Checklist of Flora and Floristic Study of Wadi Al-Hamar Region in Libya A R T I C L E I N F O

Abstract

The piece of work has been designed to study the present-day vegetation and document the flora of wild plants of the Wadi Al-Hamar region north Middle Libya.. A survey of plant species of the Wadi was conducted between October 2017 to May 2018, with two trips per month at least. The plant specimens were collected in flowering or in fruiting stage. Data inventory has been documented in the form of family, Botanical name, vernacular name, life form, and habit. The study revealed the presence of 112 species within 93 genera of vascular plants belonging to 31 families, of which 13 species are belonging to monocotyledons and 99 belonging to dicotyledons. The family Asteraceae was the richest (21 species) followed by Fabaceae (19 species), then Poaceae and Brassicaceae (8 and 7 species respectively). In this study, two endemic species have been collected. The most dominant life form was therophytes having 72 species (64.28%) followed by chamaephyte having 16 species (14.28%), Hemicryptophytes 9 species (8.03%), Geophytes 8 species (7.14%), Phanerophytes 6 species (5.35%) and Parasites 1 species (0.89%). Finally, most of the species were herbs (87.5%).

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* Corresponding Author
Department of Botany, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Benghazi, Tocra, Libya.
E-mail address: abdulhamid.alzerbi@uob.edu.ly (Abdul Hamid K. Alzerbi).
1685-4732 / 1685-4740 © 2020 UQU All rights reserved.
Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Applied Science 6 (2), (2020) 20-24
Checklist of Flora and Floristic Study of Wadi Al-Hamar Region in Libya
Naser O. I. Omara, Mohamed A. Alaibb, Naser G. El-Mghrbic and Abdul Hamid K. Alzerbid*.
a Department of Botany, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Benghazi- Alabear Brach, Libya.
b Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya.
c Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of Ajdabiya, Ajdabiya, Libya.
d Department of Botany, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Benghazi, Tocra, Libya.
A R T I C L E I N F O
Article History:
Submission date: 08/03/2020
Accepted date: 23/06/2020
Keywords:
Floristic, Raunkiaer life forms, Wadi
Al-Hamar, Libya.
A B S T R A C T
The piece of work has been designed to study the present-day vegetation and document the flora of wild plants of the
Wadi Al-Hamar region north Middle Libya. . A survey of plant species of the Wadi was conducted between October
2017 to May 2018, with two trips per month at least. The plant specimens were collected in flowering or in fruiting
stage. Data inventory has been documented in the form of family, Botanical name, vernacular name, life form, and
habit. The study revealed the presence of 112 species within 93 genera of vascular plants belonging to 31 families, of
which 13 species are belonging to monocotyledons and 99 belonging to dicotyledons. The family Asteraceae was the
richest (21 species) followed by Fabaceae (19 species), then Poaceae and Brassicaceae (8 and 7 species respectively).
In this study, two endemic species have been collected. The most dominant life form was therophytes having 72 species
(64.28%) followed by chamaephyte having 16 species (14.28%), Hemicryptophytes 9 species (8.03%), Geophytes 8
species (7.14%), Phanerophytes 6 species (5.35%) and Parasites 1 species (0.89%). Finally, most of the species were
herbs (87.5%).
1. Introduction
Libya is a huge arid desert with an area of about 1,760,000 square
kilometers and covers the majority of North Africa. It is bordered by
the Mediterranean Sea, Egypt, Sudan, Chad, Niger, Algeria, and
Tunisia. It lies between 18°and 33°N and 9°and 25°E. Consisting
mainly of desert and the Mediterranean coast. In Libya, about 94 to 96
% of the land is desert and it is one of the driest countries in the world
[1]. Floristic studies gain increasing importance in recent years in
response to the need for developing and under-developing countries to
assess their plant wealth. Many floristic diversity studies have been
conducted in different parts of the world. Thus, floristic studies are
undertaken by many researchers worldwide at different levels [2].
A various floristic study has been conducted on the Flora of Libya,
e. g. Lemaire in [3], reported some observations on Sylphium which
was one of the most important extinct plant species in Cyrenaica.
Della-Cella [4] had conducted the first taxonomic study on Flora of
Libya and collected about 260 species from the coastal belt of Libya.
Viviani [5] published Flora Libycae specimen and reported 1200 plant
samples [6]. Rohlfs [7] provided the most comprehensive information
on the vegetation of Tripolitania, Fezzan, Ghadames, Kufra, Aoujila,
and Cirenaica as well as a list of vernacular names of plants. Durand
and Barratte [8] had published Florae Libycae Prodromus and listed
1026 species. Pampanini [9] had published two books namely, Plantae
Tripolitanae and Prodromo Della Flora Cirenaica, respectively. Keith
[10] published A Preliminary Check List of the Flora of Libya,
provided their local names and uses. Boulos [11] published a
bibliography about the flora and vegetation of Libya. The University
of Tripoli and the Arab Development Institute adopted the flora of
Libya projects and have published between 1976 to1989. through last
three decades, Numerous researchers have worked on floristic
composition and ecological studies on regional or local floras of
certain parts of the country; examples include the studies of Asker [12]
on Wadi Al-Asrah, Al-Hamedi [6] on Wadi Al-Agar, Al-Habony [13]
on Tobruk province, Alaib and Ihsaeen [14].
Moreover, floristic studies are not only important to know the
variety of plants present in an area, but also their socio-economical
significants. They provide shelter, food, medicine and everything for
the human being and other species of that area [15]. The specific goals
of the study were to analysis the vegetation, prepare preliminary list
of the species of flowering plants, life-form and the diversity in the
Wadi Al-Hamar.
2. Study Area
The study area is located about 90 Km east of Sitre City in the
middle of northern Libya, bordered to the north by the Mediterranean
Sea and from the south side at approximately 31˚ 01́ to 30˚ 59́ N
latitude and 17˚ 28́ E longitudes. The area rises to about 11 m above
sea level. Al-Wadi Al-Ahmar is one of the main and important valleys
in the northern middle part of Libya (Figure 1). Where meet several
valleys from the south, which originated from floodwaters in the rainy
years, resulting in water drifts in the form of deep grooves that all
gather together and take a downward slope towards the north, forming
the delta of the valley ending in moving dunes.
Figure 1: Map of the study area
3. Soil
The soil in the study area is deep. The soil depth is more than 150
cm. Besides the soil is characterized by light texture, it is between sand
and loamy sand. Therefore, it's characterized by high surface filtration
with low water holding capacity. Electrical conductivity (EC) of the
soil in the study area is about 1.2 mmhos/cm, which is very good in
terms of, salts content. The coastal area of the Delta is characterized
by sand dunes (Clay 2.69, Silt 2.21, Sand 95). The pH value is 9, the
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Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Applied Science 6 (2), (2020) 20-24 Abdul Hamid K. Alzerbi, et al.
21
salt content is 2662 ppm and the calcium carbonate is 73% and the
organic matter is 0.32%. The soil of central area of the valley mixed
from sandy to loamy sand (Silt 4.64, Sand 89, Clay 5.36), pH8.59,
salinity 480 ppm, calcium carbonate ratio 4.67%, organic matter
0.24%, whereas the southern interior areas at the beginning of the
composition of the valley, which are characterized by the dark red soil
pH 8.27.
4. Climate
The climate of the study area is subtropical semi-arid to arid [16].
It is chiefly characterized by its aridity and by its wide variation in
temperatures. The temperatures are high and the rainfall is low. As a
result, there can be an abrupt transition from one kind of weather to
another, in summer it is extremely hot. The heat of summer is often
aggravated by Ghibli winds. There is a hot dry season from May to
October and a cold and rainy season from November to April.
5. Materials and methods
The study area was regularly visited from October 2017 to May
2018. The plant specimens were collected in flowering or in fruiting
condition.
For drying, the presser containing the specimens was placed in the
sun. After that, the specimens were examined individually, rearranged,
transferred to a fresh sheet and again tightly bonded in the presser. The
specimens were changed to dry sheet every 24 or 48 hours until they
were completely dry.
When specimens were completely dry they were mounted on
herbarium sheet with stander size (27 x 42 cm) with the aid of
adhesives. On the lower right-hand corner of the herbarium sheet, a
label was glued and all information from the field notebook was
transferred to it. First, the family of the plant was determined by the
use of an artificial key to the families. The genus and species were
identified by the utilization of available taxonomic literature [17-
19,10,20,21].
After drying, specimens were flooded with poisoning solution
(Mercuric chloride 15 gm, Ammonium chloride 35 gm, in 1000 ml
ethanol 96%) to protect them from fungi and pests [22]. Or placed in
an oven at 60º C for 4-6 hours, which is enough to kill eggs of insects
[23]. All plant species studied, were classified according to their
growth habits, and Raunkiaer's life forms system [24] was used. The
percentage composition of each of these life form categories was
calculated.
6. Results and Discussion
6.1. Enumeration of species
Taxa collected from the study area are enumerated here. For the
arrangement of families, Engler’s syllabus der Pflanzen families, 12th
edition [25] were used. The circumscription of the families is the same
as in flora of Libya. The genera and species in each family are arranged
alphabetically (Table 1and Table 2).
Table 1: List of species recorded in the study area with their families, Vernacular name, life form and Growth form (Th. = Therophytes, Ch. = Chaemophytes, H. =
Hemi-cryptophytes, Ph. = Phanerophytes, G. = Geophytes, and P. = Parasites) Dicotyledons.
Species.
Vernacular name
Family
Life form
Growth form
Emex spinosus (L). Campd
Dors el-azouz and el-henzab
Polygonaceae
Th.
Herb
Polygonum equisetiforme Sibth. And Sm.
Gurdab
Polygonaceae
H.
Subshrub
Rumex pictus Forssk.
Hommada
Polygonaceae
Th.
Herb
Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.
Ghassoul
Aizoaceae
Th.
Herb
Silene cerastioides L.
Caryophyllaceae
Th.
Herb
Vaccaria pyramidata Medik.
Ful el Arab
Caryophyllaceae
Th.
Herb
Paronychia arabica (Linn.) Dc.
Tifun
Illecebraceae
H.
Herb
Atriplex halimus L.
Kataff
Chenopodiaceae
Ph.
Subshrub
Bassia muricata (L.) Aschers.
Chouleta, Ghabbir
Chenopodiaceae
Th.
Herb
Beta vulgaris L.
Seleg
Chenopodiaceae
Th.
Herb
Chenopodium murale L.
Effena
Chenopodiaceae
Th.
Herb
Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pall.) M.Bieb.
Hdidat, Rehsal, Shenin
Chenopodiaceae
Ch.
Subshrub
Salsola kali L.
Chenopodiaceae
Th.
Subshrub
Suaeda vera Forssk ex J.F.Gmel
Souida, Essabata
Chenopodiaceae
Ch.
Subshrub
Amarathus viridis L.
Buzinzir
Amaranthaceae
Th.
Herb
Adonis dentata Delile
Zeghalil
Ranunculaceae
Th.
Herb
Glaucium corniculatum (L.) Rud.
Gurn- aljadian
Papaveraceae
Th.
Herb
Papaver hybridum L.
Bugraun, Garaun
Papaveraceae
Th.
Herb
Hypecoum geslinii Coss.et kral
Hypecoaceae
Th.
subshrub
Brassica tournefortii Gouan
Shultam
Brassicaceae
Th.
Herb
Diplotaxis muralis (L.) Dc. ssp. Muralis
Brassicaceae
Th.
Herb
Enarthrocarpus clavatus Del.ex Goder.
Shultam
Brassicaceae
Th.
Herb
Hussonia pinnata (Viv.) Jafri
Brassicaceae
Th.
Herb
Lobularia libyca (Viv.) Meisner
Brassicaceae
Th.
Herb
Matthiola longipetala (Vent.) Dc. Ssp. Longipetala
Brassicaceae
Th.
Herb
Sisymbrium irio L.
Brassicaceae
Th.
Herb
Reseda alba L.spp. decursiva (Forsk.) Maire
m″sawiyah, Fattolet El Holi
Resedaceae
Th.
Herb
Argyrolobium uniflorum (Dence.) Jaub . & Sapach
Ergah, Kherta
Fabaceae
Ch.
Herb
Astragalus asterias Stev. ex Ledeb
Fabaceae
Th.
Herb
Astragalus boeticus L.
Grambushia
Fabaceae
Th.
Herb
Astragalus cabrinus L.
Shaewit Erraie
Fabaceae
H.
Herb
Astragalus peregrinus Vahl
Fabaceae
Th.
Herb
Hippocrepis multisiliquosa L.
Fabaceae
Th.
Herb
Lathyrus clymenum L.
Fabaceae
Th.
Herb
Lotus cytisoides L.
Fabaceae
Ch.
Herb
Lotus halophilus Boiss & Spruner.
Nafel , Gurn al – Ghazzal
Fabaceae
Th.
Herb
Medicago disciformis Dc.
Fabaceae
Th.
Herb
Medicago littoralis Rohde ex Lois
Nafal
Fabaceae
Th.
Herb
Medicago sativa L.
Gadb, safsafa,
Fabaceae
Th.
Herb
Medicago minima (L.) Bart.
Nafal
Fabaceae
Th.
Herb
Melilotus indicus (L.) All
Fabaceae
Th.
Herb
Ononis serrata Forsk.
Fabaceae
Th.
Herb
Retama raetam (Forsk.) webb.
Fabaceae
Ph.
subshrub
Trigonella marititma Delile ex Poiret
Kherta, Garat
Fabaceae
Th.
Herb
Vicia monantha Retz.
Fabaceae
Th.
Herb
Vicia sativa L.
Jilban.
Fabaceae
Th.
Herb
Vicia villosa Roth
Jelbana Hmam
Fabaceae
Th.
Herb

Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Applied Science 6 (2), (2020) 20-24 Abdul Hamid K. Alzerbi, et al.
22
Species.
Vernacular name
Family
Life form
Growth form
Oxalis pes-caprae L.
Hummdha
Oxalidaceae
Th.
Herb
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’ Herit
Dahmiyet el-ghazl.
Geraniaceae
Th.
Herb
Euphorbia terracina L.
Lebbena
Euphorbiaceae
H.
Herb
Malva parviflora L. var parviflora
Khobaiz
Malvaceae
Th.
Herb
Malva sylvestris L.
Khobaiz
Malvaceae
H.
Herb
Thymelaea hirsuta (L.) Endl.
Metnan
Thymelaeaceae
Ph.
Subshrub
Helianthemum lippii var. sessiliflorum (Desf.) Murb.
Lerga.
Cistaceae
Ch.
Herb
Nitraria retusa (Forsk.) Asch
Zygophyllaceae
Ph.
Shrub
Daucus syrticus Murb
Apiaceae
Th.
Herb
Pituranthos tortuosus (Desf.) Benth.
Gazzah.
Apiaceae
Ch.
Subshrub
Pseudorlaya pumila (L.) Gramde
Apiaceae
Th.
Herb
Anagallis arvensis var. caerulea (L.) Gouan
Ain Algatuus
Primulaceae
Th.
Herb
Convolvulus althaeoides L.
Ullak
Convolvulaceae
G.
Herb
Convolvulus arvensis L.
Ullak
Convolvulaceae
G.
Herb
Convolvulus supinus Coss. et Kral
Ullak
Convolvulaceae
Th.
Herb
Echium angustifolium Mill.
Henna alagrab, abat elgula
Boraginaceae
Ch.
Subshrub
Echium horridum Batt
Boraginaceae
Ch.
Subshrub
Gastrocotyle hispida (Forsk) Bunge
Boraginaceae
Th.
Herb
Heliotropium ramosissimum (Lehm.) De.
Tahaunna, tahenna
Boraginaceae
Ch.
Herb
Ajuga iva (L.) Shreber
Shandgura
Lamiaceae
Th.
Herb
Salvia lanigera Poir.
Sag en naga
Lamiaceae
Ch.
Herb
Teucrium davaeanum Coss.
Lamiaceae
Ch.
Herb
Lycium europeaum L
Awesaj
Solanaceae
Ph.
Shrub
Solanum nigrum L. var. Nigrum
Anab ed. Deeb
Solanaceae
H.
Herb
Nicotiana glauca R.C. Graham
Akkuzemusa.
Solanaceae
Ph.
Shrub
Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forsk) Juss.
Affia
Rutaceae
Ch.
Herb
Kickxia aegyptiaca (L.) Nabelek ssp. Aegyptiaca
Amekchin
Scrophulariaceae
Ch.
Herb
Linaria tarhunensis Pamp.
Scrophulariaceae
Th.
Herb
Linaria tenuis (Viv.) Spreng.
Scrophulariaceae
Th.
Herb
Orobanche schultzii Mutel.
Orobanchaceae
P.
Herb
Plantago albicans L.
Aenm.
Plantaginaceae
H.
Herb
Anacyclus monanthos (L.) Thell.
Tagrefta, Serat elkabesh.
Asteraceae
Th.
Herb
Artemisia momosperma Delile
Tguft
Asteraceae
Ch.
Herb
Anthemis secundiramea Biv.
Asteraceae
Th.
Herb
Calendula tripterocarpa Rupr.
Asteraceae
Th.
Herb
Carduus getulus Pomel
Asteraceae
Th.
Herb
Centurea alexandrina Delile
Mrrier.
Asteraceae
Th.
Herb
Centurea dimorpha Viv.
Bla ′ala
Asteraceae
Th.
Herb
Chrysanthemum coronarium L.
Gahwan
Asteraceae
Th.
Herb
Conyza aegyptiaca (L.) Dryander
Asteraceae
Th.
Herb
Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cornq.
Ashbet Zamora
Asteraceae
Th.
Herb
Crepis senecioides Delile
Asteraceae
Th.
Herb
Echinops galalensis Schweinf
Shembet Elgatoos
Asteraceae
H.
Herb
Hypochaeris achyrophorus L.
Asteraceae
Th.
Herb
Launaea resedifolia (L.) O. Kuntze
Adeeda.
Asteraceae
Th.
Herb
Onopordum arenarium (Desf.) Pomel
Libid
Asteraceae
H.
Herb
Reichardia tingitana (L.) Roth.
Sahani.
Asteraceae
Th.
Herb
Rhantterium suaveolens Desf.
Asteraceae
Ch.
Herb
Rhaponticum acaule (L.) DC.
Asteraceae
Ch.
Herb
Senecio gallicus Chiax
Daraita, Mourare.
Asteraceae
Th.
Herb
Senecio vulgaris L.
Kraa Eddjaja
Asteraceae
Th.
Herb
Sonchus oleraceus L.
Tefaf.
Asteraceae
Th.
Herb
Table 2: List of species recorded in the study area with their families, Vernacular name, life form and Growth form (Th. = Therophytes and G. = Geophytes)
Monocotyledons
Asphodelus fistulosus L.
Lehiat ettaes
Liliaceae
G.
Herb
Muscari comosum (L.) Mill.
Keltout , Katout
Liliaceae
G.
Herb
Scilla Preuviana L.
Possaila
Liliaceae
G.
Herb
Allium subhirsutum L.
Ghazul.
Alliaceae
G.
Herb
Allium nigrum L.
Alliaceae
G.
Herb
Avena barbata Pott ex Link
Poaceae
Th.
Herb
Bromus rigidus Roth.
Poaceae
Th.
Herb
Cutandia dichotoma (Forsk.) Trabut
Zewahn , bu ′rukba
Poaceae
Th.
Herb
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.
Najem, Najieel
Poaceae
G.
Herb
Hordeum murinm L. ssp. Leporinum (link.) Arcang.
Poaceae
Th.
Herb
Lolium rigidum Gaud.
Bomanjor.
Poaceae
Th.
Herb
Phalaris minor Retz.
Zewan
Poaceae
Th.
Herb
Stipa capensis Thunb.
Behma
Poaceae
Th.
Herb
At the end of the survey there was a total of 112 species of flowering
plants, 93 representing genera belong to 31 families that have been
collected and identified, of which 99 taxa belonging to 81 genera that
belong to Dicotyledons which distributes in 28 families; whereas 13
taxa belonging to 12 genera and 3 families are belonging to
monocotyledons (Table 3). The ratio of Dicotyledons to
Monocotyledons is roughly 8: 1.
Table 3: Different taxonomic groups present in the study area.
No. Species
No. of Genera
No. of families
Plant group
99
81
28
Dicotyledons
13
12
3
Monocotyledons
112
92
31
Total

Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Applied Science 6 (2), (2020) 20-24 Abdul Hamid K. Alzerbi, et al.
23
From floristic analysis were carried out which showed the most
highly represented families were Asteraceae and Fabaceae being the
richest with 21 and 19 species respectively. The next largest family
was Poaceae with 8 species. Brassicaceae and Chenopodiaceae with 7
species followed by Boraginaceae represented by 4 species (Figure 2).
Seven families namely, Convolvulaceae, Polygonaceae, Lamiaceae,
Solanaceae, Liliaceae, Apiaceae and Scrophulariaceae, were
represented by 3 species each. The families which include 2 species
were Alliaceae and Caryophyllaceae, whereas the rest families were
represented by only a single species occupying different habitats. A
comparison of families in the largest number of species recorded in
this study is similar to the studies in different regions of Libya,
example studies of Asker [12], Al-Hamedi [6], Al-Habony [13], Alaib
and Ihsaeen [14] (Table 3).
Figure 2: Floristic richness-Diversity-of the study area
According to the number of species in each genus in the study area,
Astragalus and Medicago were the only two genera represented by
four species each. Two genera, Vicia and Convolvulus have three
species each. Six genera namely, Lotus, Malva, Echium, Linaria,
Centurea, Conyza and Allium were represented by two species each in
the study area.
In this study, two species considered as endemic species to Libya.
These species namely, Linara tarhunensis and Teucrium davaenum.
Plant life forms were categorized as Therophytes with 72 species
(64.28%), Chamaephytes with 16 species (14.28%),
Hemicryptophytes with 9 species (8.03%), Geophytes with 8 species
(7.14%), Phanerophytes with 6 species (5.35%), Parasites with 1
species (0.89%) (Figure 3). Therophytes and Chamaephytes were
dominated in Wadi Al Hamar. These findings were in agreement with
previous studies on different regions of Libya which have been
recorded by many researchers such as Al-Habony [13], Ihsaeen [26],
Mahklouf and Al Sghair [27], who reported that the dominancy of
these two life forms may be due to hot dry climate, topography
variations and biotic influence.
Figure 3: Biological spectrum of plant species in the flora of Libya.
The study showed that the growth habits of species were distributed
as herbs 98 species (87.5%) and subshrubs to shrubs 14 species
(12.5%). The dominance of herbs over the other growth habits can be
attributed to the short life cycle that enables them to resist the
instability of the ecosystem [28].
Malva parviflora Malva sylvestris
Orobanche schultzii Atriplex halimus
Paronychia arabica Phalaris minor
Anagallis arvensis Oxalis pes-caprae
Asphodelus fistulosus Convolvulus althaeoides
Papaver hybridum Reichardia tingitana
Therophytes
Chamaephytes
Hemicryptophytes
Geophytes
Phanerophytes
Parasites

Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Applied Science 6 (2), (2020) 20-24 Abdul Hamid K. Alzerbi, et al.
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Sonchus oleraceus Centurea dimorpha
Anthemis secundiramea Chrysanthemum coronarium
Astragalus cabrinus Melilotus indicus
7. Conclusion
The findings of this study clearly show that the flora is poor
floristically which may be attributed to its topography, edaphic factors,
and climatic conditions .
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