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Türkiye’de Tarım Arazilerinin Bölünmesinin Önlenmesine Yönelik Bir Araştırma
Abstract
A comprehensive survey study was carried out in 2012 in order to provide necessary recommendations to the relevant units for making necessary arrangements about the problems caused by agricultural land fragmentation and about the arrangements which should be made for the prevention of the fragmentation. Determinations of the ways for avoiding of the agricultural land fragmentation have been based on the farmer opinions. This study was conducted in 81 provinces with 48496 people consisting of 34899 village headmen, 3849 union, cooperative or other NGO representatives, 528 chambers-stock market representatives and 9.220 leading farmers.
As a result of evaluations, it has been determined that 42,6 decares of 93,6 decares which was found as the average area per farm in Turkey were shared and average number of parcels for shared and unshared lands were found as 4,6 and 4,9 which ended up to 9,7 as the total number of parcels. The sizes of parcels as of geographical regions were determined as 5,1 decares (the smallest) for Black Sea Region and as 17,3 decares (the largest) for Southeast Anatolia Region and 9,6 decares for Turkey in general.
In Turkey, the opinions of the farmers for the fragmentation of the lands via inheritance were investigated and 74,6%of survey participants consider the fragmentation of land via inheritance stands as a problem. Although there are differences as of regions, about 60,1%of the participants think that if remuneration is paid they would hand over their shares to other shareholders whereas 38,8%shows opposition to this idea. When the ratio of the people acceding to the idea of handing over their shares put in order as of provinces, Bayburt is the leading with 77,1%and Rize is the last with 29,9%.
About 81,6%of farmers stated that they would consider paying remuneration of land and buying from other shareholders. When the ratio of the people acceding to the idea of buying from other shareholders put in order as of provinces, Rize again takes the last place in the list. The similar situation is valid for Ordu, Trabzon and Giresun. In these provinces the ratio of people that would think of either buying from or selling to other shareholders was found to be very low.
Among the considerable reasons why farmers would not think of selling their shares to other shareholders, having no job other than farming to deal with (the only means of living) and thinking that keeping the lands is an assurance for their children.
Moreover, as a result of statistical evaluations, opinions on division of land via inheritance, fragmentation of land divided into shares and regulations to be made in order to avoid fragmentation of land would show differences depending on the socio-economic situations of the participants.
Key Words: Agricultural land, land fragmentation, consolidation,
Toprak toplulaştırması, parçalanmış parsellerin bir araya getirilmesidir. Tarım topraklarının toplulaştırılması veya parçalanmanın korunması toprak yönetim araçlarındandır. Toprak toplulaştırmasının olumlu yönleri ile parçalanmanın sorun olmadığı, yararlı da olabildiğini kanıtlayan çalışmalar bulunmaktadır. Ancak mevcut çalışmalar, toplulaştırmada veya parçalılığın sürdürülmesinde yerele özgü koşulların önceden değerlendirilmesi gerektiğini tavsiye etmektedir. Ayrıca toprak yönetimi araçlarından herhangi birine karar verebilmek veya her ikisine de devam edebilmek için sosyal, ekonomik, kültürel, yasal ve çevresel koşullar arasındaki bağlantıların da değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada, tarım topraklarının parçalanma biçimleri, nedenleri ve parçalanmanın olumlu-olumsuz etkileri literatüre dayalı olarak eleştirel ve nesnel bir şekilde incelenmektedir. Amaç, belirli bir alanda herhangi bir toprak toplulaştırma yaklaşımının benimsenmesiyle ilgili koşulları ve bağlantıları belirlemektir.
Fragmentation of agriculture prevents the efficient use of production factors. The aim of this study is to determine the factors which affect land fragmentation of farms in villages of Central District of Erzurum Province in 2004. Ordered logit model was used for this purpose. As a result of the study, it has been found that there is a positive relationship between tools and machinery assets which constitute the explanatory variable, the size of the enterprise, forage crop cultivation, population working in the agricultural sector and land fragments number. In addition, a negative relationship was found between arid land rental value and land fragmentation.
The paper analyzes the impact of land fragmentation and ownership of resources on productivity and technical efficiency in rice production in Bangladesh using farm level survey data. Results reveal that land fragmentation has a significant detrimental effect on productivity and efficiency as expected. The elasticity estimates of land fragmentation reveal that a 1% increase in land fragmentation reduces rice output by 0.05% and efficiency by 0.03%. On the other hand, ownership of key resources (land, family labour, and draft animals) significantly increases efficiency. The mean elasticity estimates reveal that a 1% increase in family labour and owned draft animal improve technical efficiency by 0.04% and 0.03%, respectively. Also, a 1% increase in the adoption of modern technology improves efficiency by 0.04%. The mean technical efficiency in rice production is estimated at 0.91 indicating little scope to improve rice production per se using existing varieties. Policy implications include addressing structural causes of land fragmentation (e.g., law of inheritance and political economy of agrarian structure), building of physical capital (e.g., land and livestock resources), improvements in extension services and adoption of modern rice technology.
Historically proven fact is that land fragmentation is a logical consequence of each land reform. The ownership restitution of land on small noncontiguous and spatially dispersed parcels prevents establishing of viable and profi table farms and hence becomes a holdback to an effi cient agriculture. This negative effect becomes increasingly stronger. The small land parcels impede applying of new technologies and production models, as well as the labor and machines’ efficient use. The scattered parcels make diffi cult the planned operation of land. Notwithstanding the land reform in Bulgaria is already completed, the resulting fragmentation continues to exist and exerts negative impact on the rural regions’ sustainable development. Improvement of these areas’ means of living is connected with the effi ciency of resource use, which may be achieved through land consolidation and territorial planning. The purpose of this study is to analyze the economic and social effects of fragmentation on agriculture in Bulgaria.
Rearrangement of agricultural ownership and improvement in the farm structure indicates the classical meaning of land consolidation. However, accomplishing development in agriculture and rural area needs a broader conception of planning. Within such conceptualization of planning land consolidation should be considered in an integrated approach and rural development should be included. Land consolidation works in Turkey, which are carried out by various laws and by numerous institutions, should be studied under a broader program. In this paper it would be argued that all agricultural, environmental and rural regulations should be done collectively under the framework of a special consolidation law.
After 50 years of collectivization, countries in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) have made significant progress in the devolution of state-owned real estate to private urban and rural ownership. Despite the remarkable success of the land-reform process, land fragmentation has emerged as a side-effect, with detrimental implications for private and public investments, sustainable economic growth and social development. Less-favoured and least-developed regions with economies still dependent on agriculture have experienced negative growth rates, soaring unemployment and mounting rural poverty, resulting in serious social and economic disintegration and widespread disappointment among local actors and stakeholders.
Agricultural landholdings in China have an average size of only 0.53 hectares and are divided over six different plots on average. This very high degree of land fragmentation is likely to impose important constraints to current government policies aimed at supporting the incomes of rural households, raising domestic grain production, and promoting the overall production capacity of agricultural sector in order to meet the challenges posed by foreign competition. The purpose of this study is to examine the causes of this extremely high degree of land fragmentation and its consequences for food production in China . The analysis focuses in particular on rice smallholders in Jiangxi Province , a major rice production base of China . The results of the analysis of factors driving land fragmentation indicate that the egalitarian principle used in distributing land to households and in reallocating land to adjust for demographic changes within villages is the main driving factor. Land renting activities and off-farm employment opportunities reduce land fragmentation, but their impact is modest. With respect to the consequences of land fragmentation, this study finds that consolidation of small, fragmented plots into a smaller number of larger plots located at smaller distances to the homestead (1) reduces production costs, (2) causes a shift from labor-intensive methods towards the use of modern technologies, (3) increases input use efficiency, (4) contributes to soil quality improvement, and (5) increases the availability of the two major yield-limiting factors in rice production in the research area. Three policy options are suggested for reducing the high degree of land fragmentation in China, namely to replace land distribution based on physical units by a system based on land values, to provide tradable land use rights to all farmers so that they can freely transfer their agricultural land in the market, and to promote the establishment of a local, small, non-state-owned enterprise sector in rural areas with limited off-farm employment opportunities. A combination of these three policies is likely to lead to a significant reduction in land fragmentation, and thereby provide important incentives to farm households to strengthen the long-term production capacity of their farms, and make the agricultural sector more capable of meeting the challenges of increased foreign competition in China
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