Statistical analysis of freshwater fishes of head Khanki, Punjab, Pakistan

Abstract

Pakistan has more than 225 wetlands (0.78 Million hectares) area. Out of total 74% consist of freshwater and remaining consists of marine water. Pakistan has 19 Ramsar sites. Ichthyologist noted that 27,977fish species are present in whole world; more than 786 species of marine and 171 freshwater ichthyofauna reported in Pakistan. Head Khanki it is an essential wetland and situated at River Chenab. The main objective of study was to know the diversity of fish of head Khanki, Punjab, Pakistan. The present study was carried out at Head Khanki, Punjab from January 2018 to December 2018, while data were collected at early morning. During the survey, 26 species and threat to fish fauna were analyzed from the study area. Shannon-Weiner Index, Richness and Evenness of freshwater fishes were 2.834, 9.803 and 0.8699 respectively observed from Head Khanki. During the study observed the fallowing threats to fish i.e. increase pesticides, waste material, fertilizers, excess fishing for export and domestic use, bad construction of fish-ladder and low or no stocking of fish fauna in river. It is concluded that study area have high fish diversity and also has unique fish fauna, fish species are declined due to overfishing and anthropogenic impacts.

Full text

Journal of Wildlife and Ecology. (2019). 3(1):1-9
1 Muhammad et al. Fishes of head Khanki
Statistical analysis of freshwater fishes of head Khanki, Punjab,
Pakistan
Noor Muhammad1*, Muhammad Umair2, Abdul Majid Khan3, Muhammad Yaqoob3, Sana
Ashraf4, Muhammad Sultan Haider4, Sohail Arif Chattha5, Zahid Sadiq Ansari5, Zahid
Rasheed6 and Khalid Javed Iqbal7
1. Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Government of Punjab, Pakistan
2. School of Agriculture and Biology and Research Center for Low Carbon Agriculture, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
3. Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
4. Department of Zoology, University of the Lahore, Sargodha campus, Sargodha, Pakistan
5. University of Central Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Gujranwala, Pakistan
6. Department of Statistics, Women University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
7. Department of Zoology, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
*Corresponding Author: email.nooor@gmail.com
9
Research Paper Open Access
Peer Reviewed
Citation: Muhammad, N., M.
Umair, A.M. Khan, M.
Yaqoob, S. Ashraf, M.S.
Haider, S.A. Chattha, Z.S.
Ansari, M. Yaqoob, Z.
Rasheed, K.J. Iqbal. 2019.
Statistical analysis of
freshwater fishes of head
Khanki, Punjab, Pakistan.
Journal of Wildlife and
Ecology. 3: 1-9.
Received: 11, 01, 2019
Accepted: 13, 02, 2019
Published: 01, 03, 2019
Competing interests: The
authors have declared that no
competing interests exist.
Funding: Authors have no
source of funding for this
work.
Availability of data: Authors
have included all data in the
manuscript that were collected
during the field survey.
ABSTRACT
Pakistan has more than 225 wetlands (0.78 Million hectares)
area. Out of total 74% consist of freshwater and remaining
consists of marine water. Pakistan has 19 Ramsar sites.
Ichthyologist noted that 27,977fish species are present in
whole world; more than 786 species of marine and 171
freshwater ichthyofauna reported in Pakistan. Head Khanki
it is an essential wetland and situated at River Chenab. The
main objective of study was to know the diversity of fish of
head Khanki, Punjab, Pakistan. The present study was
carried out at Head Khanki, Punjab from January 2018 to
December 2018, while data were collected at early morning.
During the survey, 26 species and threat to fish fauna were
analyzed from the study area. Shannon-Weiner Index,
Richness and Evenness of freshwater fishes were 2.834,
9.803 and 0.8699 respectively observed from Head Khanki.
During the study observed the fallowing threats to fish i.e.
increase pesticides, waste material, fertilizers, excess fishing
for export and domestic use, bad construction of fish-ladder
and low or no stocking of fish fauna in river. It is concluded
that study area have high fish diversity and also has unique
fish fauna, fish species are declined but due to overfishing
and anthropogenic impacts.
Keywords: Diversity, Richness, Evenness, Freshwater,
Fishes, Threats
W
E

Journal of Wildlife and Ecology. (2019). 3(1):1-9
2 Muhammad et al. Fishes of head Khanki
INTRODUCTION
Pakistan has more than 225 wetlands (0.78 Million hectares) area. Out of total
74% consist of freshwater and remaining consists of marine water. Pakistan has
19 Ramsar sites (Altaf et al., 2014). Water is very necessary and vital for the
fauna life activities e.g. drink, agriculture, industry, and human daily use (Bartram
and Ballance, 1996). Water and life has deep connection, life was not possible
without water (Gleick et al., 2002). Water has a vital role in human societies.
Almost all the societies of human were established near the water i.e. river, canal
and ocean (Gupta and Gupta, 2006). Water quality is decreasing day by day due
to anthropogenic impact i.e. deforestation, agriculture intensification,
urbanization, industrialization and ecotourism (Singh et al., 2007; Majagi et al.,
2008).
The different diversity indices were used to evaluate the diversity i.e.
Shannon-Weiner, Simpson, Evenness, Richness and Dominance (Altaf, 2016).
Ichthyologist noted that 27,977fish species are present in whole world (Nelson,
2006), more than 786 species of marine (Mirza and Alam, 2000) and 171
freshwater fishes are recorded from Pakistan (Mirza, 2004). The main objective of
study was to explore the diversity of fish of head Khanki, Punjab, Pakistan.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Methodology: Data was collected in each month from January 2018 to December
2018 from head Khanki. Drift nets and hooks were utilized to capture fish fauna
in study area. Drift nets and hooks were attached by bamboos and wooden poles.
There were present vary mesh size, used in both lotic and lentic water. Group
questionnaires were also used to observe the fish diversity.
Study area: Head Khanki (32о24'07 N, 073о58'39 E, and elevation at 219 M) is
located at river Chenab near adjacent to Gujranwala and Gujarat (Figure 1). Water
pH was recorded as 7.1-8.1. Study area has four seasons, while almost 45oC
temperature is measured in summer and almost 5oC in winter (Umair et al., 2013;
Umair et al., 2017).
Aquatic vegetation: In River Chenab at head Qadirabad, the aquatic vegetation
includes Carex fedia, Hydrilla verticillata, Nelumbo nucifera, Nymphaea lotus,
Phragmites karka, Potamogeton crispus, P. pectinatus, Typha angustata,
Vallisneria spiralis, Zannichellia palustris and Chara spp. (Umair et al., 2013;
Umair et al., 2017).
Terrestrial vegetation: The natural vegetation of the surrounding plains in
tropical thorn forest with species such as Acacia nilotica, Capparis decidua,
Prosopis cineraria, Tamarix aphylla, Zizyphus mauritiana, Z. nummularia,
Calotropis procera, Eleusine compressa, Erianthus spp., Panicum antidotale and
Saccharum spontaneurn. Dalbergia sissoo and Acacia nilotica have been
extensively planted along nearby roadsides and around agricultural land (Umair et
al., 2013; Umair et al., 2017).
Weed diversity: In River Chenab at Head Qadirabad, the most common weed
species includes Tribulus terrestris L., Solanum nigrum L., Xanthium
strumarium, Amaranthus viridis, Cynodon dactylon, Achyranthes aspera,
Parthenium hysterophorus, Calotropis procera, Conyza ambigua DC., Oxalis

Journal of Wildlife and Ecology.
3
cornicula, Chenopodium album,
and
Cannabis sativa
Figure 1. The Map of head Kh
anki.
Statistical Analysis:
diversity i.e.
Shannon
Shannon-wiener
Weaver, 1949);
Richness Index
Evenness Index
(E)
Du
ring the survey 33 species and 355 individual of fishes were observed.
Shannon-
Weiner Index (H') was
indicated the heterogeneity among species of the study
Index was
noted as;
area. Altaf et al.
(2011b
(2019). 3(1):1-9
Muhammad et al.
Fishes of head Khanki
cornicula, Chenopodium album,
Euphorbia pilulifera L.,
Euphorbia prostrata L.
Cannabis sativa
(Umair et al., 2013; Umair et al., 2017).
anki.
Statistical Analysis:
Different statistical indices were used to
Shannon
-wiener Index, Richness Index and
Evenness Index
Index (H') was analyzed by
given formula
H' = - [ΣPІ In PІ]
Where, H' = Shannon-wiener Index
Richness Index
(R), the numb
er of fish species was calculated by formula is
written as (Margalef, 1958);
R =(S – 1)/lognN
Where S= total number of species
N = total number/ population of ichthyofauna
(E)
, was calculated by the formula written as (
Pielou, 1966
E = H'/ Logn S
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
ring the survey 33 species and 355 individual of fishes were observed.
Weiner Index (H') was
recorded as 2.834.
Shannon
indicated the heterogeneity among species of the study
area, while
noted as;
0.8699 and Richness was
as; 9.803 (Table 1) in the study
(2011b
) identified the 33 species from the h
ead Qadirabad.
Fishes of head Khanki
Euphorbia prostrata L.
analysis the fish
Evenness Index
. While
given formula
(Shannon and
er of fish species was calculated by formula is
Pielou, 1966
);
ring the survey 33 species and 355 individual of fishes were observed.
Shannon
-Weiner Index
area, while
Evenness
as; 9.803 (Table 1) in the study
ead Qadirabad.
Khan

Journal of Wildlife and Ecology. (2019). 3(1):1-9
4 Muhammad et al. Fishes of head Khanki
et al. (2011) recorded the 50 species from the Ravi while 30 species recorded
from the river Jhelum.
Top abundant fishes of the study area were as; Oreochromis spp. (R.A=
0.214085), Labeo rohita (0.084507), Cirrhinus mrigala (0.061972), Bagarius
bagarius (0.061972), Sperata sarwari (0.061972), Channa punctata (0.059155),
Tor microlopsis (0.059155), Rita rita (0.047887), Heteropneustes fossilis
(0.047887) and Clupisoma garua (0.033803) (Table 2). Comparison of the
present fish species distribution with previous reported fish species in Pakistan
was analyzed (Table 3).
During the study observed the fallowing threats to fish i.e. increase
fertilizers, pesticides, waste material, excess fishing for marketing and export, bad
construction of fish-ladder and no or low stocking of fish species in river.
Conclusion: It is concluded that study area have high fish diversity and also has
unique fish fauna, but fish population and species are declined due to overfishing
and pollution.
Acknowledgements: The all authors are thankful for help of head Khanki
community.
Authors’ contributions: Project designed by Muhammad, Umair and Yaqoob,
data collected by Muhammad and Umair, statistical analysis by Rasheed,
supervised by Khan; while critically analysis by Ashraf, Haider, Chattha, Ansari,
Yaqoob and Iqbal.
Table 1: Fish of the head Khanki, River Chenab
Common Name Scientific Name R.A PilnPi
Common Carp Cyprinus carpio 0.002817 -0.01654
Mori Cirrhinus mrigala 0.061972 -0.17235
Raho Labeo rohita 0.084507 -0.20881
Kalbans Labeo calbasu 0.011268 -0.05054
Thaila Catla catla 0.019718 -0.07742
Dola Channa punctata 0.059155 -0.16727
Sole Channa marulius 0.025352 -0.09317
Tilapia Oreochromis spp. 0.214085 -0.32999
Khaga Rita rita 0.047887 -0.14553
Foji Khaga Bagarius bagarius 0.061972 -0.17235
Baam Machhali Mastacembelus armatus 0.014085 -0.06004
Sangari Sperata sarwari 0.061972 -0.17235
Mali Wallago attu 0.030986 -0.10765
Jhali Eutropiichthys vacha 0.019718 -0.07742
Masheer Tor microlopsis 0.059155 -0.16727
Bachhwa Clupisoma garua 0.033803 -0.1145
But Pari Notopterus Notopterus 0.011268 -0.05054
Patha Chalwa Barilius Bendelisis 0.005634 -0.02918
Sophore Popra Puntius sophore 0.008451 -0.04034
Ticto Popra Puntius ticto 0.005634 -0.02918

Journal of Wildlife and Ecology. (2019). 3(1):1-9
5 Muhammad et al. Fishes of head Khanki
Ranga Sheesha Machhali Parambassis ranga 0.002817 -0.01654
Kirla Machhali Sisor rabdophorus 0.030986 -0.10765
Kaan Machhali Xenentodon cancila 0.033803 -0.1145
Pali Roo Machhali Osteobrama cotio 0.014085 -0.06004
Choti Chal Machhali Salmostoma bacaila 0.030986 -0.10765
Sangehi Machhali Heteropneustes fossilis 0.047887 -0.14553
Shannon-wiener diversity Index -2.834
Richness Index 9.803
Evenness Index 0.8699
Table 2: Top abundant fishes of Head Khanki.
Scientific Name Relative abundance (R.A.)
Oreochromis spp. 0.214085
Cirrhinus mrigala 0.061972
Labeo rohita 0.084507
Bagarius bagarius 0.061972
Channa punctata 0.059155
Sperata sarwari 0.061972
Rita rita 0.047887
Tor microlopsis 0.059155
Heteropneustes fossilis 0.047887
Clupisoma garua 0.033803
Table 3: Fish species recorded from study area and comparison with
previous record in Pakistan.
Common Name
Scientific Name
Previous record in Pakistan
Common Carp
Cyprinus carpio
Indus (Khan et al., 2008; Hussain et al., 2016; Muhammad
et al., 2017a), Sutlej (Iqbal et al., 2017), Jhelum (Khan et
al., 2008; Mirza et al., 2011), Ravi (Hussain et al., 2015)
and River Chenab (Altaf et al., 2011a; Altaf et al., 2011b;
Altaf et al., 2015; Latif et al., 2016; Muhammad et al.,
2017c; Muhammad et al., 2018),
Mori
Cirrhinus mrigala
Indus (Khan et al., 2008; Hussain et al., 2016), River
Chenab (Altaf et al., 2011a; Altaf et al., 2011b; Altaf et al.,
2015; Muhammad et al., 2017c), Sutlej, Jhelum (Iqbal et
al., 2017) and Ravi (Hussain et al., 2015; Hussain et al.,
2017)
Raho
Labeo rohita
Indus (Khan et al., 2008; Mirza and Mirza, 2014; Hussain
et al., 2016; Muhammad et al., 2017a; Sheikh et al., 2017),
River Chenab (Khan et al., 2008; Mirza et al., 2011; Altaf
et al., 2015; Latif et al., 2016; Muhammad et al., 2017c),
Sutlej (Iqbal et al., 2017), Jhelum (Mirza et al., 2011;
Mirza and Mirza, 2014) and Ravi (Hussain et al., 2015;
Hussain et al., 2017)

Journal of Wildlife and Ecology. (2019). 3(1):1-9
6 Muhammad et al. Fishes of head Khanki
Kalbans
Labeo calbasu
Indus (Khan et al., 2008; Muhammad et al., 2017c), River
Chenab (Altaf et al., 2011b), Sutlej (Iqbal et al., 2017),
Jhelum (Khan et al., 2008; Mirza et al., 2011) and Ravi
(Hussain et al., 2015)
Thaila
Catla catla
Indus (Khan et al., 2008; Hussain et al., 2016; Muhammad
et al., 2017a; Sheikh et al., 2017), River Chenab (Altaf et
al., 2011a; Altaf et al., 2011b; Altaf et al., 2015;
Muhammad et al., 2017c), Sutlej (Iqbal et al., 2017;
Muhammad et al., 2017c), Jhelum (Khan et al., 2008;
Muhammad et al., 2017c) and Ravi (Hussain et al., 2015;
Hussain et al., 2017; Muhammad et al., 2017c)
Dola
Channa punctata
Indus (Khan et al., 2008; Hussain et al., 2016; Muhammad
et al., 2017a), River Chenab (Altaf et al., 2011b; Altaf et
al., 2015), Sutlej (Iqbal et al., 2017), Jhelum (Khan et al.,
2008; Mirza et al., 2011) and Ravi (Hussain et al., 2015)
Soul
Channa marulius
Jhelum (Khan et al., 2008; Mirza et al., 2011; Muhammad
et al., 2017b), River Chenab (Altaf et al., 2011b; Altaf et
al., 2015; Muhammad et al., 2017b), Indus (Khan et al.,
2008; Hussain et al., 2016; Muhammad et al., 2017a;
Muhammad et al., 2017b), Ravi (Hussain et al., 2015;
Muhammad et al., 2017b) and Sutlej (Iqbal et al., 2017;
Muhammad et al., 2017b)
Tilapia
Oreochromis spp.
River Chenab (Altaf et al., 2015), Indus (Khan et al., 2008;
Muhammad et al., 2017a), Jhelum (Khan et al., 2008;
Mirza et al., 2011), Sutlej (Iqbal et al., 2017) and Ravi
(Hussain et al., 2015)
Khaga
Rita rita
Indus (Khan et al., 2008; Hussain et al., 2016), River
Chenab (Altaf et al., 2011b; Altaf et al., 2015), Sutlej
(Iqbal et al., 2017), Jhelum (Mirza et al., 2011) and Ravi
(Hussain et al., 2015)
Foji Khaga
Bagarius bagarius
River Chenab (Altaf et al., 2011b; Altaf et al., 2015)
Baam Machhali
Mastacembelus armatus
Indus (Khan et al., 2008; Hussain et al., 2016; Muhammad
et al., 2017a), River Chenab (Altaf et al., 2011b; Altaf et
al., 2015), Sutlej (Iqbal et al., 2017) and Jhelum (Khan et
al., 2008)
Sangari
Sperata sarwari
Indus (Khan et al., 2008), River Chenab (Altaf et al.,
2011b; Altaf et al., 2015), Sutlej (Iqbal et al., 2017),
Jhelum (Mirza et al., 2011) and Ravi (Hussain et al., 2015)
Mali
Wallago attu
Indus (Khan et al., 2008; Hussain et al., 2016; Muhammad
et al., 2017a), River Chenab (Altaf et al., 2011b; Altaf et
al., 2015), Sutlej (Iqbal et al., 2017), Jhelum (Khan et al.,
2008; Mirza et al., 2011) and Ravi (Hussain et al., 2015)
Jhali
Eutropiichthys vacha
Indus (Khan et al., 2008), River Chenab (Altaf et al.,
2011b; Altaf et al., 2015), Jhelum (Khan et al., 2008) and
Sutlej (Iqbal et al., 2017)
Masheer
Tor microlopsis
River Chenab (Altaf et al., 2011b; Altaf et al., 2015)
Bachhwa
Clupisoma garua
Jhelum (Khan et al., 2008; Mirza et al., 2011), River
Chenab (Altaf et al., 2011b; Altaf et al., 2015), Indus

Journal of Wildlife and Ecology. (2019). 3(1):1-9
7 Muhammad et al. Fishes of head Khanki
(Khan et al., 2008; Hussain et al., 2016; Muhammad et al.,
2017a), Ravi (Hussain et al., 2015) and Sutlej (Iqbal et al.,
2017).
But Pari
Notopterus Notopterus
Indus (Khan et al., 2008; Hussain et al., 2016; Muhammad
et al., 2017a), River Chenab (Altaf et al., 2011b; Altaf et
al., 2015), Sutlej (Iqbal et al., 2017), Jhelum (Khan et al.,
2008) and Sutlej (Iqbal et al., 2017)
Patha Chalwa
Barilius Bendelisis
River Chenab (Altaf et al., 2011b; Altaf et al., 2015)
Sophore Popra
Puntius sophore
River Chenab (Altaf et al., 2011b; Altaf et al., 2015)
Ticto Popra
Puntius ticto
River Chenab (Altaf et al., 2011b; Altaf et al., 2015)
Ranga Sheesha Machhali
Parambassis ranga
River Chenab (Altaf et al., 2011b; Altaf et al., 2015)
Kirla Machhali
Sisor rabdophorus
River Chenab (Altaf et al., 2011b; Altaf et al., 2015)
Kaan Machhali
Xenentodon cancila
River Chenab (Altaf et al., 2011b; Altaf et al., 2015)
Pali Roo Machhali
Osteobrama cotio
River Chenab (Altaf et al., 2011b; Altaf et al., 2015)
Choti Chal Machhali
Salmostoma bacaila
River Chenab (Altaf et al., 2011b; Altaf et al., 2015)
Sangehi Machhali
Heteropneustes fossilis
River Chenab (Altaf et al., 2011b; Altaf et al., 2015)
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