The Influence of Parental Attachment toward Early Childhood Children's Separation Anxiety

Abstract

Most preschool children show incapabilities of overcoming anxieties so that they have negative emotions while parting with an intimate figure. This research examined parental attachment toward early childhood children's parting anxieties. The research population consisted of 793 participants aged 5-6 years old. The sampling technique was purposive sampling. It involved 185 early childhood children (87 boys and 98 girls). The data were collected through a questionnaire. The data technique used the Parental-Child Attachment-Child Survey questionnaire to measure parental attachment to children. Separation anxiety in early childhood was measured using the Children's Separation Anxiety Disorders (CSAS) questionaire. Each question item was read by the researcher to facilitate the children. The applied analysis was a simple linear regression. It was to analyze the parental attachment toward children's separation anxiety. The result shows Fcount = 15.26 < Ftable = 3.045 with a Sig value 0.000 < 0.05. It means high parental attachment lowered children's separation anxiety at schools. This child-parent intimacy supported adaptive social quality in a peer group. It also provided a positive foundation for their further development.

Full text

501
Journal of Primary Education
9 (5) (2020) : 501–510
https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/jpe
The Influence of Parental Attachment toward Early Childhood
Children's Separation Anxiety
Umi Astuti 1, Hartono Hartono2, Sunawan Sunawan 2
DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.15294/jpe.v9i5.43210
1. Genuksari Pertiwi Kindergarten,Semarang, Indonesia
2. Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Indonesia
Article Info
________________
History Articles
Received:
17 September 2020
Accepted:
12 October 2020
Published:
31 December 2020
________________
Keywords:
Parental Attachment,
Separation Anxiety,
Early Childhood
Children
____________________
Abstract
___________________________________________________________________
Most preschool children show incapabilities of overcoming anxieties so that
they have negative emotions while parting with an intimate figure. This
research examined parental attachment toward early childhood children's
parting anxieties. The research population consisted of 793 participants aged 5-
6 years old. The sampling technique was purposive sampling. It involved 185
early childhood children (87 boys and 98 girls). The data were collected
through a questionnaire. The data technique used the Parental-Child
Attachment-Child Survey questionnaire to measure parental attachment to
children. Separation anxiety in early childhood was measured using the
Children's Separation Anxiety Disorders (CSAS) questionaire. Each question
item was read by the researcher to facilitate the children. The applied analysis
was a simple linear regression. It was to analyze the parental attachment
toward children's separation anxiety. The result shows Fcount = 15.26 < Ftable =
3.045 with a Sig value 0.000 < 0.05. It means high parental attachment
lowered children's separation anxiety at schools. This child-parent intimacy
supported adaptive social quality in a peer group. It also provided a positive
foundation for their further development.
 Correspondence address:
Genuksari Pertiwi Kindergarten Semarang Indonesia 50237
E-mail: umiastuti@gmail.com
p-ISSN 2252-6404
e-ISSN 2502-4515

Umi Astuti, et al./ Journal of Primary Education 9 (5) (2020) : 501–510
502
INTRODUCTION
Anxiety is an unpleasant, uncertain,
anxious, and unclear feeling about what will
happen. Tamisa (2016:125) argues that anxiety
is entailed by a specific physical reaction in
which will be repeated on an individual. The
anxious reaction of children is caused by
parting, losing, having a physical injury, or
feeling pain (Tamsuri et al., 2010). Lim (2015)
also explains that anxiety frequently appears in
6-12-year-old children. It is frequently caused by
parting, feeling not being loved, lacking
attention, and having no parental supports.
Pepito & Montalbo (2019) divide anxiety
aspects of children into three aspects. The first is
physical aspect reflected on children's physical
conditions, such as trembling hands and having
difficulties in speaking. Secondly, a cognitive
aspect that is indicated by having difficulties to
concentrate, feeling not confident to handle
problems, and being afraid to be unable to solve
problems. The third deals with the behavioural
aspect. It is shown by anxious behaviours that
make such children avoid, attach, and shocked.
Such anxiety felt by children while parting
with an intimate figure is a normal state for
them. It is since these children have specific
needs to remain closer to the intimate figures. If
this anxiety develops time by time, it will put
them in disadvantages later in their adulthood
life (Milrod et al., 2013).
Anxiety is a normal feeling felt by
children, and it is temporal. Children should
ideally have a low anxiety level. It includes
when they are left by their parents. Such anxiety
type, caused by parting, usually has analytic
depression nature. Ideally, separation anxiety of
children lasts from their toddler until preschool
periods (A' diilah & Imran, 2016).
The facts show several children still have
difficulties in managing their anxieties. In
several cases, preschool-aged children showed
that they could not manage their anxieties for
the first time joining the first school year period.
Thus, negative emotion appears while parting
with intimate figures.
Negative emotion is triggered due to
anxieties, such as crying while screaming,
kicking surrounding objects, and hurting
surrounding adults who try to calm him down
(Carpenter et al., 2014). Children with
separation anxiety symptoms have
aggressiveness or anger toward their parents or
any conditions that make them parted from their
parents.
Bigdeli (2010) argues that children's
cognition in such anxiety state makes them
worried, breathless, and nervous. Thus, they
influence their memories and learning processes.
Mendez et al. (2014) argue that separation
anxiety of early childhood children is controlled
by three inter-correlated dimensions. The first
component is the cognitive dimension. It is
about internal anxiety of the children. They
might think something bad would happen to
them or to their parents. Second, the
psychophysiological dimension that deals with
the feeling of difficulties due to pressures from
exaggerating negative activities of children. The
third dimension is behavioural or opposition. It
is defined as the reluctance be left by their
parents or away from their houses.
Anxiety is caused by unhealthy parental
attachment. Parents are safe and comfortable
subjects for children. Maina et al. (2016),
Brumariu et al. (2012) also state that separation
anxiety of children is disproportional anxious
reactions toward a parting condition. It is mostly
caused by parental attachment. Pozzi et al.
(2014) also argue that separation anxiety is an
individual's fear to engage with an intimate
parting figure.
Anxiety is caused by exaggerating and
unhealthy parental attachment. These make
children more defensive and impede their
classroom learning participation (Hasanah,
2013). According to Sari et al. (2018), parental
attachment is an interaction between parents
and children. They are realized into compassion,
attitude, and responses of parenting and
children's necessities. This interaction lasts for a
long time. It even continues in later hoods and
develops intimacy patters on children.

Umi Astuti, et al./ Journal of Primary Education 9 (5) (2020) : 501–510
503
Children with positive attachment or
intimacy are indicated by three aspects. They are
high communication between children and
parents, high trust, and low alienation
(Thornberry et al., 1991). It is supported by
Armsden & Greenberg (1987). They explain that
self-attachment consists of three dimensions:
trust, communication, and alienation.
Children-parents' attachments have
important roles in children's developments. They
need compassion, response, and positive
attitudes from their parents. Parents' positive
behaviours allow children to develop and
establish positive personalities. However,
negative attachment of parents experienced by
their children will interrupt children's
development and their personality developments
(Kerns & Brumariu, 2014).
Wampler & Downs (2010) found positive
attachments between children and parents
decreased behavioural problems and mischiefs.
This research analyzed the issues of parental
attachment toward separation anxiety of
children's first day schools.
METHODS
The applied method was quantitative with
the associative or clausal approach. It had a
purpose to find out the correlation between
parental attachments toward separation
anxieties of children. The research population
consisted of 793 participants aged 5-6 years old.
The sampling technique was purposive
sampling. It involved 185 early childhood
children (87 boys and 98 girls).
The data were collected by Parental-Child
Attachment Survey questionnaire, developed by
Thornberry et al. (1991). A questionnaire of
Children's Separation Anxiety Disorders (CSAS)
developed by Mendez et al. (2014) was used to
measure the children's separation anxiety. The
parental attachment instrument obtained a
coefficient score of α = 0.874. On the other
hand, the CSAS obtained a coefficient score of
α= 0.925.
The data were analyzed by simple
regressive analysis technique before applying
classical assumption test. The questionnaire was
filled by the assistance of the researcher. The
researcher assisted to read aloud the
questionnaire items because the subjects were
early childhood children. The data collection
was done once the research obtained the parents'
consents and agreed by the children. The
research procedures were begun by providing a
quiet room. The participants were then called
one by one and asked with several structured
questions. It was started by a demographic
question about the names and the ages.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The anxiety levels of the children at
Genuksari Pertiwi Kindergarten, Semarang,
could be seen from three-dimension. They were
cognitive, psychophysiological, and behavioural
or opposition dimensions. The average
descriptive analysis result and the deviation
standard of separation anxiety and parental
attachment are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Descriptive Analysis
Variable
N
Mean
SD
Separation Anxiety
185
60.864
4.862
Parental Attachment
185
75.50
8.462
Table 1 shows the mean and deviation
standard of separation anxiety (M= 60, 864;
SD=4,862). The mean and deviation standard of
parental attachment are M= 75,50; SD= 8,462.
The descriptive statistics results show higher
mean than the deviation standard. It represents
excellent data distribution.
Then, the data about anxiety level based
on the cognitive dimension of the children were
anxious that something bad could happen on

Umi Astuti, et al./ Journal of Primary Education 9 (5) (2020) : 501–510
504
themselves or other attached objects while
parting shown in Figure 1. Figure 1 is a chart of
anxiety level within a cognitive dimension on
the children.
Figure 1. Cognitive Dimension Anxiety Level of the Children
Based on the Figure 1, the cognitive
dimension anxiety level of the children is in a
low category with a percentage of 71%. The
cognitive dimension percentage is deficient, with
a percentage of 28%. Meanwhile, there are none
of the students categorized high or extremely
high in this dimension. This means that most
children experience low anxiety when the child
starts schooling. Children feel confident when
they part with the sticky figure, namely parents.
According to Mian (2014), the factors that
influence anxiety in pre-school children are the
family environment, namely the first
environment known to the subject, the family
environment plays an important role in shaping
a child's personality, from birth to adulthood. A
positive family life will provide the basic features
of forming a good child's personality.It meant
most of the children had lower anxieties in their
first year school period. They felt better and
confident while being left by the attached figures
for them, their parents.
Then, to find out the anxiety level from
psychophysiological dimension, Figure 2 is
provided. It could be seen that the anxiety level
within this dimension is low. It was due to low
stress due to activities done by the children. This
Figure 2 presents the anxiety level data within
the psychophysiological dimension of the
children.
0 0
28
72
very high high average low
The cognitive dimension percentage (%)

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505
Figure 2. Psychophysiological Dimension Anxiety Level of the Children
Based on the Figure 2, the
psychophysiological dimension anxiety level of
the children is in a low category with a
percentage of 61%. The psychophysiological
dimension percentage is deficient, with a
percentage of 39%. Meanwhile, there is no
student categorized with high or extremely high
categories. It shows a lower stressed feeling of
the children while being left by their parents due
to appropriate parenting. Pacholec et al. (2013)
found the correlation between parents and their
modified parental
practices allowed children to manage their
separation anxiety. When parents provide
proper care, feelings of stress and fear do not
occur. Children will have self-confidence.
Figure 3 explains the children's anxiety
levels data within a behavioural dimension. In
this dimension, the children had bravery when
they were left by their parents and were far from
their houses. Figure 3 is presented in a chart of
children's anxiety levels data within a
behavioural dimension.
Figure 3. Behavioural Dimension Anxiety Level of the Children
0 0
39
61
very high high average low
percentage psycho-physiological dimension
(%)
0 0
22
78
very high high average low
percentage behavioral anxiety levels
(%)

Umi Astuti, et al./ Journal of Primary Education 9 (5) (2020) : 501–510
506
Based on the Figure 3, the behavioural
dimension level of the children is in a low
category with a percentage of 78 %. The
behavioural dimension percentage is deficient,
with a percentage of 22%. Meanwhile, there is
no student categorized with high or extremely
high categories. It showed most children did not
feel anxious while parting from their parents.
According to Godoy (2013) the most important
influence in overcoming anxiety is the
assessment of parents towards children. Parents
must give confidence and motivation to children
so that children have confidence in themselves
The description results of the children's
parental attachment could be seen from three
dimensions: trust, communication, and
alienation. Table 2 explains the parental
attachment of Genuksari Pertiwi Kindergarten
children in Semarang.
Table 2. The Attachment Dimension Percentage(%)
Dimension
low
less
high
Very high
Trust
0.5
31.5
67.9
0.0
Communication
0.5
30.4
69.0
0.0
Alienation
41.80
58.20
0.0
0.0
Note: 90 boys and 92 females
Table 2 shows most Genuksari Pertiwi
children had high trust (67.9%). It meant they
really trusted their parents and had an intimate
relationship with their parents. The parents
provided all children's necessities. Then, the
communication aspect was categorized high,
with a percentage of 69%. It showed the children
were involved in parents' activities so they were
comfortable and thought their parents were
great.
On the other hand, the alienation score
was in a low category with a percentage of 58%.
It showed there were transparent relationships
between parents and children. They were also
proud of their parents. Thus, they did not hide
any complaints, any intentions, or anything to
their parents.
The next step involved the classical
assumption test, consisting of a normality test.
The researcher also used regression test to
examine the influence of parental attachment to
children's anxiety levels at the first school year.
The regression test results are summarized in
Table 3.
Table 3. The Attachment Regression Test toward Anxiety
Model
R
R square
df
Mean square
F
Sig
Regression
.284
.081
1
337.325
15.957
.000b
Residual
182
21.140
Total
183
Note: R = the multiple correlative coefficient value; R-Sq = R squared/determination coefficient;
MSE = Mean Square Error; F = the tested model score; df = degree of freedom; Significant degree.
Table 3 shows the influence of attachment
and anxiety. It is proven by the R score, .284. It
meant there was a correlation between child
attachment and separation anxiety. The R
square's score based on the table is .081. It
meant the influence of child attachment toward
the separation anxiety was 8.1%. Thus, the
remaining percentage, 91.9%, was influenced by
other external variables of this research. The F
count score is 15.957. The Ftable score is 3.045,
with a significant level of 5%. The Fcount score is
greater than F table on a significant level of 5%
(15.25 > 3.045). Thus, parental attachment
influenced the lower children's anxiety level at
school.

Umi Astuti, et al./ Journal of Primary Education 9 (5) (2020) : 501–510
507
There was an influence between child
attachments toward children's anxiety levels to
begin schooling. This anxiety had positive
attachment indicated by high communication
and trust and low alienation aspects. High
attachment lowered children's anxiety as
indicated by lower cognitive, behavioural, and
psychophysiological dimensions.
This finding is supported by Van et al.
(2014) and Verissimo et al. (2014). They found
that maternal attachment to children influenced
positively toward lower anxiety levels. Thus, it
influenced the children's social development.
Positive attachment toward children seemed
more socially involved and emphasized on
contributive social, emotional, and
cognitive skills toward peer-acceptance at
schools. On the other hand, child attachment
with mother and high alienation between them
would trigger aggressiveness of the children
(Moss et al., 2007; Gault-sherman, 2012).
Children with positive attachments had
better trust. It is a crucial matter for them to
develop secure attachments to their mothers.
Low empathy children and lack
acknowledgement on other people were
correlated to the lower parental trust during the
children's childhood (Cortazar & Herreros,
2010).
An excellent communication quality
between a mother and a child extremely
influences maternal attachment realization
Thomson-Hollands, 2014). High alienation was
not something good for mother-child
attachment. It could be caused by the mother's
business such as additional and external tasks
(for example, becoming an active organizational
member) so that she had limited time for her
child. It might also be due to the mother's
business to take care of the households (Hardani
et al., 2017).
Maternal attachment to children
supported social adaptation in an early
childhood peer group. It could provide a positive
foundation and became the influential factor of
children's socialization development (Kochanska
et al., 2009). Confident children toward
environmental acceptance would consider a
secure attachment with their attached figures.
They also developed a trust not only for their
mothers but also their surroundings. Early
childhood period is a critical period to develop
trust.
If it fails to be developed, then a distrust
will occur. This feeling, trust, is a foundation of
healthy social-emotional development for the
next stage (Kochanska & Kim 2012). Trust will
be developed in a predictable nurturing
environment for children. Children could predict
that a nurturing figure should be stable and
could create an enjoyable and comfortable
atmosphere. Thus, they could feel being
accepted and loved. Therefore, children need
mothers as nurturing figures, especially to create
a strong bond (bonding). According to Corwin
(2012), positive attachment cycle is the existence
of attached figures as the basis of exploration
encouragement. It will influence children's social
skills.
Anapratiwi et al. (2013) also found a
correlation of attachment between children and
mothers toward the children's socialization
skills. Children with positive attachment had
better socialization skills. Children with high
trust and lower anxiety would easily develop
friendly relationships toward parents or other
children. When children had trusted, they would
have healthy social relationships and could
easily adapt to the environment. They believed
in such a secure and comfortable environment
(Shahidul & Karim, 2015). Meanwhile, children
with lower attachment influenced the denial of
anxiety. Thus, it led to lower socialization skills.
They would be afraid and alert to any
potential threats even when they did not exist.
With so much directed energy for protection,
they would have lesser energies to develop their
interest and to learn. Thus, it would be difficult
to be directed or guided (Hoeve et al., 2012).
These children would have high alienation
feeling and mistrust or suspicion. They seemed
like capricious persons and afraid of any
intimacy. It might turn to distrust upon other
people's loyalty or preparedness. They would
also be afraid if they were left by their parents
(Helmi, 1999).

Umi Astuti, et al./ Journal of Primary Education 9 (5) (2020) : 501–510
508
Thus, attachment obviously influenced
children's anxiety. Children with high
attachment had lower anxiety. Therefore, they
had excellent personal trust or trust for other
people and their surroundings. On the other
hand, children with low attachment had high
anxiety. It turned into an anxious and stressed
feeling. Thus, it affected children's tantrums, so
they had difficulties to socializes with their
surroundings.
CONCLUSION
There was a positive correlation between
attachment and anxiety of the children. It led to
a lower state of children's anxiety. High attached
children had positive social skills. Children
would have excellent personal trust or trust for
other people and their surroundings.
Meanwhile, children with lower attachment had
high anxiety. It would affect their anxious and
stressed feelings. Thus, children would have
difficulties to socialize with their environments.
Therefore, parents should provide a positive
child-mother nurturing pattern.
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