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Tourist destination residents’ attitudes towards tourism during and after the COVID-19 pandemic
Current Issues In Tourism
Abstract
Empowering local residents is important for the sustainability of tourist destinations. This study assessed the reactions of residents in tourist destinations towards tourism during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Models were constructed using variables of place attachment, distinctiveness, positive impact, negative impact, and attitude towards supporting tourism; the effects of COVID-19 were also included. The results demonstrate that residents understand that tourism is important for their region and wish to support it. A dilemma arose for respondents between accepting tourists to aid the recovery of the economy and personal fears that interacting with tourists would raise their possibility of infection. As implications for tourist destination managers, such as governments and destination management organizations, local residents’ concerns must be understood and managed accordingly. The destination managers should consider how to accept tourists during and after the pandemic with residents, and empower residents in this process. Communication with residents during the COVID-19 pandemic is important as this might affect their attitude towards tourism after the pandemic.
... As much as tourism contributes to the economy on both national and regional scales, residents might be concerned about welcoming tourists Sorumlu yazar: beybalatimur@gmail.com DOİ: 10.69527/agats.2024.10 and supporting tourist activities during the pandemic, regardless of domestic or international (Kamata, 2021). The perceived risk of tourism activities is significant and should not be ignored (D. ...
... The perceived risk of tourism activities is significant and should not be ignored (D. Joo et al., 2021;Kamata, 2021). Especially in extraordinary situations, such as the pandemic, residents' risk perception demands more academic insight (Qiu et al., 2020;Zenker & Kock, 2020). ...
... Also, it is a proven fact that the success of tourism policies and strategies relies on residents' support regardless of destination (Arbulú et al., 2021;Byrd, 2007;D. Joo et al., 2021;Kamata, 2021;Oviedo-Garcia et al., 2008;Sinclair-Maragh, 2017) as the resident-tourist interaction is inevitable (Woosnam et al., 2009;Zhang et al., 2000). However, due to the pandemic conditions, there are still debates on whether the residents will support tourism activities during the pandemic and welcome tourists and their perceived risk and support for the touristic activities. ...
... From a Protective Motivation Theory (PMT) (Rogers, 1975) perspective, pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions in tourism seek to positively influence tourists' adaptive behaviour by mitigating and managing the risk and fear associated with travel and tourism activity (Zheng et al., 2021). Furthermore, the perceived risk posed by inbound tourists (Kamata, 2022). To this end, Sharun et al. (2021) indicates that the resuscitation of international tourism post-a-crisis the magnitude of the COVID-19 pandemic is predicated on the implementation of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions that seek to, in part, protect residents given the prospect of post-crisis inbound tourism. ...
... In sum, the study results confirm that ethnocentrism, stereotyping, and risk aversion are some of the long-term effects of the pandemic that appear to have transcended the pandemic to influence post-crisis resident behaviour in the South African context (Kamata, 2022;Miao et al., 2022). The CI, stereotype, and risk perception-oriented nuances in resident behaviour support prior studies (see Armutlu et al., 2021;Matiza, 2023;Ryu et al., 2023;Zheng et al., 2021) that alluded to the heterogeneity in their effects, as well as the fact that health-crisis induced behaviour [akin to SARS and Ebolainduced shifts in tourist behaviour] transcends the COVID-19 crisis period and influences residents' behaviour post-the-crisis. ...
... To the best of the author's knowledge, this study is one of the first to attempt to model the relationship between the effect of China's post-crisis CI and the willingness of residents to engage in post-crisis domestic tourism amid the potential influx of Chinese tourists. By adjusting for the intervening effects of positive and negative stereotypes, the perceived risks associated with Chinese tourists, as well as crisis interventions, the more complex model makes significant theoretical contributions to the burgeoning literature (Armutlu et al., 2021;Joo et al., 2021;Kamata, 2022;Matiza, 2023;Moghavvemi et al., 2023;Nghiem-Phu & Pham, 2022;Ryu et al., 2023) which has advocated for more advanced post-crisis behavioural research from a resident, as well as a resident-tourist perspective. The results affirm Miao et al's. ...
There is a scant academic inquiry into the influence of crisis and post-crisis events on residents’ perceptions, their attitude towards international inbound tourists, and how their subsequent domestic travel behaviour is nuanced by the re-introduction of international tourists post-a-crisis. A conceptual model was developed to explore the influence of China’s post-zero-COVID-19 policy country image on host country resident behaviour. Based on an n=499 South African residents’ sample, the cross-sectional deductive study utilised partial least squares structural equation modelling to explore the proposed hypotheses. Contrary to the extant literature, China’s post-pandemic and policy country-of-origin effect positively influenced South African residents' willingness to engage in domestic tourism despite the potential influx of inbound Chinese tourists. However, there is intriguing heterogeneity in the nuances of the country-of-origin effect, stereotypes, risk perception and interventions on resident perception, and conation. The study confirms the underlying mechanisms in resident post-crisis domestic travel behaviour and contributes to the burgeoning body of knowledge.
... Moreover, resident resilience during and after the crisis is essential for maintaining sustainable tourism development at the destination, and an understanding of how residents build support intentions during and after the COVID-19 pandemic will enable destination managers to develop strategies and actions (Kamata, 2022). However, studies exploring their intentions from various perspectives, including concerns regarding the pandemic, are limited. ...
... Therefore, in order to understand residents' perceptions in the recent rapidly changing external environment, the study has to broaden the scope of research discussing the impact of various crises on tourism. Furthermore follow the arguments of researchers for analysing residents' perceptions and attitudes towards tourism impacts (Garau-Vadell et al., 2018;Kamata, 2022;Stylidis & Terzidou, 2014). ...
... However, the pandemic should be considered as an opportunity for change, and a 'new normal' for travel in a post-COVID-19 world should be explored (e.g. Kamata, 2022). Although island destinations are generally associated with dependency, vulnerability, and/or being peripheral to the global economy (Guo et al., 2018), socioeconomic resilience has improved through tourism on many islands (Sharpley, 2012). ...
The understanding of residents’ perceptions for tourism development has been an important theme among managers for destinations because the success and sustainability of destination depends upon the benevolence of local residents. Along with this tourism features vulnerability, and peripherality, especially against the disasters and crises. Covid-19 have forced the global tourism-related businesses to shut down and the public is facing on high alert, many businesses and communities are paralysed due to this pandemic. Many residents understand that tourism recovery can boost the local economy. Meanwhile, if tourist destinations promote tourism against the will of the residents during the COVID-19 pandemic, the residents will reject the strategy and their attitude toward tourism will worsen. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between residents’ support intention for tourism (STI) and each variable among young residents in Okinawa, Japan. Firstly, we discuss the concept of residents’ support for tourism. Secondly, the study developed the proposed model, based on ‘social exchange theory’, to measure the relationship among STI, resident attitude (ATT), perceived economic impact (ECI) / socio-cultural impact (SCI) / environmental impact (ENI) toward tourism development, and trust for tourism policy and related institution (TTP). Furthermore, this research tries to test these influences through a comparison about intensity of concern for local economy and society due to COVID-19 epidemic. Finding suggest that there is direct and positive relation between the variables of support intention and trust in tourism policy and related institutions, attitude is the variable that most influenced the formation of support intention, the result of the relationship between economic impact and attitude vary across groups .The study contributes to tourism theory by empirically examining the role of trust in tourism policy ,related institutions and residents’ perceptions regarding tourism impacts as antecedent of support intention.
... This chapter investigated a sample of Japanese people for two reasons: First, residents in tourist destinations in Japan have encountered the dilemma of choosing between promoting tourism or banning it amid fears of accepting tourists who may spread the infection (Kamata, 2022). The Japanese government has occasionally declared a state of emergency for some prefectures, such as Tokyo and Osaka, since April 2020, according to the number of COVID-19 infections. ...
... When members of two different groups interact, intergroup biases are likely to play an important role' (Kock et al., 2019a, p. 163). Joo et al. (2021) and Kamata (2022) conducted initial studies on residents' attitudes during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Joo et al. (2021) estimated residents' support for tourism in Jeju, South Korea. ...
... TXO influences the willingness to accept tourists during the pandemic (Acc) and travel intention (TI). Considering the COVID-19 pandemic, the effects on personal life (EP) (Kamata, 2022) are employed as a control variable for TXO, Acc, and TI. ...
Global tourism witnessed the worst-ever crisis during the COVID-19 pandemic when tourist arrivals nosedived this sudden threat compounded the existing problems of the tourism industry, which was trying to balance the ecological, economic, political, technological, and social concerns at destinations. This ambi- guity of the tourism landscape challenged the strategic decision-makers to adopt ‘Innovation and Creativity’ as a way of life. It was the innovative approaches that gave solutions to unprecedented pandemic times in the form of ‘tourism with restrictions’. this also led to the learning that possible future environments may be more threatening, requiring a completely new approach to strategic management.
The book emerges as a timely contribution to strategic management in tourism that looks at the future of tourism in a volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA) environment. Through this book, an attempt has been made to understand the strategies and plans of tourism stakeholders during VUCA times. The diversity of strategies and plans of tourism stakeholders in equally diverse settings makes this book an invaluable guide for tourism and hospitality administrators, academicians, and students. The rich collection of articles on different dimensions of destination planning and management under VUCA adds to the appeal of this book for destination management organisations and all other tourism stakeholders.
... As many destinations largely depend financially on tourism, the need to reopen to international visitors and recover demand becomes evident. However, the possibility of resident rebellion against such policies may subsequently create further issues in host-guest relationships (Kamata, 2022). A better understanding of the factors that may guide such rebellion, like fear and animosity, are considered critical for policy makers and destination managers in their attempt to safely reopen destinations to international visitors and sustain residents' goodwill towards tourism (Ryu et al., 2023). ...
... The fear of contracting the virus, the volume of infections, and its seriousness are heavily affected by residents' cognitive process of the information available (Suess, Woosnam, Mody, Dogru, & SirakayaTurk, 2021). In line with the limited studies available (Joo et al., 2021;Kamata, 2022), residents' fear of COVID-19 includes health threats due to the risk associated with tourists spreading the virus, social life disruption and avoidance, with such risks being substantial and unavoidable to residents (Qiu et al., 2020). For Kamata (2022), hosts face the dilemma of economic recovery vs. protecting their health from pandemic outbreaks associated with international tourism. ...
... In line with the limited studies available (Joo et al., 2021;Kamata, 2022), residents' fear of COVID-19 includes health threats due to the risk associated with tourists spreading the virus, social life disruption and avoidance, with such risks being substantial and unavoidable to residents (Qiu et al., 2020). For Kamata (2022), hosts face the dilemma of economic recovery vs. protecting their health from pandemic outbreaks associated with international tourism. Li et al. (2023) recently concluded that fear of COVID-19 determined residents' level of hospitality towards visitors (being hospitable, happily interacting, and being helpful to visitors), thereby indicating that locals attribute, to some extent, the risk of contracting the virus to the presence of visitors. ...
... The flow of tourists to cities has experienced an increasing dynamic in recent decades, positioning them as important tourist centres (Gilbert and Clark, 1997). Beyond the benefits generated, the negative impacts of tourism sometimes cause tensions with residents (García-Hernández et al., 2017;Kamata, 2022). In some major urban destinations, such as Venice or Barcelona, this situation became so intense that it led to movements of rejection of tourism (Milano, 2018). ...
... Thus, the models developed have analyzed benefits and costs and a wide range of determinants of tourism support. Although some author has evaluated residents' support for tourism in times of crisis (Garau-Vadell et al., 2018), for the moment, there is little literature that has specifically studied residents' support for tourism in times of uncertainty (Kamata, 2022;Rey-Carmona et al., 2022). ...
... COVID-19 caused profound changes in urban destinations, bringing down both the positive impacts generated by the sector and the negative ones (Benjamin et al., 2020;Kamata, 2022). On the one hand, the tourism sector faced a total shutdown for a few months and severe difficulties thereafter. ...
Residents are key actors in the management of tourist destinations, especially in times of uncertainty such as those that characterize the current context of multidimensional crisis (ecological, political, social or economic). The role of tourism in these crises, its contribution to their acceleration or its work in recovery, makes it necessary to deepen the support of residents for tourism in complex times such as the present. The context generated by the COVID-19 health crisis is a good framework for this reflection, although it has not been sufficiently explored. This article draws on Social Exchange Theory to explain residents' support for tourism in urban destinations during periods of uncertainty such as those generated by the health crisis, focusing on factors that have so far been little explored: risk perception, community involvement and the management of tourism constraints. A structural multiple indicator multiple cause (MIMIC) model is proposed to test the theoretical model. Using data derived from a survey of 342 residents in the city of Madrid (Spain), the results show that, in addition to benefits as a predictor of residents' support for tourism in contexts of uncertainty, risk perception and the management of tourism constraints are also relevant determinants of this support. The findings have important implications for decision-makers and public managers of urban destinations in the current period of multiple crises.
... When residents choose a restaurant to dine in, they may opt not to visit eateries located in tourist-heavy regions. In light of the anticipated changes in tourist and resident behavior due to COVID-19, Zenker and Kock (2020) argued that the pandemic situation might lead to an in-group/out-group bias among both tourists and residents, resulting in the separation of areas primarily frequented by tourists from those primarily visited by residents (Kamata, 2022;Ying et al., 2021;Zenker & Kock, 2020). Thus, we hypothesize as follows: ...
... Residents are concerned about their livelihoods due to fears of encountering infected tourists and facing the potential for another wave of infections (Kamata, 2022). If infected tourists contribute to the spread of the virus, lockdown measures could be reinstated, local businesses might close, and the local community's well-being could be jeopardized again (Burleigh, 2020). ...
... Qiu et al. (2020) provided empirical evidence by examining residents' willingness to pay to mitigate the COVID-19 risk posed by inbound tourists. Kamata (2022) supported this argument by finding that even residents of destinations heavily reliant on tourism tend to perceive risks associated with welcoming inbound tourists. Given that lockdown relaxation poses a potential risk to residents' livelihoods (Burleigh, 2020), residents are likely to prioritize safety-related attributes (such as less crowded locations, stringent screening, or hygiene protocols) when choosing a restaurant to visit. ...
... Numerous tourism studies have attempted to estimate the impact of COVID-19 on travel demand (Yang, et al., 2020;Santos et al., 2021), risk perceptions (Rahman et al., 2021), flow patterns , and residents' attitudes toward tourism (Kamata, 2022). These relevant studies suggested the substantial effect of a pandemic as environment changes on travelers' planning and decision-making process. ...
... This trend has led to a surge in visitation to rural and natural areas, while urban and densely populated tourist hotspots have experienced declining demand. The pandemic has also affected residents' attitudes toward tourism (Kamata, 2022). During the COVID-19 pandemic, interactions between residents and tourists at destination may increase the risk of disease transmission, posing health risks to both groups. ...
Leveraging large-scale transaction data, this study quantifies the impact of COVID-19 and policy responses on the spending behavior of both residents and domestic inbound travelers in Jeju, Korea. Findings reveal that both local and national COVID-19 situations significantly affected the spending behavior of both groups. Residents were more sensitive to local cases, while travelers were equally affected by local and national cases. Social distancing minimally impacted resident spending but caused over 20 % reductions in traveler spending. Stimulus payments boosted spending by over 10 % for residents without diminishing the effects of social distancing. Despite the overall benefit of these combined policies, certain economic sectors benefited notably while others suffered, thus leaving them with varying fates during and after the pandemic.
... In this sense, one particularly relevant area of research is the perception of residents towards tourism reset. Several researchers, such as Wong and Lai (2021), Woosnam et al. (2021), and Kamata (2021) studied different aspects of residents' tourism perceptions during and after the pandemic. These three studies illustrate that COVID-19 imposes a dilemma on residents' attitude towards opening borders for tourism. ...
... Regarding the importance of tourism, in line with Kamata (2021), we found that Bangkok residents (in general) considered tourism as essential for Bangkok's economy. Interestingly, this perception had not changed remarkably due to COVID-19 for Thais, but had increased for foreigners. ...
Residents’ behaviour towards tourism could be affected by a major crisis such as the recent pandemic. In this context, we evaluate how specific elements, such as residents’ characteristics, perceptions on specific origins, and the development of alternative tourism activities and segments need to be considered in this analysis. The Social Exchange Theory is used as a conceptual framework, and the empirical analysis is done for Bangkok, a grand urban tourism destination. Our results indicate that residents are aware of the potential trade-off between economic prosperity and health concerns, and that they have a different perception towards tourists from different origins. Additionally, locals were more concerned about health considerations than foreigners. The findings and the conceptual framework can serve as guidelines for tourism organisations and authorities managing urban destinations in times of crises.
... Koens et al. (2018) show these relationships in six European cities, Gerritsma and Vork (2017) and Escudero G omez (2018) in Toledo, Gilbert and Clark in Canterbury and Guildford (1997), Janusz et al. (2017), Sequera and Nofre (2020), Fedyk et al. (2020) and Ross (1992) in Australian cities. A helpful tool in assessing attitudes of residents is the Doxey irritability index (Doxey, 1975;Kruczek et al., 2019;Ramirez, 2020;Kamata, 2022;Schonherr et al., 2023). ...
... This thesis can be confirmed by the fact that selected conflicts were more distinct in Krakow than in Prague, while the latter city was affected by severe overtourism. It is rightly noted that discussions about overtourism and its sources will return (Kamata, 2022;Schonherr et al., 2023) and that understanding the attitudes of the city's stakeholders will remain the basis for effective strategies but will also be a challenge. It can also be expected that many historical urban destinations will go from overtourism, through undertourism back to overtourism. ...
Purpose
There is an ongoing discussion on tools that can lead to sustainable tourism, as well as attempts to implement them. In the selection of tools, the attitudes of residents – local stakeholders and their degree of acceptance of such tools should be analysed and taken into account. Some cause conflicts, and hence, the purpose of this study is the comparative analysis of three cities (Prague, Krakow and Braga).
Design/methodology/approach
Analysis of the basic types of conflicts was conducted using the division proposed by Moore. The research was conducted among residents – experts representing the tourism sector. Based on the literature review, three hypotheses were formulated. Statistical tests were used to analyse the results.
Findings
The results showed a strong impact of the conflict of information and the interests of those dependent on the degree of development of the city’s tourist function. It was established that in the process of achieving sustainable tourism, to minimize conflicts, the following are necessary: paying attention to communication and the involvement of local communities, creating attractions that benefit both residents and visitors, measuring and monitoring tourist traffic, supporting initiatives for new tourist offers and initiating discussions on development problems, and setting common goals for all residents.
Research limitations/implications
The research was conducted during the pandemic and is based on the opinions of experts indicated by the city authorities. While the attitudes of the inhabitants towards the development of tourism were recognized in earlier studies, the awareness of tourists and their readiness to accept limitations related to respecting the needs of the inhabitants were not examined. This aspect may be an interesting direction for further research. A limitation of this research is the small scope of the study, caused both by the restrictions in force during the research period (related to the COVID-19 pandemic) and also by the inability to conduct in-depth interviews with experts. It should also be noted that among the experts participating in the research were tourist entrepreneurs directly interested in rebuilding tourism after the pandemic. Due to this, their opinions may have been biased, but there is no way to prove or disprove this. However, the answers gathered were considered collectively; therefore, the opinions obtained were considered to be objective. Attempts to balance tourism so far have focused mainly on limiting the access of tourists to attractions and tourist areas and introducing (or increasing) admission fees. It is still too early to assess the effectiveness of such tools, hence the lack of scientific analyses of implemented tourism policies.
Practical implications
The role and tasks of institutions managing tourism in cities will probably also change, in particular, so-called destination management organizations. The current declarations indicate the need to respect inhabitants and take measures to limit conflicts arising in the context of the development of the tourist function. However, there is no empirical evidence of the positive results achieved.
Social implications
The results will allow the implementation of tourism balancing tools that are accepted by the local community.
Originality/value
The selection of the historical cities and the posing of a research problem based on the same tool allowed for comparative inference. The results can help shape tourism management in cities and the choice of tools for their sustainable development.
... According to recent studies, locals' opinions on the development of sustainable tourism are now a crucial topic for destination governance (Gautam, 2020;Erul and Woosnam, 2022;Qin et al., 2021;Demirović Bajrami et al., 2020) The relationship between local community attitudes and conduct about environmental activities is clarified in this regard by the attitude-behavior theory (Ajzen and Fishbein, 1977), which is informative. Residents' attitudes and behaviors might have a beneficial or negative impact on the development of sustainable tourism (Kamata, 2022;Khan et al., 2021). The urgent challenge facing various disciplines is how to reduce the detrimental effects of human conduct on the environment (Diallo et al., 2022;Steiger et al., 2021;Scott et al., 2020;Susanto et al., 2020). ...
... Residents' attitudes and behaviors in this area toward tourism and the environment may be crucial in maintaining the growth of sustainable tourism in popular tourist areas (Kamata, 2022). It stands to reason that destination management organizations' tourist development efforts would be considerably more successful if the local population had a high level of environmental awareness (Yılmaz and Anasori, 2022). ...
... Residents' support is crucial because efforts to promote tourism despite the latest pandemic's effects and against locals' best interests could generate increased hostility towards tourists. Residents' negative attitudes can have a significant impact on tourists' perceptions by making them feel uncomfortable and unwelcome in holiday destinations [32]. ...
... Changes in residents' behaviours are less easy to predict as locals must maintain a balance between financial considerations and tourism's possible negative impacts on their quality of life. In particular, new COVID-19 outbreaks will probably occur as a result of tourism [32]. ...
This study sought to examine the coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic’s impacts on local communities whose residents are directly or indirectly affected by city tourism. Qualitative research was conducted via in-depth interviews and Leximancer software analysis to explore locals’ perceptions in two highly tourism-dependent southern European cities. While the crisis has had predominantly negative impacts on tourism, the pandemic’s positive effects could contribute to cities’ greater resilience and more sustainable tourism models. The results highlight the variables that residents perceive as having the most influence on city tourism, as well as providing insights into locals’ expectations for the future.
... This research highlights how the shiaing consumpGon habits of tourists post-pandemic, parGcularly their inclinaGon towards nature-based escapes, have elicited responses from local populaGons. Similar observaGons are echoed in Kamata's (2022) work. Consequently, desGnaGon decision-makers may consider adopGng strategies to manage stakeholders' newfound penchant for nature retreats effecGvely. ...
This study is aimed to determine the reactions of the public towards Bungalows, which have reached significant numbers in the district as a type of accommodation preferred by tourists to escape to nature after the pandemic, and the tourists staying here, and the tourists staying here and to understand the perceived impacts of the bungalow-type accommodation model on the environment, economy, and investment through these reactions in this study. Quantitative research methods were used in the study. A questionnaire was preferred as a data collection tool. Convenience sampling technique was preferred for sampling and during the data collection process, 443 surveys were collected in Sapanca. The study findings reveal that local people support the escaping to nature behavior of tourists, which increased after the pandemic, in terms of their economic contributions, but criticize them for their environmental impacts. The environmental concerns of the locals who do not want more bungalow investments in their regions are greater than their economic gains. While the study measures the reactions of the local people regarding the increasing bungalow-type accommodation, it fills a gap in the literature by supporting the views that there may be reactions at routine times to the developments caused by COVID-19 in tourism.
... Travel behavior of tourists was changed as a result of COVID-19 from both the demand and supply sides [26]. Considering the demand-side factors, restrictions on freedom of movement, border closures, and guests' concerns about infection played a significant role. ...
p>Amidst the global challenges posed by the rapid transmission of a new coronavirus, the tourism sector has undergone an unprecedented downturn, similar to all economic sectors. In light of this, the present study aims to examine the travel intentions of foreign tourists in the post-COVID-19 era in the Kathmandu Valley of Nepal using Social Cognitive Theory. Structural equation modeling was used for data analysis of 350 tourists. The study revealed that the travel intention after the COVID-19 outbreak was significantly influenced by severity perception and personal positive effects, both of which were shaped by environmental changes. Results indicate that a common challenge faced by tourists was the lack of quality hotels and homestays, and the suggested managerial solution was to increase the number and enhance the quality of available accommodations. Tourism in Nepal serves as an enduring source of national income, offering a significant competitive advantage, thus rendering sustainable tourism unavoidable. </p
... Although this paper focuses on the economic aspects of tourism, it represents a significant step forward in understanding the attitudes of residents in tourist destinations towards tourism, particularly during and after the COVID-19 pandemic [84]. Specifically, the aim of this work was to advance knowledge and analysis of a segment of the tourism destination value chain, specifically by leveraging tourism open data to complement retail data. ...
... Although this paper focuses on the economic aspects of tourism, it represents a significant step forward in understanding the attitudes of residents in tourist destinations towards tourism, particularly during and after the COVID-19 pandemic [84]. Specifically, the aim of this work was to advance knowledge and analysis of a segment of the tourism destination value chain, specifically by leveraging tourism open data to complement retail data. ...
The current tourism landscape intertwines physical and digital realms, giving rise to smart tourism. This paradigm shift leverages technology, generating large amounts of data from sensors and mobile devices, offering vast opportunities for strategic tourism planning and management. Smart tourism destinations (STDs) are pivotal in this context, utilising technology to enhance visitor experiences and facilitate informed decision-making through proficient data management. Within this framework, open data emerges as a crucial aspect. This study aims to demonstrate how combining open data with a local business campaign data can innovate tourism management and foster smart ecosystems. This approach facilitates public-private collaboration and strengthens STD models at various administrative levels. A novel search engine was used to identify suitable open data for integration, employing word embeddings to perform semantic searches and enhance traditional data retrieval methods. The findings highlight the potential of open data in supporting the tourism industry. Integrating open and proprietary data not only enriches tourist experiences but also informs destination management strategies. The contributions of this work enable STDs to enhance the decision-making process by (i) demonstrating the feasibility of integrating retail data and open data for tourism management; (ii) describing an AI-based data search engine for discovering open data relevant to STDs; and (iii) presenting and discussing new findings on the use of retail data in conjunction with external open data in a real case study.
... This research highlights how the shiaing consumpGon habits of tourists post-pandemic, parGcularly their inclinaGon towards nature-based escapes, have elicited responses from local populaGons. Similar observaGons are echoed in Kamata's (2022) work. Consequently, desGnaGon decision-makers may consider adopGng strategies to manage stakeholders' newfound penchant for nature retreats effecGvely. ...
This study is aimed to determine the reactions of the public towards Bungalows, which have reached significant numbers in the district as a type of accommodation preferred by tourists to escape to nature after the pandemic, and the tourists staying here. Quantitative research methods were used in the study. A questionnaire was preferred as a data collection tool. Convenience sampling technique was preferred for sampling and during the data collection process, 443 surveys were collected in Sapanca. The study findings reveal that local people support the escaping to nature behavior of tourists, which increased after the pandemic, in terms of their economic contributions, but criticize them for their environmental impacts. The environmental concerns of the locals who do not want more bungalow investments in their regions are greater than their economic gains. While the study measures the reactions of the local people regarding the increasing bungalow-type accommodation, it fills a gap in the literature by supporting the views that there may be reactions at routine times to the developments caused by COVID-19 in tourism.
... In addition, the economic, environmental, and social impacts revealed from previous research, which were based on the theory of social change, include employee-organization relationships (Hancer, 2021), economic benefits (Kanwal et al, 2022), environmental impact (Prasad & Kumar, 2022), and effects on social and cultural patterns of life. Among these studies, many are attitude-based to examine the local community's acceptance of tourism (Boley et al, 2018;Fan, Liu, & Qiu, 2019), and the costbenefit balance of tourism development (Dutt et al, 2022), which leads to supportive or limiting attitudes (Kamata, 2022). In addition to studying residents' attitudes towards tourism development, explanatory studies have been used to explain how and why these attitudes change (Fan et al., 2019). ...
... However, tourism after the COVID-19 pandemic not only affects tourists but it is recorded that residents were also skeptical about participating in local tourism subject to their level of community citizenship behavior [11]. Meanwhile, the recovery of tourism post-COVID-19 is driven by the conflict between residents' accepting tourists for recovery and personal fear of interacting with tourism [12]. Thus, a study considering resident/community attitudes and behavior toward rural tourism is of utmost importance, especially post-pandemic COVID-19. ...
... Sin embargo, consideramos que depende del nivel de crecimiento turístico. Por ejemplo,Kamata (2021) reveló que en Japón surgió el dilema entre la adaptación de los residentes para recibir turistas en un escenario de miedo e incertidumbre y la necesidad de mantener su economía. Contrariamente, el nivel de desarrollo de nuestras comunidades de estudio mostró que el turismo no es relevante, lo cual podría ser positivo para el futuro en términos de sostenibilidad del turismo. ...
Este artículo presenta un estudio cualitativo sobre los cambios en las dinámicas turísticas con base en la interacción del sector público, privado y comunidades de acogida durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Cuatro comunidades rurales ubicadas en el Área de Biosfera del Macizo del Cajas (ABMC), ubicadas en el sur de Ecuador fueron consideradas como casos de estudio para entender si la resiliencia fue un mecanismo usado para afrontar la crisis. Como método de recolección de datos se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con residentes de las comunidades, autoridades y empresarios privados involucrados en los territorios de estudio. Los resultados indican que los valores simbólicos de las comunidades emergieron durante la crisis. Sin embargo, lo privado mantuvo su intención de mantenerse a flote y lo público intensificó las acciones que venían realizando antes de la pandemia. Se concluye que la COVID-19 destacó las reacciones fragmentadas hacia el turismo. Por lo tanto, la resiliencia comunitaria, centrada en los recursos y capacidades locales se adapta utilizando sus activos, mientras que la resiliencia del sector turístico aspira a regresar a la normalidad.
... As COVID-19 spreads around the world, international and business travel has almost completely stopped, and domestic travel has also seen a significant decline. Nonetheless, interest in tourism is still there and is likely to see a significant increase [14]. This can happen because tourism activities have the potential to have a positive impact on the health of tourists through their tourism experience. ...
Cleanliness, health, safety, and environment sustainability (CHSE) certification is an indicator of a COVID-19-safe tourist destination. Baturraden tourist destination has received a CHSE level certificate very good but the effect is not yet known on tourist satisfaction and intention to visit again. This study aimed to analyze the effect of the element CHSE on revisit intention through tourist satisfaction and health consciousness as a moderating variable. This research is survey research by collecting data from 149 respondents who had visited the Baturraden tourist destination. Five Likert scale is used to measure research construct. To test the causal relationship between constructs, structural equational modelling (SEM) with SmartPLS is used. The findings of this research are cleanliness, environmental sustainability, health, and safety have a positive effect on tourist satisfaction, and tourist satisfaction has a positive effect on revisit intention, but health consciousness and the moderating effect of health consciousness have no effect on revisit intention.
... Also, a considerable concentration of tourists has triggered a degradation and depletion of natural resources and overall tourist ecosystems (Kerdpitak 2022;Sharpley 2021;Ghahramani et al. 2018). If tourism is not managed well, it may also permanently negatively impact social and economic factors in tourist destinations (Kamata 2022;Liburd and Edwards 2010). To enhance the overall tourist experience, it has been critical to take action towards preserving natural resources and maintaining surroundings as natural and original as possible (Jabbour et al. 2020). ...
The rising opportunities of sustainable tourism have brought many policies to control the exploitation of the environment and increase the reach of luxurious, safe, and authentic experiences to the different segments of tourists. This study seeks to prioritize the variables influencing the development of sustainable tourism and pinpoint key success factors that align with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It adopts a tri-dimensional framework encompassing economic, social, and environmental aspects, further delineated into eleven sub-dimensions, to provide a quantitative evaluation of sustainable tourism. We conducted interviews with 26 tourism industry experts hailing from eight countries, analyzing their responses using interval type-2 fuzzy sets. The results underscore the critical role of specific components in advancing sustainable tourism. In the economic dimension, “financial resources and tourism costs” emerge as vital factors. In the social dimension, “health and safety” takes center stage, while “green infrastructure” plays a pivotal role in the environmental dimension. These findings underscore the significance of these aspects in promoting sustainable tourism. Furthermore, this study explores the strategic importance of sustainable tourism equity in shaping tourism planning and development for emerging markets.
... Further research may explore how to build sustainable healthcare destinations through community-and-stakeholder partnership, integration of local wisdom into wellness programs, mindful tourism experience enhancement, and responsible tourism from the perspectives of local host communities and visitors. These opportunities involve providing a nature-based environment and focusing on activities that promote physical and psychological well-being (Kamata, 2022;Uglis et al., 2022). Future findings may reveal insights about opportunities for S-CBT to attract diverse tourists, generate socio-economic benefits, and preserve local culture plus the environment. ...
... Further research may explore how to build sustainable healthcare destinations through community-and-stakeholder partnership, integration of local wisdom into wellness programs, mindful tourism experience enhancement, and responsible tourism from the perspectives of local host communities and visitors. These opportunities involve providing a nature-based environment and focusing on activities that promote physical and psychological well-being (Kamata, 2022;Uglis et al., 2022). Future findings may reveal insights about opportunities for S-CBT to attract diverse tourists, generate socio-economic benefits, and preserve local culture plus the environment. ...
Over three decades, community-based tourism and sustainable tourism have emerged as innovative approaches to tourism development. Yet, only limited reviews have been conducted. Using VOSviewer software, this bibliometric review analyzed 869 Scopus-indexed documents on sustainable community-based tourism for research insights. The study suggests the recent trend has shifted from developed toward developing countries. Research foci include tourist and resident satisfaction, the effects of sustainable community-based tourism on economic growth, stakeholder participation and decision-making, and heritage conservation. Future research directions are suggested with a focus on post-pandemic resilience and the contributions of community-based tourism toward global sustainable development goals.
... Monitoring the attitude changes of residents and exploring the influencing factors are necessary tasks for destination managers in order to ensure the success of tourism revival (Yin et al., 2022). For example, in the wake of COVID-19, with many destinations seeking to reinvigorate tourism, it becomes essential for academics to also pay attention to residents' attitude shifts and offer effective guidelines to achieve desirable outcomes (Kamata, 2022). Residents' attitudes towards tourism affects, not only the experience for tourists, but also their own wellbeing (Park et al., 2017). ...
Residents’ perceptions of tourism development largely determine the success of a tourist destination. In recent years, the concept of Emotional Solidarity, that is, the affective bonds that people have with each other, has been used to explain the resident–tourist relationship. Emotional Solidarity encompasses three factors:welcoming nature, sympathetic understanding, and emotional closeness. The objective of this research is to examine residents’ perceptions about tourism development using the theory of Emotional Solidarity in the context of Rotuma,
Fiji. Rotuma has little tourism development. We analyse 310 surveys completed by Rotuma residents. Using PLS-SEM model, we find residents’ emotional closeness with tourists and welcoming nature of touris is (but not sympathetic understanding
of tourists) explained tourism’s contribution to the community and support for tourism development. Travel by residents strengthens the relationship between emotional closeness and welcoming nature to their perceptions of contribution to the community and support for tourism development.
... This condition is due to the leeway given by the government in carrying out tourism activities. The increasing number of visitors also has a positive impact on the economy of the tourist attraction (Kamata 2022). The amount of levy income in 2022 has increased quite a lot. ...
Mangroves are crucial in providing various ecological and economic benefits to local communities. This study focuses on the economic aspect of mangroves by analyzing their potential as a tourist attraction in the Mangrove Ecotourism, Pantai Indah Kapuk (PIK). The objective of this study is to analyze the carrying capacity of the mangroves as a tourist attraction to ensure sustainable tourism development. The study was conducted in the Mangrove Ecotourism area, Pantai Indah Kapuk, from January to March 2023, utilizing a quantitative approach. The carrying capacity of the mangrove ecosystem was assessed using the Physical Carrying Capacity (PCC), Real Carrying Capacity (RCC), and Effective Carrying Capacity (ECC) methods. The calculated values for PCC, RCC, and ECC were 107, 16, and 313 visitors/day, respectively. The analysis revealed that the number of visitors at the PIK Mangrove Ecotourism in 2022 had exceeded the PCC and RCC limits, indicating potential ecological impacts. However, the number of visitors had remained within the ECC limits, suggesting that with proper management, the site could accommodate the current visitor levels sustainably. To achieve long-term sustainability, several initiatives are recommended, such as creating zoning in tourist areas to distribute visitor pressure, increasing the number of field officers to monitor the site, and implementing an online ordering system to manage visitor flow efficiently. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of the carrying capacity concept in ecotourism and provide valuable insights for the management and conservation of mangrove ecosystems as tourist attractions.
... However, tourism can also bring costs for residents reflected mainly in commodity price inflation, rising costs of living, loss of cultural identity [20]. In the face of COVID-19 pandemic, some residents have already shown their discrimination against tourism [25], while others may want to accept tourism in their regions to support the recovery of the economy [26,27]. In West Africa, and in Côte d'Ivoire in particular, it is still unclear the residents' attitudes towards ecotourism amid a life-threatening pandemic such as COVID-19. ...
Ecotourism, as a means of fostering socio-economic level of local communities and contributing to the conservation of forest resources, is important for development in low-income countries. This work investigates the extent to which local people support the continuation of ecotourism during the COVID-19 pandemic and their attitudes towards resource conservation in Banco National Park in Côte d’Ivoire using social exchange theory (SET) as a foundation. A closed-ended questionnaire was used to conduct a survey with 150 informants selected among residents around the park. The data were analyzed using descriptive, correlational, and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) approaches. The results showed that residents' perception of the impacts of ecotourism strongly affects their support for tourism development during the COVID-19 pandemic (β = 0.918, p < 0.05). The socio-cultural (β = 0.275, p < 0.05) and environmental (β = 0.309, p < 0.05) benefits of ecotourism are the key determinants of the residents' perception and their support for ecotourism within the park during COVID-19 pandemic. The findings also revealed that economic benefits from ecotourism are linked to residents' perceptions of the qualities of the tourism place (β = 0.363, p < 0.05). Overall, local people around Banco Park recognize that ecotourism produces more benefits than detriments. The COVID-19 pandemic, a painful and unexpected event, has not blunted their support for the continuation of ecotourism. This study calls for the integration of local residents' opinions in the development of the ecotourism sector in Côte d’Ivoire. It is a first step in determining residents' attitudes towards ecotourism in West Africa in a post-COVID context, and the results constitute a starting point for future studies.
... Among the impacts of international strategies to confront the pandemic caused by the SARS -CoV -2 coronavirus on the tourism system, several authors have referred to the implications for residents' perceptions. On the one hand, reference has been made to the suspicion of visitors for fear that they may constitute a route of entry for the virus, especially with the probable development of new outbreaks, and in particular towards tourists from China (Kamata, 2022). On the other hand, there is an interesting line of research on the socio -cultural implications of the temporary suspension of tourism, which could have implications for different aspects such as life expectations, professional careers, possible reconversion of tourist centres, revitalisation of productive activities displaced by the service sector, migrations, etc. (Rodríguez Darias, 2020). ...
The perceptions and attitudes of residents in tourist destinations have been a relevant object of research almost since the beginning of academic interest in tourism. This paper analyses the implications of the temporary suspension of tourism activity (as a consequence of pandemic control strategies) on the attitudes and perceptions about tourism of residents in a mature, mass tourism destination with very low seasonality. A quantitative methodological approach is proposed, based on a survey of 749 residents in Tenerife. It is argued that the experience of an environment without tourists for the first time in decades has facilitated processes of re‑symbolisation of the qualities of the surrounding tourism system, facilitating significant modifications. Likewise, in accordance with the literature, the influence of variables related to the involvement in the tourist system and its valuation by residents, especially the receipt of economic income from this activity, has been detected. Given the high economic dependence on tourism on the island, it was expected that the halt in tourism would lead to a greater recognition of its importance and value. However, the results showed that the opposite was true.
... In particular, as emphasised by Guerreiro (2022), what seems to be missing is a management model through which destinations can: i) adequately respond to the challenges in place and ii) play a crucial role in the recovery process of the tourism industry. In this regard, it is evident that none of the key destination actors (i.e., tourism firms, institutions, local communities, and tourists) -individually considered -can face these challenges and fill this role (Kamata, 2022;Paniccia et al., 2018). Therefore, a major need is to develop new destination management models according to holistic approaches (Fyall & Garrod, 2019) to increase knowledge and awareness of the dynamics of the relationship between these actors and how they can be appropriately managed to promote sustainability (Agapito et al., 2022;Sigala, 2020). ...
Due to the current complex socio-economic and ecological challenges, there is an urgent need in tourism literature and practice to rethink destination management models. Thus, this paper draws on the conceptualisation of the tourism destination as an ecosystem and develops a co-evolutionary destination management model that allows grasping the relationships and temporal dynamics between destination key actors. The study investigates the Castelli Romani rural destination comprised of 16 geographically proximate municipalities near Rome. Then, the proposed model is applied to this destination by mainly looking at the dynamic interplay between its key actors and underlying ecosystem evolution towards (un)sustainability. Results show the crucial role of sustainable entrepreneurship in this dynamic and the importance for destination management organisations (DMO) to involve sustainable and innovative entrepreneurs, reinforcing the entrepreneurial vision of destination development. From that, both theoretical and practical implications are derived.
This study investigates the transformative power of brand love in destinations recovering from public health crises. Grounded in dual-process theory, it proposes a model to examine both the direct effect of destination brand love on travel intention and its indirect effect mediated by resistance to negative information. It also examines the moderating effects of perceived risk and destination brand trust in the relationship between brand love and travel intention. Both experiments (Studies 1, 2, and 4) and surveys (Studies 3 and 5) were employed to test the hypotheses. Studies 1 to 5 find that resistance to negative information mediates the effect of brand love on travel intention. Studies 4 and 5 indicate that perceived risk negatively moderates this relationship. Furthermore, Study 5 shows that destination brand trust positively moderates the moderating effect of perceived risk. This study offers critical insights for responding public health crises in destinations.
Social impacts and other types of impacts such as economic and environmental have been studied extensively in the tourism field. The main aim of this research is to understand the differences in the social impacts of tourism between summer 2019 (pre-COVID-19) and summer 2020 (during the COVID-19 pandemic) in a coastal tourism destination from the visitors' perspective. Data were collected using surveys carried out in the municipality of Platja d'Aro (Catalonia, Spain) in 2019 (pre-pandemic) (n=468 visitors) and 2020 (during the pandemic) (n=394 visitors). The responses were categorised into two main groups: “strengths and weaknesses of the destination”, in order to understand the possible social impacts of tourism. Results show that visitor profile differed in terms of origin and age during the pandemic. The level of satisfaction with the destination remains similar despite the adverse scenario caused by the pandemic. Social impacts are identified and compared between the two periods. This information can be used by tourism destination policymakers to analyse differences in social impacts between pandemic and pre-pandemic periods.
The COVID-19 pandemic has generated an unparalleled crisis in the circles of tourism industries and beyond. The overcrowded cities associated with the technological revolution applied on transport has contributed directly to disseminating the virus worldwide. The tourism industry has been the main victim and spreader of COVID19. Though originally the consequences of the pandemic remain obscured or at the best uncertain no less true seems to be that scholars have devoted their attention to describing the economic effects in the tourism industry. The cOVID-19 has interrogated deeply the epistemology of tourism alluding to a world without tourists. In this vein, the present chapter discusses the question of entnography a new ethnographic method based on hybridity and hybridized methods of information gathering.
Background
This article analyses mass accommodation facilities to examine the development of Czech tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 and 2021.
Methods
The questionnaire survey was carried out in March 2021 in mass accommodation facilities. 131 responses were received from hotels and guesthouses throughout Czechia, which represents a return rate of 20%. Data were processed using Pearson's chi-square test to determine the effect of changes in facility type and category, quality, location, and primary focus before the outbreak of the pandemic. A statistical analysis of data on overnight stays was also used with data from the public database of the Czech Statistical Office.
Results
The study confirmed the increasing importance of domestic tourism and the greater sensitivity of destinations dependent on foreign tourists. Future strategies should be associated with destination rather than corporate management. The challenges are linked to the strengthening of environmentally friendly and sustainable tourism. To what extent the post-covid situation will return to the original model and to what extent it will at least partially reflect the changes that took place during the crisis period is a question for future research.
Conclusions
Moving from operational to strategic measures would be advisable.
This chapter explores digital innovation in the service sector and its impact on customer experiences. It covers the drivers and enablers of digital innovation, emphasizing the role of technologies like AI, data analytics, and mobile apps in transforming interactions. Case studies highlight successful implementations, while challenges such as privacy and change management are discussed. The chapter also explores emerging trends like blockchain, IoT, and VR. A customer-centric approach is emphasized, stressing the importance of understanding and meeting customer needs. Practical recommendations are provided for organizations to embark on their digital innovation journey, including strategic planning, talent acquisition, and fostering an innovative culture. Overall, the chapter offers a roadmap for businesses to leverage digital technologies and revolutionize customer experiences in today's digital era.
Purpose
Using the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) model as a theoretical guide, this study employed a conceptual model involving residents’ place attachment (S) to the destination in which they live and emotional solidarity with tourists (O) as precursors to their involvement in tourism (R). The purpose of this paper is threefold: To determine (1) whether residents’ place attachment explains their emotional solidarity with tourists, (2) if emotional solidarity is an effective predictor of residents’ involvement in tourism planning and development and (3) if emotional solidarity dimensions mediate the relationship between place attachment and involvement.
Design/methodology/approach
Data were collected from 378 permanent resident heads of households living in, or adjacent to, central Orlando, using a self-administered survey with a census-guided systematic sampling method. Data were subjected to tests of normality and common method bias, followed by a two-step confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling.
Findings
Seven of the 11 proposed model hypotheses were supported, with moderate variances explained in each of the four outcome variables: welcoming nature ( R ² = 19.3%), emotional closeness ( R ² = 24.5%), sympathetic understanding ( R ² = 39.4%) and involvement ( R ² = 36.8%). Though both place identity and place dependence (as two dimensions of place attachment) were partial mediators, the former proved to be more pronounced.
Originality/value
This study employed non-economic measures—place attachment and emotional solidarity—in determining residents’ involvement in tourism within their community. Such an approach provides fresh insights into how such symbolic constructs can contribute to residents’ positive, actionable involvement in tourism. This research is one of the few that have incorporated emotional solidarity as a construct within the SOR model and the first to examine the indirect effects (through mediation) of emotional solidarity.
Background This article analyses mass accommodation facilities to examine the development of Czech tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 and 2021. Methods The questionnaire survey was carried out in March 2021 in mass accommodation facilities. 131 responses were received from hotels and guesthouses throughout Czechia, which represents a return rate of 20%. Data were processed using Pearson's chi-square test to determine the effect of changes in facility type and category, quality, location, and primary focus before the outbreak of the pandemic. A statistical analysis of data on overnight stays was also used with data from the public database of the Czech Statistical Office. Results The study confirmed the increasing importance of domestic tourism and the greater sensitivity of destinations dependent on foreign tourists. Future strategies should be associated with destination rather than corporate management. The challenges are linked to the strengthening of environmentally friendly and sustainable tourism. To what extent the post-covid situation will return to the original model and to what extent it will at least partially reflect the changes that took place during the crisis period is a question for future research. Conclusions Moving from operational to strategic measures would be advisable.
The purpose of this article is to map the state of E-tourism business tourism research and the connections between these subjects. Using VOSviewer, the bibliometric analysis method helps us visualize and analyze patterns such as co-occurrence of keywords, co-citations of cited authors, and co-citations of cited sources. It also helps us understand the structure related to the topic under study. The Scopus database's 98 publications on etourism- related subjects are examined in total. We discover that since 2008, the trend in etourism research has not substantially grown. Additionally, we identified study subjects that may be investigated using trending keywords. Furthermore, we identified the most influential writers and publications on the subject of e-business and tourist research, as well as the connections between them. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to use VOSviewer for bibliometric analysis on the subject of e-Tourism and tourism concurrently. 98 publications were thoroughly reviewed.
The impact of digital innovation on customer experiences in the service industry is examined in this qualitative paper. It discusses the forces behind and those that facilitate digital innovation, highlighting the ways in which mobile apps, artificial intelligence, and data analytics are changing how people interact. Successful implementations are showcased through case studies, and issues like privacy and change management are covered. Emerging technologies like blockchain, IoT, and VR are also covered in this chapter. Emphasis is placed on a customer-centric strategy, which highlights how crucial it is to comprehend and satisfy consumer needs. Organizations are given actionable advice on how to start their digital innovation journey, including hiring talented staff, developing an innovative culture, and strategic planning. All things considered, the chapter provides a road map for companies looking to take use of digital technology and transform consumer experiences in the current digital age.
During the pandemic, global life has been adversely affected. These negativities have been observed in different dimensions, especially in health, economy, and education. The pandemic has also deeply affected many industries such as tourism. With the pandemic, damages have increased gradually in terms of both supply and demand. In this process, the view of the local people, one of the most important stakeholders of the tourism, towards tourism and tourists is very important. As a matter of fact, while there are health problems and social distance obligations that dominate the whole world on the one hand, economic concerns are dominant on the other hand. In this dilemma, the question that arises is whether COVID-`9 is a new barrier to local community interaction. In this study, based on this question, pandemic-induced social changes are evaluated in the context of local people tourism and tourist.
Though the growth of the tourism industry has created economic and social opportunities, it has also hurt the environment and natural resources of the tourist destinations. It is observed that most of the environmental issues at tourist destinations arise due to the ignorant behaviour of tourists. Current research has addressed the environmentally responsible behaviour (ERB) of tourists at the destination with the help of the socio-emotional interaction dimension, including tourists' positive contact with the resident (PCR), emotional solidarity with residents (ESR), and residents, ERB. To achieve the study's objectives, the study has employed the simulation-organism-response (S-OR) model and social exchange theory (SET) to analyse the influence of the socio-emotional dimensions of interaction between tourists and residents on the tourist's ERB. The study employed a quantitative survey-based casual research design. Data was gathered from tourists who visited four selected coastal destinations in Karachi, Pakistan. One thousand questionnaires were distributed, among which 914 were used for data analysis. Results for direct effect show that PCR, ESR, and residents' ERB significantly and positively affect tourists' ERB. The indirect effect shows that perceived destination trust significantly and positively mediates the effect of PCR, ESR, and residents' ERB on tourist ERB. Finally, moderation results showed that perceived destination reputation has significantly and positively moderated the effect of PCR and ESR on resi-dents' ERB on tourist ERB. Research has several theoretical and practical contributions. Management implications: 1. Based on the results, socio-emotional interaction between tourists and residents leads to tourists' environmentally responsible behaviour. So, the following are the proposed strategies for managers to improve the residents' and tourist's interaction. a. Destination management should involve residents and tourists in local festivals, cooking competitions , interaction games, cultural games, and quiz competitions. b. Destination management should arrange night walking tours for tourists. Residents of local communities should take tourists to their neighbourhood and give them the experience of local culture and living patterns. c. Destination management should arrange seminars and training workshops for service providers and tourism employees to improve their interaction with tourists. d. Policymakers should develop strict laws at the destination to protect tourists from scams and irresponsible business activities. e. Destination marketers should influence residents' environmentally responsible behaviour by arranging environment protection awareness seminars and workshops. 2. Managers should develop the following strategies to improve tourists' perceived destination trust and perceived destination reputation. a. To enhance destination trust, destination managers should develop a responsive online mobile-based complaint system for tourists. b. Destination managers should provide services such as hotel reservations, airline tickets, cab facilities booking, tourist guides, and food delivery on a single online mobile app. c. Online satisfaction surveys to measure tourists' post-visit behaviour can enhance perceived destination trust. d. Sharing attractive content related to the destination on Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, and Instagram can enhance tourists' perceived destination reputation.
Purpose: The study investigates the impact of motivation, sensation-seeking, constraint, and attitude on visit intention and stage of readiness associated with a folk theatre, specifically the Bharata People Theatre. Design/Methodology/Approach: The collected data includes 260 participants in Jakarta using a convenient sampling method. We analysed the collected data through exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modelling. The study tested various hypotheses related to the influence of motivation, sensation-seeking, constraint, and attitude on visit intention and stage of readiness. Findings: The results showed significant relationships between motivation and attitude, motivation and visit intention, sensation-seeking and visit intention and attitude and visit intention. However, the study did not find a significant relationship between constraint and visit intention, motivation and readiness, sensation-seeking and readiness or attitude and readiness. Research, Practical & Social implications: This study contributes to the current knowledge of marketing folk theatres, specifically the Bharata People Puppet Theatre. The study emphasises the significance of motivation, sensation-seeking, and attitude in influencing visitors’ intentions to attend cultural performances. However, the non-significant relationships between constraint and readiness and between attitude and readiness suggest the need for a better understanding of the factors affecting visitors’ readiness to engage in cultural performances. Originality/Value: The study provides valuable insights for theatre managers and marketers to design effective strategies to attract and engage audiences.
Tourism is one of the main sectors in recent years that has significantly impacted the countries’ economies worldwide. For this reason, many governments worldwide have begun a series of actions to improve travellers’ perceptions of their tourist destinations, using the power of social networks. However, the characterisation of these perceptions is not an easy task. For this fact, in this paper, we proposed a neural network model with a stacked Deep Learning structure, which integrates a Softmax function inspired by a PANAS-t scale (A Psychometric Positive and Negative Affect Scale) to characterise the traveller’s perceptions of tourist destinations (PANAS-tDL2 model), from a series of comments posted by them in a social network as Twitter in the framework of COVID-19. For the classification of comments in each sentiment category that define the PANAS-t scale, each comment was subjected to preprocessing using Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. The results show the capacity of the proposed PANAS-tDL2 model to evaluate the COVID-19 impact from comments posted by travellers about a tourist destination worldwide. For its capacity, the PANAS-tDL2 model can be extended to create tourist packages, experiences, and services tailored for travellers, or to create insurance products for reputation to protect the travellers in tourist destinations against climatic, political, or sanitary risks, as one generated by the COVID-19 pandemic.
With both cost and safety taken into account in the context of the life-threatening COVID-19 pandemic globally, rural tourism is expected to be the top choice for Chinese residents for relaxation and enhancing parent-child relationships. In this paper, a structural equation (SEM) model was proposed to compare risk knowledge, risk perception, risk aversion attitudes and behavioral intentions towards rural tourism. According to the empirical results, there was a large proportion of tourists showing preference for rural tourism recently. Potential participants in rural tourism paid most attention to the performance realization and time cost of scenic spots, while the psycho-social risk posed by COVID-19 had little impact. The inherent risk nature of risk aversion attitudes made knowledge of the pneumonia risk less effective in reducing tourists’ intentions, while knowledge of the pneumonia risk was more effective in alleviating the risk perception that potential tourists have towards rural tourism. With regard to travel intention and recommendation intention of rural tourism, the negative impacts of risk aversion attitude were more considerable compared to risk perception. Meanwhile, the parallel mediating effect of risk perception and risk aversion attitude in rural tourism needed to be taken into consideration together.
Background: Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious disease. It is caused by a novel virus belonging to a family known as corona virus. This virus was first identified in the month December 2019 in Wuhan, China Hubei province. Since its first identification it has spread globally. It was declared a public health emergency of international concern on January 30, 2020 by WHO. Despite all efforts the virus continues to spread and WHO declared it a pandemic on March 11, 2020. In Nepal the first case was tested positive on
23rd January and ever since numbers are increasing as days passed by. Residents of the country are the most important stakeholders to control the spread of such viruses. Nepal is a land locked country situated between India and China and is one of the vulnerable areas among SAARC nations. In spite of being such a vulnerable nation there was a lack of previous studies detecting the degree of awareness among Nepalese residents towards COVID 19.
Aims and Objectives: This study aims to assess the current level of awareness towards COVID 19 among Nepalese residents and to analyze their attitudes and practices towards COVID 19 which is very important for people’s active participation to control this pandemic. In this study we investigated Nepalese residents KAP towards COVID-19.
Material and Methods: This is cross sectional online study. A self-developed online questionnaire was completed by the participants. There were a total 29 questions among which 15 questions assessed
knowledge, 6 questions assessed attitude and remaining 8 questions assessed practice.
Results: Among the respondents (n=760), 65.7 % were male, 50.3 % were healthcare workers, overall range of correct answers for knowledge questionnaire was 60.0-98.7%, that for attitude was 77.9-96.4% and for practice was 78.2-95.0 %. Participants with a medical degree had statistically significant better practice against COVID 19 compared with the general population.
Conclusion: Findings of this study show that knowledge among people of Nepal about COVID 19 is satisfactory. Yet a significant number of participants are lacking confidence when compared to other countries. Better practice against COVID requires a sense of responsibility, though the respondents with medical background had better sense of act against COVID prevention practice.
This study examined the relationships between the factors that influence residents’ attitudes toward supporting for sustainable tourism in an island context. A quantification approach was employed to obtain the residents’ perspectives. This study collected 384 valid questionnaires from the residents and analyzed the collected data using structural equation modeling to test the model. The findings revealed that the Maximizing Community Participation dimension demonstrated a positive direct effect on residents’ support for sustainable tourism, and this dimension explained most of the variance in the model. The Perceived Economic Benefits dimension exhibited a positive direct effect on the residents’ support for sustainable tourism. Perceived Economic Benefits mediated the effect of Environmental Sustainability on support for sustainable tourism. The findings provide practical implications for policy makers on the promotion of sustainable tourism.
This study investigates the attitudes and behavioural intentions of community crisis response and tourism community participation in tourist destinations after the occurrence of a disaster. Further, we built a conceptual model of perceived community participation benefit, community attachment, community resilience, and crisis response and community participation intention and measured it using 556 samples surveyed after the Wenchuan earthquake, China. The results indicated that benefit perception, community attachment, and community resilience have a positive effect on crisis response and community participation. The study further reveals that the local tourism community gradually transforms the negative aspects of terrible disasters into development opportunities. Our case study particularly focuses on the initiative shown by and positive participation of the tourist community in the aforementioned transformation. The study proposes the Attachment, Benefit, and Capability framework of tourist community participation based on the crisis response perspective and expands the boundaries of tourist community participation research. The study has theoretical and practical significance, puts forward relevant countermeasures, and has significant implications.
Increasing worldwide evidence on disruptive unsustainable impacts, caused by growing overtourism, is shaking tourism research agendas and destination management styles. Monitoring the risks of overtourism is becoming a relevant issue for every destination. This paper combines the existing sustainability–responsibility tourism framework from academic research with current industry research on overtourism in order to propose a sustainable tourism impact and stakeholder cooperation based on the overtourism risk monitoring model. Data-based social science statistical methodology and tools were used to identify the residents’ attitudes about tourism impacts and cooperation in the destination of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Ljubljana represents a case of a fast-growing tourism destination, which might lead to overtourism. Research has confirmed some impact factors that negatively influence the satisfaction of local residents with tourism presence. Furthermore, it has been confirmed that increased cooperation mitigates the negative perceptions of residents on tourism presence. In its present form, the proposed monitoring model can be used to examine the overtourism situation and to inform sustainable tourism policy and management for every destination.
The concept of resilience has recently received a substantial amount of attention in sustainable tourism research. Nevertheless, empirical studies on the factors that may influence the perceived resilience of community residents in tourism destinations remain lacking. A thorough analysis is needed to examine place attachment as a catalyst of or a barrier to community resilience in tourism destinations. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the influence of place attachment on perceived resilience based on data derived from 655 residents in two earthquake-affected tourism communities in Sichuan Province, China. The empirical results indicate that place identity and place dependence have a positive influence on the perceived resilience of community residents in tourism destinations. The equality test for the structural model demonstrates that the influence of place attachment on perceived community resilience is invariant across native residents and lifestyle tourism immigrants. Residents who develop strong place attachment to their communities exhibit greater resilience and adaptive capacity.
Local residents are always the recipients of economic, environmental and socio-cultural impacts from tourism development. Residents’ perceived impacts, attitudes towards tourism and the resultant supportive or opposing actions collectively affect the success of tourism, but are not thoroughly understood especially in small regions with rapid growth. The study investigated how the tourism impacts receive local perception, determine local attitudes and in turn lead to active or passive supportive action. The predisposition of linkage between attitude and behaviour is explored with the underlying aspects of impacts. Through the establishment of hypotheses of the relationship and an empirical survey-based study in Urlaubsregion Murtal (URM) in Austria, findings from local populations suggest that local attitude is significantly influenced by tourism impacts. In particular, socio-cultural impacts influenced attitude to a greater extent than the economic and environmental dimensions. The overall prevalent residents’ attitude in the URM is highly positive as the respondents indicated a sense of openness towards tourism development and the vast majority agreed that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. A significant positive relationship between attitude and support is detected. However, the residents also intended to act more passively than actively to supporting tourism development, but the connection from attitude to specific active or passive actions is not apparent.
This pioneering study explores the powerful mediating effect of community participation on both residents’ attitudes toward sustainable tourism development and their personal environmentally responsible behaviour. It establishes residents’ attitudes when the concept of sustainable tourism development is introduced, measures its influence on their participation in public affairs, and the importance of their own environmentally responsible behaviour. It explores the complex relationships between attitude, community participation, and environmentally responsible behaviour involved, using a survey of 362 residents from 5 eco-tourism communities in Taiwan. Results show that residents’ attitudes towards sustainable tourism development positively and significantly affect both community participation and environmentally responsible behaviour. The degree of residents’ community participation also positively affects environmentally responsible behaviour. Residents’ attitudes toward sustainable tourism development also directly affected environmentally responsible behaviour as well as indirectly affect behaviour via the mediator, “community participation”.
Five mechanisms are suggested to encourage these changes: (1) Institutions develop community sustainable tourism civic education, (2) cohesion and insight for consciousness events to promote sustainable tourism development attitudes, (3) lively public hearings should be encouraged to turn passive into active participation, (4) mechanisms for reporting environmental damage should be created, and (5) community environmental clean-up days should be held.
Within resident attitude research, place attachment and empowerment are two of the
most prominent non-economic constructs used to explain residents’ attitudes toward tourism.
This research explores the relationship between the two and whether residents’ perceptions
of place identity, place dependence and nature bonding affect perceptions of being
empowered through tourism. The relationship is tested within the rural destination of
Choczewo, Poland. Results reveal that place identity, place dependence, and nature bonding
directly influence residents’ perceptions of psychological and social empowerment
through tourism. However, only place dependence predicts residents’ ability to feel politically
empowered through tourism. Results from this study extend the model of residents’
attitudes toward tourism by explaining how societal factors such as resident bonding with
the socio-physical environment enable residents to become more empowered through
tourism development
Using partial least squares – structural equation modeling, we analyzed data from 410 questionnaires completed by a sample of residents from the vicinity of the George Town World Heritage Site (WHS), Malaysia, to investigate the effects of community factors on residents’ perceptions and support for WHS conservation and tourism development. To conceptualize these relationships, we developed a framework based on social exchange theory (SET) and previous empirical evidence. While community attachment, cultural attitudes, community involvement, and community gain had positive effects on residents’ perceptions, the effects of community members’ gain and status consistency were particularly strong. Our results suggest that perceptions strongly influence support for WHS conservation and tourism development. Having examined a number of new resident perception factors, this study makes a significant theoretical and methodological contribution to the tourism and resident perception literature. Furthermore, this study has practical implications for future sustainable community development in the George Town WHS.
This study expands Perdue, Long, and Allen’s (1990) original model of resident attitudes toward tourism in two significant ways. It first proposes Weber’s theory of formal and substantive rationality (WFSR) as a way to strengthen social exchange theory. Secondly, WFSR is operationalized by using the Resident Empowerment through Tourism Scale (RETS) as substantive antecedents and the Personal Economic Benefit from Tourism Scale as a formal antecedent influencing resident attitudes. Ten of 14 hypotheses were confirmed, with Psychological Empowerment and Personal Economic Benefit having direct and positive effects on Support for Tourism. Implications include recognition of the importance of tailoring destination marketing and management efforts to empower residents psychologically, socially, and politically.
This paper is a longitudinal study of 140 articles on residents’ attitudes to tourism published in Annals of Tourism Research, Tourism Management, and Journal of Travel Research from 1984 to 2010. Content analysis was used to determine the nature of the articles and the research approaches used. Although most articles were atheoretical, over the survey period an increasing proportion of studies made use of a variety of theories drawn from other disciplines to investigate the topic. The majority of studies were quantitative in nature, while a few studies used qualitative and mixed-methods approaches. Based on the results, some implications for research design and possibilities for future research are discussed. The paper concludes that studies on the topic have evolved from being low on methodological sophistication and theoretical awareness to being high on both aspects. Research on this topic has reached a stage of active scholarship in theory development followed by empirical testing. The study's limitations are discussed, which readers should take into account when evaluating its findings.
A significant literature exists on the impacts of tourism on local communities. This paper examines this issue with reference to the impacts of tourism on the residents of Shi Cha Hai hutong in Beijing, but does so with reference to theories of place attachment or place identity. It therefore addresses two gaps in the literature—namely, (a) a comparative lack of empirical evidence on community impacts of tourism in Mainland China and (b) the absence of debate in the tourism literature about place attachment. The study involved both quantitative and qualitative methods, but this paper primarily concentrates upon the results derived from the quantitative study. It was found that, in general, concerns about heritage outweighed perceived advantages from economic development, and the role of heritage in place attachment is duly discussed. Additionally, a structural equation model is suggested whereby attitudes toward tourism are based upon attitudes toward heritage, tourism as a source of potential employment, length of residency and perceived intrusiveness of tourism, all of which impact on a sense of place identity. The findings from these tests raised issues about the role of government and self-efficacy in place identity in a Chinese environment.
Human attachment to place has been widely discussed in the tourism literature to explain the attitudes and behaviours of tourists towards destinations. Less is known about the place attachments of local residents and this may be particularly important where tourism impacts places of cultural significance. This paper examines how the attachment to place of local residents has been structured in the context of a World Cultural Heritage area. Data collection was conducted through two stages involving 38 semi-structured interviews followed by a survey with 405 local residents in Hoi An Ancient Town (Vietnam). The results revealed that local residents developed a positive and close attachment with the heritage of their hometown. Resident place attachment was found to be an overarching concept represented by the correlated dimensions of place affect, place identity and place dependence. The scale developed in the study can be used to measure the role of World Cultural Heritage status in the formation of relationships between residents and tourist places.
Disasters destroy lives, make survivors suffer, and attract dark tourists. Community-based disaster tourism (CBDT) was born in such disastrous areas. Yet, little has been studied about the sustainable issues of CBDT, especially in the underdeveloped regions. This research paper addressed this gap by exploring the local residents’ perceptions of the CBDT in Yingxiu, China. Based on a survey and face-to-face interviews, this study found that the local residents’ feelings were mixed in facing disaster tourism. This study unveiled the residents’ paradoxical attitudes and the challenges and impediments of sustainable CBDA. Suggestions are made to the policymakers and CBDT advocates.
A clear understanding of residents’ attitudes towards tourism development and its determinants is a crucial pillar for designing tourism development strategies to promote sustainable development. The literature on the influence of host–tourist interactions and place attachment on residents’ attitudes towards tourism development in developing countries is still scarce. To extend knowledge in this field, this study aims at developing and testing a structural model to examine direct and indirect causal effects of place attachment, host–tourist interaction, and perceived positive and negative tourism impacts on the residents’ attitudes towards tourism development in an island tourism destination – Boa Vista Island in Cape Verde. Results suggest that the residents’ attitudes are positively affected by place attachment, host–tourist interaction, and perceived positive impacts; and negatively affected by perceived negative impacts. Host–tourist interaction emerges as the strongest (direct and indirect) determinant of the residents’ attitudes towards tourism development. Moreover, although both positive and negative perceptions of tourism impacts have significant impacts on the residents’ attitudes, the influence of the former is stronger than that of the latter. The paper ends with relevant theoretical and practical implications to promote positive residents’ attitudes towards tourism development in Boa Vista.
Place-based identity theories prove to be valid in better understanding resident attitudes towards support for tourism. Yet, its effectiveness is not verified in the context of dark tourism and resident attitudes towards dark tourism remains unknown. Based on a survey of 526 local residents in China’s Yingxiu, the epicentre of the Great Wenchuan Earthquake, the authors examined the relationships between the local residents’ place-based identity motives and their attitudes towards support for dark tourism development. Results show that the motive of ‘belonging/meaning’ is one of the most important determinants; residents’ involvement in dark tourism and bereavement affect their identity motives and attitudes towards support for dark tourism. The theoretical contributions and managerial implications are discussed.
Although place attachment is a critical factor shaping residents’ attitudes towards tourism development, the relationship between the perceived qualities of a place (place image) and attachment to it has been underexplored within the context of tourism. This study proposes a model which integrates both place attachment and perception of place and examines their effect on the perceived tourism impacts and on residents’ support for tourism development. Findings suggest that (a) place attachment precedes perception of place; (b) perception of place positively affects perceived impacts and (c) perception of impacts positively affects support for tourism development. The study extends prior work on tourism development by incorporating both emotional and physical evaluations of a place when modelling residents’ attitudes towards tourism. The study also offers practical implications that are particularly important for the formation of sustainable tourism development programmes.
The statistical tests used in the analysis of structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error are examined. A drawback of the commonly applied chi square test, in addition to the known problems related to sample size and power, is that it may indicate an increasing correspondence between the hypothesized model and the observed data as both the measurement properties and the relationship between constructs decline. Further, and contrary to common assertion, the risk of making a Type II error can be substantial even when the sample size is large. Moreover, the present testing methods are unable to assess a model's explanatory power. To overcome these problems, the authors develop and apply a testing system based on measures of shared variance within the structural model, measurement model, and overall model.
This study aims to investigate if local residents’ senses of place identity could affect their attitudes toward tourism. Deploying a survey on urban residents in a Midwest state in the USA, the present study finds place-based self-esteem and self-efficacy affect residents’ perceptions of tourism impacts and support for tourism. While tourism literature suggests social exchange theory to be a useful tool in predicting resident perceptions and attitudes from the perspective of the quality of social exchange of resources (i.e. depending on getting more or losing more), this study adds a new perspective in gauging resident perceptions and attitudes by utilizing place identity theory as a theoretical underpinning instead. This study recommends that place identity theory and social exchange theory complement each other and be both utilized in assessing resident attitudes toward tourism development.
This study examined the influence of the four place identity principles (i.e., senses of distinctiveness, continuity, self-esteem and self-efficacy) (Breakwell, 1986) on residents' attitudes toward tourism. A self-administered survey was conducted on urban residents in a southern province of China, and the place-based senses of distinctiveness, self-esteem and self-efficacy were found to affect residents' perceptions of tourism impacts and attitudes toward support for tourism. While tourism literature has suggested social exchange theory to be a useful tool in predicting residents' perceptions and attitudes toward tourism, this study suggests a new perspective in evaluating resident perceptions and attitudes by applying place identity theory as a theoretical foundation instead. Both the theoretical and marketing implications are discussed.
It has long been recognised that it is incumbent on those responsible for the planning of tourism to seek to optimise the well-being of local residents whilst minimising the costs of tourism development.
It is not surprising, therefore, that academic attention has long been paid to the social impacts of tourism in general and to the understanding of host communities' perceptions of tourism and its impacts in particular. Nevertheless, despite the significant volume and increasing scope of the research, the extent to which understanding of residents' perceptions of tourism has been enhanced remains uncertain. Thus, the purpose of this Progress Review is to explore critically the development of the research into residents' perceptions of tourism. Highlighting key themes and trends in the literature, it identifies a number of limitations in the research, including a narrow case study base, a dependence on quantitative methods, a focus on perceptions as opposed to responses, and the exclusion of the tourist from the majority of the research. Consequently, it argues for a multidimensional approach to the research.
The limited explanatory research on residents' perceptions of tourism impacts has resulted in an underdeveloped theoretical orientation of research on this subject. This paper presents a social exchange process model as a theoretical basis for some understanding of why residents perceive tourism impacts positively or negatively. The model is based upon the concept of the exchange relation. Propositions are derived from the model to test the relationships between the model's components. These propositions have been developed from inferences based upon the social exchange literature.RésuméLes perceptions des habitants vis-á-vis des impacts dûs au tourisme. Peu de recherches explicatives ont été faites sur les perceptions des habitants vis-á-vis des impacts du tourisme, et cela a abouti au sousdéveloppement de la base théorique de la recherche sur ce sujet. Cet article propose un modéle de processus d'échange social pour permettre de comprendre pourquio les habitants d'un site touristique percoivent les impacts du tourisme de façon négative ou positive. Le modéle s'appuie sur le concept de la relation d'échange. Des propositions sont formulées pour tester les relations entre les composants du modéle. Ces propositions ont été fondées sur la littérature des échanges sociaux.
defined 'knowledge of pneumonia' as knowledge regarding infections caused by COVID
- Deng Zhu
Zhu and Deng (2020) defined 'knowledge of pneumonia' as knowledge regarding infections caused by COVID-
The attitude survey of workers in Japan
Japan Productivity Centre. (2020). The attitude survey of workers in Japan. https://www.jpc-net.jp/research/detail/
004518.html (in Japanese)
The impact of health and hygiene: On post COVID-19 destination competitiveness in Asia Pacific. PATA Crisis Resource Centre
- Pata
PATA. (2020). The impact of health and hygiene: On post COVID-19 destination competitiveness in Asia Pacific. PATA Crisis
Resource Centre. https://crc.pata.org/health-hygiene-post-covid-19-destination-competitiveness
PATA. (2020, August 27). Keeping residents happy with tourism in the COVID-19 Era. [Webinar]. https://www.pata.org/
calendar/keeping-residents-happy-with-tourism-in-the-covid-19-era
Keeping residents happy with tourism in the COVID-19 Era
- Pata