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Int J Life Sci Pharma Res. ISSN 2250-0480; SP-14; “
Health and Sports Sciences-2021”
www.ijlpr.com
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ABOUT THIS SPECIAL ISSUE
If we want to know the importance of exercise in human health, we will see that the beneficial effects of exercise in the
prevention - treatment and control of many cardiovascular and respiratory disorders show that life is more important today.
It is not bad to mention here the statistics of patients with heart diseases and heart attacks, which kill a large number of people
every year, according to the latest research conducted in Turkey, is the highest rate of death from heart disease.
Health and physical ability are divine blessings. Man always wants health and vitality. The happiness of every human being
depends on a force of his body and soul.
For this reason, many researchers and university professors study the effects of exercise on human health and every day we see
new findings from this research. This collection is a very small part of the researchers' findings that are made available to those
interested readers.
Int J Life Sci Pharma Res. ISSN 2250-0480; SP-14; “
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Peer review committee
The following Peer reviewers were appointed by the organisers to review the content of the articles and were confirmed to be
of satisfactory scholastic content after rectification by the respective authors. These reviewers solemnly take the responsibility
of the scholastic and research content along with the organisers and the publishing journal is no way responsible for the same.
Int J Life Sci Pharma Res. ISSN 2250-0480; SP-14; “
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CONTENT (ORIGINAL RESEARCH / REVIEW ARTICLE
S.NO
TITLE
Page No.
SP-1
“WHAT MAKES LIFE WORTH LIVING?”: DIVERS’ EXPERIENCES ON
RECREATIONAL CAVE DIVING AND SENSE OF WELL-BEING
7-11
SP-2
EXAMINATION OF EXERCISE IN INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES AND
INQUIRY SKILLS OF STUDENTS IN SPORTS EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
12-16
SP-3
THE ROLE OF GENDER IN GOAL ORIENTATION AND MOTIVATION OF
PARTICIPATION IN WHEELCHAIR BASKETBALL PLAYERS
17-20
SP-4
EXAMINATION OF THE PERSONALITY TRAITS OF ATHLETES AND THEIR
LEVEL OF EXCELLENT PERFORMANCE
21-28
SP-5
INVESTIGATION OF THE SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE FEATURES OF
PHYSICALLY HANDICAPPED BADMINTON PLAYERS IN TERMS OF VARIOUS
VARIABLES
29-35
SP-6
THE EFFECT ON JOB SATISFACTION OF EXECUTIVE SUPPORT
PERCEPTION OF COACHES IN TURKEY
36-40
SP-7
THE EXPERIENCES OF THE LIFEGUARDS WORKING ON THE COASTALS: A
QUALITATIVE STUDY ON THE STUDENTS OF THE FACULTIES OF SPORTS
SCIENCES
41-45
SP-8
ANALYZING OF ATTITUDE LEVELS OF STUDENTS AT ELAZIG
TOURISM VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL TOWARDS PHYSICAL
EDUCATION COURSE
46-49
SP-9
MINDFULNESS AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY: PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF
THE STATE MINDFULNESS SCALE FOR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
50-56
SP-10
CLIMATE OF AMPUTEE FOOTBALL PLAYERS IN GOAL DIRECTION
57-60
SP-11
EFFECTS OF KINESIO TAPING ON SPRINT, BALANCE AND AGILITY
PERFORMANCE IN 10-12 YEARS OLD BADMINTON PLAYERS
61-66
SP-12
VOLLEYBALL REFEREES’ SELF-EFFICACY AND LIFE SATISFACTION
67-70
SP-13
POST-ACTIVATION POTENTIATION (PAP): EFFECT ON TARGET
PERFORMANCE IN ARCHERY
71-75
SP-14
EVALUATION OF SPORTS AWARENESS OF PARENTS OF INDIVIDUALS
WITH AUTISM ATTENDING TO SPORTS CLUBS
76-80
SP-15
THE EFFECT OF SELF-TALK ON DRIBBLING AND LAY-UPS IN BASKETBALL
DURING A 12-WEEKS TRAINING
81-84
SP-16
INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF FEEDBACK ON SHOOTING
PERFORMANCE OF FOOTBALL PLAYERS DURING 10-WEEKS TRAINING
85-87
SP-17
DETERMİNATİON OF FOOTBALLERS ANXİETY AND SLEEP QUALİTY OF
GETTİNG NEW TYPE CORONAVİRUS
88-93
SP-18
COMPARISON OF SPINAL CURVES OF 13-15 YEARS OLD ATHLETES IN
DIFFERENT BRANCHES
94-99
SP-19
INVESTIGATION OF STATE ANXIETY AND LIFE SATISFACTION
CHARACTERISTICS OF TENNIS PLAYERS
100-103
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SP-20
INVESTIGATION OF NOMOPHOBI LEVELS OF INDIVIDUALS CONTINUING
TO YOUTH CENTER
104-109
SP-21
THE EFFECT OF MOBİLE PHONE ON THE FİNGER MUSCLES İN SEDENTARY
AND ATHLETES
110-115
SP-22
THE EFFECT OF WRIST GRIP ANGLE ON TRAUMATIC SYMPTOMS IN
BODYBUILDERS
116-118
SP-23
THE EFFECTS OF KİNESİO TAPING APPLIED TO THE FOOT AREA ON THE
SPEED, AGILITY AND BALANCE PERFORMANCE OF TABLE TENNIS
ATHLETES
119-122
SP-24
PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF SERUM WNT1 INDUCIBLE SIGNALING
PATHWAY PROTEIN 1 (WISP1) AS CAN BE USED TUMOR BIOMARKER FOR
ACROMEGALY?
123-128
SP-25
INVESTIGATION OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC BALANCE CAPACITY OF 5-9
YEAR-OLD CHILDREN IN GYMNASTICS EDUCATION
129-132
SP-26
WILL MY SENSATIONS AFFECT THE RESULT OF THE COMPETITION?
ALEXITHYMIC BEHAVIOR OF TURKISH REFEREES
133-138
SP-27
THE INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF BASIC FOOTBALL EDUCATION
ON PULMONARY FUNCTION TEST AND CARDIOPULMONARY EXERCISE
TEST PARAMETERS IN SMOKER HEARING-IMPAIRED ATHLETES
139-143
SP-28
COMPARISON OF PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS, SPEED, AGILITY,
MUSCULAR ENDURANCE, AEROBIC POWER AND RECOVERY ABILITIES
BETWEEN FEMALE VOLLEYBALL AND BASKETBALL PLAYERS
144-149
SP-29
HOW MUCH FLUID LOSS AND URINE DENSITY CAUSED BY AEROBIC
EXERCISE AND SAUNA IN TENNIS PLAYERS? A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY?
150-155
SP-30
EFFECT OF COVID-19 ON AMATEUR FOOTBALL: PERSPECTIVE OF
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, NUTRITION AND MOOD
156-163
SP-31
SPORTS ACTIVITIES IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC PROCESS
164-167
SP-32
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEALTH LITERACY, HEALTH PROMOTING
LIFESTYLE AND SCHOOL SPORTS PARTICIPATION AMONG ADOLESCENTS
168-174
SP-33
COMPARISON OF THE 100 M SPEED PARAMETER OF ATHLETES IN
INDIVIDUAL AND TEAM SPORTS
175-178
SP-34
OBESITY PREVALENCE AND FATHER-CHİLD BMI RELATIONSHIP IN PRE-
SCHOOL CHILDREN 5-6 YEARS OLD
179-181
SP-35
EVALUATION OF PROCESS-BASED MANAGEMENT FOR SPORTS
BUSINESSES
182-187
SP-36
RISK EVALUATION FOR SPORTS ACTIVITIES IN COVID-19 PANDEMIC
188-193
SP-37
EFFECTS OF EXERGAMES AND KANGOO JUMPS TRAININGS ON STRENGTH
IN 14-22 YEARS OLD HEARING IMPAIRED SEDENTARY WOMEN
194-100
SP-38
THE EFFECTS OF TECHNICAL AND TACTICAL CRITERUA ON SUCCESS IN
2016 FIVB WOMEN'S VOLLEYBALL WORLD CLUB CHAMPIONSHIP¹
200-203
SP-39
A METAPHOR: DOES COVID-19 IS AN OBSTACLE FOR ADOLESCENT
ATHLETES?
204-210
SP-40
SELF-ESTEEM LEVEL AND ANGER CONTROL IN TRAINERS (AN EXAMPLE
FROM ANKARA)
211-216
SP-41
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DECISION-MAKING STYLES AND COGNITIVE
FLEXIBILITY LEVELS OF SPORTS SCIENCE STUDENTS
217-221
SP-42
THE INFLUENCE OF PERSONALITY TRAITS IN STADIUM MARKETING
222-227
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SP-43
THE EFFECT OF AEROBIC EXERCISE ON SOME BLOOD PARAMETERS OF
PARTICIPANT WITH AUTISM
228-232
SP-44
ACUTE EFFECTS OF YO-YO INTERMITTENT RECOVERY TEST LEVEL 1 (YO-
YOIR1) PERFORMED IN THE MORNING AND EVENING ON BIOCHEMICAL
PARAMETERS
233-238
SP-45
ANALYSIS OF AGGRESSION AND PERSONALITY TRAITS IN VOLLEYBALL
PLAYERS
239-244
SP-46
INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF 8-WEEK PILATES AND STRETCHING
EXERCISES ON SPINAL CORD DEFORMATION IN CERABREL PALCY
PATIENTS (CASE STUDY)
245-248
SP-47
INVESTIGATION OF THE PSYCHOLOGICAL LEVELS OF SPORTS-EDUCATED
UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
249-253
SP-48
THE EFFECTS OF OMEGA-3 SUPPLEMENTS COMBINED WITH ENDURANCE
EXERCISES ON ALBUMIN, BILURIBIN AND THYROID METABOLISM
254-257
SP-49
RELATION BETWEEN BODY MASS INDEX AND PHYSICAL FITNESS IN
ELDERLY MEN
258-262
SP-50
WHAT ARE THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF STEP - AEROBIC
EXERCISES IN SEDANTER WOMEN?
263-266
SP-51
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IN FINANCIAL MARKETS: A RESEARCH ON
TURKISH FOOTBALL
267-275
SP-52
INTENSİVE PHYSİCAL EXERCİSE AND KETOSİS İN TYPE 1 DİABETES:
LİTERATURE REVİEW ON A CASE AFTER COVİD-19 QUARANTİNE
276-280
SP-53
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MOTOR SKILLS AND TECHNICAL SKILLS
SPECIFIC TO VOLLEYBALL IN ADOLESCENT VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS
281-289
SP-54
THE NATIONAL ENTERTAINMENTS AND GAMES OF THE KYRGYZ PEOPLE
IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY AND EARLY 20TH CENTURY*
290-295
SP-55
THE EFFECT OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC CORE TRAINING ON SOME
MOTORIC CHARACTRISTIC AND TENNIS SERVICE VELOCITY OF TENNIS
ATHLETES
296-305
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SPORTS ACTIVITIES IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC PROCESS
YASİN KARACA1, METİN CAN KALAYCI2
1.
Assistant Professor, Osmaniye Korkut Ata Universty, College of Applied Sicences, Department of Recreation Management,
Osmaniye, Turkey
2.
Lecturer, Dicle Universty, College of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Coaching Training,
Diyarbakır, Turkey
Corresponding author: yasinkaraca99@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
COVID-19 has adversely affected many areas of social life, especially health, economy, education and daily life. COVID-19 also
caused various adversities in sports and sports activities. This study focuses on the effects on individuals doing sports in the
COVID-19 period and sports practices in this period. In this study, in which the literature review method was used, information
about the problems faced by fans, trainers, professional athletes and amateur sports individuals during the COVID-19 period is
presented and some suggestions was made to individuals who do sports.
KEYWORDS: COVID-19, sport, sport activities
INTRODUCTION
Considered as an epidemic by the World Health Organization (WHO), COVID-19 has rapidly changed daily life from health to
economy, from education to sports, by affecting the whole world. While the world is struggling with COVID-19 in every field, the
world of sports has faced an unprecedented crisis. COVID-19 caused the cancellation of many national and international sports
organizations around the world, postponing all kinds of competitions, keeping amateur athletes away from sports environments,
and quarantining professional athletes.Sports, which is an effective tool for the physical, mental and social strengthening of
individuals and societies, has ceased to be a regular activity of daily life after the epidemic spread throughout the world. COVID-
19 has caused psychological and social problems in individuals who are interested in and somehow connected with sports. Social
isolation and quarantine processes applied due to the epidemic disrupted sports activities of trainers, fans, amateur or professional
athletes and individuals engaged in recreational sports, and kept away from sports environments and sports activities.1 COVID-19
caused disruption of the training and competition programs of athletes.2 Respiratory system and exercise capacity of athletes were
negatively affected by these disruptions caused by COVID-19.3 In addition, the epidemic decreased the maximal and submaximal
exercise performance by limiting the training practices specific to the field of athletes. The limitation negatively impacted the
athletes' aerobic performance, cardiovascular function, and muscle metabolism. Due to the lack of regular training during this
period, athletes suffered major losses at the VO2max level.4 When access to professional facilities and disciplined support teams
were interrupted during the epidemic period, only health measures were taken and the training schedule was tried to be
postponed.5 Regardless of the category, uncertainties regarding the conditions that need to be created to ensure that athletes
avoid physical contact that would endanger them and to allow sports fans to come together as before the epidemic remain
uncertain.6 In the United Nations epidemic report, it was reported that most people were unable to participate in individual or
group physical activities outside of their homes due to the epidemic restricting the areas of physical activity, and these conditions
led most people to be less physically active. The United Nations also reported that the lack of access to physical activity during
the pandemic isolates many people from normal social life and negatively impacts their participation in physical activity.1
Sports Activities During the Epidemic Period
In research, the importance of cleanliness, social distance and necessary health checks in sports areas are emphasized. In addition,
it is stated that it is important for individuals from all walks of life to do physical activity regularly to stay healthy in such times when
most individuals do not have any experience with the epidemic. Physical activity experts indicate that 150-300 minutes of medium-
intensity exercise and 2 sessions of muscle-strengthening exercises per week are very beneficial.1 Studies have shown that regular
physical activity has specific benefits in terms of mental, physical and physiological health parameters and positive health outcomes.7,8
During the epidemic, most individuals can do physical activity at home without the need for any equipment and special space.
There are many options that the individual can stay active in the home environment throughout the day. Simple stretching
movements, household chores, climbing stairs, dancing with music or various exercise movements can be performed. In addition,
individuals with internet access can look for ways to stay active during this period by taking advantage of many free internet
resources. In internet resources, games with physical activity content that are suitable for each individual and can be performed in
small areas can be accessed online.1 This is an indication that technology, which is an important part of daily life and makes life
easier, can be used more effectively in sports activities. Technological innovations have also started to affect people's entertainment
styles, behaviors, needs and values in the sports industry. The use of technology in sports is increasing. This increase in usage
shows that the change in the sports industry in the next decade will be far greater than the previous few decades. At this stage,
issues such as which sports will be more popular after the epidemic, how sports will be
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organized in the future and how to enjoy sports should be emphasized. In addition, the need for deeper interaction and a more
diverse content development to meet the changing behavior and new demographic needs of existing sports and sports enthusiasts
should be on the agenda.9 The epidemic accelerated the digitalization of the sports sector and the integration of technology with
sports. Thanks to the integration of sports with technology, mobile phones that identify and recognize the individual, and
applications that collect personal information, physical activities, training programs, nutrition and motivation programs specific to
the individual have started to help the individual to organize his daily life. Now, thanks to technological tools, trainers can
make individuals do sports activities in front of cameras without any time and place limitations. Thus, technology makes it possible
for individuals to follow their coach from home.10 Although there are good developments of this kind, epidemic problems still
persist. Another problem affecting the sports sector during the epidemic period is the games played with the ball, which are
popular with children and young people. It should be explained to young athletes why the games played with the ball should be
limited in this period. Young people and children should be encouraged to temporarily stop playing ball sports during the epidemic
and instead turn to fun physical activities that help maintain health. This change may not be easy for children and young people.11
Physical activity plays an important role in the socialization of children and young people.12 The loss of social interaction of children
and young people during this period may endanger their peer relationships. Early research findings suggest that the epidemic
increases youth's anxiety, depression and the abuse of time.13,14 Sports and exercise psychologists, physical education teachers and
coaches should be engaged in providing social-psychological support to young athletes (online) during this period. Support during
this period can help young athletes to keep their motivation high. Support can also be obtained from parents and peers in this
process, but these individuals should not be subjected to excessive pressure to maintain social distance.15 Maintaining team spirit
during this period is important for young athletes. Online group meetings can be held at times when they need to get together to
provide team spirit and peer support due to restrictions. Thus, both social distances are maintained and mutual interaction can be
established. Sports psychologists can help athletes develop skills to cope with anxiety, identify athletes who have been adversely
affected by the epidemic or social isolation, and refer those with problems to mental health professionals. The crisis caused by the
epidemic can be turned into an opportunity to help athletes and their families communicate with each other and improve their
family relationships.16 Developments show that the impacts caused by COVID-19 are enormous and deeply affect sports and
individuals interested in sports. Although it is not possible to eliminate the effects of the epidemic, some methods that can be
applied in the process of returning to normal can help reduce the current effect. As part of the normalization process, a framework
is presented below to help do sports activities more risk-free and safe. This framework, it is aimed to reduce the risk of COVID-
19 transmission during sports activities and to raise awareness of the risks that participants may face.
Before Activity
Necessary precautions regarding the epidemic should be taken before starting sports activities. Regular assessments of individuals
participating in or participating in sports activities should be conducted against suspected COVID-19. Athletes should be informed
about the risks that may occur specific to their sport.17 Athletes must comply with epidemic restrictions and avoid risky behavior
in their surroundings to avoid endangering other participants. Athletes should stay away from crowded environments against the
risk of epidemics, prefer private vehicles for transportation, and prefer to walk if possible. In cases where a participant has been
in contact or has been diagnosed with an outbreak, the names and contact information of the participants should be collected and
kept for two weeks, provided that the personal information of the participants is kept confidential, in order to follow the public
health radiation.
During Activity
Attention should be paid to social distance, masks should not be used during the activity, and sharing of personal belongings and
sports equipment should be avoided. It is necessary to have information about how to protect the items and materials used during
the activity against the risk of an epidemic. Materials used in sports activities should be cleaned frequently against the risk of
spreading epidemics. Those who organize sports activities related to the cleaning of the balls used in games played with the ball
should make a risk reduction plan.17 Whether athletes engage in behaviors that facilitate the spread of the epidemic during the
activity should be observed by the activity authorities and, if necessary, these people should be warned. If athletes encounter a
health problem that requires external intervention during the activity, attention should be paid to hygiene and cleanliness, according
to health priority, and the intervener should take measures to protect himself and the athlete. At the end of the intervention,
hands should be cleaned and sterilized with soap or disinfectant type materials.
In Activity Areas
Sports activities should be done outdoors as much as possible. Ventilation systems should be suitable for sports activities in indoor
environments and efficient air filters should be used in these environments. If possible, natural ventilation methods should be
preferred. Air fresheners and perfumes that cause sneezing or coughing should not be used indoors. It should be ensured that
there are as few people as possible in closed environments. Facility staff should be trained on the epidemic. Items such as magazines,
candy, phone chargers in public areas should be removed. Hand disinfectant should be placed at the entry-exit points, and disposable
wet wipes or napkins should be preferred for cleaning when necessary. Participants showing signs of an epidemic should be
reported to healthcare facilities immediately. In addition to usual facility cleaning procedures, frequently touched surfaces should
be disinfected at short intervals. The seating arrangement of the common areas in the facilities should be arranged in accordance
with the distance rule. The usage capacity limits of the changing rooms should be determined. The frequency of cleaning the floors
of sports halls should be increased.17
Fomites in Equipment
In research, it has been proven that the virus can persist for a long time on equipment used in sports activities. Therefore, these
equipments can act as fomit to carry the virus, and in this way COVID-19 can infect participants. Below are some suggestions that
can help participants against fomite risk.
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According to this; First of all, the equipment used in sports activities is defined. What is this equipment and what ingredients
does it contain? How to clean this equipment in the most effective and safest way? The purpose of use, method of use and change
of equipment are learned. Overall use of the equipment can be reduced. Sharing of equipment for personal use can be avoided.
The risk of outbreak transmission during use of the equipment should be estimated. Equipment can be replaced with other
equipment in case of epidemic transmission risk. When necessary, training on the use of equipment against risks can be obtained.17
Risk Assessment
In addition, due to the high number of participants in sports fields, the combative and competitive nature of the sport, the frequency
of physical contact increases the risk of transmission of COVID-19. Therefore, the risk assessment should be done based on three
basic variables in sports.15 First, an evaluation of virus droplet transfer should be made. Virus droplet transmission poses a risk
associated with the actions of athletes in activity depending on the duration of sports and physical activity and social distance.
Athletes can predict how risky the movements in the sports environment are. For example, everything from the fight against one
or more people to the initial phase will determine the overall risk level specific to the sport. Second, infection transport and
transmission assessment should be made. Thirdly, the risks that may be encountered during the transportation and transfer of
sports equipment and the number of participants should be evaluated. The number of participants in the sports activity and other
health problems that may be caused by these participants or the previously known risk factors of the participants should be
evaluated. According to this general risk profile, some sports types may be included in the low-risk category. Therefore, returning
to normal in these sports types will be faster and easier. In this process, a comprehensive risk assessment should be made in line
with the action plan for protection from the epidemic by performing all sports activities in accordance with the procedures for
protection from the epidemic. Particular attention should be paid to individuals under 18 and vulnerable adults who are less
conscious of social distancing.17
CONCLUSION
As a result, these measures to be taken in environments where sports activities are carried out aim to minimize any direct or
indirect contact of sports participants in order to protect them from the epidemic. Considering this main theme, all kinds of
measures that can be taken both individually and institutionally play an important role in preventing negligence related to the
pandemic. The main purpose here is to do sports activities safely during the pandemic process and to make the most of the
benefits of sports. Therefore, in order to reduce the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports activities and to continue to
benefit from the benefits of sports, sports psychologists, trainers and athletes should cooperate and fight altogether. In order to
protect the health of individuals who do sports regardless of their sports category or any age group and to ensure their
participation in sports at all levels, it is recommended that every individual participating in sports activities or participating in sports
environments avoid attitudes and behaviors that will increase the negative effects of the pandemic.
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