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Background
The Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) is a widely used symptomatic distress questionnaire. A translated version of the SCL-90-R has been applied in Ukrainian general population surveys several times but has not yet been validated in this country. The SCL-90-R and its short versions (BSI-53, SCL-27, BSI-18, SCL-14 and SCL-9-K) were investigated in order to comparatively assess their properties and applications in Ukraine. Methods
Secondary analysis of three nationally representative cross-sectional surveys (1997, 1999 and 2014) using SCL-90-R was applied. Two thousand sixty nine respondents participated in 2014; the sample size for the 1997 and 1999 surveys was 1810 respondents per wave. Statistical data analysis is based on calculating internal consistencies with Cronbach’s Alpha, confirmatory factor analysis, nonparametric correlations and effect sizes for the equivalence of the full and short versions. ResultsThe scales of SCL-90-R and its shortened versions showed equally high internal consistencies. With regard to factorial validity, 2014 data confirmed the dimensional structure of all versions. Unsatisfactory results were found in 1997 and 1999 for SCL-90-R and in 1997 for SCL-27, based on the Chi-square criterion (χ2/degrees of freedom > 5), though other indexes suggested satisfactory model fit (RMSEA < 0.06; CFI, TLI > 0.95). Analysis of the equivalence of shortened and full versions of the SCL-90-R has shown the presence of small effect sizes. ConclusionBSI-18 and SCL-9-K are recommended for use in general population surveys as more economical versions of SCL-90-R. Both versions revealed satisfactory validity in 1997, 1999 and 2014.
Background:
The Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) is a questionnaire that is widely used to measure subjective psychopathology. In this study we investigated the psychometric properties of the SCL-90 among adolescent inpatients and community youth matched on age and gender.
Methods:
The final SCL-90 respondents comprised three subsets: 201 inpatients at admission, of whom 152 also completed the instrument at discharge, and 197 controls. The mean age at baseline was 15.0 years (SD 1.2), and 73 % were female. Differential SCL-90 item functioning between the three subsets was assessed with an iterative algorithm, and the presence of multidimensionality was assessed with a number of methods. Confirmatory factor analyses for ordinal items compared three latent factor models: one dimension, nine correlated dimensions, and a one-plus-nine bifactor model. Sensitivity to change was assessed with the bifactor model's general factor scores at admission and discharge. The accuracy of this factor in detecting the need for treatment used, as a gold standard, psychiatric diagnoses based on clinical records and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime (K-SADS-PL) interview.
Results:
Item measurement properties were largely invariant across subsets under the unidimensional model, with standardized factor scores at admission being 0.04 higher than at discharge and 0.06 higher than those of controls. Determination of the empirical number of factors was inconclusive, reflecting a strong main factor and some multidimensionality. The unidimensional factor model had very good fit, but the bifactor model offered an overall improvement, though subfactors accounted for little item variance. The SCL-90s ability to identify those with and without a psychiatric disorder was good (AUC = 83 %, Glass's Δ = 1.4, Cohen's d = 1.1, diagnostic odds ratio 12.5). Scores were also fairly sensitive to change between admission and discharge (AUC 72 %, Cohen's d = 0.8).
Conclusions:
The SCL-90 proved mostly unidimensional and showed sufficient item measurement invariance, and is thus a useful tool for screening overall psychopathology in adolescents. It is also applicable as an outcome measure for adolescent psychiatric patients. SCL-90 revealed significant gender differences in subjective psychopathology among both inpatients and community youth.
Objective: To compare psychopathology and personality in parents of children with ADHD and control parents. Method: A total of 140 parents were subdivided according to presence and duration of ADHD. Assessment was based on various ADHD self-rating scales, the revised Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R), the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), and the revised NEO Five Factors Inventory (NEO-FFI). Results: Parents with lifelong persistent ADHD were most abnormal on all dimensions of ADHD psychopathology, the SCL-90-R, the PHQ, and the neuroticism and conscientiousness dimensions of the NEO-FFI. The scores of parents with current ADHD approached those of parents with persistent ADHD on most dimensions, and both groups scored higher than did parents with either remitted ADHD or no ADHD, or controls. The scores of the latter three groups were not significantly different from each other. Conclusion: Among parents of children with ADHD, parents with lifelong persistent or current ADHD show highest scores of psychopathology.
To examine the validity and reliability of a Japanese version of the Symptom Checklist 90 Revised (SCL-90-R (J)).
The English SCL-90-R was translated to Japanese and the Japanese version confirmed by back-translation. To determine the factor validity and internal consistency of the nine primary subscales, 460 people from the community completed SCL-90-R(J). Test-retest reliability was examined for 104 outpatients and 124 healthy undergraduate students. The convergent-discriminant validity was determined for 80 inpatients who replied to both SCL-90-R(J) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI).
The correlation coefficients between the nine primary subscales and items were .26 to .78. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were from .76 (Phobic Anxiety) to .86 (Interpersonal Sensitivity). Pearson's correlation coefficients between test-retest scores were from .81 (Psychoticism) to .90 (Somatization) for the outpatients and were from .64 (Phobic Anxiety) to .78 (Paranoid Ideation) for the students. Each of the nine primary subscales correlated well with their corresponding constructs in the MMPI.
We confirmed the validity and reliability of SCL-90-R(J) for the measurement of individual distress. The nine primary subscales were consistent with the items of the original English version.
The Symptom Check-List-90-R (SCL-90-R) is a widely used psychological status symptom inventory. The properties of the German SCL-90-R version were studied in two clinical samples: psychosomatic outpatients and primary care patients. The data were compared with a German community sample. The internal consistency, measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficients, was found to be high, for the global scale and all original subscales. Mokken scale analysis indicated hierarchical structure for most of the subscales. Concurrent validity, evaluated by studying the relationship between the SCL-90-R subscales and the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP-C) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) was also high. On the basis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses, it was found that the SCL-90-R was able to differentiate between subjects known to have a given psychological disorder and those who do not. Results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis failed to support the original nine factor model and two subsequent factor models. The strong interdependence of the original subscales and the strong first unrotated factor of the exploratory factor analyses raised concern regarding the multi-dimensionality of the SCL-90-R subscales. We concluded that the SCL-90-R is a useful tool for measuring psychological status, measuring change in outcome studies, or screening for mental disorders.
To test the consistency of the proposed structure for the SCL-90R.
598 first appointments of a Mental Health Centre were evaluated. 352 of these patients completed the SCL-90-R during their first appointment and also 6 and 12 months later. The structure of this questionnaire from the first appointment as well as from follow-up observations is analysed separately in men and women by exploratory factor analysis. Moreover, confirmatory factor analysis have been applied in order to compare the relative adjustment with the data observed during the first appointment in the original model of Derogatis et al., as well as in 3 other factor models.
Exploratory factor analysis rendered a different factor structure with all other contrasted models, that were rejected by confirmatory factor analysis as well, in men and women. Only a relative temporal stability in factor structure, different for men and women, was found.
It seems that this tool may be rather more useful as a unitary measure for global distress. In addition, our results suggest that the factor structure of the SCL-90-R may vary in the same sample depending on the gender and also possibly varying throughout the time of observation. According to this, the benefit of the SCL-90-R for descriptive and monitoring studies throughout the time is questionable for this type of samples.
This study evaluated the incremental validity of scores from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory—2 (MMPI-2) and the Symptom Checklist—90—Revised (SCL-90-R) in a sample of mental health inpatients originally published by Archer, Griffin, and Aiduk (1995). The incremental validity of scores from the SCL-90-R primary symptom dimensions and MMPI-2 Clinical, Content, and Restructured Clinical scales was assessed in a sample of 544 mental health inpatients using conceptually related items from the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) as criteria. A series of hierarchical multiple regressions indicated that scores from the SCL-90-R primary symptom dimensions exhibited limited incremental validity (Mdn ΔR ² = .01, range = 0—.01), whereas scores from MMPI-2 scales contributed additional information in the prediction of ratings on all but one BPRS item (Mdn ΔR 2 = .08, range = .04—.12).
Two studies examined the psychometric properties of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) subscale of the SCL-90-R. Study 1 examined SCL-90-R responses from 2,361 college women to determine whether this subscale can appropriately assess the three dimensions of PTSD. Factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha suggest that this subscale is best conceptualized as a unidimensional index of PTSD symptomatology. Study 2 confirmed these results in a sample of 1,044 college men and women. Findings in the second sample also supported the subscale's validity, as it correlates well with the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale and with trauma frequency and can discriminate between individuals with and without PTSD diagnoses. Results suggest that the SCL-90-R PTSD subscale is a reliable, but unidimensional, measure for screening for distress associated with PTSD. Although there is some support for the usefulness of this scale, especially with women, it should only be considered a general indicator of distress with limited use for men.
This book is an introductory text to the field of psychological testing primarily suitable for undergraduate students in psychology, education, business, and related fields. This book will also be of interest to graduate students who have not had a prior exposure to psychological testing and to professionals such as lawyers who need to consult a useful source. Psychological Testing is clearly written, well-organized, comprehensive, and replete with illustrative materials. In addition to the basic topics, the text covers in detail topics that are often neglected by other texts such as cross-cultural testing, the issue of faking tests, the impact of computers and the use of tests to assess positive behaviors such as creativity.
The empirical literature pertaining to anxiety and related disorders in African Americans continues to be sparse, raising significant doubt upon the valid assessment of anxiety and related disorders in African American samples. The identification of culturally valid instruments that accurately identify the symptomatology associated with anxiety and related constructs as well as differentiating individuals who meet criteria for anxiety and related disorders would undoubtedly enhance our understanding of anxiety and related constructs in diverse populations while assisting researchers in identifying ingredients for culturally sensitive therapies (CSTs). The current study represents a major stride in this area through examination of the factor structure of the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised (SCL-90-R) in a community-based sample of African American women. Ninety-one African American women completed the SCL-90-R as part of a larger investigation of anxiety and related disorders in African American parent-child dyads. Results suggest that psychological distress, as measured by the SCL-90-R, adequately fits the current data. Implications and suggestions for future work in this area are discussed.
Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90) has been used on both normal and clinical samples in Thailand over a long period. However, its validity and reliability have not yet been systemically reported
Survey the validity and reliability of SCL-90 in a more extensive way, using a normal sample of people throughout Thailand, and investigate the psychometric properties of the Thai version of SCL-90.
Four hundred forty eight subjects participated in the present study of which 50.4% were male and with ages ranging from eighteen to 90 years, by providing demographic data and completing the Thai version of SCL-90 and the 16-Personality Factor (16-PF) Questionnaire. The demographic data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, and Cronbach's alpha was used to determine its internal consistency Factor and confirmatory factor analysis were performed to construct the validity, and convergent and discriminant validities were calculated to generate Pearson's correlation coefficients using the 16-PF subscales.
The mean of the global symptoms index was found to be 0.70 +/- 0.46, with the means of the symptoms ranging from 0.53 for Psychoticism to 0.98 for Obsessive-compulsive disorder. We found to be a significant difference in sub-scales across genders, age groups, geographic regions, educational levels, occupations, and incomes, but the symptom dimension patterns revealed were similar to those of previous studies. Depression and anxiety were the key components to show variance between the normal and clinical samples. The measurements demonstrated good internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha, at 0.97, but did not yield relevant correlations between some of the 16-PF sub-scales, as was expected. Moreover, factor analysis revealed that SCL-90 has a uni-dimensional construct.
The Thai version of SCL-90 showed a good internal consistency, but poor discriminant validity with most items occurring for the depression, anxiety and interpersonal sensitivity dimensions. It is recommended that some of the items be revised for clinical studies.
The Symptom Check-List-90 (SCL-90) is a widely used psychiatric questionnaire which has not yet been validated in Finland. We investigated the utility of the translated version of the SCL-90 in the Finnish population, and set community norms for it. The internal consistency of the original subscales was checked and found to be good. Discriminant function analysis, based on the nine original subscales, showed that the power of the SCL-90 to discriminate between patients and the community is good. Factor analysis of the items of the questionnaire yielded a very strong unrotated first factor, suggesting that a general factor may be present. This together with the fact that high intercorrelations were found between the nine original subscales suggests that the instrument is not multidimensional. The SCL-90 may be useful in a research setting as an instrument for measuring the change in symptomatic distress, or as a screening instrument. The American community norms should be used with caution, as the Finnish community sample scored consistently higher on all subscales.
The present investigation was intended principally as a concurrent validation study for a new self-report symptom inventory: the SCL-90. A sample of 209 'symptomatic volunteers' served as subjects and were administered both the SCL-90 and the MMPI prior to participation in clinical therapeutic drug trials. The MMPI was scored for the Wiggins content scales and the Tryon cluster scales in addition to the standard clinical scales. Comparisons of the nine primary symptom dimensions of the SCL-90 with the set of MMPI scales reflected very high convergent validity for the SCL-90. Peak correlations were observed with like constructs on eight of the nine scales, with secondary patterns of correlations showing high interpretative consistency.
This study investigated the factor structure of the SCL-90R using an outpatient psychology clinic population. Six relatively homogeneous and stable factors were identified: Depression, Somatization, Anger-Hostility, Paranoid-Psychoticism, Phobic Anxiety, and Obsessive-Compulsive. However, a principal component analysis revealed that the first factor accounted for a large percentage of the variance, suggesting that this instrument measures a general dimension of psychopathology. In addition, significant correlations between the SCL-90R symptom dimensions and both the BDI and several MMPI scales were found. The results of the study lead to questions regarding the utility of the SCL-90R.
A review of the literature on the factor structure of the Symptom Check List-90-R (SCL-90-R) and its precursors makes evident the many problems inherent in this clinical assessment tool as a measure of independent dimensions of symptom distress, particularly in psychiatric patients. The many versions of the Symptom Check List are evaluated on several criteria (e.g., factor stability, factor loadings, proportion of variance, etc.). It is concluded that interpreting nine dimensions for clinical purposes is highly questionable. It is perhaps still a better measure of general distress as was intended in its original version approximately three decades ago.
Quantitative models to explore behavioural disorders are being used increasingly often for health care decision making. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of instruments in Argentina specifically designed for our population, and few researchers have focused on adapting and re-establishing psychometric criteria for instruments proven to be useful in other countries. The aims of this study were to assess the psychometric properties and to develop normative samples for a psychological status symptom inventory, the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL90). We sought to determine the psychological symptom patterns both in physically healthy community-residing respondents and in physically ill patients in Argentina. The nonpatient sample was a random stratified one, made up of 484 individuals from the general population and representative with regard to gender, age, income and educational level. We also analysed a patient sample that included 105 persons with breast cancer. Results indicated acceptable reliability and validity levels as well as adequate sensitivity to detect differences between patients and nonpatients. We concluded that the SCL90 can be used to measure psychological status in Argentina, and the data presented in this paper can be utilized for comparisons with other similar instruments and with other populations.
To evaluate the internal validity of the subscales of the combined SCL-90 and SCL-90R, the SCL-92, by item response analyses as compared with several previously reported factor analyses of this questionnaire in the literature.
The SCL-92 questionnaire was mailed to an age- and gender-stratified random sample of Danish citizens. The sample comprised 2040 individuals. The internal structure of the nine factors of the SCL-92 questionnaire was evaluated by Mokken-Loevinger analysis and Rasch analysis.
In total, 1153 persons or 58% returned the questionnaire fully completed. Mokken analysis found all scales apart from the psychoticism scale acceptable. The Rasch analysis found most of the subscales to be robust. Minor problems were seen for the scales of phobic anxiety, obsession-compulsion and depression. Analysis of the Global Severity Index showed that the Rasch model was rejected for the full 92-item scale, but not for a scale consisting of the 63 items from the non-psychotic subscales. Spearman correlations among the subscales were all positive (range 0.34-0.79) and so were correlations between each of the subscales and the Global Severity Index (range 0.55-0.91).
In this sample from the Danish general population the non-psychotic subscales, i.e. the subscales covering psychological distress were observed to function well. In a general population sample, the 63 non-psychotic items primarily appear to reflect one broad dimension of distress.
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