Article

Placemaking as Unmaking: Settler Colonialism, Gentrification, and the Myth of “Revitalized” Urban Spaces

Authors:
To read the full-text of this research, you can request a copy directly from the authors.

Abstract

Leisure scholarship that operates within traditional frames celebrates placemaking as an inherently good, participatory, and emancipatory process. In doing so, the bulk of leisure scholarship fails to account for the ways that placemaking is complicit in the historic and pervasive violences of systemic racism, settler colonialism, gentrification, and socioeconomic elitism. Working through the case of Goudies Lane, a recently place-made space in so-called Kitchener, Ontario, we demonstrate how humanist approaches to placemaking predicate erasures and perpetuations of these violences. We argue that thinking differently may allow for a more engaged, equitable scholarship that accounts for the reality that every placemaking is always already an unmaking of something, and that these unmakings perpetuate racialized and socioeconomic injustices under the guise of a collaborative, participatory process of “revitalization” and “progress.”

No full-text available

Request Full-text Paper PDF

To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.

... Placemaking is a contested process. Recent scholarship on placemaking has given critical attention to the politics of the process, seeking to uncover who is doing the placemaking and to what ends; who is empowered and who is disempowered by the process (Borrup, 2020;Burns and Berbary, 2021). To avoid becoming colonising exercises, placemaking processes must seek to centre and emphasise the stories and experiences of people who already occupy the places "being made" (Borrup, 2020). ...
... Placemaking is a contested process. Recent scholarship on placemaking has given critical attention to the politics of the process, seeking to uncover who is doing the placemaking and to what ends; who is empowered and who is disempowered by the process (Borrup, 2020;Burns and Berbary, 2021). To avoid becoming colonising exercises, placemaking processes must seek to centre and emphasise the stories and experiences of people who already occupy the places "being made" (Borrup, 2020). ...
... Recent scholarship on placemaking has given critical attention to the politics of the process, seeking to uncover who is doing the placemaking and to what ends; who is empowered and who is disempowered by the process (Borrup, 2020;Burns and Berbary, 2021). To avoid becoming colonising exercises, placemaking processes must seek to centre and emphasise the stories and experiences of people who already occupy the places "being made" (Borrup, 2020). With awareness of these concerns, each of the games explored here was developed, not simply through a consultative approach but utilising greater-or-lesser-degrees practices of collaboration and codesign with locals and occupants. ...
Article
Full-text available
Over the past two decades, location-based games have moved from media art fringes to the mass cultural mainstream. Through their locative affordances, these game types enable practices of wayfaring and placemaking, with the capacity to deliver powerful tacit knowledge. These affordances suggest the potential for the development of location-based games in educational contexts. This paper presents three cases studies—TIMeR and Wayfinder Live and Pet Playing four Placemaking—to illustrate how each uses elements of wayfaring and placemaking to bring new opportunities for education through a tacit knowledge approach.
... 31 Some scholars suggest the use of "place-keeping," which "conceives of place (and the land that provides a foundation for place) as having inherent being and agency," 32 as a response to hegemonic urban planning's "place-making" that so often erases the histories and processes of making/unmaking across time and space. 33 We understand "place-keeping" as the way Indigenous Peoples maintain relationships to Land which implies an ongoing struggle in the colonial context. Place-making and place-keeping are both social and material processes shaping public spaces according to different ontologies, social orders, and power relations. ...
Article
Full-text available
This article proposes to study a public square in Montreal, Québec, Canada, to illustrate how different processes of colonization, marginalization, and resistance take place in the city. The study of Cabot Square demonstrates the layers of Indigenous displacement and reappropriation that form the palimpsest inscribed in urban spaces. The authors shed new light on the contemporary context by studying it through the scale of a place and reinserting it in the context of settler colonialism in which social, political, and economic relations in Canada are deeply interwoven. Cities play a major role in colonial dynamics and in the processes of marginalization in a colonial division of space that places certain populations outside the spaces of power. Cabot Square is inscribed in these dynamics, but it is also a site of reap-propriation, since services for people experiencing houselessness, cultural activities, and social economy projects intersect there, placing this public place at the heart of daily encounters. The study of Cabot Square as a place of diverse and often contradictory relationships, stories, and practices of urban place-making and Indigenous place-keeping reveals layers of colonial-ism and Indigenous resistance that overlap through history and interact to form the current cityscape in the Square and beyond. With this article, the authors aim to acknowledge the tensions and complexities of place-making within a settler-colonial context where Indigenous histories and meanings of places not only have been erased by colonial power but also kept alive as much as possible by Indigenous communities through place-keeping. RÉSUMÉ : [PLACEHOLDER FOR FRENCH ABSTRACT AND KEYWORDS] Mots-clés : [PLACEHOLDER FOR FRENCH ABSTRACT AND KEYWORDS] UHR/RHU ▮.▮, p▮-▮
... Branding physical space is a culturally informed placemaking strategy because it invests in the ethnic backgrounds of community residents, reflective of that population's history and culture (Burns and Berbary 2021;Diaz and Torres 2012;Lara 2018). The official designation of Calle Cuatro paid homage to its immigrant past while also encapsulating the economic development processes local placemakers imagined would regenerate the local economy, which had been perceived by business owners as losing local revenue. ...
Article
Full-text available
Placemaking accounts for multiple strategies used by communities to address their central concerns to create vibrant areas for people to live and connect with each other. Placemakers are the individuals who lead projects into action around development of communities that they often hold individual interest in as residents, business owners, and city leaders. Placemakers with financial stake in an area—business and property owners—are critical agents to examine in economically driven and city-led redevelopment projects. Growing economic interest in revitalization has overlapped with placemakers’ roles in cities across the USA. This study looks at intra- and interethnic conflict among placemakers in the downtown business district of a Southern California Mexican-majority community which, in 2015, became ethnically branded to pay homage to its immigrant past and become a site of cultural tourism. Based on three years of ethnographic fieldwork and 43 in-depth interviews, I show how placemakers in two business groups navigate decision-making processes around the practices and projects they engage in, to answer the following questions: under what conditions does conflict emerge among placemakers working within an ethnic brand? How do placemakers in branded communities navigate conflict? I show how the two groups clash around the ethnic character of the area where they conduct business, and, because of these differences, co-exist through co-specialization in the same space.
... Important to these discussions of space making is the recognition that we must remain aware of who is driving the creation of a space and for what end, as this can ultimately impact who feels as though they belong (or, conversely, don't belong). We must also consider that belonging and inclusion take place within systems of colonization that explicitly and implicitly invite white, straight and able bodies to participate and belong, frequently to the exclusion of all others -processes which must be uncovered and then interrogated (Moran & Berbary, 2021). ...
... However, this effectively top-down process remains exclusionary (Harvey, 2012), having a role to play in gentrification, breakdown of social networks (Atkinson, 2000), and spatial inequality (Sutton and Kemp, 2011). But, most importantly, in the ongoing dispossession of land associated with terra nullius, that is, the colonists' justification for "empty" land as being "nobody's land" (Moreton-Robinson, 2020), the placemaking process often ignores the existing use and history of places (Burns and Berbary, 2021). Despite the ways that citizens and their histories are excluded in the top-down process of placemaking, citizens activate their right to the city through tactics such as pop-up events, street festivals, guerrilla and community gardening, graffiti/street art, skateboarding, and parkour (Iveson, 2013;Houghton et al., 2015;Lydon and Garcia, 2015;Foth, 2017). ...
Article
Full-text available
Emerging from the social disparities of the COVID-19 pandemic and contestations over marginal bodies in space during the global Black Lives Matter movement, Radical Placemaking is proposed as a digital placemaking design practice and investigated as part of a 3-year design study. This practice involves marginalized bodies highlighting social issues through the ephemerality and spectacularity of digital technologies in public space in [smart] cities. Radical Placemaking methodology, as demonstrated through three design interventions, engages participatory action research, slow design, and open pedagogies for marginal bodies to create place-based digital artifacts. Through the making and experience of the artifacts, Radical Placemaking advances and simulates a virtual manifestation of the marginal beings' bodies and knowledge in public spaces, made possible through emerging technologies. Through nine key strategies, the paper offers a conceptual framework that imbibes a relational way of co-designing within the triad of people-place-technology.
... However, they also found that the integrity of existing local culture and community bonds have in many examples been negatively affected. Increasingly, creative placemaking projects have prompted intense debate about diversity and displacement, systemic inequities, and the need for more anti-oppressive and intersectional evaluations of outcomes (Burns & Berbary, 2021;Pritchard, 2018;Sarmiento, 2021;Summers, 2019). ...
Article
Full-text available
Recent call-outs against Ottawa punk venues have fueled public debates about safe space and the inclusivity of local music scenes. The Ottawa Music Strategy released in 2018 translated these debates into cultural development policy that links creative placemaking and safe space discourse. This article examines the civic response to activist call-outs by analyzing how the Ottawa Music Strategy integrates diversity and inclusion strategies into cultural policy, and how cultural policy and safe space policies intersect with cultural revitalization and economic development priorities in the Ottawa Official Plan. Punk counter-narratives developed through grounded ethnographic research in the Ottawa punk scene unsettle normative public safety narratives that frame punk spaces as unsafe. Place-based histories of anti-oppression tactics, logics, and traditions of punk space and activism contextualize alternative responses by local punk venues and promoters. Drawing upon literature in queer planning and queer geography and literature on intersections between radical queer and punk politics, spatialities, and identities, this article discusses punking planning in solidarity with queering planning through alternative community-based responses to issues of safety, inclusion, and participation.
... To be sure, several leisure scholars have been attentive to the colonial politics of knowledge production and, arguably, awareness and actions of anti-colonial resistance are on the rise (see, e.g., Aitchison, 2000;Burns & Berbary, 2021;Grimwood, 2022;Sène-Harper et al., 2022). Additionally, leisure research appears committed to addressing the limitations and erasures observed by Fox and McDermott (2019) by engaging research with Indigenous peoples and communities (see, e.g., Arellano et al., 2019;Iwasaki et al., 2009;Yuen et al., 2021). ...
Article
This paper examines how land-based methodologies in parks and protected areas can serve Indigenous priorities while challenging settler colonial logics and conventional aims of Eurocentric research. We report on collaborative research with the Łutsël K’é Dene First Nation (Northwest Territories) as part of a six-year (2016–2021) international partnership project entitled Tracking Change. Focus is placed on a multi-day canoe journey along an ancestral water route within Thaidene Nene National Park Reserve. We interpret lessons learned during the canoe trip to underscore how land-based methodologies prioritize outcomes of observing change, storying land, and fostering community capacities. Accordingly, land-based methodologies focus less on accumulating knowledge or claiming truths, and more on facilitating and transmitting Indigenous knowledges, histories, relations, and practices. Incorporating land-based methodologies into parks and protected areas research can therefore amplify Indigenous contributions to management and interpretation discourses and support the critical project of decolonizing the leisure field.
... Goetz et al. (2020) document the exclusion, value, durability and invisibility of Whiteness in city planning. The traditional process of urban gentrification is built upon Whiteness and centered around a form of racialized capitalism (Burns & Berbary, 2020). An influx of White wealthy homebuyers extracts profits from neighborhoods that had been intentionally devalued through a legacy of redlining and exclusion. ...
Article
Full-text available
Community development must include deeper investment to foster a pipeline of community leaders to support equitable redevelopment practice in marginalized communities under threat of gentrification in the city. We argue that philanthropy is critical to develop this pipeline, particularly in the era of the neoliberal city. The following case study analyzes efforts to develop place-based grass roots leadership in marginalized neighborhoods of Columbus, Ohio. The United Way of Central Ohio, through their Neighborhood Leadership Academy (NLA) program, has partnered with community organizations to develop multiple cohorts of grass roots neighborhood leaders over several years within three specific neighborhoods. Our case identifies how philanthropic investment into a grass roots leadership development model centered on equity has impacted policy outcomes, built bridging social capital and spurred successful activism. Our case illustrates a potential model for building social infrastructure through philanthropic investment to buttress potentially disruptive neighborhood change. In the era of the neoliberal city, neighborhoods can no longer rely upon federal funding, leaving redeveloping neighborhoods particularly vulnerable to market driven gentrification and displacement. In this void of resources, philanthropic efforts to support robust grass roots leadership is the last remaining defense against widespread displacement and the primary asset to support equitable development practices.
... Place branding narratives that glorify a colonial past are employed to draw new investment and uncomplicate a white "gentrifying present," hiding Indigenous connections to, struggles for, and dispossession in urban space (Jackson, 2017;Shaw, 2004, p. 71). Similarly, Burns and Berbary (2021) argue that placemaking is entangled with (re) defining settler spaces of accumulation, driven by notions of "progressive revitalization" (p. 13) that simultaneously seek to "unmake" Indigenous claims to urban space. ...
Article
Emerging discussions on the “settler colonial city” present a new agenda for gentrification research in settler colonial contexts. Accordingly, this paper examines the extent to which the gentrification literature engages with settler colonial dynamics, identifying three overarching approaches. While a small but growing body of literature frames gentrification as a contemporary mechanism of Indigenous erasure, other approaches engage with concepts of settler colonialism in abstraction from contemporary Indigenous life and claims to urban space. The paper argues the persistence of these abstractions undermines the recognition of settler colonial gentrification as Indigenous erasure and limits the current potential for the gentrification literature to contribute to the disruption of settler colonial relations. In response, there is a need for further empirical and theoretical work that attends to the impulse for Indigenous elimination as a unique dimension of gentrification in settler colonial contexts. Insight from literature on the “settler colonial city” underlines the particular importance of extending conceptions of anti-gentrification resistance to emphasize Indigenous refusal of gentrified futures and examine how (settler-led) anti-gentrification responses disrupt or sustain settler colonial relations. These directions provide opportunities to (re)conceptualize gentrification and its responses in ways that address the reproduction of (dis)possessory settler colonial relations while recognizing “the flourishing of Indigenous life” (Dorries, 2019, p. 27).
Chapter
Full-text available
This chapter delves into the urban transformation of Somerville, Massachusetts, focusing on the intersection of gentrification and resilience of the Azorean-American community situated on the city’s border with Cambridge, MA, next to Boston. Over three decades this urban space has transitioned from a working-class ethnic-immigrant enclave to one of the United States’ most expensive residential areas and suffering the profound impacts of gentrification. Based on a collaborative ethnographic and visual methodology, we explore cultural artifacts and conviviality practices of a semiotic landscape amid urban change, and critically examine the vanishing vernacular landscape and the ethnic identity shifts within this context: a bottom-up, counter-narrative contrasting top-down, homogenizing forces. Through three detailed ethnographic vignettes, our narrative delves into how Azorean Americans navigate and challenge the urban renewal process, maintaining their cultural heritage and communal ties through visible and invisible markers in the urban space.
Article
Settlers of colour occupy a liminal space in the settler colony of Australia, and this liminality was exacerbated during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Through the literature on digital activism, technological immersion, and placemaking, this paper explores Radical Placemaking as a route for culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) people based in Brisbane to stake their right to the city through alternative digitised modalities. Three projects using situated digital stories were created: (i) the Chatty Bench Project; (ii) the TransHuman Saunter Project; and (iii) Chatty Bench Festival Community Media Visual Projections. We analysed the experiences of study participants creating the digital stories and eventual user experiences of the stories for their ability to provoke self‐reflection, immersiveness, and belonging through evocation and representation of lived experiences. The paper suggests that radical placemaking offers CALD communities subversive tactics of occupying space through emerging technologies without engaging in erasure of existing histories of place.
Article
This paper is born of a now years-long text message conversation and commitment to social learning during an otherwise forced distance education. We thought we would write a paper about care, co-working, and carpool lanes. Instead, this is some writing about contingencies, COVID-19, crises, and the uncomfortable limits of critical theories. We invite readers into an otherwise private (and still ongoing) snippet of our primary texts: a stream-of-consciousness, erratic, always already temporally punctuated, and immediate-yet-delayed process of text messaging. Though our daily text message conversation has lasted years and spanned uncountable topics and immense word counts, the passage we share relates specifically to identity politics. If all objects are relational, we are still two people who share an interest in how to study the object.
Article
The growing scholarship on settler colonialism largely understudies aesthetics. Settler colonial logics work not only through the elimination, dispossession, and criminalization of Indigenous populations but also through the erasure of Indigenous narratives and aesthetics. Aesthetics communicate a particular system of knowledge and power that can either refute or perpetuate settler colonial projects. I use the term “settler aesthetics” to foreground an understanding of aesthetics as dynamic socio‐spatial practices through which state and non‐state actors assert power, construct particular visions of a city, and shape conditions of belonging. Settler aesthetics demonstrate how the logic of elimination and the work of settler memory reproduces and is reproduced through various visual modalities. I argue that as geographers, we must examine both contemporary settler colonial projects that continue codifying cities as purely settler spaces without Indigenous presence and resistance, and spaces that insist on Black, Latinx, and Indigenous presence and livingness. This paper therefore explores how scholarship on decolonizing and anti‐colonial art practice and theory can inform emerging scholarship on settler colonial urbanism that centers perspectives and practices of Black and Indigenous presence and resistance.
Article
Drawing on empirical data from a regional Australian city, this paper investigates how public space is implicated in locational disadvantage, how COVID-19 is impacting inequality, and how placemaking can best serve “disadvantaged” communities. To explore public space’s role during COVID-19, we assessed public open space coverage in three “disadvantaged” Geelong suburbs, interviewed local community workers, and analysed survey data from resident input to a local placemaking project. Findings revealed both quantitative and qualitative shortfalls in local public spaces; that COVID-19 amplified existing inequalities; that public space shortfalls compounded pandemic stressors; and that these shortfalls should be remedied via community-driven placemaking. Findings also yielded common themes linking place stigma, inequality, and place attachment, and underscoring how placemaking can reinforce or challenge existing disparities. We developed a holistic Framework illustrating the dynamic interplay of five important factors that emerged across our data: locational disadvantage, public space, place stigma, place attachment, and placemaking. Illuminating how place-makers might harness these dynamics to advance social goods and minimise social harms, our Framework seeks to support more “spatially just” placemaking. Amidst rising inequality, we argue that a renewed focus on the spatial dimensions of justice will strengthen placemaking’s potential to mitigate the locational aspects of disadvantage. KEYWORDS: Public space, locational disadvantage, place stigma, place attachment, placemaking, spatial justice
Article
Barrio Logan, San Diego, California, contains Chicano Park, a small parcel of land claimed in 1970 by community members. The park has since been recognized for its numerous Chicano murals. Our article analyzes two murals that speak on the issue of gentrification in the community and the dispossession that it leads to. We employ Alvesson and Willmott’s theory on emancipation, and specifically the term “microemancipations,” to examine how the Chicano community in Barrio Logan resists dispossession. We complicate the notion of emancipation, showing how murals sometimes facilitate resistance and, at other times, impede successful emancipation.
Article
In this article, we approach outdoor leisure as a contingent, transforming cultural phenomenon and advocate for social practices that foster relationality, care, and responsibility across human and more-than-human domains. Our specific purpose is to illuminate how practices of gratitude are shaping and being shaped within the contexts of an adult nature connection apprenticeship program based in Ontario, Canada. Drawing on aspects of Bourdieu’s theory of practice and a participatory, narrative approach to inquiry, we attend to program participants’ storied experiences associated with gratitude. Our interpretations, which are reported as both dialogical representation and thematic description, show how practices of gratitude among program participants take shape through learnings and acquisitions, core routines, and senses of being and belonging. We engage these interpretations to begin mapping how gratitude unfolds and circulates in practices associated with outdoor leisure and to point out potential or necessary shifts within the habitus of outdoor leisure.
Article
Decades of experience with closed, relocated, and renamed venues, make punks very familiar with cycles of gentrification. Often established in edge neighborhoods, punk venues participate in reproducing the “grit” of urban decline and subculture. Urban revitalization plans that promise community, livability, and culture, rarely leave spaces for established punk community and subculture. The newly branded Retail, Arts, and Theatre District in Ottawa, Canada is a case study in cultural urban development that operationalizes creative placemaking and its future-oriented visions of urban revitalization through cultural spaces and activities. Although the city’s Official Plan celebrates that existing cultural venues add diversity to the district, the pressure placed on punk venues by surrounding development reveal that not all venues are to be recognized by the city as legitimate or desirable forms of either diversity or culture. Close readings of official city planning documents, urban histories, development proposals, and marketing literature are juxtaposed with auto-ethnographic, storytelling, punk histories, and song writing. I argue that punk counter-cultural placemaking practices provide counter-information, counter-environments, and counter-temporalities to space in the city to resist gentrification and refuse displacement as endings. Gentrification kills punk. But punk always comes back, finds new places, haunts old sites, and remembers its past.
Article
Full-text available
New urban models increasingly seek to create more sustainable, livable, and healthier cities by reinvigorating green space. In this article, we highlight and briefly review several main but disconnected areas of study in which the factors that frame human–environment interactions and therefore also influence the potential well-being outcomes of those interactions are studied. We then use the intersection of affordance theory and socio-institutional programming to provide a conceptual framework that ties together these spheres of research, and we discuss some critical keys for enabling different positive green space experiences. Urban communities are not homogeneous, and accounting for the intersection between individual differences and landscape programming opens up more diverse pathways for affording positive human–environment interactions and different well-being outcomes.
Article
In I, Robot the phrase ‘ghosts in the machine’ referred to the unexpected possibility of artificial intelligence evolving past its original intended purpose. In this paper, we use the metaphor to conjure the possibility of us all evolving past those originally intended purposes, uses, and limitations set for us within colonialist academic institutions imbued with white supremacist logics. We call on each other to exceed those limitations, igniting possibilities otherwise by triggering spectral, subversive mis-repeats that agitate a domino-effect disruption of those billions of academic machines that for too long have been left on automatic status quo.
Article
In this research note, we situate the policy response of park circles enacted by the City of Toronto at Trinity Bellwoods Park in the context of urban gentrification. Rather than a public health measure, we argue that the enactment of park circles as a response to park crowding during the COVID-19 pandemic is reflective of broader processes of gentrification and operates to secure the park as a space for ‘hipster leisure.’ In so doing, park circles represent an extension of neo-liberal policy rhetoric whereby the privatization of public space and the displacement of certain populations are naturalized. Our analysis invites future critical scholarship on parks, leisure, public health, and gentrification as well as the transformations occurring within these intersections.
Article
Full-text available
High-profile architecture and design, alongside integrated arts and cultural programming are now ubiquitous features of public transit networks. This article considers how and why transit-based arts and cultural programmes are proliferating globally as well as the impact of these programmes on transit and urban dynamics. Through critically analysing the discourses surrounding different transit art initiatives and the institutional structures which support them, this article shows how transit art is used today for varied – and often contradictory – ends. Based on this, it argues that we should not uncritically celebrate the rise of transit art as an unmitigated civic good. Rather, we must situate the rise of transit art within a political and aesthetic economy in which art has become ‘expedient’, and contend with the way transit art is implicated in elite, exclusionary and unsustainable processes of urbanisation.
Article
In this paper, we illuminate the material-discursive means by which tourism objects are imbricated with desire, are storied, and intervene in relations of reconciliation. Engaging an actor-network theory methodology informed by relational accountability, we trace the materiality of reconciliation through a multi-storied totem pole located within Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario, Canada. By attending to these totem pole relations, we show how the agencies and materialities of tourism objects participate in awakening an ethics of reconciliation among Settler Canadians, and how engagements with tourism objects might enact a lively contemporary politics supportive of Indigenous resurgence. Informed by Indigenous and non-Indigenous relational methodologies and tourism literatures, we argue that tourism objects can work to disrupt colonizing narratives and realize reconciliatory desires in tourism.
Article
This Special Issue centralizes powerful leisure stories that may otherwise be understood as myths—sometimes recognized, often less so—that circulate in the field, and beyond. In everyday use, a myth perpetuates a popularly held belief that is false or untrue. However, in social and cultural theory, myths are more complex, as partial truths that privilege particular versions of a shared social reality. We want to know what myths are, what they “do”, and how they circulate and shape people’s leisure lives. Myths can do more than obfuscate—they often animate people’s lives, motivate collective action, and inspire change. In this Introduction, we map out the aims of the Special Issue to establish the conceptual terrain of leisure myths and mythmaking, and explore definitions and uses of myths, which are then brought into sharper focus in the eight papers that comprise the collection.
Article
Full-text available
This paper is a narrative inquiry into the experiences of two recreation practitioners, as well as the author, as they each learned how to live in relationally ethical ways in recreation practice. By drawing on the field texts of the author as he participated in a community garden project as a researcher-practitioner over two years, this paper shows that place matters when contemplating how lives come together in recreation practice. The purpose of this paper is to show that place is part of the fabric of our relational space as practitioner and participants lives come together in the meeting place of a recreation program. Place shapes who we are and are becoming, particularly when it is understood simultaneously with temporality and sociality (i.e., a narrative understanding of place).
Article
Full-text available
Social mix policies have emerged as a prominent mechanism to legitimate neighbourhood redevelopment efforts across the US. Despite integrationist rhetoric, results often disabuse marginalised communities of their claims to the city. This paper employs a hybrid spatio-temporal analysis at the intersection of political-economic theories of gentrification and post-colonial and Black geographies literatures to examine underlying cultural logics and affective experiences animating such processes of neighbourhood transformation, contestation, and succession. Reflecting on 15 years of experience researching Over-the-Rhine (OTR), Cincinnati, we contribute a stylised distinction between the foundational, mature, and ongoing legacies of urban settler colonial relations. Our account discloses the power geometries shaping neighbourhood space by illustrating the impact of the discourses, tactics, and strategies employed by pro-development actors and neighbourhood activists as OTR’s socio-political landscape shifted over time. In conclusion, we engage the thorny questions these dynamics raise surrounding how inner-city neighbourhoods are theorised and struggled over after gentrification.
Article
Full-text available
The posthuman turn has radically–and rapidly–shifted what is possible in research methodology. In response, my aim in this conceptual paper is to suggest entry points into posthuman educational research methodology. I outline aspects of posthumanism while recognizing its multiplicity: there are many posthumanisms and each offers different twists, turns, and ways of thinking about methodology. In unfolding the potentials thereof, I locate posthumanism within our current epoch, which some scholars have suggested be renamed the Anthropocene to account for the impact of humanity on the planet. Then, I describe how posthumanism situates, processes, and affirms knowledge in interconnected and material contexts. Next, I consider how non-representational research imagines and animates methodologies that think differently. I conclude by discussing a postdisciplinary future for more-than-critical inquiries. Significantly, this article addresses recent advancements in posthuman research and engages with ongoing theoretical, methodological, and ethical debates.
Article
Full-text available
Nightlife economic activity has emerged as a key strategy in the regeneration of historical quarters. The case of the Bairro Alto district (Lisbon) exhibits a more gradual and distinct development caused by the marginal and transgressive practices of nightlife visitors, who have resisted its gentrification for decades. Some areas in the Bairro Alto (specially the upper side) have maintained their dangerous character and marginalisation for several years, even after the 2008 urban reform programme. It is only recently, with the growing presence of Erasmus students in Bairro Alto, that the upper side has finally become safe and sanitised through leisure activities. In this article, the interplay of several social actors (foreign students, municipal authorities, night-time entrepreneurs and Erasmus organisers) explains the process of place-making regarding the new Erasmus Corner. The spatial colonisation of this spot has accelerated social cleansing of the upper side of the neighbourhood, concluding the district’s night-time pacification.
Chapter
Full-text available
Post-structuralism is an intellectual movement that emerged in philosophy and the humanities in the 1960s and 1970s. It challenged the tenets of structuralism, which had previously held sway over the interpretation of language and texts in the humanities and the study of economies and cultures in the social sciences. Post-structuralists critiqued structuralism's reliance on centers and binary oppositions; they questioned the soundness of ontology and demonstrated the emergence of Truth regimes; and they developed new ways of thinking about difference and identity that are anti-essentialist rather than grounded or fixed a priori. Post-structuralism has been criticized for being idealist and apolitical and for lacking evaluative standards, charges that most post-structuralists reject or reinterpret. In regard to geography, the movement's impact has been largest in cultural geography, where it has led to new perspectives on landscapes, representation, and identity. However, it also has adherents in political geography, economic geography, and social geography. Much of its de-stabilizing force within the discipline has revolved around antagonisms between it and other geographic approaches, especially spatial science, critical realism and Marxism, and humanistic geography. Here, we first elaborate the tenets of structuralism and post-structuralism, dividing the latter into theorists whose work alternatively stress epistemology and ontology. We then go on to discuss some of the more influential aspects of post-structuralist geography. In doing so, we argue that a geographical sensibility, that is, an alertness to space, space–time contexts, historicogeographical specificities and so on, should be considered part and parcel of postdisciplinary, post-structural theorizing, research, and politics.
Article
Full-text available
Our goal in this article is to remind readers what is unsettling about decolonization. Decolonization brings about the repatriation of Indigenous land and life; it is not a metaphor for other things we want to do to improve our societies and schools. The easy adoption of decolonizing discourse by educational advocacy and scholarship, evidenced by the increasing number of calls to “decolonize our schools,” or use “decolonizing methods,” or, “decolonize student thinking”, turns decolonization into a metaphor. As important as their goals may be, social justice, critical methodologies, or approaches that decenter settler perspectives have objectives that may be incommensurable with decolonization. Because settler colonialism is built upon an entangled triad structure of settler-native-slave, the decolonial desires of white, non-white, immigrant, postcolonial, and oppressed people, can similarly be entangled in resettlement, reoccupation, and reinhabitation that actually further settler colonialism. The metaphorization of decolonization makes possible a set of evasions, or “settler moves to innocence”, that problematically attempt to reconcile settler guilt and complicity, and rescue settler futurity. In this article, we analyze multiple settler moves towards innocence in order to forward “an ethic of incommensurability” that recognizes what is distinct and what is sovereign for project(s) of decolonization in relation to human and civil rights based social justice projects. We also point to unsettling themes within transnational/Third World decolonizations, abolition, and critical space-place pedagogies, which challenge the coalescence of social justice endeavors, making room for more meaningful potential alliances.
Article
Full-text available
This paper engages my struggles to craft geo-graphs or earth writings that also further broaden political goals of decolonizing the discipline of geography. To this end, I address a body of literature roughly termed posthumanism' because it offers powerful tools to identify and critique dualist constructions of nature and culture that work to uphold Eurocentric knowledge and the colonial present. However, I am discomforted by the ways in which geographical engagements with posthumanism tend to reproduce colonial ways of knowing and being by enacting universalizing claims and, consequently, further subordinating other ontologies. Building from this discomfort, I elaborate a critique of geographical-posthumanist engagements. Taking direction from Indigenous and decolonial theorizing, the paper identifies two Eurocentric performances common in posthumanist geographies and analyzes their implications. I then conclude with some thoughts about steps to decolonize geo-graphs. To this end, I take up learnings offered by the Zapatistas. My goal is to foster geographical engagements open to conversing with and walking alongside other epistemic worlds.
Article
Full-text available
Social science researchers who study natural resource based rural communities are increasingly interested in the attachments people form with natural landscapes and the actions that result from those relationships. Recreation, encompassing outdoor leisure activities engaged in by tourists, seasonal and year‐round residents, involves a relationship with the land where the activity takes place. This paper highlights trends resulting in increased recreation participation and presents an overview of literature on place, community, and the phenomenon of amenity migration. The paper closes with a socioculturel conception of place that informs our understanding of place making and community building.
Article
Using a pluralism of critical and deconstructive social theories I explore how we might begin to think differently about the public and health in ways that demand us to also thinkact differently within social inquiries in our transdisciplinary fields. Bringing together multiple concerns for the human, our environments, and the sustainability of our futurities with more-than-human beings, I explore the potentials of thinking through social theories in ways that expand our inquiries toward more just, inclusive, and collaborative anti-disciplinary projects that positively transform social policy and practices. I will conclude by illuminating my own line of inquiry concerning theorypractices—intra-active research entanglements that simultaneously incorporate social theories with methodological design to create positive social transformations in the embodied experiences and material conditions of individuals and groups targeted, silenced, erased, excluded, or neglected within our communities.
Article
Place-making practices can facilitate effective place and park design. This study explores the importance of inclusive place-making practices for supporting procedural justice in park design. Place-making is a multifaceted approach to space design and management that seeks to integrate a community’s needs for the space. The incorporation of such practices in design is particularly important for low-income minority communities and for promoting environmental justice. While it has been shown that place-making practices can help facilitate social justice and place attachment, research regarding the use of these practices in park design is lacking. As such, this study sought to examine park user perceptions that could be used to facilitate better place-making practices in relation to ongoing design changes at a historically significant park in a low-income, predominantly African American neighborhood. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with park users (n = 30) in June 2015. Interview questions examined community members’ use of the park, history and connections to the park, and feelings towards the park changes, which were planned at the time of the interviews but have since been completed. Six overall themes emerged: everyday activities, organized events, belonging, dependence, safety, and political processes. An emphasis on park changes and youth emerged throughout the themes. Interviews revealed a heavy reliance on park features that were scheduled to be removed from the park, with participants questioning how these changes would affect park users and overall park use. While park changes seemed to prioritize green space and a skate park designed to promote physical activity, many park users spoke of a desire to maintain social gathering spaces, including a parking lot and large picnic shelter. This highlights a potential mismatch between the goals of the design changes and neighborhood priorities. A better understanding of how park users connect to and use this park can inform park changes that more appropriately accommodate the community’s needs. Such findings suggest that changes to a place necessitate greater understanding of its cultural significance to a community, how changes can positively or negatively influence the community and the use of the space, and how officials can better include the community in the decision-making process. This study provides a foundation for future place-making research aimed at better understanding the unique concerns of low-income minority communities.
Article
Despite their proliferation across the globe, efforts to animate public space remain largely unexamined in the leisure literature. Animating public space refers to “the deliberate, usually temporary, employment of festivals, events, programmed activities, or pop-up leisure to transform, enliven, and/or alter public spaces and stage urban life.” This article examines the practice of animating public space as a form of transformative placemaking that enables urban inhabitants to assert their “right to the city”, while considering how such practices reproduce power relations to create (unintentionally or intentionally) discriminatory outcomes. In so doing, the article explores the complex nature of animation efforts and tensions that exist in animated public spaces that, on the surface, appear inclusive. Its conclusions provide direction for future research on the topic by identifying questions that warrant attention.
Article
The concept of gentrification, which has recently been expanded beyond residential displacement to address issues of equitable access to public spaces, is deemed an environmental justice issue. Environmental gentrification presents a new threat to economically vulnerable areas looking to add parks, recreation, or green space to their neighborhoods because gentrification may attract newcomers who displace existing residents from public spaces as well as from housing. Consequently, park, recreation, and leisure scholars should study this phenomenon. A systematic review was conducted to assess current knowledge regarding relationships among gentrification and park, recreation, and leisure spaces. A search of three databases uncovered 27 articles. Little leisure scholarship was found, representing an opportunity for leisure scholars to promote environmental justice. Six themes derived from the articles described how policy can negatively impact residents, how strategies can prevent gentrification, and how research methods to study gentrification can impact how results are interpreted.
Chapter
With a bloated prison population-a population that studies indicate is grossly under-educated-the need to re-imagine systems of justice and education in the United States is great. In this essay, I first explore the notion of “prison abolition,” wondering on the page about resistance to the radical possibility. Next, I offer a glimpse into “Freedom Square,” a laboratory that tested abolitionist politics on the West Side of Chicago. Then, I reflect on my own introduction to our prison nation, offering an intimate description of the ways in which it impacts families and communities. Finally, I conclude with implications for educators and a call for school-based work that pushes against prisons and the educational pipeline to them.
Article
This review brings anthropological accounts of place and placemaking into dialogue with the concepts of precarity and precariousness. In recent years, precarity has become a widespread empirical and theoretical concern across the humanities. The article traces the simultaneous rise alongside precarity of network and ontology as post-place-based frameworks for anthropological analysis. Although these new frames facilitate anthropological explorations in the spirit of the times, this review argues that both network and ontology lack the capacity to identify what is being transformed and what is at stake when and where precarity takes hold. To see models of placemaking as spaces of transformative possibility requires an account of coexisting, qualitatively distinctive forms of relationship to places. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Anthropology Volume 46 is October 21, 2017. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Chapter
We write to you from the middle of something. It may not really be the middle, but it is not the end and it is not the beginning. We write to you from somewhere, though as we write we are geographically dispersed. We write as collaborators in the truest sense – committed to one another’s personal, political, poetical, and professional projects.
Chapter
Similar to any paradigm of thought, humanism has its limitations and should be met with suspicion (St. Pierre, Int J Qual Stud Educ 13(5):477–515, 2000). Scholars in our field have already taken up this call to question humanism by showing its limits and making space for more critical humanist theories (Parry et al., Leisure Sci 35(1):81–87, 2013). However, such critiques tend to remain with/in critical theory, feminism(s), and critical race theories, rather than stepping outside of humanism into post* theories such as post-structuralism, queer theory, and post-humanism. Recognizing the usefulness of engaging in a pluralism of theories to understand, critique, and deconstruct leisure phenomena, this chapter encourages scholars to consider stepping outside of humanism to show the strength of also employing post* theories in our theorizing and qualitative leisure research.
Chapter
This chapter interrogates the growing and ongoing bond forged between leisure and public space to shape the urban landscape and imbue it with collective meaning. Focusing on the animation of public space, which I define here as the deliberate, usually temporary employment of festivals, events, programmed activities, or pop-up leisure to transform, enliven, and/or alter public spaces and stage urban life, I aim to sensitize readers to the contested meaning of ‘public’, underscore the complexity of place meanings and values, and expose the routine appropriation of the ‘animation’ of public space to legitimize claims to urban space and serve the public good. In so doing, I emphasize the politics of transformative place-making and implicate leisure as an appropriating device in this process.
Chapter
This chapter rapidly shifts from acknowledging the more traditional arenas of geographical work in leisure studies to engage in a fuller discussion of new orientations and contributions that geography is making to leisure studies. Once understood as a support to much of leisure studies, an objective framework or reference for other disciplines, geography has developed, first through wider connections with a range of social sciences and humanities, a pivotal contribution to advances in leisure studies, in both conceptual insight and significant added value for application to.
Article
After decades of highlighting the decline of social networks, leisure spaces as third places constitute a welcomed approach to mediate this loss. Third places are defined as public gathering places that ultimately contribute to the strength of community. We appreciate the concept and believe that it has and will continue to influence scholars in the field of leisure. For this reason, this research reflection argues Oldenburg's conceptualization of third places requires reconsideration. Specifically, we address the increasing prevalence of technology and question Oldenburg's claim that technology contributes to the isolation of individuals. We also encourage a more complex understanding of third places—one that is beyond the idealized notion of public places. Oldenburg's social dimensions of third places (enjoyment, regularity, pure sociability/social leveler, and diversity) are offered as a useful framework. More specifically, we argue that diversity is the most relevant characteristic when exploring third places as a platform for community.
Article
Downtown revitalization is clearly in the minds of many communities throughout North America. The driving force behind this agenda is the belief that downtown is the lifeblood of the city. However, since the Second World War, people and businesses have moved out of the downtown to the suburbs. This paper reviews what has caused this historic pattern of decline and outlines the various myths and approaches that communities have employed in revitalizing their downtown. The City of Kitchener’s strategy for downtown revitalization is examined as a case study, concluding that lasting economic and social recovery for a downtown will come only when there is a collective vision implemented through an incremental approach. Keywords: downtown revitalization, urban, suburban, City of Kitchener
Article
The concept of "sense of place" typically is used to refer to an individual's ability to develop feelings of attachment to particular settings based on combinations of use, attentiveness, and emotion. Despite the assumed positive values of a sense of place, critics point out that places are more than simply geographic sites-they are also fluid, changeable, dynamic contexts of social interaction and memory, and they "contain" overt and covert social practices that embed in place-making behaviors notions of ideology, power, control, conflict, dominance, and distribution of social and physical resources. This paper traces emerging scholarship about sense of place as a social construction, and offers examples from leisure, outdoor recreation, and tourism development. Place and sense of place are seen as socially constructed, always in the process of being created, always provisional and uncertain, and always capable of being discursively manipulated towards desired (individual or collective) ends. A research program about leisure and the politics of place awaits development, but should focus on language and discourse, and should begin with the question: how are leisure places socially constructed with political consequences?.
Article
‘Pop-up’ cinema is a phenomenon in which films are screened publicly at ad hoc venues, often outdoors – e.g. car parks, brownfield sites, beneath roadway flyovers, parks or pedestrianised spaces – screenings can ‘pop up’ literally anywhere. Through the case of a pop-up cinema in May 2012 at Marshall's Mill, a protected heritage site in Leeds (UK), the paper questions the relations between cities, communities and overlooked or marginal landscapes. This paper contextualises this pop-up cinema event within debates about urban cultural regeneration and shifting frameworks for cultural heritage. It specifically explores the construction of heritage communities within the Council of Europe [2005, October 27. Framework Convention on the Value of Cultural Heritage for Society. Faro. Retrieved August 22, 2012, from http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/treaties/html/199.htm]. Within this policy framework, it is suggested that active, participatory, creative uses and processes can redefine cultural heritage and reshape urban places. Pop-up events, such as cinema but also including a range of arts, leisure and cultural activities, can help to envision opportunities and enact possibilities of reimagining and promoting different kinds of urban spaces, especially in contract to emphases during the recent neoliberal regeneration of many UK city centres, during what are now more challenging economic times.
Article
How much of philosophical, scientific, and political thought is caught up with the idea of continuity? What if it were otherwise? This paper experiments with the disruption of continuity. The reader is invited to participate in a performance of spacetime (re)configurings that are more akin to how electrons experience the world than any journey narrated though rhetorical forms that presume actors move along trajectories across a stage of spacetime (often called history). The electron is here invoked as our host, an interesting body to inhabit (not in order to inspire contemplation of flat-footed analogies between ‘macro’ and ‘micro’ worlds, concepts that already presume a given spatial scale), but a way of thinking with and through dis/continuity – a dis/orienting experience of the dis/jointedness of time and space, entanglements of here and there, now and then, that is, a ghostly sense of dis/continuity, a quantum dis/continuity. There is no overarching sense of temporality, of continuity, in place. Each scene diffracts various temporalities within and across the field of spacetimemattering. Scenes never rest, but are reconfigured within, dispersed across, and threaded through one another. The hope is that what comes across in this dis/jointed movement is a felt sense of différance, of intra-activity, of agential separability – differentiatings that cut together/apart – that is the hauntological nature of quantum entanglements.
Article
The purpose of this paper is to highlight the imprecise definitions and likelihood of significant potential overlapping relationships among the concepts of leisure including casual and serious leisure (Stebbins, 1997; 1999); deviant leisure; and crime. Indeed, categorizations have been made between casual and serious leisure, normal and deviant leisure, while criminal behaviour may be included as a subset of deviant leisure (Rojek, 1999a). Although at face value the relationship between crime and deviant leisure appears to be somewhat forthright, what is much less apparent is the possibility that in specific cases, common and important variants of normal leisure may also overlap with criminal motivations and behaviours. Similarly, boundaries between normal and deviant leisure also may be blurred. Using a multidisciplinary approach that incorporates both leisure and forensics sciences, we suggest a new positioning of these various constructs in relation to each other, which may substantially impact the ways “leisure,” “deviant leisure,” and “crime” are conceptualized and operationalized by leisure and criminology scholars and professionals. We also propose a typology based on the work of Stebbins (1996, 1997) for better understanding the different dimensions of deviant leisure as it may relate to current views of leisure and crime.
Article
Political scientists, social movement theorists and cultural geographers have made us aware of forms of micro-political resistance that have challenged the privatisation, corporatisation and securitisation of the city. An increasing tactical feature of such resistance has been the deployment of leisure practices and performances to challenge the dominant norms and ideologies governing the use of urban space. This paper focuses upon a case study of a creative intervention organised by a London-based group of anarchists. We consider the tactics employed by the Space Hijackers – a group of self-styled ‘anarchitects’ who have been prominent in questioning the spatialities of everyday urban life through leisure activity and creative protest opportunities. We assess the deliberately liminal tactics employed by the Space Hijackers, situated betwixt and between the normative social regulation of public space and a ‘pre-figurative’ or utopian vision of its future. Through the case study and a review of some prominent attempts to define the leisure–politics relationship, this essay highlights a need to further interrogate the nature and uses of leisure within micro-political struggle and citizen movements that seek to affect social change, and so continues the dialogue about how we are to understand ‘leisure politics’.
Article
In this condensed version of her book, Sedgwick reflects about the "closet" as a regime of regulation of gay and lesbian lives that is also important to heterosexuals since it guarantees their privileges. Sedgwick affirms the "closet", or the "open secret", has been basic to lesbian/gay life for the last century even after Stonewall (1969). She also states that this regime - with its contradictory and constraining rules and limits about privacy and disclosure, public and private, knowledge and ignorance – has served to shape the way in which many questions about values and epistemology were comprehended in the Western Society as a whole.
Article
Place meanings provide visions for land‐use planning, are references to evaluate land‐uses, and act as baselines to assess environmental degradation. Roles for social science in park planning are becoming directed at understanding community‐based place meanings of stakeholders. Place meanings characterize reasons that an environment is valued and describe the uniqueness of a locale. Place meanings are characterized as being complex and difficult for people to know. The representation of place meanings are often embedded in stories of lived experiences, and the telling of these stories is audience sensitive. The lack of adequate venues to negotiate place meanings is a crisis in need of response by the park planning and leisure research community.
Article
The leisure experience has been typically described as consisting of time, activity, or a state of mind. Seldom have leisure researchers, except in the area of outdoor recreation, examined the prominence of geography or space as it contributes to the recreation experience (Wearing, 1996). What enables public space in cities or private space at home to become a place for leisure? Further, how are these sites used as opportunities for empowerment and as sites of resistance? The purpose of this paper is to share some reflections and propose the need to explore the relationship between space and the creation of place related to the theorized meanings of leisure for individuals and groups. We identified six approaches for discussing these connections: place as a container, placelessness, place and time, place as a state of mind, identity and social relationships, and place and power. An overarching theme is that a space cannot be disassociated from the practice of the people who use the space and define the place. This discussion may lead to further empirical observation and implications for improving the quality of leisure experiences.
Article
Increasingly, place is being considered in the leisure studies literature as an important contextual factor influencing behaviour, shaping perceptions, and defining experiences. Such considerations, however, have largely neglected the literature in humanistic geography where many of the basic definitions, perspectives, and issues concerning place are rooted and continue to be debated. In this paper, some classic sources, in particular Relph (1976), as well as some contemporary contributions are briefly described to uncover where many of the perspectives on place have emerged and evolved. In addition, some cautionary notes are offered to remind leisure researchers that continuing to romanticize place will fail to acknowledge its negative implications for many groups, especially those who are marginalized by place. Finally, some observations are offered on where we, as leisure researchers, might take our inquiries in an effort to understand the impact of place.
Article
Recent years have seen an extraordinary resurgence of interest in the process of gentrification, accompanied by a surge of articles published on the topic. This article looks at some recent literature - both scholarly and popular - and considers the reasons why the often highly critical perspectives on gentrification that we saw in earlier decades have dwindled. Whilst a number of reasons could be put forward, three in particular are discussed. First, the resilience of theoretical and ideological squabbles over the causes of gentrification, at the expense of examining its effects; second, the demise of displacement as a defining feature of the process and as a research question; and third, the pervasive influence of neoliberal urban policies of 'social mix' in central city neighbourhoods. It is argued that the 'eviction' of critical perspectives from a field in which they were once plentiful has serious implications for those at risk from gentrification, and that reclaiming the term from those who have sugarcoated what was not so long ago a 'dirty word' (Smith, 1996) is essential if political challenges to the process can be effective. Copyright (c) 2006 The Author. Journal Compilation (c) 2006 Joint Editors and Blackwell Publishing Ltd..
Perverse particles, entangled monsters and psychedelic pilgrimages: Emergence as an onto-epistemology of not-knowing
  • B Akomolafe
  • A Ladha
  • Akomolafe B.
Akomolafe, B., & Ladha, A. (2017). Perverse particles, entangled monsters and psychedelic pilgrimages: Emergence as an onto-epistemology of not-knowing. Ephemera, 17(4), 819-834.
One hundred years after disappearing Berlin (Ontario) shows signs of revival
  • J Allemang
Allemang, J. (2018, August 26). One hundred years after disappearing, Berlin (Ontario) shows signs of revival. Globe & Mail. https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/enduring-spirit-the-rejuvenation-of-berlin-ontario/article31576065/
Banner hung in solidarity with Caledonia occupation
  • F Areguy
Areguy, F. (2020). Banner hung in solidarity with Caledonia occupation. Turtle Island News. https://theturtleislandnews.com/index.php/2020/10/20/banner-hung-in-solidarity-with-caledonia-occupation/
Re-imagining new urban futures through Indigenous placekeeping
  • T Chung-Tian-Fook
Chung-Tian-Fook, T. (2020). Re-imagining new urban futures through Indigenous placekeeping. Future Cities Canada. https://futurecitiescanada.ca/stories/re-imagining-new-urban-futuresthrough-indigenous-placekeeping/ City of Kitchener. (2017). Queen Street Placemaking Plan. http://kitchener.ca.granicus.com/ MetaViewer.php?view_id=2&clip_id=768&meta_id=44 529
Urbs nullius: Gentrification and decolonization
  • G Clouthard
Clouthard, G. (2015). Urbs nullius: Gentrification and decolonization. http://ecosocialistsvancouver.org/glen-coulthard-%E2%80%93-urbs-nullius-gentrification-and-decolonization
Geographies of leisure
  • Crimethinc
CrimethInc. (2014). Why we break windows. https://crimethinc.com/2014/12/10/why-breakwindows Crouch, D. (2006). Geographies of leisure. In C. Rojek (Eds.), A handbook of leisure studies (pp. 125-140). Palgrave MacMillan.
Kitchener community hopes road art will calm traffic
  • Ctv Kitchener
CTV Kitchener. (2015). Kitchener community hopes road art will calm traffic. https://kitchener. ctvnews.ca/kitchener-community-hopes-road-art-will-calm-traffic-1.2475838
I do mind dying: Refusing ‘urbs nullius’ and self-defense beyond gentrification’s settler coloniality. American Association of Geographers
  • N Dahmann
Dahmann, N. (2018). I do mind dying: Refusing 'urbs nullius' and self-defense beyond gentrification's settler coloniality. American Association of Geographers. https://aag.secure-abstracts.com/ AAG%20Annual%20Meeting%202018/abstracts-gallery/14919
By indigenous for indigenous event being held at Victoria Park occupation camp
  • P Doan
Doan, P. (2020). By indigenous, for indigenous event being held at Victoria Park occupation camp. Kitchener Today. https://www.kitchenertoday.com/local-news/by-indigenous-for-indigenous-event-being-held-at-victoria-park-occupation-camp-2530897
d.) Queen Street placemaking consultation
  • W R Engage
Engage, W. R. (n.d.) Queen Street placemaking consultation. https://www.engagewr.ca/queenstreet