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ZOOTAXA
ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)
Accepted by C. Mielke: 20 Jan. 2021; published: 11 Feb. 2021 123
Zootaxa 4927 (1): 123–132
https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/
Copyright © 2021 Magnolia Press Article
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4927.1.8
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:5C71C163-2D78-46D8-88C3-281E05C87186
A new species of the genus Thespea Solovyev and four newly recorded species of
Limacodidae from India (Lepidoptera: Zygaenoidea)
NAVNEET SINGH1*, JALIL AHMAD1,3, KAILASH CHANDRA1,4 & ALEXEY V. SOLOVYEV2
1Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700053, WB, India.
2Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University, Department of Biology and Chemistry (Ulyanovsk, Russia).
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solovyev_alexey@mail.ru; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4837-2554
3
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jalilahmad23046@gmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7719-864X
4
�
kailash611@rediffmail.com; https://orcid.org /0000-0001-9076-5442
*Corresponding author.
�
nsgill007@gmail.com; https://orcid.org /0000-0002-6657-7983
Abstract
Thespea aka, sp. nov., is described as new from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Additionally, four species are recorded for the
first time from India: Melinaria pseudorepanda kalawensis (Orhant, 2000) and Parasa julikatis Solovyev & Witt, 2009,
recorded in Arunachal Pradesh, and Thosea lutea Heylaerts, 1890 and Mambarona congrua (Walker, 1862), recorded
in Great Nicobar Island. Diagnosis and distribution are provided for all taxa listed and the males and their genitalia are
illustrated.
Key words: Arunachal Pradesh, Great Nicobar Island, Mambarona congrua, Melinaria pseudorepanda kalawensis,
Parasa julikatis, Thespea aka, sp. nov., Thosea lutea
Introduction
The Limacodidae, commonly known as slug moths or cup moths, is a family of Lepidoptera that occurs world-
wide, but has mainly a tropical and subtropical distribution. Limacodidae caterpillars can become serious pests of
economically important crops, such as coconut and other species of palms, tea, coffee, eucalyptus and many other
plants, and the contact with their stinging spines can cause severe skin reactions, especially to susceptible individu-
als. Most of these moths are robust, have reduced or absent mouthparts, and the males have bipectinate antennae. In
the male genitalia, the uncus is robust with prominent gnathos, the valva elongated with rounded apex, and generally
unadorned (Holloway et al. 2001). The family has also diagnostic features in the female genitalia: flat, coplanar,
disc-like ovipositor lobes and presence of lateral, lug-like, structures on the eighth segment of the abdomen (Hol-
loway 1986). So far, the family includes 1672 species under 301 genera (van Nieukerken et al. 2011) and new spe-
cies are regularly being discovered. The Indian Limacodidae is poorly studied and we estimate that it is currently
represented by about 100 species.
In the present article, a new species of Thespea Solovyev, 2014 is described and we report, for the first time,
four limacodid species for India.
Material and methods
The adult limacodid moths were collected with the help of vertical sheet light traps. The collected material was
preserved and studied as per the standard techniques in Lepidopterology (Holloway et al. 2001). Adults were pho-
tographed using a Canon EOS 1300D digital SLR camera. Genitalia are preserved in 1:3 of glycerol and ethyl
alcohol, and were photographed with a Leica M165C stereomicroscope attached with Leica MC190 HD camera in
combination with Leica application Suite (LAS). The material used in the present article is deposited in the collec-
tions of MWM and NZCZSI.
SINGH ET AL.
124 · Zootaxa 4927 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press
Abbreviations
A & N Islands Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
MWM Museum Witt in the Bavarian State Collection of Zoology (Museum Witt München / Zoologische
Staatssammlung München, Munich, Germany).
NZCZSI National Zoological Collections, Lepidoptera Section of Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, India.
TL Type Locality.
ZSI, ANRC Zoological Survey of India, Andaman & Nicobar Regional Centre, Port Blair, Andaman and Nico-
bar Islands, India.
Taxonomy
Genus Thespea Solovyev, 2014
Thespea Solovyev, 2014: 38.
Type species. Neaera bicolor Walker, 1855 (by original designation) (TL: North India).
Distribution. Indian sub-region to Sumatra and Java (Solovyev 2014).
Diagnosis. The genus Thespea is distinguished on the basis of: i) in both sexes, usually green forewings with
marginal series of small brown spots, ii) in the male genitalia, the valva is generally distally divided into saccular
(valvula) and costal processes (cucullus) and iii) vesica with a long row of claw-like or saw shaped cornutus (So-
lovyev 2014).
Taxonomic notes. The genus Thespea is an Oriental genus and many of its species are externally similar to
the members of Soteira Solovyev, 2014, although smaller in size, and antenna shows longer rami basally. Another
similar genus is Circeida Solovyev, 2014, but the genus Thespea is distinguishable by the male genitalia: i) absence
of anellus processes (in Circeida the anellus bears a pair of strongly sclerotized naked spurs), ii) vesica with typical
saw shaped cornutus and iii) valva with distal saccular process (in Circeida vesica is without cornutus and distal
saccular process). With the new species we describe here, the genus Thespea is represented by 26 species, with five
species and one subspecies recorded from India (T. bicolor bicolor (Walker, 1855); T. bicolor teala Solovyev, 2014;
T. argyroneura (Hering, 1931); T. heringi Solovyev, 2014; T. albipuncta (Hampson, 1892) and T. aka sp. nov.).
Thespea aka N. Singh & Ahmad, sp. nov.
(Figs 1, 2, 12, 13)
Type material. Holotype, male. India, Arunachal Pradesh, W[est] Kameng, Bhalukpong, 21.vi.2018, leg. Rajesh
Lenka & Party (E 092035’26.2” N 27004’18.5” altitude, 168 m) (NZCZSI, Reg. no. 7000/H10).
Paratype. 1 ♂, same data as holotype (NZCZSI, Reg. no. 7001/ H10).
Diagnosis. Morphologically, T. aka, sp. nov. (Figs 1, 2) is similar to T. heringi Solovyev, 2014 (Fig. 3) but
is recognizable by the lighter hindwings. In male genitalia, T. aka, sp. nov. (Figs 12, 13) differs from T. heringi
(Fig. 14) by the saccular process of valva apically bifurcated and with the ventral edge having series of small teeth
(whereas in T. heringi, the apex of saccular process is three-pointed and has smooth edges). Another related species,
though distinct externally, is T. siniaevi Solovyev, 2014 (Figs 4, 15) distributed in Northern Myanmar. However, in
T. siniaevi, the saccular process is not bifurcated bearing a distinct and curved spine at the apex of dorsal edge.
Description. Forewing length 13 mm. Male (Figs 1, 2): frons and vertex green, former with a basal dark brown
band; labial palpus dark brown, antenna dark brown but with paler rami; thorax green dorsally; forewing green
dorsally, paler ventrally, costa and cilia dark brown, submarginal series of dark brown elongated spots, a subbasal
patch of brown scales on the paler region of inner area; hindwing dorsally yellowish brown, cilia dark brown, inner
area with elongated patch of scattered brown scales, ventrally concolorous; pectus and legs covered with dark brown
scales; abdomen yellowish brown.
Male genitalia (Figs 12, 13) with uncus broad, tapering apically, apex with a pointed spur; gnathos upwardly
LIMACODIDAE FROM INDIA Zootaxa 4927 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press · 125
curved, gradually tapering, reaching half the length of uncus; tegumen broad; valva rhomboidal; saccular process
broad, approximately rectangular and flap-like, apically bifurcated, bearing a series of small teeth on ventral edge;
costal process membranous, narrowing to a rounded apex; aedeagus constricted medially, with a large, subapical
process; vesica with a long row of compactly arranged small claw shaped cornuti.
Female unknown.
Distribution. West Kameng, Arunachal Pradesh, India.
Etymology. The name of the new species is derived from a tribe called Aka living in the West Kameng district
of Arunachal Pradesh, India.
Genus Melinaria Solovyev, 2014
Melinaria Solovyev, 2014: 68.
Type species. Neaera repanda Walker, 1855 (by original designation) (TL: North India).
Distribution. China, India to Thailand and Vietnam (Solovyev 2014).
Diagnosis. The genus Melinaria is diagnosed by: i) the forewing with green area and the marginal brownish
band separated by a fine silver line, ii) in male genitalia, the gnathos is s-shaped, iii) valva with basal lobes located
near the costa and bearing ventral tufts of long setae, and iv) aedeagus with a ventral, apical, digitate process (So-
lovyev 2014).
Taxonomic notes. Morphologically, species in the genus Melinaria look like the ones in the Parasa ‘lepida’
species group (Solovyev 2014), but are larger and distinguishable by: i) the submarginal silver line on forewing, ii)
the s-shaped gnathos and iii) the presence of an apical digitate process on the aedeagus. The genus includes three
species and one subspecies: M. repanda (Walker, 1855) from northern & northeastern India, Nepal, Myanmar, M.
campagnei (de Joannis, 1929) from northern Vietnam, China (Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hainan), M. pseudore-
panda pseudorepanda (Hering, 1933) from China (Shaanxi, Sichuan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Yunnan, and Guang-
dong), and M. pseudorepanda kalawensis (Orhant, 2000) from Myanmar, China (Yunnan, Guangxi), Laos, northern
Thailand, Vietnam (Solovyev 2014), and India (Arunachal Pradesh).
Melinaria pseudorepanda kalawensis (Orhant, 2000)
(Figs 5, 16)
Parasa kalawensis Orhant, 2000: 472.
Material examined. India: 2 ♂, Arunachal Pradesh, lower Subansiri, Pange Wildlife Sanctuary, 17.x.2017, leg. B.
Sinha & Party (NZCZSI, 7019/ H10).
Diagnosis. Originally, Parasa kalawensis was described as a distinct species from Kalaw, Myanmar. Subse-
quently, Solovyev (2014) downgraded P. kalawensis as a subspecies of Melinaria pseudorepanda and it is externally
distinct from the nominotypical subspecies, M. p. pseudorepanda (Fig. 7), by the colour of the hindwing, but their
genitalia are almost identical. Another closely similar Indian species, M. repanda (Fig. 6) is distinguishable from M.
p. kalawensis by the presence of a ventral digitate process in the valva (Solovyev 2014).
Distribution. Myanmar, China (Yunnan, Guangxi), Laos, northern Thailand, Vietnam (Solovyev 2014) and
Arunachal Pradesh (India). First record for the Lepidoptera fauna in India.
Genus Parasa Moore, [1860] in Horsfield & Moore ([1860])
Parasa Moore, [1860]: 413.
Type species. Neaera chloris Herrich-Schäffer, 1854 (subsequently designated by Fletcher & Nye 1982) (TL: “Amer. mer.”).
Distribution. Widely distributed from Far East Russia, China, Japan, Korea, India to Philippines; Middle East,
Africa, Madagascar (Solovyev 2014), North and South America.
SINGH ET AL.
126 · Zootaxa 4927 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press
Diagnosis. The monophyly of all the nine groups listed here below under taxonomic notes is well supported
(Solovyev 2014), but a robust definition of the genus is still lacking. Currently, the genus Parasa needs a thorough
revision as it includes Asian, African, Neotropical and Nearctic species, and the green colour on the wings or body
cannot be reliably used as an indicative character because it is also exhibited by few other limacodid genera.
Taxonomic notes. A recent and important publication on the taxonomy of this genus was proposed by Solovyev
& Witt (2009), where 13 monophyletic lineages were identified, but with an indication that the study was prelimi-
nary. Furthermore, Solovyev (2014) provisionally divided the genus Parasa into nine species groups: i) the lepida
species group (20 species), ii) the consocia species group (seven species), iii) the sinica species group (three spe-
cies), iv) the darma species group (three species), v) the ananii species group (13 species), vi) the sagittata species
group (one species), vii) the dulcis species group (one species), viii) the inexpectata species group (one species and
two subspecies), and ix) the metaphaea species group (one species).
Parasa julikatis Solovyev & Witt, 2009
(Figs 8, 9, 17)
Parasa julikatis Solovyev & Witt, 2009: 113.
Type material examined. Holotype: ♂, Vietnam (N), Mts Fan-si-pan, N-side, Chapa (22º17’N, 103º44’E, 1600 m,
20–30.XI.1995), leg. Sinjaev & loc. (MWM). Paratypes: 6 ♂ listed by Solovyev & Witt (2009).
Other material examined. India: 1 ♂, Arunachal Pradesh, Upper Siang, 02.iv.2017, leg. B. Saikia & Party
(NZCZSI, 7020/ H10).
Diagnosis. Morphologically, P. julikatis and P. shirakii Kawada, 1930 look very similar and can be confused
with each other. However, the former is recognizable by the broader marginal brown border of the forewing which
also shows a stronger invagination in its lower third. In male genitalia, the uncus is robust, broader at base with
distal region shorter, the valva is simple and aedeagus is strongly curved at basal half. Moreover, P. shirakii is so far
known only from Taiwan.
Distribution. Vietnam, China (Shaanxi, Sichuan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Hainan), north-
ern Thailand (Solovyev 2014) and India (Arunachal Pradesh). This is the first record from India.
Genus Thosea Walker, 1855
Thosea Walker, 1855: 1068.
Type species. Thosea unifascia Walker, 1855 (by monotypy) (TL: East Indies [Indonesia]).
Distribution. India to New Guinea and Australia (Solovyev & Witt 2009), and Africa.
Diagnosis. The genus Thosea is defined on the basis of the following characters: i) generally brown and grey
species, often with a dark discal spot on forewing, ii) forewing postmedial line, when present, more or less oblique
or straight and iii) apex of fore tibia with a white spot (except in the T. lutea species group). In the male genitalia,
the valva has a whiplash-like furca that initially loops interiorly from the sacculus before passing over the anterior
surface where, in some species, it may articulate with a flap arising subcostally on the valva. This flap may be a ge-
neric feature that has been lost in Sundanian taxa (Holloway 1986). However, according to Holloway et al. (1987),
the most definitive feature of the genus is exhibited by the oval and usually green larva, in the form of a narrow,
white, pale yellow or blue dorsal stripe.
Taxonomic notes. Originally, the genus Thosea was described in the family Notodontidae, subsequently, Moore
(1877) transferred it to Limacodidae. For a long time, the genus remained a catchall for many species (Hering 1931).
Holloway (1986) and Holloway et al. (1987) published two important works in which the authors redefined and
reviewed the Asian species of Thosea by transferring the species which were misplaced in it, to new or other genera.
Holloway et al. (1987) divided the genus into three groups: i) the first group, comprising the lutea Heylaerts, 1890
group of species along with some of the Philippines species and all of those distributed from Sulawesi eastwards,
is defined by loss of the fore tibial white spot, ii) the second group, including most of the Sundanian species, T.
LIMACODIDAE FROM INDIA Zootaxa 4927 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press · 127
siamica Holloway, 1987 and T. magna Hering, 1931, is characterized by loss of the subcostal flap on the valva that
articulates with the furca and iii) the third group, encompassing most of the mainland Asian species together with
some of the Sundanian species, is characterized by “shouldering” of the uncus into a broad, somewhat setose basal
part and a slender, tapering distal part. According to Solovyev & Witt (2009), the genus includes about 45 species
worldwide with the following seven recorded from India: T. sinensis Walker, 1855, T. magna Hering, 1931, T. bi-
partita Hering, 1933, T. sevastopuloi Holloway, 1987, T. andamanica Holloway, 1987, T. brunti Holloway, 1987
and T. styx Holloway, 1987.
Thosea lutea Heylaerts, 1890
(Figs 10, 18)
Thosea lutea Heylaerts, 1890: 28.
Material examined. India: 1 ♂, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Great Nicobar Island, Laxmi nagar, 11.xi.2018, leg.
K.C. Gopi & party (NZCZSI, 7201/ H10).
Diagnosis. Thosea lutea is diagnosed by the absence of the postmedial line on the forewing. In the male genita-
lia, the saccular zone is very deep and the furca is sinuous, articulating with a subcostal flap. The uncus is oval in the
basal half and digitate in the apical half. The tegumen is narrow, the gnathos is robust, thicker and longer compared
to all its congeners. The aedeagus is slightly s-shaped and bulbous towards the proximal end.
Distribution. Central and southern Vietnam, West Malaysia, Borneo, Indonesia, Sumatra, Bangka, Java (Hol-
loway et al. 1987, Solovyev & Witt 2009) and India (Great Nicobar Island). Reporting of the species from Great
Nicobar is its first record from India.
Remarks. Thosea lutea sometimes becomes a serious pest of coconut and the larvae are mainly found on me-
dium to tall palms (Holloway et al. 1987). Considering the poor knowledge we have at present on the distribution of
this species, and more generally of the moths in the family Limacodidae in the Great Nicobar Island, the discovery
of this moth will play an important role in planning the pest control management of the island, where coconut is a
major cash crop.
Genus Mambarona Hering, 1931
Mambarona Hering, 1931: 685.
Type species. Susica congrua Walker, 1862 (by original designation) (TL: Sarawak, Borneo).
Distribution. India to the Philippines (Solovyev & Witt 2009), and Papua New Guinea.
Diagnosis. The genus Mambarona Hering, 1931 is defined by: i) the yellowish brown colour and an obliquely
straight band and zig-zag submarginal fascia on the forewings, ii) male genitalia with bifid gnathos and iii) aedeagus
sickle-shaped and apically acute. Members of this genus are sexually dimorphic, with females larger than males
(Solovyev & Witt 2009).
Taxonomic notes. Holloway (1986) synonymized the genus Mambarona with Birthama Walker, 1862, but
later, Solovyev & Witt (2009) resurrected the genus Mambarona including six species: M. congrua (Walker, 1862)
(= Setora simplex Snellen, 1900, in Piepers & Snellen 1900: 64) (as type species), M. obliquifascia (Hampson,
1893) (= Miresa canescens Hampson, 1896) from Ceylon [Sri Lanka] (Hering 1931); M. timorensis Hering, 1931
from Suai, Portuguese Timor [East Timor] (Hering 1931); M. florensis Hering, 1931 from West Flores, [Indonesia]
(Hering 1931); M. irrorata (West, 1932) from Philippines and Sulawesi (Holloway 1986) and M. pelochroa (West,
1932) from Mindanao [Philippines] (Holloway 1986).
Remark. Holloway (1986) reported M. obliquifascia from S[outh] India also, but it seems to be due to wrong
interpretation.
SINGH ET AL.
128 · Zootaxa 4927 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press
FIGURES 1–11. Adults (dorsal view). 1, Thespea aka, sp. nov., holotype ♂; 2, T. aka, sp. nov., paratype ♂; 3, T. heringi, ho-
lotype ♂, Myanmar, 25 km E Putao, env. Nan Sa Bon (MWM); 4, T. siniaevi, holotype ♂, Myanmar, 65 km NE Putao (MWM);
5, Melinaria pseudorepanda kalawensis ♂, India, Arunachal Pradesh, lower Subansiri (NZCZSI); 6, M. repanda ♂, India NE,
Assam, Kaziranga, Wild Life res., Pan Bari, 26˚45`N, 93˚10`E, 100m, leg, V. Sinyaev (MWM); 7, M. pseudorepanda pseudore-
panda ♂, China, Sichuan, Volonong Res., Siguliang Shan, 31˚09`, 103˚20`E, leg. Sinyaev & team (MWM); 8, Parasa julikatis
♂, India, Arunachal Pradesh, Upper Siang (NZCZSI); 9, P. julikatis ♂, Vietnam, Mts. Fan-si-pan, Chapa, holotype (MWM); 10,
Thosea lutea ♂, India, A & N Islands, Great Nicobar Island, Laxmi nagar (NZCZSI); 11, Mambarona congrua ♂, India, A & N
Islands, Great Nicobar Island, Galathea (NZCZSI). Scale bar: 1 cm.
LIMACODIDAE FROM INDIA Zootaxa 4927 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press · 129
FIGURES 12–15. Male genitalia (ventral view with aedeagus detached in lateral view). 12, Thespea aka, sp. nov., holotype;
13, T. aka, sp. nov., paratype; 14, T. heringi, holotype; 15, T. siniaevi, holotype.
Mambarona congrua (Walker, 1862)
(Figs 11, 19)
Susica congrua Walker, 1862: 172.
Material examined. India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Great Nicobar Island: 6 ♂, Chingam basti, 9.xi.2018
(6671/ H10); 3 ♂, Laxmi nagar, 11.xi.2018 (6672/ H10); 6 ♂, Shastri nagar, 11.xi.2018 (6673/ H10); 1 ♂, South
West road, 4 km South of Vijay nagar, 12.xi.2018 (6676/ H10); 3 ♂, Galathea, 3.xi.2018 (6677/ H10); 2 ♂, East
SINGH ET AL.
130 · Zootaxa 4927 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press
West road, 8.xi.2018 (6678/ H10); 2 ♂, Gobind nagar, 18.xi.2018 (6679/ H10); 1 ♂, East West road, Steel bridge,
13.xi.2018 (6681/ H10), leg. K.C. Gopi & party (NZCZSI); 1 ♂, NW India, Sukna, 300 m, 2.xiii.1990, leg. W.
Thomas; 1 ♂, India mer., Kerala, 6 km N Munnar, Kodelar Tea Estate, 10˚06’N, 77˚04`, t = 14˚C, 1700 m, tropical
rainforest, 14–15.iv.1997, leg. Schintlmeister & Sinyjaev (MWM).
Diagnostic characters. The species is pale reddish brown. In male genitalia, the uncus is broad at base with
pointed tip; valva simple, tongue shaped; gnathos deeply bifurcated; aedeagus curved medially, acute at apex.
Distribution. Thailand, Cambodia, central Vietnam, Malaysia, Sundaland, Sulawesi, with doubtful records
from Lombok, Flores, Timor (Holloway 1986, Solovyev & Witt 2009). Herein, we are extending its distributional
range to the Great Nicobar Island, South India and to the far North of India i.e., North West India.
Remark. Along with T. lutea, this is the second limacodid recorded from Great Nicobar Island.
FIGURES 16–19. Male genitalia (ventral view with aedeagus detached in lateral view). 16, Melinaria pseudorepanda kalaw-
ensis, Arunachal Pradesh, lower Subansiri (NZCZSI, 7019/ H10/ gen); 17, Parasa julikatis, Arunachal Pradesh, Upper Siang
(NZCZSI, 7020/ H10); 18, Thosea lutea, Great Nicobar Island, Laxmi nagar (NZCZSI, 7201/ H10); 19, Mambarona congrua,
Great Nicobar Island, Galathea (NZCZSI, 6677/ H10/ gen).
LIMACODIDAE FROM INDIA Zootaxa 4927 (1) © 2021 Magnolia Press · 131
Acknowledgement
We are thankful to the Director of the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) for permitting the first author to take part
in the Nicobar expedition; to Dr. C. Sivaperuman, Scientist-E, ZSI, ANRC, Andaman & Nicobar Islands and all
the staff and research scholars of ZSI, ANRC for the logistic support during the Nicobar expedition, to the forest
officials of the Great Nicobar Island and Arunachal Pradesh for granting permission and providing necessary fa-
cilities during the field collections. We thank Gyula M. László, Zoltán Soltész, Tibor Csőváry and Gábor Ronkay
(Hungary) for taking the images of some genitalia slides. We thank Alessandro Giusti, Aidas Saldaitis and a third
anonymous reviewer for constructively reviewing this manuscript. Part of this research work is funded by Minis-
try of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC), New Delhi through Govind Ballabh Pant National
Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development (GBPIHED) under Himalayan Mission Studies
(GBPNI/NMHS-2017-18/MG-25/556/580) and part of this research work is funded by MoEF&CC directly though
the funds of Zoological Survey of India.
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