to the front line voluntarily in 1941. Comrade Marat, who is the
representative of TKP in ECCI, has positive impressions about him.
His relatives: His father is a worker. His mother is a housewife. They lived in city of
Samsun, Turkey until the war. His wife – Zinaida Nikiforovna Loshchinina-Istavridis, is
Russian. She is a member of the VLKSM [8].
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Conclusıon: Comrade Remzi Salih (known as Papa Konstantinovich Istavridis) was
born in 1908. He is a Gypsy from Turkey. He has been a member of TKP since 1932. He
gained experience in union activities in his country; stayed in prison on his revolutionary
activities for one and a half years. Working in USSR he demonstrated himself positivelly.
Address: Alma-Ata, Dunganchanskaya Street. No. 13, Apt. 25.
Reason: Personal File Documents.
Belov … [Signature]. Novik … [Signature].
1943 March, 19. Protocol No. 148.
5.4.5 The Questionnaire
: , .
.
: :
? .
1. . .
2. . , 1908.
3. . -.
4. . – 10 .
5. . .
6. . .
7. . . 1 .
– .
8. , , ? 2 ;
1- , 1- .
9. : -
.
?
Remark: The questions have to be responded in detail and complete.
Secret.
The Questionnaire
Questions: Answers:
Which communist party sent the The Central Committee of the
respondent or who sent him? Communist Party of Turkey.
1. Pseudonym. Papa Istavridis.
2. Date of birth and birthplace. 1908, Drama.
3. Indicate exactly estate or origin. Tobacco worker.
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.
4. Your occupation, specialisation, working period. Tobacco worker, ten years.
5. Nationality. Turk.
6. Citizenship. Turkish.
7. Marital Status, members of the family. Married, one daughter.
My wife is a tobacco worker.
8. Do you have brothers or sisters? Where are they? I have two brothers, one of
whom is in Samsun, and the
other one is in Istanbul.
9. The occupation, the source of living of Relatives: tobacco workers.
parents and intimate relatives?
Notes
1. There is an error in the original where it is written ‘Remzi R.’.
2. NKVD (See Dictionary of Abbreviations and Neologisms in USSR).
3. KUTV (See Dictionary of Abbreviations and Neologisms in USSR).
4. Komintern (See Dictionary of Abbreviations and Neologisms in USSR).
5. Ferdi was the party name of Şek Hüsnü (1887-1959). He was among the leading, but also the
most controversial gures of the Turkish left, namely the Communist Party of Turkey (TKP). Thus,
his testimonies on Roma tobacco workers deserve careful investigation. For a detailed biography,
see Akbulut (2010).
6. Handwritten document, the original mistakes are preserved in order to keep the authenticity
of the source.
7. Omitted is the repetition of data from the Autobiography.
8. VLKSM (See Dictionary of Abbreviations and Neologisms in the USSR).
Source: TÜSTAV, 495-26 6-73. Istavridis (Remzi Mustafa) Dosyası. I appreciate Erden Akbulut,
for informing me about the above document and TÜSTAV for granting rights of publication, and
Elena Marushiakova and Veselin Popov for comparing Turkish translations with Russian originals.
Prepared for publication by Egemen Yılgür.
Comments
Remzi Mustafa was one of the Gypsy tobacco workers aliated with the TKP and whom
the party administration sent to the USSR for training. While the le enlightens his per-
sonal experiences in USSR during this period, it also sheds light on the life course of a
Gypsy Communist in Turkey and the USSR. He was born in Drama, Greece, in 1908. Both
of his parents were tobacco workers, and he resumed his family tradition, becoming a
tobacco worker in Istanbul. His rst experiences in factory based worker movements led
him to an aliation with the Communist Party of Turkey at the beginning of the 1930s.
He was elected as the secretary of the Party’s local branch in Kasımpaşa, a locality with
a considerable Roma concentration and a working-class location in general. Along with
the immigrant Gypsy tobacco workers there have been the settlements of various Roma
sub-groups for a long time (Yılgür, 2018b). Like many other politicised tobacco workers,
he was arrested and sentenced to 4 years and released with amnesty after one and a half
year stay in prison. Then, the party sent him USSR for training along with the other most
talented worker leaders. However, his failure to save the letter given by the local party
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authorities for delivery to the Russian ocials caused his rejection by the KUTV, and the
authorities assigned him as a worker in a local tobacco factory. He somehow succeeded
to regain his image after almost seven years of work experience and demanded to be sent
to the front line in 1941.
It is of interest that the complex nature of self and external identication of Roma
tobacco workers emerges in the pages of the le. Although he was a Gypsy in the eyes of
Soviet and TKP ocials, his declared identity is Turkish. The discrepancy between the
external and internal ways of identication exemplies the identity changes and difer-
entiation of the adopted identity from the traditional or attributed ones, a phenomenon
which is also present nowadays (cf. Marushiakova & Popov, 1999, p. 85).
Egemen Yılgür
5.4.6 Mustafa Mehmet (Alekber Ağaoğlu, Petko)
Gizli.
TKP.
Sonuç
Petko (Mustafa Mamu). Çingene, 1915 doğumlu. Tütün işçisi. 1934’te TKP’ye girmiş ve
aynı yıl partinin tavsiyesi üzerine okumak için illegal olarak SSCB’ne gelmiştir. KUTV’u
bitirince teknik zorluklar nedeniyle ülkeye gönderilmemiş. Seksiyondan geçinmektedir.
Petko tarafımızca yararlanılabileceği ülkesine gönderilmelidir.
Parti temsilcisi … (Ferdi).
Personel yardimci uzmani … (Galcan).
Secret.
Communist Party of Turkey.
Conclusion
Petko (Mustafa Mamu). A Gypsy, was born in 1915. Tobacco worker. He aliated to TKP
in 1934, and he came to USSR for training at the recommendation of the party in the
same year. After he graduated from KUTV, he was not sent to the country due to techni-
cal restrictions. He is dependent on the section’s aid. Petko has to be sent to his country
where we can take advantage of him.
Party representatıve … (Ferdi).
Personal deputy ofıcer … (Galcan).
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.
5.4.7 The Autobiography (1)
1909 , . -
. , 1914 . .
. 1925 . . 2-
. , .
. 2 ,
.
1925 . 1934 .
.
1932 . . 1934
. .
1934-1936 . 2- -
.
. . 14 .
. . 21.II.1938 .
14 . 2.IV.1939 . , ..
. . 2547.
.
.
.
14.I.1940.
.
: . , . 13, . 2.
: … [ ].
15.I.1940 .
The Autobiography
Alekber [1] Ağaoğlu born in 1909, birthplace is Kara Biga [2], nationality Turkish. My
father’s social situation is shoemaker [3], he died in 1914. I am a worker. I have been work-
ing as a tobacco worker since 1925. I have two brothers in Turkey, and my mother works
in a tobacco factory. I got an education in my native language in a primary school. After
two years, I dropped out, because my parents, nancially, were not able to educate me.
I started to work in a tobacco factory in 1925 and worked until 1934.
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At the end of 1933, I have been accepted to the Communist Party of Turkey. At the
beginning of 1934 I was sent to USSR for political training.
I have been educated under the supervision of Comintern between 1934-1936, and after
I graduated from the two-year school, I have been sent to Central Asia, to work as the
assistant of a machinery repairman in the textile factory in Fergana city. I worked there
for 14 months. I have been arrested by the Fergana oce of NVKD in 1938, February 21.
I stayed in prison for 14 months. On the dismissal of the case, namely lack of crime ele-
ment, I have been released in 1939, April 2. Certicate of release: No. 2547.
Fergana oce of NKVD lost my passport, and I came to Moscow to get a new passport
and live.
Currently I am already in Comintern as a member of TKP.
January 14, 1940.
Alipker.
My Address: Moscow, Tverskaya Street 13, Room 2.
Copy correct with original: … [Illegible signature].
15.01.1940.
5.4.8 The Questionary Form
::
1. , , (). : .
.
.
.
2. . 1914 , , . .
( [] 1914).
1909 . , (
[] []).
3. . .
4. 2
.
2 , , ,
.
5. .
.
6. .-.
7. 1934 ... . .
[…].
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.
22. , . […].
28.
) , ,
) , […].
The Questionnaire [4]
Questions: Answers:
1. Surname, name, father’s name
(pseudonym).
Real name is Mustafa Mehmet.
If there is any name change, the former
names,
Yanko Ivanovich Petko.
and the reasons for change have to be
written.
Alekber Ağaoğlu.
2. Birthplace and date of birth. 1914 (this is real date of birth [5]), Turkey,
Kara Biga.
1909, Azerbaijan, Şanha (the residence
permit for this year [6]).
3. Estate and social origin. Shoe-maker worker.
4. Education. Two years in a primary school in Turkey.
Two years in the KUTV, Sector A.
5. Which languages you know. Mother tongue Turkish.
I speak and read Russian little.
6. Your occupation. Textil worker, assistant master.
7. Party membership. 1934 member of TKP. Party card – none.
[…].
22. Nationality. From father side Gypsy. From mother side
Turkish. […]
28. Parents: Father Mother
a) Surname, name, fathers’ name. Mehmet Ümmü
b) Birthplace and date of birth. Greece, Yunanistan Serres […]
5.4.9 Autobiography (2)
.
. ([]),
1915 [] . (
[] ). [] .
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–
. , . –
. – []
[…]
Secret
The Autobiography [7]
Comrade Petko(Pseudonym), Mustafa Mehmet
I was born in Biga in 1915. My father was a shoe maker. (In the city, in the streets, he was
repairing shoes.) I am of Gypsy nationality. My father died before I was born. My mother
is alive, and working in Istanbul as a laundress [8]. I have two tobacco worker brothers in
İstanbul. One brother was connected to communists – distributed leaets […]
5.4.10 Reference
, [] ( )
, , 1914 .., . (), ,
, 1934 . 1934 ..
1934 . 1936 . , -
. .
.. 1936
. . 1938 ,
. , ., .
10, . 4. 1940 . . . .
23. V. 41 . 250 . .
. ( ) 4.II. 45 .
, 5.VI.41 .
. , 1.IV.[19]46 . .
300 . .
. .
[Signature] … ().
17 1951 .
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.
Secret.
Reference
Alekber Ağaoğlu, [or] Mustafa Mehmet (known as Petko Yanko Ivanovich); according
to some evidence, he is a Turk, according to others, Gypsy. He was born in Biga (Turkey)
in 1914, a tobacco worker, a member of TKP since 1934. He came to USSR as a political
immigrant in 1934. He was trained in KUTV from 1934 July to 1936 June and then, worked
in Poveletski railway Rasskazovo station, Arzhansk Red Army Textile Factory. He started
to work in Dzerzhinsky Textile Factory in Fergana in 1936, December. In February, 1938,
he was arrested by NVKD, and released after the abatement. Then, he worked again in
Fergana, stayed on Pervomayskaya Street 10, apt 4., In 1940 he worked at Melange factory
in the city of Ivanovo. According to the testimony of comrade Sukharev dated May 23,
1941, Alekber Ağaoğlu got 250 rubles monetary aid.
In a petition of comrade Podchelimova (Alekber’s wife), she writes that Alekber
Ağaoğlu left Moscow on June 5, 1941.
At the recommendation of the comrade Gulyaev, Podchelimova started to get 300
rubles monthly as monetary aid again.
The Chair of the Department of Aid for Political Immigrants of the Executive Committee
of Soviet Society of Red Cross and CP USSR.
[Signature] … (Suetinova).
March 17, 1951.
Notes
1. The name Alekber in Russian original is ‘’ (Alipker).
2. Kara Biga. It is a sub-district in Biga, Çanakkale (Sezen, 2006, p. 273). The place name is mis-
spelled in Russian original as ‘ ’ (Kara Bicha). The case of Mustafa Mamu’s family is
exceptional among the Roma Tobacco Workers majority of whom were born in Greece and came
to Turkey with the Turk-Greek Population Exchange in 1923-1924. However, he was born in Turkey
before the population exchange, and his family had left Greece during the previous waves of
migration.
3. Shoe-making or shoe-shining has been popular occupations of Roma in Turkey. After the change
of work organisation, which decreased the demand for qualied workers in tobacco manufacture,
many of the tobacco workers subsisted on this occupation (Yılgür, 2016).
4. Extract from the form. The answers are handwritten.
5. Note by another handwriting, probably added by a respective clerk.
6. Note by another handwriting, probably added by a respective clerk.
7. Extract from handwritten autobiography.
8. There was a mistake in the Turkish translation, which pointed as the occupation of Mustafa
Mamu’s mother a fortune-telling. I thank Elena Marushiakova and Vesselin Popov for checking all
translations and corrections from Russian.
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Source: TÜSTAV, 495-266-198. Mustafa Mehmet (Alekber Ağaoğlu, Petko). Dosyası. I appreciate
Erden Akbulut, for informing me about the above document and TÜSTAV for granting rights of
publication.
Prepared for publication by Egemen Yılgür.
Comments
Mustafa Mamu was born into a tobacco worker family. He worked in a tobacco factory
and aliated with the Communist Party of Turkey in 1934. This trajectory which begins
within the family and peaks with the party aliation following a period of interaction
and informal training in tobacco factories is not rare and is not limited exclusively to him.
The culture, which was a combination of union leftist politics in Greece and the encoun-
ters with the local-left in Turkey, and which was the fundamental basis of a consider-
able tendency to participate in the activities mentioned above, surrounded the Gypsy
tobacco workers. What they experienced when they started to work in tobacco factories
reminded them of the stories told to them by their parents and grandparents. They were
already familiar with what to do when they faced an over-exploitation or suppression in
the factories. Thus, it was just a matter of time and personal capabilities for the individ-
ual tobacco workers to aliate themselves with the party or other leftist organisations.
The most-talented ones were involved in the party circle, and the party administration
conceived a few of them reliable enough to send for training in USSR, such as was the
case of Mustafa Mamu.
The evaluations of Mustafa Mamu concerning his ethnic background exemplies the
exible nature of the self-identication of Roma individuals (cf. Marushiakova & Popov,
1999). Identity itself and the discourses utilized to justify the identity claim can shift
under the inuence of various factors. The documents in the le indicate the diversity of
discourses on identity and origin adopted by Mustafa Mamu: A Turkish tobacco worker,
son of a Gypsy father and a Turkish mother, and ultimately a Gypsy.
Although all the details provided by Mustafa Mamu at diferent times may be fac-
tual, he appears to prioritise diferent ones as to compose new discourses whenever the
context changes. His mother might indeed have been a member of one of the more-
assimilated Roma sub-groups who were less-enthusiastic about declaring their Roma
origin. Thus, it becomes a matter of context in emphasising this point and in raising a
Turkish identity claim for her, or to ignore this small detail and proudly adopt a pure
Gypsy identity. While the former was logical in the early Republican Turkey where the
state urged its citizens to support its policy to create an ethnically homogenous nation
(Çağatay, 2002; Aslan, 2007; Ülker, 2007; Yeğen, 2007), the latter would seem attractive in
USSR where the state recognised Gypsies as a ‘nationality’ (O’Keefe, 2013; Marushiakova
& Popov, 2017c).
Egemen Yılgür
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Dictionary of Abbreviations and Neologisms in the USSR
Agitprop / APO. Department for Agitation and Propaganda at TsK VKP(b).
Artel. Producers’ Cooperative.
BSSR. Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
ChK. Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage.
VChK. All-Russian ChK at the SNK RSFSR.
Detgiz. State Publishing House for Children’s Literature.
Fedkomzem. Federal Committee about Issues of Land at VTsIK.
Glavlit. General Directorate for Literature and Publishing.
Glavnauka. Central Administration for Scientific, Scholarly-Artistic, and Museum Institutions.
Gosizdat. State Publishing House.
Goslitizdat / GIKh. State Publishing House for Fiction Literature.
Gosplan. The State Planning Committee.
GPU. State Political Directorate at NKVD RSFSR.
Gubkom. Governorate Committee of VKP(b).
Obkom. Oblast Committee of VKP(b).
Raykom. Rayon Committee of VKP(b).
GUBONO. Governorate Department of Education.
GULAG. Main Directorate of Camps at NKVD.
Ispolkom. Executive Committee of Council of People’s Deputies.
Gubispolkom. Executive Committee of Governorate.
Krayispolkom. Executive Committee of Kray.
Oblispolkom / ObLIK. Executive Committee of Oblast.
Rayispolkom / RIK. Executive Committee of Rayon.
Knigocentr. Soviet Iinstitution for Books and Journals Distribution.
Kogiz. Bookselling Association of State Publishers.
Kolkhoz. Collective Farm.
Kolkhozsoyuz. Union of Agricultural Collectives.
Komsomol. Young Communist League.
RLKSM. Russian Lenin’s Young Communist League (in 1922 renamed to VLKSM).
VLKSM. All-Union Leninist Young Communist League.
Komzet. Committee for Settling Toiling Jews on the Land at Presidium of the VTsik.
Komintern. Communist International, known also as the Third International (1919-1943).
KP(b). Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine.
Kulak. Literally ‘fist’; this is how wealthy peasants, who put in economic dependence and exploited
their fellow peasants, were called in the early USSR.
KPB. Communist Party of Byelorussia.
KUTV. Communist University of the Toilers of the East.
Likbez. Campaign of Eradication of Illiteracy in Soviet Union.
LKSMB. Leninist Communist Youth League of BSSR.
Medgiz. State Medical Publishing House.
MONO. Moscow City’s Department for People’s Education.
Mossovet. Moscow City Soviet of People’s Deputies.
MOZO. Moscow Regional Agricultural Department.
MTS. Machine Tractor Station; a state enterprise for maintenance of agricultural machinery.
Narkomfin. People’s Commissariat of Finances of USSR.
Narkomnats. People’s Commissariat of Nationalities of the RSFSR.
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Narkompros. People’s Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR.
Narkomzem / NKZem / NKZ. People’s Commissariat of Agriculture of USSR.
Natsmen. Member of National Minority.
NKVD. People’s Commissariat of Internal Afairs of RSFSR.
Ogiz. Unied State Publishing House.
OGPU. Joint State Political Directorate at SNK USSR.
Orgburo. Organisational Bureau of TsK VKP(b).
Partizdat. Publishing House for Political Literature at the TsK VKP(b).
Pioneer. Member of the All-Union Pioneer Organisation, mass youth organisation in the Soviet
Union.
Politburo. Political Bureau of TsK VKP(b).
Profizdat. The Soviet Trade-unions Publishing House.
Pyatiletka. The ve-year plans for the development of the national economy of the USSR.
Rabfak. Workers’ Faculty; educational institution that prepared workers to higher education.
RKP(b). Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), from 1925 renamed VKP(b).
ROSTA. Russian Telegraph Agency.
RSFSR. Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.
Selkhozbank. Agricultural Bank.
Selkhozgiz. State Publishing House of Agricultural Literature.
Selsoviet. Village council, local self-administration, a part of the Soviet system of administration.
Semiletka. Secondary school with seven years of education in the USSR.
SNK / Sovnarkom. Council of People’s Commissars of the USSR (from 1922 of the RSFSR).
Little Sovnarkom. Standing Committee to SNK.
Sovnatsmen. Education Department of National Minorities at Narkompros (1918-1921); renamed
Council for the Education of the Peoples of the Non-Russian Language (1921-1924); Central Council
for the Education of National Minorities of the RSFSR (1925-1929); Committee for the Education
of National Minorities of the RSFSR (1929-1934).
Sovnarkhoz. Soviet for National Economy.
SSP. Union of Soviet Writers.
TASS. Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union.
Tsentrizdat. Publishing House of the SNK RSFSR.
TsK KPSS. Central Committee of Communist Party of USSR.
TsK VKP(b). Central Committee of All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).
TsIK. Central Executive Committee of SSSR.
SN TsIK. Council of Nationalities at TsIK SSSR.
TsIK UkrSSR – Central Executive Committee of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.
Tsygkhimprom / Khimprom / Tsygkhimlabor. Gypsy artel for chemical products.
Tsygpishcheprom / Pishcheprom / Pishchepromartel. Gypsy artel for food products.
Uchpedgiz. State Pedagogical Publishing House of the Narkompros.
UkrSSR. Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.
USSR. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
UzSSR. Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic.
VKP(b). All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks).
VKSKhSH. Higher Communist Agricultural School.
VKSS. Higher Courses of Soviet Construction at the VTsIK.
VOKS. All-Union Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries.
VPK. All-Union Resettlement Committee.
Vsekopromsovet. All-Union Council of the Industrial Cooperation.
Vserabis. All-Union Professional Union of Art Workers.
VTsIK. All-Russian Central Executive Committee.
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1022 Dictionary of Abbreviations and Neologisms in the USSR
ON VTsIK. Department of Nationalities of VTsIK.
VSTs. All-Russian Union of Gypsies.
VTsSPS. All-Union Central Council of Professional Unions.
VUTsVK. All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee.
TsKNM VUTsVK. Central Committee for National Minorities of VUTsVK.
Yacheyka. A primary (lowest) level in the organisational structure of VKP(b).
ZU. Agricultural management.
KrayZU. Regional (on Kray level) agricultural management.
OblZU. Regional (on Oblast level) agricultural management.
RayZU. Regional (on Rayon level) agricultural management.
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References
Archives
Belarus
NARB. [National Archive of Republic of Belarus]: f. 6,
op. 1, d. 1195; f. 34/133, op. 1, d. 727; f. 701, op. 1, d. 14.
Bulgaria
AMVR. [Archive of the Ministry of Interior]:
f. 13, op. 1, .. 774.
SR. Студии Романи [Archive of
Minority Studies Society Studii Romani]: f. ; f. ; f.
; f. ; f. ; f. .
CSA. ‘’ – [Arch ives State Agency – Central
State Archives]: f. 1, op. 8, a.e. 596; f. 264, op. 2, a.e. 8413; f. 1 B, op. 6, a.e. 235; f. 264 , op. 4, .. 506;
f. 264 , op. 5, .. 515; f. 264 , op. 2, .. 5204; f. 370, op. 6, .. 745; f. 264 , op. 5, .. 1109; f. 264,
op. 2, .. 9385; f. 264, op. 6, .. 1461; f. 190 , op. 3, .. 114; f. 2124 , op. 1, a.e. 108107.
DA Veliko Tarnovo. – [State Archive – Veliko Tarnovo]: f. 74 ,
op. 1, .. 61; f. 74 , op. 1, .. 62.
DA Burgas. – [State Archive – Burgas]: f. 102 , op. 1, .. 116
DA Kyustendil. – [State Archive – Kyustendil]: f. 35 K, op. 1, a.e. 21;
f. 35 K, op. 1, a.e. 150; f. 177, op. 1, .. 48, l. 156-201.
DA Montana. – [State Archive – Montana]: f. 3 , op. 1, a.e. 25; f. 79 ,
op. 1, a.e. 32; f. 79 , op. 1, .. 34; f. 79 , op. 1, .. 35.
DA Shumen. – [State Archive – Shumen]: f. 1119, op. 1, a.e. 11; f. 1605, op. 1,
a.e. 29.
DA Sliven. – Sliven [State Archive – Sliven]: f. 44 , op. 1, .. 11; f. 44 , op. 1, ..
43; f. 157, op. 1, a.e. 11.
DA Soa. – [State Archive – Soa]: f. 1 , op. 4, a.e. 683; f. 1 , op. 2, ..
1848; f. 1 K, op. 4, a.e. 531; f. 170 , op. 1, .. 1.
DA Vratsa. – [State Archive – Vratsa]: f. 391, op. 1, .. 1- 4; f. 437 , op. 1,
.. 1; f. 484 , op. 1, .. 18; 484 , op. 1, .. 27; 484 , op. 1, .. 38; 484 , op. 1, .. 42; 484 ,
op. 1, .. 44.
NA BAN – IEFEM. –
[Scientic Archive of Bulgarian Academy of
Sciences – Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Studies with Ethnographic Museum]: No. 295 II.
Czech Republic
AKPR. Archiv Kanceláře prezidenta republiky [The Archive of the Presidents’ Oce]: f. Kanceláře
prezidenta republiky, H-Holdy, inv. č. 1838, sign. Hn 1489/28, kart. 3.
MZA. Moravský zemský archiv v Brně [Moravian Land Archives in Brno]: f. C 48 Krajský soud v
Uherském Hradišti, II. Manipulace, inv. č. 2184, sign. Vr VIII 2146/21, obž. 1632, kart. 448.
NA. Národní archiv v Praze [National Archives in Prague]: f. Ministerstvo školství a národní osvěty
(1918-1949), inv. č. 1622, sign. 13, cikánské školy 91, kart. 1474.; invent. č. 1624, sign. 13, k. 1480,
dopis Jánoše Bukó (16.09.1926).
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SOkAP. Státní okresní archiv Písek [State District Archive Písek]: SOkAP, f. Okresní úřad Písek,
inv. č. 1351, sign. III 7 R, kart. 758; f, kronika obce Nové Vsi – Čížová, s. 51; f. Okresní úřad Písek –
presidiální spisy, karton č. 57; f. Okresní úřad Písek, karton č. 758.
Greece
ΓΑΚ – ΑΝΣ. Γενικά Αρχεία του Κράτου – Αρχεία Νοµού Σερρών. [General State Archives – Archives
of Serres Prefecture]: Αρχείο τέω συµβολαιογράφου Σερρών Κ. Τριανταφυόπουλου. ΑΒΕ: 229,
ΑΕΕ: Συµβ. 2.1, κουτί 2, αρ. συµβ. 1496.
IAΥΕ – ΚτΕ. Ιστορικό Αρχείο του Υπουργείου Εξωτερικών (τη Εάδα), Κοινωνία των Εθνών
[Historical Archive of Ministry of Foreign Afairs of Greece, League of Nations]: 1923, φάκελο
3, υποφάκελο 2, Νοµαρχία Σερρών.
IAΥΕ – ΚΥ. Ιστορικό Αρχείο του Υπουργείου Εξωτερικών (τη Εάδα), Κεντρική υπηρεσία [Historical
Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Afairs of Greece, Central Service]: 1906, φάκελο 80,
υποφάκελο 1; 1912, φάκελο 122, υποφάκελο 5.
ΠΑ – ΓΑ . Πρωτοδικείο Αθηνών, Γενικό Αρχείο. [First Instance Court of Athens, General Archive]:
Αριθ. 1 ΚΑΤΑΣΤΑΤΙΚΟΝ. Του Πανεηνίου Μορφωτικού Συόγου Εήνων Αθιάνων.
Hungary
FSEK. Fővárosi Szabó Ervin Könyvtár [Ervin Szabó Metropolitan Library]: B 780/67.
MNL BKML. Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Bács-Kiskun Megyei Levéltára [Hungarian National
Archives – Bács-Kiskun County Archives]: IV. 1939. 15;
MNLOL. Magyar Nemzeti Levéltár Országos Levéltára [National Archives of Hungary]: K-150-VII-5
1935/153 186/3777 cs.
Latvia
LFKDA. Latviešu folkloras krātuves digitālais arhīvs. Jāņa Leimaņa čigānu folkloras vākums
[Digital Archives of Latvian Folklore. Romani Folklore Collection of Jānis Leimanis].
LNA LVVA. Latvijas Nacionālo arhīvu – Latvijas Valsts Vēstures arhīvs [Latvian National Archives –
Latvian State Historical Archives]: 3724-1-3748-2; 3724-1-3748-5; 3724-1-3748-7; 1536-14-69-9; 3724-
1-3748-10; 3724-1-3748-11; 3724-1-3748-15; 3724-1-3748-16; 3724-1-3748-22; 3724-1-3748-28.
Poland
NDA. Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe [National Digital Archive]: Signature: 1-P-2312-4.
Republic of Moldova
APVF. Arhiva personală a lui Vasile Filat [Personal Archive of Vasile Filat]: Svetilnic.
Romania
AND MB. Arhivele Naţionale Direcţia – Municipiului Bucureşti [National Archives – Municipality
of Bucharest]: fond. Prefectura Poliţiei Capitalei, dos. 123/1933, f. 4, 9, 103; dos. 123/1933, f. 10;
dos. 123/1933, f. 3; dos. 123/1933, f. 54; dos. 123/1933, f. 56-65.
AN Dolj. Arhivele Nationale – jud. Dolj [National Archives – Dolj County]: fond. C. S. Nicolăescu-
Plopșor.
ANIC. Arhivele Naţionale Istorice Centrale [Central National Historical Archives]: fond. Consiliul
Dirigent. Administraţia judeţeană şi comunală, dos. 79/1919, f. 49-49v; Colecţia Facsimile, f. 1322;
fond. Direcţia Generală a Poliţiei, dos. 34/1922-1938, f. 30-32; dos. 34/1922, f. 30; dos. 34/1922-1938,
f. 136; dos. 34/1932, f. 47; dos. 34/1932, f. 80; dos. 34/1932, f. 142; dos. 34/1922, f. 169; dos. 191, f. 12-14.
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Russian Federation
GARF. [State Archive of the Russian
Fed eration ]: f. 259, op. 10, d. 2253; f. 259, op. 9, d. 4233; f. 259, op. 10, d. 1924; f. 385,
op. 17, d. 2037; f. 2306, op. 69, d. 1357; f. 393, op. 43, d. 1763; f. 393, op. 43 , d. 1770; f. 393,
op. 71, d. 6; f. 1235, o p. 119, d. 9; f. 1235, o p. 119, d. 10; f. 1 235, o p. 120, d. 27; f. 123 5, op. 121, d. 31;
f. 1235, op. 123, d. 27; f. 1235, op. 123, d. 28; f. 1235, op. 127, d. 8; f. 1235, op. 130, d. 5; f. 1235,
op. 140, d. 498; f. 1235, op. 140, d. 752; f. 3316, op. 19, d. 588; f. 3316, op. 20, d. 653; f. 3316,
op. 20, d. 698; f. P 3316, op. 28, d. 793; f. 3316 , op. 28, d. 794; f. P 3316, op. 64, d. 1637; f. 3260, op. 6,
d. 44; f. 7523, op. 17, d. 132; f. 9479. op. 1, d. 19; f. 9550, op. 2, d. 2010; f. 3316, op. 17, d. 188; f. 1235,
op. 1, d. 27, l. 94; f. 3, op. 1, d. 540; f. 5446, op. 57, d. 24; f. 10035, op. 1, d. 74091.
GASO. [State Archive of Smolensk Oblast]:
2360, op. 1, sv. 181, d. 2067; 2360, op. 1, sv. 181, d. 2068; f. 2360, op. 1, sv. 130, d. 1482.
LANB. [Personal Archive of Nikolay Bessonov]: f.
; f. .
OGMLT. [Oryol State Literary
Museum of Turgenev]: f. 29, op. 1, d. 137; f. 29, op. 1, d. 156; f. 29, op. 1, d. 1364.
RGAE. [Russian State Archive of Economics]:
f. 5675, op. 1, d. 142; f. 5675, op. 1, d. 143; f. 5675, op. 1, d. 144; f. 5675, op. 1, d. 146; f. 5675, op. 1,
d. 147; f. 5675. op. 1, d. 148; f. 5675, op. 1, d. 149; f. 5675, op. 1, d. 151; f. 5675, op. 1, d. 152; f. 5675, op. 1,
d. 157; f. 5675, op. 1, d. 179.
RGALI. [Russian State Archive
of Literature and Art]: f. 673, op. 1, ed. khr. 454.
RGASPI. -x [Russian
State Archive of Socio-Political History]: f. 17, op. 114, d. 633; f. 17, op. 114, d. 837; f. 17, op. 3,
d. 1006; f. 17, op. 9, d. 3642.
Serbia
. [Archives of Yugoslavia]: . 37 j; . 63
, , . 114; . 66 ,
. 2215-2233, . 2293-2297, . 2323-2326, . 2337, . 2338, . 2339, .
2483, . 2496, . 2514, . 2532, . 2515-2522, . 2365, . 3256; . 69
, 1919-1929 (1918-1933), . 86,
. 104, . 112-133, . 136, . 141, . 142; . 74 , . 37, . 39,
. 42, . 43, . 46, . 75, . 102, . 103; . 334
, . 277, . 330, . 336.
IAB. j [Historical Archive of Belgrade]: 1165 Zbirka fotograja.
LADA. [Personal Archive of Dragoljub Acković].
Slovakia
AMK. Archív mesta Košice [The Košice City Archives]: f. Municipálne mesto Košice (1939-1944),
inv. č. 104, šk. 8, sp. č. II. 22636/39.
ŠAK. Štátný archív v Košiciach [State Archive in Košice]: f. Okresný úrad v Košiciach (1923-1939),
inv. č. 182, sign. 29359/1937, šk. 488; f. Košická župa, šk. č. 374; f. Krajský Súd v Košiciach, šk. 171.
SNA. Slovenský národný archív [Slovak National Archive]: f. Oddelenie Ministerstva vnútra v
Bratislave (1927-1928), šk. 88; f. Krajinský úrad v Bratislave (1928-1939), C.1 Admin. odd. 1931, inv.
č. 577, sign. KÚ-C.1-1931-8.1.2., šk. 885.
Turkey
DAB. Devlet Arşivleri Başkanligi [State Archives Directorate]: DH.MKT.628.64.18.2.
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1026 References
TCCDA GM. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Devleti Arşivleri. Genel Müdürlügü
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TÜSTAV. Türkiye Sosyal Tarih Araştırma Vakfı [Research in Social History Foundation of Turkey]:
495-26 6-73 Istavridis (Remzi Mustafa) Dosyasr; 495-266-198. Mustafa Mehmet (Alekber
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UK
PAVK. Personal Archive of Valdemar Kalinin: f. Nikolay Pankov.
Ukraine
TsDAVO. Центральний державний архiв вищих органiв влади та управленiння Украïни [Central
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