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Zuzana Budayová
FAMILY PROBLEMS OF TODAY
ISBCRTI
Dublin, Ireland 2020
FAMILY PROBLEMS OF TODAY
Zuzana BUDAYOVÁ
Catholic Univerzity, Faculty of Theology,
TI Spišské Podhradie, Slovakia
Reviewers:
prof. dr hab. Ursula A. DOMŻAŁ (Poland)
prof. dr hab. Zbigniew K. DOMŻAŁ (Poland)
prof. Diane MALBIN, PhD. (USA)
dr hab. Małgorzata DUDA, prof. (Poland)
doc. Mgr. Lucia LUDVIGH CINTULOVÁ, PhD. (Slovakia)
doc. PhDr. Mgr. Janka BURSOVÁ, PhD. (Slovakia)
Language corection, translation:
Mgr. Maroš Buday, PhD.
Institute of British and American Studies, University of Prešov, Slovakia
Publisher:
ISBCRTI, Dublin, Ireland, 2020
Internetional Scientic Board of Catholic Research and Teachers in
Ireland
Printed by CLONDALKING GROUP, Glasenevin, Dublin II.
First edition; Load 150 pc.
© 2020, PhDr. Mgr. Zuzana BUDAYOVÁ, PhD.
ISBN 978-1-9162020-6-1
EAN 9781916202061
This scientic monograph is the output of the NKS Gr. 10.12.19 under
the title: Religio et Societas V., wich was implemented in 2020.
CONTENTS
Introduction 7
1 Family – the primary place of socialization 9
1.1 Historical view of marriage and family 12
1.2 Marriage and family status 14
1.3 Typology and functions of the family 19
1.4 Problem families 26
1.5 Dysfunctional family 28
2 Conict and the dissolution of marriage 41
2.1 Empirical ndings 50
2.2 Causes of divorce 53
2.3 Divorce stages 58
2.4 Inuence and reactions of childrenon parents‘ divorce
71
3 Needs and problems of the divorces family members and their
children 79
3.1 Needs and problems of divorced women 80
3.2 Needs and problems of divorced men 82
3.3 Needs and problems of children after their parents’
divorce 87
3.4 Conclusion of the empirical part and discussion
91
Conclusion 93
Bibliography 94
7
INTRODUCTION
The scientic monograph entitled „Family problems of today“
identies basic views on the functioning of the family as a whole,
but also the family as an institution that has an irreplaceable
position for the proper development of a child.
The family is a place that is constantly and dynamically changing.
A family can be identied as a small or large social group, which
is made up of parents, spouses, children and other blood or
bloodless relatives. Behavioral patterns are created in the family,
each member of the family fullls and has his or her role as well as
social role, he / she has his / her roles and functions.
Marriage is closely linked to the family. It is a legal, but also a
social institution, which is dened by legislation. In marriage, two
individuals meet who share common interests, hobbies, and with
the arrival of children, this focus shifts to them.
However, family and marriage are threatened by various
pathological phenomena that can come from the external as well
as the internal environment of the family. It is at such moments
that the family and marriage need all their strength to solve these
problems, particularly through good and organized relationships.
Problems in the family or in marriage can disrupt the relationship
to such an extent that the stability of the marital relationship is
irreversibly disturbed and so one of the partners begins to think
about divorce.
Divorce is not only a legal act, but also an irreversible step that
will mark all family members not only in the present and in
the experience of divorce proceedings, but also in the future.
Discomfort occurs and this can manifest itself in the adult age of
children who have survived their parents‘ divorce.
In this scientic monograph, eld research to reveal not only the
opinions and attitudes of respondents to marriage and divorce,
but also to the causes of divorce, the impact of divorce on the
further development of the child and last but not least, the needs
and problems of divorced women and men, has been conducted.
In the scientic monograph we used literary-descriptive, but also
8
analytical, deductive, inductive and comparative method, the
method of empirical research by the questionnaire method and
the empirical part was evaluated by the Pearson‘s chi square.
The scientic monograph is the output of the NKS Gr. 10.12.19
entitled Religio et Societas V., which was implemented in 2020.
The scientic monograph is designed for academic purposes, but
also for the general professional public, which is interested in any
information on the issue.
Based on studies and data from the Statistical Oce, it may be
argued that the number of divorces has been declining in the last
two years. However, the growing number of couples of young
people who form a family with or without a child, and who do not
consider marriage to be a necessary institution in their lives, has
increased.
It is therefore good, and from the point of view of the upbringing
of children, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that family,
marriage and the upbringing of children is not only a common, but
mainly an individual good.
PhDr. Mgr. Zuzana Budayová, PhD.
author
9
1 FAMILY – THE PRIMARY PLACE OF SOCIALIZATION
„Marriage and family make up one of the most valuable treasures
of humanity“1
Every child is born into a family that can take several forms.
The family is the primary subject not only of its development and
evolution but also of its origin. In the context of interpersonal
relationships, a person is born but also dies. The pilgrimage of life
begins, but also ends. In the family, the child develops not only
physically and mentally, but also morally and spiritually. In the
family, he comes into contact with many problem situations, which
are constantly solved and created in the dynamic process of life.
The family is of irreplaceable importance for the development and
life of man. It creates individual, but also group needs, interests, the
family provides a background, which consists not only of material
resources for life, but especially people who are in connected
families. The family is a constantly dynamically evolving group of
people who strive for a basic goal - harmony, soul maturity, love,
understanding, security, and especially satisfaction and nding
peace in the fast-paced, dynamic, consumer society. Every family
has its roots in the past, it exists in the present in real time and
space, but its individuals together with it are heading for the future.
The current family has a history. It gradually became isolated as
a „private“ space in which family members became increasingly
interested in being together, sharing a certain intimacy, and
becoming more sensitive to the quality of their relationships. The
gradual separation of public and private space is expanding hand
in hand with the growing importance of emotions in the regulation
of intra-family relations.2
The origin of the word family in Indo-European languages
points to its economic basis. For centuries, family relationships
have referred almost exclusively to property and authority, not
1 JÁN PAVOL II. Familiaris Consortio. [online]. [cit. 2020-07-21]. Available at:
<https://www.kbs.sk/obsah/sekcia/h/dokumenty-a-vyhlasenia/p/dokumen-
ty-papezov/c/familiaris-consortio>.
2 Cf. DE SINGLY, F. Sociologie současné rodiny. Praha : Portál, 1999. p. 11.
10
to love. The ancient Greeks used the word oikop for the family.
However, the word also referred to property as well as housing.
In modern languages, the word economics has evolved from it.
The rst economy that our culture knew was the family economy,
because property was produced and consumed in families. Latin
then introduced the word „familia“, which adopted Germanic
and Roman languages as a designation for the family (German
die Familie, English the Family, French l´famille ...). However,
the Romans did not use the word to describe blood relations,
but also for all household property - elds, houses, money and
slaves. Famulus means servant in Latin, the plebeian form of the
relationship in ancient Rome was that a man bought a woman and
she was legally recognized as his property - it was his familia, his
property.3
In the Late Stone Age, a man of today‘s type appears. It is certain
that this man lived in groups and that they were blood-related
groups. People at this time subsisted on hunting and gathering. It
is assumed that the division of labor was by gender, hunting was
the domain of men and women harvested various crops.4
We can already talk about the family at this time, even though it
was not yet a family of today‘s type. In the 8th and 7th centuries
BC, Greek society was divided according to broad genders. The
genus, Gr. genos, formed a set of families whose men derived their
origin from a common ancestor whom they worshiped and used
his name.5 Greek society forced men to start families. Men did not
marry out of love, but to provide a male ospring to maintain the
family cult. The position of women in the family was inferior to
their task was to take care of the household.6 In the Middle Ages,
the family is an institution without which the individual would
nd it dicult to exist. Without belonging to a feudal lord and to a
family, no one had a place in society. The Middle Ages were a period
3 Cf. MOŽNÝ, I. Rodina a společnost. Praha : Slon, 2008. p. 176.
4 Cf. MATOUŠEK, O. Rodina jako instituce a vztahová síť. 3rd iss. Praha, SLON
2003. p. 23.
5 Cf. MATOUŠEK, O. Rodina jako instituce a vztahová síť. p. 25.
6 Cf. MATOUŠEK, O. Rodina jako instituce a vztahová síť. p. 26.
11
of coexistence of wider families. Apprentices and companions also
lived together with the family. It is believed that during this period,
especially in the villages, they were all relatives, which determined
their relations and also strengthened their mutual solidarity.7 The
turn of the 19th and 20th centuries is a period of industrialization,
and women also began to work in industry during this period.
Industrialization has triggered greater social mobility.8
This not only changes the appearance of the family, which had a
patriarchal appearance in terms of meeting ones needs9, but also
the position of individual family members. Since women were also
involved in the work process (not only the father is the breadwinner
of the family), they contributed nancially to the running of the
family, the course of the daily life cycle of the family, is naturally
changing.
However, the increase in urbanization meant that the city was not
prepared for a sharp increase in population, and so the culture
of family life was at a very low to alarming level. Families have
narrowed from multi-generational to nuclear, but although their
relationships with the wider family and community have weakened,
they have become stronger within the family. In addition, with
the weakening of the overall collective feeling of society, families
closed in on each other and increasingly protected their privacy.10
„The family is often characterized as a natural group made up
of two adults of the opposite sex and the children they fathered.
However, this denition is not exhaustive as it does not include
other possible constellations, e.g. single-parent families, families
7 Cf. MATOUŠEK, O. Rodina jako instituce a vztahová síť. p. 31.
8 Cf. MATOUŠEK, O. Rodina jako instituce a vztahová síť. p. 34.
9 Author’s note: the type of traditional family in which the father has the
highest authority among all family members. The concept is derived from
the hierarchical position of family members and the quality of relationships
between them. However, the name describes a form of family that does not
necessarily indicate the quality of relationships between individual members.
The position of the father was related to the way inheriting property in the male
line, in practice it lasted until the 20th century. Inheritance also aected the
principle of seniority, the superiority of the elderly over the younger ones.
10 PARTON, N. Safeguarding childhood: early intervention and surveillance
in a late modern society. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2006. p. 9.
12
with adopted or otherwise entrusted children, participation of
divorced spouses in the upbringing of children, etc.“11
However, it is also necessary to be aware of changes in the
perception of the family, which relate to registered partnerships,
marriages and adoptions of children by same-sex couples. In many
countries of the world, these opportunities for marriage, adoption
of a child and thus the creation of a family for gay couples are
possible and supported by the constitutional courts of the country
in question. In some countries of the world, laws have been passed
that encourage marriage and the adoption of a child by homosexual
couples.12
Despite political pressure for legislative „equality of all family
forms“, from the point of view of both the child and the adult, the
ideal for life is a complete family, based on marriage.13
1.1 Historical view of marriage and family
According to T. Keller, various forms of marriage have
emerged throughout history. They were based either on the
principle of polygamy, which allows a man to unite with several
women at once, or on the closer principle of monogamy, which
limits marriage to one partner. While in prehistoric times
women were ruled in tribes and the choice of partners was often
characterized by incest, marriage in ancient Greece and Rome was
characterized by a strong inuence of man not only in marriage
11 LABÁTH, V. et al. Riziková mládež. Praha : Slon. 2001. p. 95.
12 Author’s note: The Netherlands was the rst country in the world to allow gay
marriage, including adoption, in 2001. This was followed by Belgium (2003),
and in 2005 Spain joined as EU‘s third country. This was followed in 2009 by
Norway, Sweden and Portugal (2010), but without the possibility of adoption.
Iceland, which is not a member of the EU, joined in 2011, in the Czech Republic
(2016) with the right to adopt children, Austria (2015) with the right to adopt
children, Luxembourg (2015) with the right to adopt children, Germany (2017)
with the adoption of children, and others. On other continents, same-sex people
can marry and adopt children in Canada (since 2005), the Republic of South
Africa (since 2006), Argentina (since 2010), and in the United States in nine
out of its 50 states.
13 Cf. MIKLOŠKO, J., ŽARNAY, Š. Ohrozená rodina na Slovensku, p. 67.
13
but also in the family, i. patriarchy.14
„Marriage in ancient Rome was legally understood as a
permanent and complete communion of the life of a man and a
woman, the purpose of which is to produce legitimate children.
The legitimacy of children with civil rights and the emergence
of paternal power applied only to marriages concluded between
persons who had Roman civil law.“15
In Judaism, a woman was the property of a man, and he had
the right to have an unlimited number of women. It only depended
on his ability to feed the household. The man chose other women
for his sexual gratication from among his slaves, who often
became the mothers of his children if his „chief“ wife could not give
them to him. While men entered into marriage between the ages
of 18 and 24, women often wore only 15 years old. His father‘s wife
was chosen by his father from among the Jewish women, while the
interest of future husbands was not taken into account. The bride‘s
family demanded some compensation from the future groom, e.g.
cattle, slaves, etc., because they lost labor due to extradition. Great
emphasis was placed on loyalty, but only on the part of women.
A man could maintain sexual intercourse with other women,
including buckwheat, but only if they were not the wives of other
Jews. Indelity on the part of his wife was punishable by death.16
In Christianity, any valid marriage between two baptized is
considered a sacrament. “The relationship in marriage also
includes a relationship with God as its foundation and purpose, and
marriage is considered a way of bringing Jesus and the church into
the world. This sacrament is administered to each other directly
by the couple, the priest acting only as a required witness of the
ecclesiastical act. The basis of a marriage contract is therefore the
marriage vows of the spouses. Unless there are marital obstacles,
marriage can be accepted by all the baptized. Natural marriage,
14 Cf. KELLER, T. Manželstvo. Bratislava : Slovenské evanjelizačné stredisko,
2013. p. 13.
15 LIBRI, T. History of marriage. London : Encounter Books, 2001. p. 26.
16 Cf. HALLMAN, L. a kol. Exploring Europe‘s basic values map. In The cultu-
ral diversity of European unity. Leiden : Brill, 2003. pp. 24-26.
14
in contrast to sacramental marriage, is a marriage between two
unbaptized people. The eect of marriage is a marriage, which
is exclusive in nature and concludes for life, so that a validly
concluded and completed marriage ends only with the death of
one of the spouses.“17
The 2nd Vatican Council became a turning point in the
understanding of marriage, which tried to detach itself from the
legal view of marriage and highlighted as the main goal of marriage
the mutual love of spouses in addition to childbirth.18
It follows that in both Judaism and Christianity, marriage is
traditionally a necessary precondition for sexual intercourse.
Sexual relationships before marriage are not encouraged because
they are considered fornication.
At present, the topics of family and marriage are the subject of
much debate, also in the light of the recent referendum. The family
referendum initiated by the Alliance for the Family was invalid,
as turnout was only 21,41%. One of the possible explanations
is the statement that the form of social relations in the area of
Western civilization today is determined mainly by relativism19,
under the inuence of which marriage is no longer perceived as
an absolute value. There is talk of a crisis of family and marriage,
which is manifested by an increased rate of divorce. People enter
into marriages with the conviction that if they do not succeed in
marriage, they can divorce and enter into a new union. This is not
the case in Slovakia either, as evidenced by the fact that almost
half of the marriages divorce.
1.2 Marriage and family status
The word marriage has its origins in the Latin „matrimonium“
and means the protection of the mother. On the other hand, the
17 KRESŤANSKĚ CHÁPANIE MANŽELSTVA. [online]. [cit. 2020-01-13]. Avai-
lable at: http://dechtice.fara.sk/krestanske-chapanie-manzelstva >
18 Cf. EKH, R. a kol. O vzťahoch, manželstve a výchove detí. Bratislava : Slovo
života international, 2013. p. 16.
19 Cf. POLAČKO, J. Kresťanská kultúra ako základ fungujúceho ekumenizmu.
In Súčasné trendy a výzvy v katolíckej teológii a religionistike 4. Prešov: GTF
PU v Prešove, 2019. p.138.
15
institution of marriage is much older than Latin, because it is
already mentioned in the Bible, according to which Adam and Eve
were married.20
I. Plaňava denes the conceptual features of marriage:
• union of a man and a woman - this characteristic distinguishes
marriage from other partnerships, e.g. from registered same-sex
partnerships,
• a monogamous relationship (ie a relationship between one
woman and one man), which is protected by criminal law,
• equal relationship - spouses are equal in rights and obligations
not only to each other, but also to third parties,
• permanent relationship - the legislation does not allow for the
conclusion of a marriage for an agreed time, the permanence of
the marriage is interrupted by natural extinction (death of one of
the spouses or his declaration as dead) or unnatural extinction
(divorce).21
From a sociological point of view, marriage is “a socially
recognized, legalized sexual relationship between partners of the
opposite sex, which is sooner or later to become the basis of the
family. Marriage is an institution whose main purpose is to ensure
human reproduction.“22
Although the individual denitions agree on the sign of the
permanence of marriage, we agree with M. Košč, who claims that
the divorce rate of more than 40% in Slovakia raises the dilemma
of whether marriage can be considered a permanent union of
men and women and the traditional understanding of marriage.
did not get into a crisis.23 In our opinion, the modern way of life,
20 Cf. SEDLÁKOVÁ, M. Manželstvo v civilnom a kánonickom práve. In
Manželstvo dnes. Vedecká konferencia s medzinárodnou účasťou. Ružomberok:
Verbum, 2009. p. 42
21 Cf. PLAŇAVA, I. Manželství a rodina. Brno: Doplněk, 2000. p. 18.
22 SEDLÁKOVÁ, M. Manželstvo v civilnom a kánonickom práve. In Manželstvo
dnes. Vedecká konferencia s medzinárodnou účasťou. Ružomberok : Verbum,
2009. p. 42.
23 Cf. KOŠČ, M. Rozlučiteľnosť vp. nerozlučiteľnosť. manželstva ako sociálny
problém. In Manželstvo dnes. Vedecká konferencia s medzinárodnou účasťou.
Ružomberok : Verbum, 2009. pp. 23-33.
16
based on consumption, makes a signicant contribution to these
claims. If a crisis arises in a marriage, instead of overcoming it and
consolidating the bond, marriages end and new ones emerge.
The previous denitions clearly speak of marriage as a
union of a man and a woman. J. Sopóci and B. Búzik bring into
their denition the possibility of concluding a marriage between
persons, without dening their gender or number. The authors
state that “marriage is a socially recognized and usually formally
closed union of two or more persons, which forms the preconditions
for the emergence of a nuclear or extended family and from which
spouses derive many social rights and obligations. Every society
regulates marriage with many social norms, patterns, regulations,
etc.“24
In modern societies, the only legitimate reason for marriage
is considered to be the love of the partners and their free will to enter
into marriage. Conversely, traditional societies are characterized
by marriages arranged by parents or other relatives.
In our quantitative eld research, we also asked a question
that aimed to determine the attitudes of respondents to marriage
as a union of women and men.
The statements of the respondents responded to the
research sub-objective no. 1: Find out the respondents‘ attitudes
towards marriage as a union of a woman and a man.
Table 1 Respondents‘ attitudes towards marriage as a union of a
woman and a man.
n%
Positive 304 91,6
Negative 28 8,4
Together 332 100
In the closed question, we found that 304 respondents have a
positive attitude towards marriage (which makes up 91,6 percent
of the total number of respondents), and only 28 respondents have
a negative attitude (which makes up more than 8,4 percent of the
24 SOPÓCI, J., BÚZIK, B. Základy sociológie. Bratislava : SPN, 2006. p. 47.
17
total number of respondents).
In the following table 2, we divide these attitudes based on the age
of the respondents.
Table 2 Respondents‘ attitudes towards marriage as a union of a
woman and a man - distribution based on the age of the respondents
25-35 36-45 46-55 56 - more Together
Positive 34 50 73 51 304 /
91,6%
Rather
positive 29 28 26 13
Negative 9 6 5 4 28 /
8,4%
Rather
negative 4000
Together 76 84 104 68 332
Based on the distribution of respondents on the basis of age and
the survey of attitudes towards marriage as a union of women and
men, we can say that in the younger age category from 25 years to
45 years 141 respondents (which makes up 42,5 percent of the total
number of respondents) have a positive attitude, 19 respondents
from this age group have a negative attitude (5,7 percent of the
total number of respondents).
In the older age category from 46 years and more, we can conrm
a positive attitude towards marriage in 163 respondents (which is
49,1 percent), 9 respondents had a negative attitude (which is 2,7
percent of the total number of respondents).
Null hypothesis 1: There is no statistically signicant relationship
between the age of the respondent and his opinion on a positive
attitude towards marriage in terms of further education of children
in marriage
Hypothesis 1: There is a statistically signicant relationship
between the age of the respondent and his opinion on a positive
attitude towards marriage in terms of further education of children
in marriage
18
Chi square (square) = 28,970
P- value 0,024 <----
We do not conrm the null hypothesis. We can say that at
the level of signiction 0,75 it is true that there is a statistically
signicant relationship between the age of the respondent and his
opinion on the adequacy of the network of social services for the
homeless in Košice. Based on the p value p = 0.024< ----, we found
out with what probability the null hypothesis was not conrmed.
Level 16 probability 95%
At present, we encounter dierent attitudes towards marriage and
the family, there are specic groups that consider marriage only
as a formal union, today the number of families in which partners
live in cohabitations and children outside the marriage are born is
increasing.25
Based on the above denitions, we can state that marriage is
a socially recognized and legally regulated form of cohabitation of
people, in the conditions of Slovakia exclusively men and women.
The concept of family is closely related to the concept of marriage,
because, as J. Drexler states, the family is an extension of
marriage.26 Marriage and the family are “the most important of
all institutions in society. They are of great importance not only
because they satisfy the most basic needs of the individual, but
also because, thanks to these institutions, the whole society can
exist and function well.“27
The family is studied from several aspects, which is conditioned by
the fact that the family is involved in many scientic disciplines,
25 CINTULOVÁ, L., BUNDZELOVÁ, K., PAVLOVIČOVÁ, A. Pohľad ľudí so
zdravotným postihnutím na manželstvo. Zborník vedeckých prác: Zdravotné
postihnutie a chronické ochorenia v multidisciplinárnom pohľade. Trnava,
Bratislava: Trnavská univerzita v Trnave, FZASP © Univerzita Komenského v
Bratislave, Lekárska fakulta, 2016.
26 Cf. DREXLEROVÁ, J. Sociálno-ekonomické problémy súčasnej rodiny. In
HARDY, M., DUDÁŠOVÁ, T., VRANKOVÁ, E., HRAŠKOVÁ, A. 2011. Sociálna
patológia rodiny. Zborník z medzinárodnej vedeckej konferencie. Bratislava :
VŠZaSP sv. Alžbety. p 74.
27 SOBOTKOVÁ, I. Psychológia rodiny. Praha : Portál, 2007. p. 51.
19
so the literature oers psychological, sociological and other
denitions of the term. We agree with the denition of the author
Z. Benkő, who sees the family as a pleasant refuge in storms of
everyday existence, oers patterns that need to be followed. As
the author further states, several independent researches have
conrmed that this is a signicant increase in the importance of
the family as a socialization factor, and thus development has a
positive impact on the young generation, because socialization
processes are built into the daily life of the family and similarly
the family in relation to society and transmits socio-cultural
values created by extraordinary personalities.28 In that regard,
P. Sak adds that what is true of the individual ‚family and child‘
relationship also applies to the whole of society. The quality of the
family is reected in the quality of society and its development.29
According to the Family Act, a family established by marriage is
considered to be the basis of our society.30 However, we believe
that marriage is not a condition or guarantee of the formation of a
family, as evidenced by the fact that more and more children are
born out of wedlock, when people prefer the so-called. cohabitation,
i.e. cohabitation without marriage. This form of cohabitation, like
the family based on marriage, is able to perform all the functions
of the family just as eectively.
In practice, however, marriage and the family often break
up, so unresolved problems often result in divorce.
1.3 Typology and functions of the family
In our current legislative understanding of the family,
we must keep in mind that it is rmly linked to the concept of
marriage. We can characterize marriage as a historically used,
institutionally and religiously closed kind of cooperation of
two people, who will pass on the common norms and values of
28 Cf. BENKö Z. Tradition and modernity in the life-style of the families of the
visegrad countriep. Szeged : Visegrad fund, 2007. p. 91.
29 Cf. SAK P. Rodina a žena: Príčina a dôsledok spoločenskej zmeny. In ON-
DREJKOVIČ, P. a kol. 2006. Rodina v novom miléniu. Nitra : UKF, 2006. p. 47.
30 Cf. Zákon č. 36/2005 Z. z. o rodine v znení neskorších predpisov, Čl. 2.
20
themselves and the whole society by raising their children. We
can say that even from a historical point of view, we do not know
a better functioning community of people or an institution that
would serve for education, but also the best possible development
of the child.
Every marriage, and therefore also the family as a whole, changes
and develops dynamically over time and through socio-cultural
changes. Marriage can be understood dierently by generations
of people, but we can still consider it the only currently existing
form of institutionalization of a couple‘s relationship between two
people.
„A family founded by marriage is the basic cell of society.
Society comprehensively protects all forms of the family.“31 „Its
importance from the point of view of the individual and the whole,
ie society, changes in individual historical periods, to which the
overall development of society contributes to a large extent. The
internal transformations of the family also correspond to these
changes, which are mainly reected in the position of individual
family members.“32
J. Mikloško and Š. Zarnay states that “the family is
formed by the free decision of a man and a woman to marry. As
an institution, it has the same status in terms of uniqueness and
rights as the state, the church or civil society institutions“.33
The family is the rst and quite binding model of society that the
child encounters. It shapes his personal development and attitude
towards all other groups. The family tries to shape the child
according to their value scheme, according to their own tradition.34
The family is an important and specic factor in socialization,
giving the child the rst and very strong experience for the rest of
his life. It shows the child how to behave towards each other, how
31 Zákon č. 36/2005 Z. z. o rodine a o zmene a doplnení ďalších zákonov, čl. 2.
32 LEVICKÁ, J. Sociálna práca s rodinou. Trnava : Mosty, n.f a FZSP TU, 2004.
p. 1.
33 MIKLOŠKO, J., ŽARNAY, Š. Ohrozená rodina na Slovensku. Bratislava :
Spoločnosť priateľov detí z detských domovov Úsmev ako dar, 2008. p. 64.
34 Cf. MATOUŠEK, O. Rodina jako instituce a vztahová síť. Praha : Slon. 1993.
p. 10.
21
to work together and help each other, how to react when something
goes wrong. The child follows the opinions, attitudes and values of
the mother and father and thus learns what is the role of a man and
what is a woman. The family is a basic model of social interaction
and communication in a small social group. It integrates the child
into a certain way of life, learns social requirements and norms.
The family and its emotional background are irreplaceable for the
child‘s development. Positive and warm emotional relationships
in the family facilitate the creation of a positive relationship with
people in general.35
We can divide the family according to dierent types, criteria,
based on the size and number of family members, (but also
generational division), based on relationships that govern not only
between parents but also their children, based on the performance
of individual family functions.
The basic typology of families is the division of families into
complete and incomplete families. A complete family is one in
which both parents and at least one child live. We are talking about
a two-generation family where parents and children live. According
to coexistence members, we can further divide the family into:
• harmonious family - here all the needs of family members are
satised,
• a consolidated family - it satises all basic needs and there are no
disagreements in raising children,
• a disharmonious family / disturbed, unstable, disrupted / - there
is a conict in it, there is a tense atmosphere, there is a feeling of
disinterest and cruel treatment of children even between partners,
• a supplemented family - in it, after the divorce, one of the parents
enters into a new marriage with their children, into which the new
partner brings a child from the previous marriage resp. they have
a child together. This is the most complicated type of relationship
35 GILLERNOVÁ, I., BURIÁNEK, J. Základy psychologie, sociologie. 3 vyd.
Olomouc, FORTUNA, 2001. p. 71. GILLERNOVÁ, I., BURIÁNEK, J. Základy
psychologie, sociologie. 3. vyd. Olomouc: FORTUNA 2001. p. 91.
22
that can bring problems like „my children“, „our children“.36
A single-parent family is dened as one in which one parent lives
with the child,
or more children. One of the parents, most often the mother, has
to perform the function for both parents. The requirements that
are placed on one parent are very demanding. The formation of a
single-parent family may be due to:
• death of one of the parents,
• divorce,
• departure of one of the partners (eg imprisonment, decision not
to continue living with the family),
• a woman‘s decision to remain a single mother.37
Working with the family presupposes understanding it in the
rst place. This understanding is not possible without further
knowledge. One of the basic factors inuencing the family is its
cultural and ethnic background. In the territory of Slovakia. There
are three dierent types of families, namely:
• Slovak family,
• Roma family,
• refugee family.38
For the proper development of the child in the family, it is important
that the family functions properly and fullls its functions. It is not
always possible. There are more than just healthy, problem-free
families.
The authors state the division of families according to their
functionality into the following:
functional families - these are de facto families not aected by
problems. These families properly take care of the child‘s life and
well-being,
problem families - these are families in which there are
36 Cf. BAKOŠOVÁ, Z., LUBELCOVÁ, G., POTOČÁROVÁ, M. Sociálna
pedagogika. 1. vyd. Bratislava, SPN – Mladé letá, s.r.o., Bratislava 2005. pp.
32 – 33.
37 Cf. BAKOŠOVÁ, Z., LUBELCOVÁ, G., POTOČÁROVÁ, M. Sociálna
pedagogika. 1. vyd. Bratislava, SPN – Mladé letá, s.r.o., Bratislava 2005. p. 33.
38 Cf. LEVICKÁ, J. Sociálna práca s rodinou, p. 46.
23
disorders of some or all functions. However, these disorders
do not fundamentally endanger the child‘s family system and
development. Despite these „handicaps“, the family is able to solve
and compensate for its problems both by its own eorts and by
occasional external intervention, whether one-time or short-term,
dysfunctional families - are families with serious disorders that
directly threaten the family as a whole. Disorders of this nature are
no longer able to manage the family on their own, and therefore it
is necessary to help the family from the outside,
dysfunctional families - are families that completely cease to
perform their function and seriously harm the child or endanger him
or her in existence. Support for vulnerable families (remediation)
is pointless and unnecessary in this regard. The only solution is to
take the child into alternative family care.39
The term functional family is preferred to normal family,
harmonious family, healthy family and non-clinical family. With
all these titles, theorists try to name the type of families that
form an indispensable pole of thought for both researchers and
practitioners dedicated to families. The designation non-clinical
family can also be considered acceptable, clinical families are
dened by the presence of a disorder. It is necessary to focus
on the main functions of the family, which are the upbringing
of children (in the rst place), then satisfying the needs of adult
family members.40
The family performs the following six main functions:
Biological-reproductive function
This function is presented by experts in two forms, the physiological
form is based on the fact that in the family most people saturate
their basic physiological needs for life (housing, clothing, food,
etc.), the reproductive form presents a procreative form of sexuality
that ensures the reproduction of the human race. mostly in family
39 Cf. HRUBEŠ, J. Práce s rodinami v sociálně vyloučených lokalitách.
Metodika. Praha : Agentúra prosociální začleňovaní, 2014. p. 16.
40 Cf. MATOUŠEK, O. Rodina jako instituce a vztahová síť, p. 117.
24
conditions (currently it is no longer exclusively the domain of the
family).41
„The family creates optimal conditions for ensuring reproduction,
ie for the biological duration of society. In a healthy family, the
optimal environment is not only for the emergence of a new life,
but also for the necessary care needed to sustain this life.“42
Economic function
Each family represents a certain economic and consumption unit,
which has its own income and expenses. A well-functioning family
plans to use their nances in accordance with their needs and
possibilities, distributes money according to certain priorities.43
„Above all, the family needs to economically secure the basic
living needs of its individual members, which seriously aects
the development or stagnation of the market. The vast majority
of Slovak families have to manage their economic resources very
sensibly in order to meet the needs of their members. Part of the
economic function of the family is also to build the right economic
thinking in children and young people.“44
Educational and social function of the family
„The educational function is one of the decisive functions in terms
of socialization.“45
„The family is the rst group that the child comes into contact with.
Within it, the child gradually learns the basics of communication,
hygiene, behavior in society, etc., through contact with other
family members, the child receives a variety of information,
which must gradually process. In the family, the child learns in an
appropriate way to get to know and understand individual social
roles, to understand economic, social, cultural, religious, moral,
social and other relationships in society and their importance
41 GABURA, J. Teória rodiny a proces práce s rodinou. Bratislava : IRIS, 2012.
p. 78.
42 LEVICKÁ, J. Sociálna práca s rodinou, p. 2.
43 GABURA, J. Teória rodiny a proces práce s rodinou, p. 79.
44 LEVICKÁ, J. Sociálna práca s rodinou, p. 2.
45 VIŠŇOVSKÝ, Ľ. Teória výchovy. Banská Bystrica : UMB, 2002. p. 99.
25
for the individual and the whole. In the family, the child learns
to understand the importance of generational relationships, a
suitable way of communicating with parents and grandparents,
which he later applies in communication with other members. At
the same time, they learn to understand themselves, their needs
and to be able to promote their own interests in a suitable way.“46
Emotional and psychohygienic function
“The family represents a person‘s basal emotional environment,
which is dicult for him to replace. In the family, they learn to
accept and give emotions. For a person, a well-functioning family
represents an island of safety, security, positive feelings and
relationships, and creates a background for the mental stability
of its members. Especially in the alienated external world, a
functional family creates a positive emotional background.“47
„From the child‘s point of view, it is the emotional function that
is the most important and irreplaceable function of the family.
Above all, a child needs a stable and loving environment for his
healthy development. Positive emotional relationships in the
family are a prerequisite for the development of the emotional side
of the child‘s personality. Loving parents and siblings also provide
each other with the necessary care, which aects their mental and
physical health. Insucient performance of this function leads
to deformities in the child‘s psychosocial development, which
is manifested by emotional deprivation, frustration, behavioral
disorders and even delinquency. Social work then pays attention
to issues such as truancy, aggression, domestic violence, divorce,
etc..“48
Protective function of the family
„The protective function of the family presupposes that the family
creates a suciently stable environment for the child‘s upbringing,
that the child will not suer due to lack of economic, material
46 LEVICKÁ, J. Sociálna práca s rodinou, p. 3.
47 GABURA, J. Teória rodiny a proces práce s rodinou, p. 78.
48 LEVICKÁ, J. Sociálna práca s rodinou, pp. 3-4.
26
conditions of the family, insucient health or hygiene care or
due to unsuitable moral climate in the family. The family should
provide the child with a home, ie a place that the child protects
in all respects. In this context, in the practice of social work we
encounter the need to protect abandoned children, neglected
and abused children, children living in unsatisfactory conditions,
poverty and the like. we can state that from the point of view of the
individual, there was no major social group in the past.“49
According to J. Gabura, other important functions of the family
include social, nursing, cultural-value, production, rest and
recreation functions.
1.4 Problem families
Each family goes through dierent stressful situations
in individual stages of life. In practice, we encounter families in
which several problems have developed at the same time, which
leads to a multiple-faceted burden on all family members, or
a serious problem aects the family for a long time or it is a so-
called a generational problem that family members pass on from
generation to generation.50
„If a family does not fulll some of its basic functions at the
level set by social norms in a given country, we say that it has family
disorders.“51 „The family nds itself in danger of failing in one of
its functions, it becomes disharmonious, which ultimately aects
all family members. Early intervention can prevent problems from
deepening or even eliminating these problems. From the point
of view of social work, a multi-problem family needs a support
system in which, in addition to family members, other institutions
and experts may be involved. The aim is to look together with the
family for its own resources and motivational factors that will lead
to a change in the family‘s behavior, a change in the attitudes of its
49 LEVICKÁ, J. Sociálna práca s rodinou, p. 4.
50 Cf. FILIPOVÁ, M. Manuál sociálnej práce. Banská Bystrica: Mesto Banská
Bystrica, 2008. pp. 85-91.
51 MIKLOŠKO, J., ŽARNAY, Š. Ohrozená rodina na Slovensku, p. 65.
27
members as a prerequisite for the recovery of the family.“52
Even some troubled families can function normally as
long as their stress arising from conict with their immediate
surroundings are alleviated. Some families suer not only from
the pressure coming from the environment, but also from internal
psychological tension.53
A multi-problem family is one with which professionals
in the helping elds often come into contact. This family has
serious diculties in several areas of its functioning, such as
housing, nance, raising children, partnerships with extended
family members, relations with institutions, conicts with the law,
diseases, addictions. This label does not have to be considered a
stigmatizing label - it emphasizes the complex nature of the needs
of such labeled families. In the current literature, they are referred
to as families with special needs.54
A multi-problem family usually already has many contacts. During
the start of the cooperation, it is therefore worthwhile to nd out
with whom the family was in contact and how it evaluates this
contact. It is advisable to avoid the risk that the family works in
parallel to solve a problem with someone else. It is also good to
nd out what other problems the family cooperates on and with
which organizations. This information will help structure and
clarify intensive support. Another advantage of this mapping is the
fact that it is possible to dene the rules of cooperation with other
organizations, mutual competencies and roles. The basic goal of
providing assistance should be to be perceived by the family as a
partner or ally.55
In the internal relations of clinical families, the assessors
nd an atmosphere of distrust, expectation of discomfort. Behavior
52 BÍLASOVÁ, T. Mnohoproblémová rodina ako objekt sociálnej práce. In
Metódy sociálnej práce s rodinou, Bratislava : Vysoká škola zdravotníctva a
sociálnej práce sv. Alžbety v Bratislave, 2012. pp. 57-58.
53 Cf. HARTL, P. Komunita občanská a komunita terapeutická, Praha : Slon,
1997. p. 125.
54 Cf. MATOUŠEK, O, PAZLAROVÁ, H. Hodnocení ohroženého dítěte a rodiny.
Praha : Portál, 2010. pp. 17-18.
55 Cf. HRUBEŠ, J. Práce s rodinami v sociálně vyloučených lokalitách, p. 12.
28
that is judged to be hostile is responded to in these families by
violent enemy retaliation or unconditional (but often feigned)
surrender. The needs and wishes of family members are accepted
as unacceptable, unjustied and rejected. Sharp power struggles
are common in clinical families, sometimes leading to the family
being divided into two camps. In such an atmosphere, no one is
tolerated of hesitation or indecision, both sides demand loyalty.
Forming coalitions is considered particularly pernicious when it
crosses the generation line (for example, a parent joins a child
against another parent). Despite all the required adjustments,
despite repeated requests and threats, the roles in clinical families
remain unclear, and the division of responsibilities between family
members is uncertain. If possible, everyone avoids responsibilities
or someone wants to take it o, but they cannot bear it. Despite the
proclaimed closeness and reciprocity, there are signs of distance,
non-involvement in clinical families. In functional families, on the
other hand, good for good is expected. Family members take into
account and respect each other. These families are characterized by
a strong coalition between parents, which no external inuence can
permanently threaten. There is a clear hierarchy of responsibilities
in the family. The uniqueness of individuals is evaluated positively.
There is a balance in the family between intimacy and the need to
share.56
1.5 Dysfunctional family
„In the area of the family, the term dysfunction is used
to refer to families who have an impaired ability to saturate the
material, psychological and social needs of their members. If a
family ceases or does not perform some important functions, if
there is no balance and regulation of family functions, if the family
unilaterally prefers one of the functions at the expense of others,
when it sacrices some functions important for its continuity,
experts talk about a dysfunctional family. there are severe disorders
of some or all of the family‘s functions. These directly endanger or
harm the family as a whole and the child‘s upbringing in particular.
56 Cf. MATOUŠEK, O. Rodina jako instituce a vztahová síť, pp. 118-119.
29
Such a family, unlike a problem family, needs constant help from
professionals.57
Dysfunction is a reduced or impaired function, aected by human
behavior with a negative consequence that negatively aects society.
Another denition says that it is an unintended consequence of a
certain activity.58
„Dysfunctional families are drawn into a dangerous (vicious circle):
parents who are unable or unwilling to build mutual unity and
emotional and social security for their children, instead of a model
of peaceful coexistence, impose on them a legacy of dysfunction
for their future families.“59
We distinguish these types of dysfunctional families:
• immature family - is insuciently prepared to fulll parental
responsibilities. These are mainly young families who do not have
enough life experience, enough feelings and skills to perform
parental functions.
• overloaded family - e.g. the birth of another child, conicts or
economic problems.
• ambitious family - its success is determined by the success of
children at school, parents at work, material equipment of the
family. In these families, material security is at the expense of the
upbringing and emotional equipment of children.
• perfectionist family - requires high performance from children
regardless of their assumptions and abilities.
• authoritarian family - requires blind obedience, enforces drills in
education, uses more punishments and often this type of education
is applied by the father.
• pampering (protectionist) family - wants to satisfy the child at all
costs. Parents act to protect the child, Together suers with him
57 Cf. HANDZELOVÁ, J., ILAVSKÝ, B. Model Togetherpráce rodiny žiaka
z marginalizovaných rómskych komunít a základnej školy. Bratislava :
Metodicko-pedagogické centrum, 2013. p. 23.
58 Cf. GABURA, J. Teória rodiny a proces práce s rodinou, p. 157.
59 LENCZOVÁ, T. Akútna kontra preventívna pomoc dysfunkčným rodinám.
In Mosty k rodine [online]. 2012, iss. 3, no. 1 [cit. 2020-09-09]. Available at:
<http://www.mostykrodine.sk/mosty5.pdf>.
30
and submits to him at all costs.60
Family dysfunction can be:
acute - the family does not currently manage some important
functions and needs short-term help (material, nancial and
counseling). Acute dysfunction is a transient condition when the
problem is diagnosed quickly, when the family is ready to receive
professional help, and when it is willing to participate in solving
their problems.
chronic - the family has often already adapted to its dysfunction
and is not motivated to change. Such a family usually expects
unilateral, non-binding, nancial support, but is not motivated to
work on their problem.61
„Children in dysfunctional families suer emotionally and are
often exposed to stressful situations, which has an adverse eect
on their further development and ability to socialize in society and
peer groups. In these families, an incomprehensible deafness to a
state of extreme mental distress of a member was observed. There
were many contradictions, misunderstandings and confusions in
the communication of dysfunctional families.“62
The most common symptoms of family dysfunction include the
following disorders: lack of funds to cover basic physiological
needs, housing problems in terms of meeting quality of life
standards, inability to work with nancial budget, inability to
prioritize spending, non-payment of rent and services, many non-
performing loans, imminent decommissioning , non-involvement
in nding a job, low level of creativity in nding ways to make
money, dependence of one or more family members on alcohol
or drugs, problems in caring for children and fullling parental
roles, chronic truancy of children, antisocial behavior, vandalism
and crime, health neglect, hygiene problems, street life, begging,
partner problems, absence of positive emotions towards children,
60 HANDZELOVÁ, J., ILAVSKÝ, B. Model spolupráce rodiny žiaka z
marginalizovaných rómskych komunít a základnej školy, p. 23.
61 GABURA, J. Teória rodiny a proces práce s rodinou, p. 158.
62 FIRDA, M. Jeden krok vpred a opäť vzad (Význam prostredia rodiny a
sanácia). In Mosty k rodine [online]. 2012, iss. 3, no. 1 [cit. 2020-09-09].
Available at : <http://www.mostykrodine.sk/mosty5.pdf>.
31
divorce and post-divorce problems, gambling, untreated mental
disorders and illnesses, abuse or abuse of some family members,
ignorance of legal and social h laws, etc.63
We can also consider the issue of liability to be a big problem. The
problematic behavior of one of the family members also has a very
negative eect on the others. Other members may thus suer from
various diculties, even though they themselves do not show any
signs of problematic behavior at all.64
Of the various general risks for adolescents, such as: low self-
esteem and self-condence, chronic illness or disability, severe
family poverty, uncertain prospects for the future, pregnancy
and parenthood in adolescence, parental illness or disability,
etc., children from dysfunctional families still have adolescence
in addition, specic risks (without claim to completeness):
premature and immature sexual activity, children‘s interest in
drug experiences, the risk that future marriages and families of
adolescents will be as unstable as their parents‘ relationships.65
The current practice of professionals working with dysfunctional
families signals that the dysfunctional family primarily expects
nancial assistance (in the form of social benets and allowances)
and is minimally motivated to invest in work to optimize the
functioning of the family or build positive family relationships.
Unilateral nancial assistance can help in situations, but it
certainly does not systematically solve the basic problems of the
family, which become chronic with such an approach. An expert
working with dysfunctional families should be able to set priorities
in their work and build an action plan to work with the family on
them. He should start his professional work by solving problems
related to the basic physiological and social needs of the family
and only then gradually focus on other problems. The professional
should be fully acquainted with Maslow‘s pyramid of human needs
63 GABURA, J. Teória rodiny a proces práce s rodinou, p. 159.
64 Cf. POLAČKO, J. Rola sociálnych služieb a sociálneho poradenstva pri riešení
problémov vyplývajúcich z alkoholovej závislosti. In Storoška, M., Madzinová
R. (Eds.): Zborník vedeckých prác, p. 82.
65 Cf. LENCZOVÁ, T. Akútna kontra preventívna pomoc dysfunkčným
rodinám, pp. 22-23.
32
and constantly realize that if the client does not have satised basic
needs, it will be dicult to motivate him to meet higher needs.66
In general, the most common problem families include:
• immature family,
• family in divorce,
• a family with an unemployed member,
• a family with a member using addictive substances,
• a family with a disabled member,
• family with a sick member,
• a family neglecting, abusing and abusing their member.
Immature family
One of the basic preconditions for a harmonious marriage and
an optimally functioning family is the somatic, psychological and
social maturity of both partners. Immature people do not have the
full capacity to form a mature relationship, so their relationship
or the fulllment of parental roles may end in failure. Signs of
maturity are considered to be civic and partnership responsibility,
economic independence, the ability to take on life tasks, readiness
for partnership and parenthood, the ability to maintain long-
term relationships, acceptance of oneself and others, tolerance
and respect for others, reliability. This inventory of characters
represents an almost unattainable ideal, which most people can
only approach with diculty. According to our constitution, the
completion of the 18th year of life represents full civic adulthood
with all civil rights, including the right to marry.67 Maturity for
marriage and parenthood is gained with respect for one‘s own
parents. The fourth commandment of the Bible, „Honor thy
father and thy mother, that thou mayest live long, and prosper
on the earth,“ shall apply to all nations and faiths. Only if one
can love one‘s own parents, respect them in spite of all the
mistakes they have made, does one become an adult and mature
66 GABURA, J. Teória rodiny a proces práce s rodinou, pp. 160-161.
67 Cf. GABURA, J. Teória rodiny a proces práce s rodinou, pp. 131-132.
33
for marriage.68
„Developmental psychology perceives a person‘s personal maturity
at the physical, mental, emotional, social and spiritual levels.
However, many young people mistakenly believe that having an
adult body is the best prerequisite for forming partnerships. Many
begin to have sex at an early age.“69
Table 3 Marriage of singles70
Age 16 16 16 17 17 17
Year Men Woman Together Men Woman Together
2004- 5 42 47 11 125 136
2005- 233 35 12 80 92
2006- 1 32 33 19 111 130
2007- 055 55 25 126 151
2008- 8 67 75 20 126 146
2009- 7 69 76 28 144 172
2010- 9 25 36 89 160 249
2011- 10 69 79 24 120 144
2012- 11 22 33 93 130 223
2013- 7 74 81 44 189 233
Family in divorce
Divorce can be understood as a demographic event (mass
phenomenon monitored statistically) or as a social phenomenon,
which is important as an indicator of family stability and social
68 BAJKAIOVÁ, Z. Škola lásky v rodine. In Mosty k rodine. [online]. 2012, iss.
3, no.1. [cit. 2020-11-18]. Available at:<http://www.mostykrodine.sk/mosty5.
pdf>.
69 POLOŇOVÁ, J. Vplyv osobnostnej zrelosti partnerov na vznik rodiny v
súčasnosti. In Studia Aloisiana. [online]. 2011, iss. 2, no. 1. [cit. 2020-09-15].
Available at :
<http://studiaaloisiana.tftu.sk/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Vplyv-
osobnostnej-zrelosti-partnerov-na-vznik-rodiny-v-s%C3%BA%C4%8Dasnosti.
pdf.>.
70 ŠTATISTICKÝ ÚRAD. Tabuľky sobášnosti slobodných [online]. [2020-11-
25]. Available at: <https://slovak.statistics.sk/wps/portal/>.
34
climate in society. However, divorce cannot be perceived
unilaterally as a negative social phenomenon. In some cases, divorce
is a possibility of resolving a traumatic situation that harms both
partners and children. It is important for professionals working
with their families to know the causes of divorce. The courts cite
dierent interests of partners, indelity, alcohol problems, lack of
interest in the child, etc. as the most common causes of divorce.71
The divorce phase is not only dicult for the partners, but
especially for their children. Children can react to unwanted
divorce in dierent ways. They may feel sadness and despair,
denial, aggression, indierence and apathy, feel isolated, often
escape illness and expect reconciliation of parents in the bed of
a sick child, fail at school and socially, punish a new partner of a
parent, try to renovate the parents‘ marriage.72
Graph 1 Comparison of marriages and divorces in the Slovak
Republic73
71 Cf. GABURA, J. Teória rodiny a proces práce s rodinou, p. 163, 164.
72 Cf. GABURA, J. Teória rodiny a proces práce s rodinou, pp. 176-178.
73 ŠTATISTICKÝ ÚRAD. Porovnanie sobášov a rozvodov v SR. [online].
[2020-11-25] . Available at:
http://statdat.statistics.sk/cognosext/cgi-bin/cognos.
cgi?b_action=cognosViewer&ui.action=run&ui.
object=storeID(%22i700C5B7ABED1414B8B23B4A69E91D146%22)&ui.
name=Z%C3%A1kladn%C3%A9%20charakteristiky%20
obyvate%C4%BEstva%20(absol%C3%BAtne%20%C3%BAdaje)%20
%5bo0001rs%5d&run.outputFormat=&run.prompt=true&cv.header=false&ui.
backURL=%2fcognosext%2fcps4%2fportlets%2fcommon%2fclose.html&run.
outputLocale=sk
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2012
2013
2014
2015
Marriage
25415
25621
26006
25491
26737
28775
Divorce
12015
11767
10948
10946
10514
9786
Stĺpcový graf
0
7500
15000
22500
30000
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Marriage Divorce
Comparison of marriages and divorces in the Slovak Republic
4
35
A family with a substance abusive member
Substance abuse and dependence represent a signicant burden
on individuals and society.74 Addiction is a condition that can arise
very quickly or as a result of long-term use of certain substances,
or repetition of certain activities. A typical sign of addiction is the
addict‘s inability to control his behavior.75
In principle, a distinction is made between physical (somatic) and
mental dependence. Physical dependence refers to the development
of unpleasant physical symptoms (eg, tremors, sweating, cramps,
diarrhea) after stopping or abruptly reducing a regular dose of
an addictive substance. Mental addiction means the desire to re-
establish pleasant mental states. Physical addiction is present for
several days, at most several weeks, mental addiction persists
much longer.76
„Family problems are also caused by non-substance addictions, of
which gambling is the most problematic addiction. Pathological
gambling endangers the family, especially nancially and
materially, which can result in a situation where the family not
only loses all the funds necessary for survival, it can lose its roof
over its head and family members can be endangered for health or
life due to unpaid debts. In another way, they threaten the family
and its stability of dependence on electronic media. Addicts of this
type live an alternative virtual life through the media, they isolate
themselves from other family members, the family creates only a
formal framework for their lives.“77
Family with an unemployed member
Unemployment in a market economy can be characterized as an
unrealized supply of labor in the labor market. It occurs when the
supply of labor in the labor market exceeds the demand. The reasons
can be cited by high ination, which reduces the purchasing power
of the population and thus saves people, decreases the demand for
74 Cf. FISCHER, S., ŠKODA, J. Sociální patologie., p. 88.
75 Cf. MATOUŠEK, O., PAZLAROVÁ, H. Podpora rodiny, p. 121.
76 Cf. FISCHER, S., ŠKODA, J. Sociální patologie. p. 88.
77 GABURA, J. Teória rodiny a proces práce s rodinou, p. 145.
36
products and services and thus for labor; disproportionately low
remuneration for work does not allow the consumption of goods
and services that are not sold and may consequently create a surplus
of labor; weak salaries can be a disincentive to looking for a job
compared to another solution, e.g. gray economy; inappropriate
qualication and training structure of the workforce, which does
not nd a suitable application; structural changes caused by the
disappearance of certain productions, industries or sectors.78
„Unemployment is a serious social problem that often exceeds the
possibilities for solving individuals. This means that a person wants
to work, is professionally and medically capable of performing a
job, but cannot nd a job. Unemployment most aects people over
the age of 50 adolescents (school graduates) and people without
qualications.“79
The impact of unemployment on the family is marked. The
consequences of unemployment on the unemployed family are as
follows: the family gets into nancial diculties, there is a crisis
of the family system and disruption of daily family habits, there
is a change in social relations in the family and social isolation
of the family, changes in the position of the unemployed in the
family system, loss of status and authority, there are changes in
the division of domestic work and home care.80
The consequences of unemployment are not only felt by those
who have lost their jobs. In fact, unemployment aects far more
people.81
„There are no accurate statistics on Roma unemployment, only
estimates can be made based on an assessment of the situation
in problematic and marginalized localities in Slovakia. It is in
78 Cf. HETTEŠ, M., Zamestnanosť a sociálna práca. Bratislava : Vysoká škola
zdravotníctva a sociálnej práce sv. Alžbety, 2013. p. 25.
79 HETTEŠ, M., Zamestnanosť a sociálna práca, p. 49.
80 KURKOVÁ, Z. Revitalizácia v železničnej spoločnosti Cargo Slovakia, a. p. s
dopadom na nezamestnanosť. In Metódy sociálnej práce s rodinou, Bratislava:
Vysoká škola zdravotníctva a sociálnej práce sv. Alžbety v Bratislave, 2012. pp.
311-312.
81 Cf. MAREŠ, P. Nezaměstnanost jako sociální problém. Praha : Slon, 2002.
p. 79.
37
districts with a high Roma population that the unemployment
rate is highest. Based on unocial data on the unemployment
of the Roma population from the previous period, it is clear
that the number of unemployed Roma in the Slovak Republic
is systematically growing and the Roma population makes up a
signicant majority of the long-term unemployed in the Slovak
Republic. The main problems inuencing the high unemployment
of the Roma population are the low qualication of Roma, the
lack of interest of employers in such workers due to lack of job
opportunities, low work ethic of part of the Roma population and
lack of job opportunities, especially in districts with high Roma
numbers.“82
Indebted family
„We can almost certainly say that most young families in Slovakia
are in debt. Various types of loans have become a common part of
them today. Today, many, especially young families, are in debt.
The concept of debt is not only associated with loans, whether
from a bank or non-bank entity, but also mortgages, leases, debits
on our own account, unpaid rent, collection, telephone bills, etc.
These are all terms that we could call in one word “debts“.83
The main causes of problems that cause nancial problems: crisis
life situation caused by, for example, unemployment, illness,
injury, retirement, pathological factors conditioning the nancial
crisis, we can include addictions to alcohol, „hard“ drugs, gambling,
problematic social factors, including the problem of globalization,
consumer lifestyle, manipulative advertising, oensive marketing
strategies, the impact of advertising, surplus goods, the eort to
compare with the social environment.84
82 Úrad vlády SR, Stratégia Slovenskej republiky pre integráciu Rómov do
roku 2020. [online]. Bratislava : Úrad vlády SR, 2011, 118 p. [cit. 2020-09-15].
Available at:<http://www.minv.sk/swift_data/source/romovia/dokumenty/
StrategiaSR_integraciaRomov.pdf, p. 32.
83 DREXLEROVÁ, B. Niektoré z metód využívaných v sociálnej práci so
zadlženými rodinami. In Metódy sociálnej práce s rodinou, Bratislava : Vysoká
škola zdravotníctva a sociálnej práce sv. Alžbety v Bratislave, 2012. p. 148.
84 GABURA, J. Teória rodiny a proces práce s rodinou, p. 262.
38
Family with a sick and a disabled member
In all countries of the European Union, the family is of paramount
importance to people with disabilities, as the family is the primary
care provider for its disabled members. Families with disabled
members are more at risk of poverty, social exclusion or even
discrimination. If there is a sick member in the family or a member
with a decit of a certain organ function, the family in most cases
begins to perceive the world from a dierent perspective. The role
of a disabled family member often brings a limited space for social
application, a specic content of social roles, negative signs may be
exclusion, prejudice or attitude stereotypes of the majority.
Characteristics of individual disabilities:
• physically handicapped - this includes individuals who have
a disability of the locomotor as well as nervous system manifested
by impaired mobility,
• disabled - these are individuals who have signicant negative
changes in their health and require special care,
• impaired - these are individuals who have reduced resistance
to disease,
• sick - individuals are considered to be patients who suer
from an acute, but most often chronic disease. Due to frequent
hospitalizations, life restrictions or a stay in a spa or sanatorium,
they require special care.85
„Based on the relevant demographic indicators, it can be stated that
according to age, the Roma population has a progressive character.
This means that the pre-productive component of the population
(children) is the highest, followed by the productive component
and the number of people in the post-productive (also retired)
age is minimal. Based on this demographic structure, it can be
stated that the average life expectancy of the Roma population is
signicantly shorter than that of the majority. Some sources state
that up to 10 years. Poor living conditions in segregated Roma
settlements and in localities with a high concentration of Roma
population, as well as low health awareness, have an impact on the
85 Cf. DRAGANOVÁ, H. a kol. Sociálna starostlivosť, p. 93.
39
frequent occurrence of infectious diseases.“ 86
As M. Nová states, “currently, the European trend of
deinstitutionalization of care for the elderly is mentioned among
the professional public, ie. if the health condition and other
circumstances allow the senior to stay in their house or apartment,
it is more ecient for the services to be provided in a natural
environment. Only in case of self-suciency or unsatisfactory
home environment should placement in a residential facility follow.
As part of the deinstitutionalization of care for the elderly, the
involvement of a family or other close person is often necessary.“87
This trend is characteristic not only for the target group of seniors,
but also for the target group of the disabled.
A family that neglects, abuses and abuses its member
Child Abuse and Neglect (CAN) syndrome is dened as damage to
a child‘s physical, mental and social condition and development
as a result of any accidental behavior by a parent or other adult
who is considered society. unacceptable. It is a set of negative
consequences of child abuse. These symptoms may be the result
of active injury or lack of care. The child suers from the neglect of
his important life needs.88
It takes the following forms:
Physical abuse - represents all inappropriate acts of violence
against a child. In addition to a gross attack on a child, which results
in bodily injury, permanent harm to the child, or even the death of
the child, it also includes the regular use of corporal punishment
of the child as the predominant means of education. These include
improper beating of hands or various tools, (thong), kicking a
child, punching, burns (cigarette), scalding with hot water, stab
wounds (often with scissors), hair pulling, inappropriate pulling
86 Úrad vlády SR, Stratégia Slovenskej republiky pre integráciu Rómov do
roku 2020. [online]. Bratislava : Úrad vlády SR, 2011, 118 p. [cit. 2020-09-15].
Available at: <http://www.minv.sk/swift_data/source/romovia/dokumenty/
StrategiaSR_integraciaRomov.pdf>, p. 35.
87 NOVÁ, M. Metody sociální práce se seniory. In Ondrušová, J., Krahulcová,
B. Gerentologie pro sociální práci. Praha: Karolinum, 2020. p. 127.
88 Cf. FISCHER, S., ŠKODA, J. Sociální patologie. p. 145.
40
of the ears, strangulation, suocation, strong shaking, binding,
handcung, denial of sleep, food, bullying.89
Mental abuse - includes such behavior towards a child that has
a negative impact on the child‘s emotional development, behavior,
personality and self-esteem or a negative impact on the development
of interpersonal relationships. The most common are frequent
swearing, humiliation, ridicule, contempt, threats, targeted
induction of fear in the child, rejection of the child, emotional
deprivation, emotional blackmail, permanent comparison with a
more successful sibling, demanding unrealistic performance - at
school, in the area of interest (sports, music), disproportionate
burden of the child with domestic duties or care for siblings,
psychological abuse of the child in connection with the situation
before divorce, divorce and after the divorce of the parents, when
the child is exposed to long-term and disproportionate burden
arising in connection with divorce, bullying.90
Sexual abuse – „Sexual abuse is the abuse of an adult‘s power
over a child to sexually meet the needs of an adult. Sexual behavior
is a pathology that is punishable by criminal law.“91 By sexual
abuse is meant any inappropriate exposure of a child to sexual
contact or behavior which leads primarily to the satisfaction of the
sexual needs of the abuser. The basic forms include contactless
abuse (nakedness in front of the child, masturbation, observation
of a naked child for the purpose of one‘s own sexual arousal and
satisfaction, exposing the child to pornographic magazines and
movies, forcing the child to watch intercourse), contact abuse
(touching or kissing children) , loving breasts, genitals, forcing a
child to manipulate his or her sexual organs or an abuser, oral and
anal sex, sexual intercourse, including rape), commercial abuse
(abuse and coercion to pornography or prostitution).92
89 Cf. FISCHER, S., ŠKODA, J. Sociální patologie. p. 146.
90 Cf. FISCHER, S., ŠKODA, J. Sociální patologie. pp. 146-147.
91 GABURA, J. Teória rodiny a proces práce s rodinou, p. 149.
92 Cf. FISCHER, S., ŠKODA, J. Sociální patologie. p. 147.
41
2 CONFLICT AND THE DISSOLUTION OF MARRIAGE
The family is the foundation of society. Marriage is meant
to be a lasting and harmonious living between one man and
one woman, with a complex social, moral, biological and legal
relationship between them. The formation of a marriage as well
as the dissolution of a marriage union occurs only in the manner
prescribed by law.93
In society, family and marriage are considered the most important.
In today‘s society, however, the word divorce is increasingly used.
The reason for a divorce is not meant as any disruption between
the spouses, it must be a serious dissolution of relationships.
Although society creates all the preconditions for maintaining
marriage and marital relations, it has not yet taken a negative
position on divorce. Divorce occurs when a marriage ceases to
fulll its social function and the relationship between the spouses
is so permanently disrupted that they cannot be expected to remain
in a dysfunctional marriage. In such a case, it would not be right to
insist on the inseparability of the marriage.94
A person encounters many people during his life and it is
common to get into smaller or larger conicts with these people.
The same is true in marriage. During its duration, the marital
relationship goes through various phases, in which the form of
love between the partners changes, the way they communicate
with each other, or the needs that satisfy each other. Divorce has
become a common part of people‘s lives. We believe that this fact
is closely related to the consumerist way of life, people tend to
consume a lot and quickly, so they transfer this fact to marriage.
Instead of resolving conicts, divorce and subsequent remarriage
often come.
According to D. Šlosár, “partners should realize that conicts
and crises in a marital relationship occur by law. ...During a
marital crisis, it is important to maintain balance and patience,
93 LAZAR, J. a kol. Občianske právo hmotné, Bratislava: Iure Edition, 2006.
p. 231.
94 Cf. GARDNER A, R. Rozvod a čo ďalej. Martin : Osveta, 1991. p. 55.
42
avoid hasty decisions, and wait for the crisis to subside. Divorce
should only be the last resort, when the breakdown of the family
causes it to fail.“95 Men and women are dierent beings. Men
have better abilities in spatial orientation, more exible responses
to unpleasant expressions and therefore it is easier for men
to move from hostility to cooperation. In contrast, women are
more interested in interpersonal relationships, are better able
to empathize with other people, and are more persistent in their
actions. Due to these dierences, partners as well as spouses can
sometimes get into some tension and unpleasant quarrels. If they
realize these dierences, it is one of the ways to prevent conicts
between them. And if they learn to live with it, they may be able
to save their marriage. However, if conicts are more frequent
and the spouses are unable to reach real solutions, there will be a
breakdown in the relationship and a divorce associated with it.96
Auxiliary aim 2: To nd out the attitude towards divorce
proceedings of spouses as a solution for marital problems.
Table 4 Attitude towards divorce proceedings of spouses as a
solution for marital problems.
n%
Positive 58 17,5
Negative 212 63,9
Don`t know 62 18,7
Together 332 100
An attitude can be dened as an evaluation, a feeling, or some
opportunity to act with respect to a stimulus that can be oered
from the outside and the very thought operations of a person.
Attitudes most often express quality - that is, evaluation, they have
some purpose, intensity and consistency, i.e. rigidity, strength or
95 Cf. ŠLOSÁR, D. Kríza manželstva. In Manželstvo dnes. Vedecká konferencia
s medzinárodnou účasťou. Ružomberok : Verbum, 2009. p. 167.
96 Cf. MATOUŠEK, O. Metody a řízení sociální práce. Praha: Portál, 2003. p.
249.
43
coherence.
In the semi-open question, we asked questions about the
respondents‘ attitudes to the divorce proceedings of the spouses
as a possible solution to family problems. In the questionnaire
question, these answers were given with the possibility of
answering the respondent in his own words, so we have grouped
these statements into three categories: - positive, - negative and
Don‘t know.
In the category of positive answers (positive attitudes) to decisions
on divorce proceedings, there were answers: “if it is the only way,
if someone in the partnership is neglected, if children suer, if it
is at the expense of family quality, if the family does not fulll its
functions, if I can‘t stand it .... A positive attitude was expressed
by 58 respondents (which is 17,5 percent of the total number of
respondents).
A negative attitude was expressed by 212 respondents (which is
63,9 percent of the total number of respondents). In this category
there were answers such as: „everything must be done to save the
marriage, the church aspect, the benet of marriage for children,
problems must be solved, there is no need to run away from
them...“.
Null hypothesis 2: There is no statistically signicant correlation
between the statements of the respondents and their opinion on
the negative attitude towards divorce proceedings as a solution to
family problems.
Hypothesis 2: We assume that more than 70 percent of
respondents will have a negative attitude towards divorce
proceedings as a solution to family problems.
Based on the evaluation of our question, we can say that our
hypothesis number 2 was not conrmed, as only 63.9 percent
expressed their negative attitude to the divorce proceedings of
spouses as a solution to family problems. However, as part of the
answers to this question, we also received answers of the type
„I do not know“ (62 answers 18.7 percent of the total number of
respondents) and therefore we can say that this attitude changes or
44
is ambiguous due to the inexperience of respondents, they do not
want to interfere in other people‘s relationships, they do not know
what problem is causing the divorce ... and it is these respondents
who do not know or do not want to express their position on the
issue.
Divorce is a process that is a stressful situation in the table of life
events with stress potential and ranks second only after the death
of a partner. Divorce is associated with losses, physical, mental,
property and also changes in everyday life, whether in management
or nancing.97
Many spouses divorce because they naively believe that their life
situation will improve incomparably after divorce and they will
nd satisfaction in a new marriage or partnership. They think
that initial enthusiasm and romantic love will last forever. But if
someone thinks that he can be romantic in love for the rest of his
life, he will certainly be disappointed, no matter how many times
he marries.98
„Marriage is a generally complex social, moral, biological and
legal relationship between a man and a woman“.99 „Divorce is
considered one of the most stressful events in a person‘s life. In
almost every case of divorce, not only spouses but also children are
aected by divorce“.100
The family as a whole is the result of the internal structural and
functional integration of individual family members into the
family system. The family system is decomposed together in time
and space, in a biological and socio-historical context.101
Divorce is currently the only way to end a valid marriage
97 Cf. POUPĚTOVÁ, Š. Netrapte se po rozvodu. Vyd. 1. Praha: Grada. 2009. p.
89.
98 Cf. GARDNER A, R. Rozvod a čo ďalej, 1991. p. 15.
99 LAZAR, J. a kol. Občianske právo hmotné, Bratislava: Iure Edition, 2006.
p. 231.
100 PAVELKOVÁ, B. Ako postupovať pri rozvode. Bratislava : Príroda, 2006.
p. 35.
101 Cf. SOBOTKOVÁ, I. Psychologie rodiny. 2. přeprac. vyd. Praha: Portál,
2007. p. 112.
45
during the life of both spouses. „There is no legal right to divorce,
it is not the exclusive personal matter of the spouses, it is not
enough to agree on it. Even the consent of both spouses does not
guarantee that the marriage will be divorced. Divorce is decided
exclusively by the court, which in divorce proceedings assesses the
fulllment of the substantive conditions of the divorce.“102 These
conditions are two and are set out in the Family Act as follows:
- the break-up is so serious that marriage can no longer serve a
social purpose,
- the disruption is so permanent that the resumption of cohabitation
of the spouses cannot be expected.103
We consider divorce and subsequent family breakdown to be the
most dicult period for all participants. „Many authors classify
divorce as a manifestation of social pathology. On the one hand,
divorce is considered a basic remedial measure to prevent conicts
between spouses and to end problematic cohabitation. On the
other hand, if the expected positive changes are not achieved,
further frustrations, stress and conict will occur even after the
divorce.“104
D. Šlosár considers divorce as a remedial measure to eliminate the
disagreement between the spouses. It is a relatively dicult period,
on the one hand for direct parties to the divorce, i. j. for parents
and children, and on the other hand for the whole extended family.
The author goes on to talk about three stages of divorce:
• marital / family discord - arises from less serious conicts and
reects the lack of ability of spouses to resolve disputes and seek
compromises,
• marital / family breakdown - starts after the rst stage and
manifests itself in the failure of individual functions of the family,
• divorce - formal termination of marriage.105
102 PAVELKOVÁ, B. Ako postupovať pri rozvode. Bratislava : Príroda, 2006.
p. 6.
103 Cf. § 23 Zákona č. 36/2005 Z. z. o rodine v znení neskorších predpisov
104 MATEJČEK, Z., DYTRYCH, Z. Krizové situace v rodine očima dítete. Pra-
ha : Grada, 2002. p. 39.
105 Cf. ŠLOSÁR, D. Kríza manželstva. In Manželstvo dnes. Vedecká konferen-
cia s medzinárodnou účasťou. Ružomberok : Verbum, 2009. pp. 168-170.
46
We meet a similar opinion as brought by D. Šlosár with
M. Korbová, according to whom “the decision to divorce is not
a matter of the moment. He is preceded by various lengths of
marriage crisis. Divorce as a social phenomenon, individual
societies, cultures, religions approach in dierent ways. On the
one hand, the extreme is its complete ban, on the other hand, the
very tolerant attitude towards it is extreme. The growing number
of divorces is becoming a social problem because it goes beyond
individuality and aects more people.“106
Although the mental balance of the former spouses and
their families is expected to be restored after the divorce, practical
experience conrms that most marriages continue to have a tense
atmosphere, which is formally manifested through frequent
litigation over maintenance, property and so on.107 Marriage is no
longer understood as an irrevocable union, divorce is accepted by
society as a consequence of the natural behavior of spouses who
choose to end their marriage.
Divorce represents a burden not only for divorcing spouses, but
also for their child, resp. children. E. Teyber ranks divorce second
in the table of life events with stress potential. The only more
stressful event is the death of a partner. Coping with this burden
requires time, space and understanding, which is often challenging,
given the demands of working at work or caring for children.108
Conict situations in the family cause stress, which,
according to I. Možný, causes several psychosomatic diseases in
adults and children. Divorce as a crisis and stress can also cause
alcohol, sedatives, or even drugs.109 However, in our opinion, not
only men and women are at risk, but also adolescents, who may
nd themselves in an inappropriate society under the inuence of
problems.
106 KORBOVÁ, M. Rozvod v spoločnosti. In Manželstvo dnes. Vedecká konfe-
rencia s medzinárodnou účasťou. Ružomberok : Verbum, 2009. p. 114.
107 Cf. BAKALÁŘ, E. a kol. Rozvodová problematika a moderní psychologie.
Praha : Karolinum, 2006. p. 23.
108 Cf. TEYBER, E. Děti a rozvod. Praha : Návrat domů. p. 56.
109 Cf. MOŽNÝ, I. Rodina a společnost. Praha : SLON, 2006. p. 204.
47
Every member of the family has to deal with a new life situation
after the divorce, children e.g. with the loss of one of the parents,
adults with a separate household, with limited contact with a child,
etc. They also have to deal with the reaction of their surroundings.
Divorce for both adult partners means disrupting common ways
of life. One has a feeling of loss and disorientation, often in values.
The strong emotional crises that accompany the break-up of a
marriage give rise to defense mechanisms in the partners. These
are protection (only partial) against the traumatizing eects of
divorce proceedings and the whole situation during the family
break-up. They occur more often in women than in men. According
to E. Bakalář, the most common defense mechanisms include
rationalization (the partner tries to give generally acceptable
reasons for his own actions) and projection (the partner tries to
reect his own mistakes in the partner‘s behavior and also get rid
of his own sense of responsibility for family breakdown).110
Bad mental state can soon aect the physical state. The body
reacts quickly to any imbalances and severe life crises, which
cause various diseases, e.g. sleep disorders, headaches, anorexia,
etc. At the same time, we believe that divorce puts a person in a
vicious circle when it comes to his health. This means that just as
a bad mental condition conditions a deterioration in the physical
condition, the opposite is also true.
T. Novák presents the following stages of experiencing the
separation of partners:
• protest stage - the defendant does everything possible to distract
the initiator from his intention,
• stage of despair - showing feelings of self-blame,
• stage of denial - the defendant tries to convince himself that he
does not care about the other partner at all,
• processing stage - coping with divorce trauma.111
Divorce is not only a legal termination of marriage, but is connected
110 Cf. BAKALÁŘ, E. a kol. Rozvodová problematika a moderní psychologie.
Praha : Karolinum, 2006. pp. 27-28.
111 Cf. NOVÁK, T. Manželské a rodinné poradenství. Praha : Grada Publishing,
2006. p. 31.
48
with a complex adaptation-adjustment process, which I. Plaňava
speaks of as a psycho-social divorce. „Divorce negatively aects the
mental and physical health of partners, for example, it is associated
with an increased risk of psychopathology, an increased incidence
of car accidents, physical illness, violence, suicide, murder and
disease mortality.“112 In this context, Rusnáková emphasizes that
on the one hand divorce increases the risk of maladaptive emotions
and behaviors, but on the other hand most families adapt relatively
well to the new situation and live a mentally healthy, productive
and satised life.113
The breakdown of the marriage is also reected in the approach to
the child, so that the parents stop respecting the child‘s presence
or, on the contrary, drag the child into a conict between them.
The child is very well aware of changes in the parents‘ behavior,
and various mental mechanisms may be triggered in him or his
health may be aected.
Family breakdown has a negative impact on all family members.
It has the most serious consequences on the mental and physical
health of children. Several studies show that children have been
suering the consequences of divorce for more than ve years. In
most cases, they persist in symptoms of sadness or hatred towards
one of their parents. Younger children are irritated, crying,
sleeplessly, show anorexia or other health problems stemming
from a disturbed psyche. Children in puberty and adolescence
show sadness for their lost parents and disillusionment from a
broken home by loss of interest in learning and apathy, or worse,
aggression, theft, alcohol, drugs and frequent partner changes.
However, there are cases where divorce is not the best but legitimate
solution, especially in order to maintain the child‘s mental health.
These are mainly families in which there are regular quarrels and
mutual attacks between parents, when the child is abused, sexually
abused and under.114
112 PLAŇAVA, I. Manželství a rodina. Brno : Doplněk, 2000. p. 49.
113 Cf. RUSNÁKOVÁ, M. Rodina v slovenskej spoločnosti v kontexte sociálnej
práce. Ružomberok : PF Katolíckej univerzity, 2007. p. 51.
114 Cf. PREKOPOVÁ, J., SCHWEIZEROVÁ, CH. Děti jsou hosté, kteří hledají
49
„It is dicult for a child to talk about his or her worries.
he reacts emotionally to disaster with his whole being and draws
attention to himself with behavioral disorders. He is unable to
understand and process the parents‘ divorce. It only suers. ”It
follows that settling a divorce is a dicult task for the child. It is
often possible to encounter the denial of separation in children.
Children who deny divorce live as if nothing has happened, deny
feelings and thoughts of separation, and at the same time reject
the mention of a parent‘s departure.
As stated by H. Rozinajová, the mechanism of denial is created
in order to ensure a certain degree of mental stability, but if this
mechanism persists, it does not allow the onset of healthier ways
of adapting to separation.115
After the divorce of the partners, the children experience sadness,
which recedes after a certain time. A child may suer from
depression, which is a deeper and more painful response to family
breakdown. Depression is often accompanied by loss of appetite,
apathy, helplessness, irritability, fatigue, weakness, reduced
resistance to stress, in extreme cases these are thoughts of suicide.
If the depression does not subside after a few weeks, a specialist
should be sought. One of the necessary natural feelings that
children experience at the time of their parents‘ divorce is anger
and fear of abandonment.116
Children often react to the unfavorable family climate and
the divorce itself by eeing from home, which can have various
reasons, such as arousing feelings of guilt in parents, etc. They react
to the crisis situation, which is undoubtedly a divorce, quite often
by regression, ie by returning to one of the previous development
periods, or the child remains at a certain level and does not
develop further. Manifestations of regression include infantile
behavior, thumb sucking, or urination. The opposite reaction can
cestu. Praha : Portál, 2003. pp. 63-65.
115 Cf. ROZINAJOVÁ, H. XX a XY. O láske, sexe, manželstve a rodičovstve.
Martin : Osveta, 1990. p. 28.
116 Cf. RÁC, I. Sociálna patológia a prevencia sociálno-patologických javov.
Nitra : UKF, 2011. pp. 77-78.
50
be described as excessive maturity, when they take over the ways
of adult behavior, such as aectation, unnatural annotation, etc.
Feelings of insecurity, low self-esteem, and guilt can also occur
after a divorce.117
If the conict continues after the divorce, the child is exposed
to an even greater psychological burden. The consequences, which
are reected in the further development of the child‘s personality,
are then also deeper and more lasting. They do not always manifest
immediately, but only at a later period, e.g. when looking for a life
partner in the future, or when raising their own children.
In the following text of the scientic monograph, we
will not only identify and analyze in a literary-descriptive and
analytical way the facts concerning divorce as an unfavorable life
situation (which not only aects spouses, immediate and extended
family), but we will also present the testimonials of respondents.
quantitative research. We carried out quantitative eld research in
the period May - June 2000 in the district of Spišská Nová Ves.
2.1 Empirical ndings
We used the questionnaire method as the main method of
quantitative research. The questionnaire consisted of identication
and design questions that are directly related to the topic we
determined. Respondents were informed in advance how the
statements and thus the questionnaire information will be used,
the method of lling in and the anonymity of the information
used. We included the question of educational attainment and
the question concerning the age category among the identication
questions.
As it was a eld data collection, the questions were mostly closed,
mainly for faster and clearer statements of our respondents.
During this period, we distributed 379 questionnaires and based
on our analysis of these questionnaires, we concluded that 332
questionnaires can be considered relevantly completed and thus
usable for our research. The return rate of the questionnaire was
117 Cf. TAMÁŠOVÁ, V. Teória a prax rodinnej edukácie. Bratislava : Axima,
2007. p. 51.
51
87.6 percent and therefore we can consider this research method
as reliable. The questionnaire ensured the homogeneity of the
research tool (coherence of the tool), as it measured one property
and its items were close in content.
The validity of the research tool was conrmed by eld data
collection carried out in the earlier period of March - April, as we
dealt with a similar topic in the region (the role of single father and
mother after divorce proceedings).
The questionnaire consisted of 8 questions, which were closed (5
questions) and semi-open (3 questions).
In the following graphic, we present the identication of
respondents based on gender, education and age.
Table 5 Distribution of respondents by gender
n %
Woman 161 48,5
Men 171 51,5
Together 332 100
Source: own processing
Table 6 Division of respondents based on education
n %
High schools without
graduation
45 13,6
High school with
graduation
111 33,4
university - 1st degree 85 25,6
university - 2st degree 91 27,4
Together 332 100
Source: own processing
52
Table 7 Division of respondents based on age
Year n %
25-35 76 22,9
36-45 84 25,3
46-55 104 31,3
56 and more 68 20,5
Together 332 100
Source: own processing
The main goal of eld quantitative research was to nd out
knowledge about problematic life situations in families.
We surveyed respondents‘ views on the serious family
situation, which is terminated by divorce proceedings by the
husband and its impact on changes in the needs of individuals -
women - mothers, men - fathers, and children.
Sub-goals we have set to obtain more detailed information
on the issue:
Auxiliary objective 1: To nd out the respondents‘ attitudes towards
marriage as a union of a woman and a man.
Auxiliary objective 2: To nd out the attitude to divorce proceedings
of spouses as a solution to family problems.
Auxiliary objective 3: To identify and draw attention to the
inuence and reactions of children to parents‘ divorce.
Auxiliary objective 4: Identify the needs and problems of divorced
women and men.
Based on the goals we set, we set hypotheses that we will verify
by Pearson‘s chi-square based on a calculation according to the
formula .
Null hypothesis 1: There is no statistically signicant relationship
between the age of the respondent and his opinion on a positive
attitude towards marriage in terms of further education of children
in marriage
å-
=
E
EO 2
2)(
c
53
Hypothesis 1: There is a statistically signicant relationship
between the age of the respondent and his opinion on a positive
attitude towards marriage in terms of further education of children
in marriage
Null hypothesis 2: There is no statistically signicant correlation
between the statements of the respondents and their opinion on
the negative attitude towards divorce proceedings as a solution to
family problems.
Hypothesis 2: We assume that more than 70 percent of respondents
will have a negative attitude towards divorce proceedings as a
solution to family problems.
Null hypothesis 3: There is no statistically signicant relationship
between the respondents‘ education and their opinion on the
negative impact of divorce on the child‘s further development.
Hypothesis 3: There is a statistically signicant relationship
between the education of the respondents and their opinion on the
negative impact of divorce on the further development of the child.
Null hypothesis 4: There is no statistically signicant relationship
between the respondent‘s education and his opinion on the needs
and problems of divorced women and men.
Hypothesis 4: We assume that respondents will mention the
material needs and problems of divorced women and men more
than the needs and problems of a mental and spiritual nature.
2.2 Causes of divorce
„If you want to understand why people are divorcing, you
should research the reasons they are getting married. If people
marry on the basis of insucient or even unhealthy motives, the
union must be unstable. It is very likely that the couple will not be
happy with it and that they may divorce“.118
„A marriage contract by which a man and a woman establish
a community of a lifetime and which by its very nature is aimed
118 GARDNER A, R. Rozvod a čo ďalej. Martin : Osveta, 1991. p. 210.
54
at the well-being of the spouses as well as at the procreation and
upbringing of children. The cohabitation of a man and a woman
is a fact with consequences of society-wide signicance, therefore
the legal order of the Slovak Republic regulates it in the institution
of marriage.119 „Marriage is a union of a man and a woman. The
company comprehensively protects this unique union and helps
its good. Husband and wife are equal in rights and responsibilities.
The main purpose of marriage is the establishment of a family and
the proper upbringing of children“.120
The family is the foundation of society. Marriage is meant to
be a lasting and harmonious coexistence between one man
and one woman, with a complex social, moral, biological and
legal relationship between them. The establishment as well as
the termination of this relationship occurs only in the manner
prescribed by law.121 „Family Act 36/2005 Coll. understands
marriage as a permanent community of life, but does not necessarily
insist on its preservation“.122 „Marriage is a legal relationship of two
persons of dierent sex, which is concluded after the fulllment of
the conditions stipulated by law“.123
Marriage and the family should fulll the following basic functions
of the family: reproductive, material, educational and emotional.
The rst two functions are no longer the exclusive prerogative of
the family in today‘s society. However, the social - educational
function is dicult to replace and plays an important role in the
family and marriage. It consists in ensuring the basic orientation
of the child in the world and providing everything necessary for
his integration into society. The specic dynamics creates an
environment in the family in which attitudes towards the world
and oneself are formed, a value orientation, one‘s own Self and the
119 Cf. PLANKOVÁ, O. Rozvod manželstva v československom práve. Bratisla-
va: Osveta, 1964. p. 7.
120 Zákon č. 36/2005 Z.z. Zákon o rodine a o zmene a doplnení niektorých
zákonov v platnom znení, čl. I.
121 Cf. LAZAR, J. a kol. Občianske právo hmotné, 2006, p. 231.
122 Zákon č. 36/2005 Z. z. Zákon o rodine a o zmene a doplnení niektorých
zákonov v platnom znení, čl. I.
123 CIRÁK, J. a kol. Rodinné právo. Šamorín: Heuréka, 2008. p. 38.
55
concept of the child‘s life are formed. The child sees how dierent
situations are handled in the original family, e.g. conicts and
this aects the way in which it will be resolved in adulthood. The
emotional function of the family is unique and irreplaceable. The
need for background, the unconditional acceptance of support and
help, rituals, the need for acquaintance and condentiality, the
need for common perspectives, and the need to relate to something
permanent is important for people of all ages. In a dysfunctional
family, functioning in the emotional area is the most aected and
the most hurtful.124
Divorce and family are greatly inuenced by external as well as
internal factors, they can be understood as factors that create some
kind of viruses in relationships.
Divorce is the subject of debate in scientists, politicians, and even
the public in all democracies. Large numbers of divorces herald
the total collapse of the family. According to various opinions, they
are a necessary tax for the high degree of personal freedom that is
characteristic of modern Western democratic societies. However,
every divorce has a personal, legal and economic side. Divorce is a
burden for years for all involved.125
„Divorce is understood as a borderline and nal event, which is
closed by the blow of a judge‘s gavel. However, very soon after
divorce, parents nd out that divorce and legal divorce are only
one stage in a series of complex family changes.“126
Based on the question we set about the possible causes of divorce,
we came to the following statements of the respondents:
Table 8 Causes of the dissolution of mariage
n %
nances 215 64,8
indelity 169 51,0
124 Cf. VÝROST, J., SLAMĚNÍK, I. Aplikovaná sociálni psychologie. Vydanie 1.
Praha. Portál, 1998. p. 75.
125 MATOUŠEK, O. Rodina jako instituce a vztahová síť. 2. vyd. Praha :
Sociologické nakladateľstvo, 1997. p. 117.
126 Cf. TEYBER, E. Děti a rozvod. Praha : Návrat domů, 2007. p. 8.
56
tolerance, respect 257 77,4
interests 266 80,1
child upbringing 149 44,9
sexual coexistence 169 51,1
missing love, trust 188 56,6
preferring work 143 43,1
other 26 7,8
A semi-open question dealing with the possible causes of divorce
identies as the most common cause the dierence in interests
and little time spent together (266 respondents, which is 80,1
percent of the total number of respondents). In second place was
the possibility of lack of tolerance and respect in marriage (up to
77,4 percent of the total number of respondents), in third place,
the statements point to the nancial aspect, which was cited as
a possible cause of divorce. It is often their lack, or if one of the
partners spends more than the family budget allows, or if the
partners are unable to agree on nancial expenses.
In the fourth place, there was a lack of love, trust, cold partner
(more than 56 percent of the total number of respondents).
We were surprised by the possibility of indelity and sexual
coexistence, which was mentioned by 169 respondents (which is 51
percent of the total number of respondents). In the options, other
respondents mentioned quarrels, disagreements in parenthood,
alcoholism, ill-treatment, health reasons, lack of interest in the
family, inattention, disrespect. This option was mentioned by 26
respondents, which is 7,8 percent of respondents.
The causes and reasons for divorce do not change much. The
following factors have been considered to be the main causes of
divorce in the last decade:
• lack of common interests,
• extramarital aair of one of the partners,
• dierent views on leisure time,
• foreign work of one of the partners and the associated loneliness,
• lack of funds,
57
• insucient tolerance and trust between partners,
• dierent opinions on the upbringing of children,
• mental and physical violence,
• jealousy of the partner,
• alcohol or drug addiction in one partner,
• infertility of one of the partners.127
The important question is why do the above reasons arise? Why do
spouses commit indelity and various other misdemeanors? Why
can‘t they or do not want to solve the situation in the family circle
and share its safety together? Why don‘t they want to keep the
family as a whole? A possible answer may also be to consider that
the main role in a marriage is to conrm and prove one‘s identity.
It follows that if the identity of one partner changes, then the other
must respond to the situation by changing behavior. The other
partner is expected to change roles. Unfortunately, even such a
simple pattern of behavior is often not possible. Therefore, delity
to a partner-spouse often gives way to delity to one‘s self.128
There are various causes that lead to the breakdown of a marriage.
The problem can also be in the expression of mutual feelings
between spouses. It can also be related to the low self-condence
of one of the partners and the associated communication. Mutual
communication is extremely important for the proper functioning
of marriage.129 Communicating means communicating, sharing
information and being connected.130 People today do not expect
things to last long - this applies to work, property and, to the
detriment of children, also to marriage. The worst part is that
marriage is no longer as important in society as it used to be.131
In addition to a lack of understanding, tension caused by jealousy
127 Cf. NOVAK, T. PRŮCHOVÁ, B. Předrozvodové a rozvodové poradenství.
Praha : Grada, 2007. p. 101.
128 Cf. HAŠKOVÁ, H. RADIMSKÁ, R. Na cestĕ do EÚ: Rovné příležitosti mužů
a žen v ČR. 1.vyd. Praha : Národní kontaktní centrum – Ženy a věda, 2002. pp.
99-100.
129 Cf. SMITH, H. Děti a rozvod. Praha : Portal, 2004. p. 16.
130 Cf. ŘÍCAN, P. S dětmi chytře a moudře: psychologie výchovy pro rodiče a
prarodiče. 1.vyd. Praha: Portál, 2013. p. 49.
131 Cf. SMITH, H. Děti a rozvod. 2004. p. 18.
58
of one of the partners can also be a source of problems in marriage.
In these cases, the marital balance is disturbed.132
Other examples of diering expectations of marriage that can
cause problems between spouses are dierences in emotion, moral,
religious, and political beliefs. At the beginning of the relationship,
however, this problem may not be given importance at all. This
may change over time, causing disagreements between partners. If
we talk about the causes of the breakdown of a marriage, we cannot
forget about physical or mental abuse and also about addictions of
various types, whether it is alcohol, drugs or gambling. One of the
serious causes of marital breakdown is the indelity of one or both
partners.133
2.3 Divorce stages
The pre-divorce phase is characterized by a number of
unresolved problems, the formality of relationships, alienation
of partners, inability to resolve conict situations, followed by
further dysfunctional cohabitation. The dissatisfaction of one
of the partners increases, later the period passes into marital
breakdown, in which there is no „cooperation in instrumental
areas of cohabitation (household care, shopping, nance, cleaning,
child rearing) and the quality and frequency of intimate contacts
decreases..“134
We can say that this is a marital crisis with growing divorce potential.
Partial marital dysfunction changes to general. The cooperation
of spouses in the instrumental components of cohabitation is
declining and absent, especially in the joint management of money
and household care. Intimacy is kept to a minimum between
spouses, and marital quarrels or hostile silence thus become an
everyday reality. The balance of coexistence sounds increasingly
negative. If the spouses realize the seriousness of the crisis and each
of them sees their own share in the breakdown of the relationship,
132 Cf. SMITH, H. Děti a rozvod. 2004. p. 19.
133 Cf. SMITH, H. Děti a rozvod. 2004. p. 20.
134 ORAVCOVÁ, J. Vývinová psychológia. Banská Bystrica : FHV UMB, 2007.
p. 160
59
it may or may not result in divorce decision and conduct.135
Various scenarios of this phase appear in families, from
a typical aggressive approach to behavior to indierent or static
behavior. At this stage, the spouses or one partner usually decide
whether to maintain or end the cohabitation in the couple. At
this stage, the marital crisis usually culminates. In most cases,
spouses in the pre-divorce phase still share a common household.
For young spouses, the path from thinking about divorce to
the decision itself is the shortest and fastest. A more cautious
approach to divorce is taken by families, for whom the tradition of
divorce is not typical and where spouses also take into account the
attitudes of their family and surroundings. The pre-divorce phase
can last from several months to several years. The problem is the
chronic pre-divorce phase, in which neither partner can decide
how to solve marital problems. One of the most common reasons
why spouses refuse to solve problems more radically are children.
Often, however, children are only an excuse for a lack of courage
and ambivalence to live together.136
When a couple divorces, most often one of them initiates
the divorce and the other feels abandoned. The divorce process
therefore starts with one of the partners a little earlier. He feels
uncomfortable in the relationship and his / her dissatisfaction
signicantly exceeds temporary anger, regret or disappointment.
He makes separate plans for his future life and prepares to break
up. At the appropriate time, he acquaints the other partner with
his plans, either as with the nished decision, or provides him with
indications leading to divorce for a certain period of time. It often
happens that when the other partner understands the seriousness
of the situation, it is usually too late.137
If one or both spouses begin to realize that they are not
135 Cf. PLAŇAVA, I. Manželství a rodiny : struktura, dynamika, komunikace.
Brno : Doplněk, 2000. p. 174.
136 Cf. GABURA, J. Teória rodiny a proces práce s rodinou. Brtislava : Irip.
2012. pp. 141-144.
137 Cf. KRATOCHVÍL, P. Manželská terapie. Praha : Portál, 2005. p. 113.
60
able to acceptably resolve the relationship and other problems
associated with the crisis in the marriage, they are entering the next
stage of divorce, which is called divorce decision and decision.138
Divorce and decision period
In the period of divorce and decision-making, the negative balance
of marriage clearly prevails. Retrospective evaluation is inuenced
by current experiences, frustrations and fears. Divorcing spouses
perceive the past dierently, but agree that the current situation
is unbearable. They both want change, and everyone can imagine
it dierently. During divorce decisions, spouses usually behave
asymmetrically - one spouse favors the divorce and the other
rejects the divorce. Deciding to divorce, especially in marriages
where there are children, is usually not an easy decision.139
This period may also be followed by planning a new life and
physical separation between spouses. The purpose of physical
separation can be to gain time and time to think about whether
the relationship can still not be saved and at the same time gives
the opportunity to test an independent life without a partner. It
can also be a transition to divorce, allowing all parties involved to
gradually reconcile and settle on the idea.140
Divorce serves to formally separate the spouses, it is
information for the outside world that the spouses no longer
belong to each other, but it is also an important step in the process
of psycho divorce.141
It is important to realize that the pre-divorce situation is not
only for the spouses, but can also negatively aect their children
together. Even a very young child can empathetically feel that there
are no good relationships in the family. He may not know exactly
what it is, but he can very easily guess that there is something
138 Cf. PLAŇAVA, I. Manželství a rodiny : struktura, dynamika, komunikace.
2000. p. 177.
139 Cf. PLAŇAVA, I. Manželství a rodiny : struktura, dynamika, komunikace.
2000. pp. 179 – 180.
140 Cf. EVERETT, C., EVERETT, V. P. Zdravý rozvod pro rodiče i děti. Praha :
Talpress, 2000. p. 128.
141 Cf. POUPĚTOVÁ, Š. Netrapte se po rozvodu. Vyd. 1. 2009. p. 96.
61
wrong with his parents. Worse, if a child is an eyewitness to
heightened conicts, he is even directly involved in the conicts.
Children often blame their parents‘ divorce because they want to
keep a positive image of both parents.
In the pre-divorce phase, the social worker plays an important
counseling role. If the professional experience of a social worker
is not enough to solve the problems, he can distribute clients to
various specialists for partner or family counseling. The primary
goal of the pre-divorce phase is to solve problems together and
create a new functional partnership and family cohabitation.142
The goal of pre-divorce therapy is to reach a well-thought-out,
responsible decision as to whether or not a spouse should seek to
maintain a dysfunctional marriage. „This is the period when it is
still possible to ensure that a divorce application is not led or that
a petition is hastily withdrawn. At the same time, an important
criterion is the assessment of the current functioning of marriage
in terms of childcare and the consequences that divorce will
inevitably bring for spouses and especially for their children.“143
As stated by D. Šlosár, the opposite case occurs in a situation
where the family environment is threatening for the child with the
occurrence of pathological manifestations of one or both parents
(especially violence, aggression, endangering moral education,
sexual abuse, addiction, psychopathic jealousy).144 In our opinion,
a social worker and a psychologist are in a special situation, because
he is faced with the task of preventing further negative eects on
children and promoting early separation from such a husband and
parent.
If spouses choose to stay married, a psychologist can help them resolve
relationship issues, partner conicts, and misunderstandings.
It helps partners better manage their daily marital and parental
challenges, helps to improve partners‘ communication and mutual
understanding. If they make a decision to divorce, the psychologist
142 Cf. STRIEŽENEC, Š. Úvod do sociálnej práce. Trnava : AD, 1999. p. 215.
143 ŠPAŇHELOVÁ, I. Dítě a rozvod rodičů. Praha : Grada, 2011. p. 93.
144 Cf. ŠLOSÁR, D. Kríza manželstva. In Manželstvo dnep. Vedecká konferencia
s medzinárodnou účasťou. Ružomberok : Verbum, 2009. p. 170-171.
62
can help with the feelings and thoughts that are associated with the
divorce. It helps to overcome insecurity and fear, anger, or grief
associated with loss, seeks new ways to live life, and accompanies
the search for hope and resources that will make it easier to cope
with the feelings that ex-spouses may encounter after divorce.145
If one of the partners makes a clear decision that he or
she wants to end the marriage by divorce and les an application
for divorce in the competent court, the divorce phase begins. In
the divorce phase, disputes are published, for the needs of the
administration, as well as for the need to get rid of feelings of guilt
for the breakdown of a marriage, or for nding the culprit for the
failure of a relationship.146
Maintenance obligation
Every parent has a duty to support their child. However,
maintenance obligations take several forms. The rst form consists
in personal care of the child or also in care of the household. The
second form of fulllment of the maintenance obligation is the
provision of material benets, e.g. housing or food. The third form
consists in the payment of maintenance as a nancial contribution
to cover the needs of the child. A parent who takes care of his child
personally fullls his maintenance obligation mainly by providing
benets in kind and personal care. A parent who does not take care
of the child personally contributes to the child‘s maintenance by a
court-appointed maintenance provider.
The maintenance obligation of parents to their children is their
legal obligation, which lasts until the children are able to support
themselves. Parents contribute to the maintenance obligation
according to their abilities, possibilities and property relations at
least to a minimum extent, maintenance may not be determined
lower than 30% of the amount of the subsistence minimum. Each
person must contribute to the maintenance of a child who is
145 Cf. ROZVOD RODIČOV. [online] . [2020-05-16] . Available at: < http://
sskp.kapitula.sk/2010/09 /manzelsky-zvazok/ >
146 Cf. GABURA, J. Teória rodiny a proces práce s rodinou. Brtislava : Iris,
2012. pp. 144-146.
63
unable to support himself, even if it is to the detriment of himself,
because maintenance takes precedence over other expenses of the
parents.147
In addition to the maintenance obligation of parents
towards their children, a certain type of maintenance obligation is
also the maintenance allowance of a divorced spouse. „A divorced
spouse who is unable to support himself or herself may ask the
former spouse to contribute to an adequate diet according to his
abilities, possibilities and nancial circumstances.
If the former spouses do not agree, the amount of the maintenance
allowance will be determined by the court at the request of one
of them. It will also take into account the reasons that led to the
breakdown of relations between the spouses. The maintenance
allowance of a divorced spouse may be granted for a maximum
period of ve years from the date of validity of the divorce
decision.“148
Current legislation also recognizes the institute of substitute
alimony. Act no. 201/2008 Coll. on Substitute Maintenance, as
amended, states that „Substitute maintenance contributes to the
maintenance of a dependent child in the event of the debtor‘s
failure to fulll the maintenance obligation laid down in a valid
court decision or court-approved agreement, or if the dependent
child is not entitled to an orphan‘s pension, or the amount of the
orphan‘s pension does not reach the amount of the minimum
maintenance stipulated by the Family Act.“149 However, in order to
receive replacement maintenance, the claimant must meet one of
the conditions. The rst is the non-fulllment of the maintenance
obligation by the obligated person in full for at least three
consecutive months from the due date of the last maintenance
payment and at the same time the enforcement proceedings last for
at least three months. The second condition is that the beneciary
147 Cf. ROHÁČ, J., BUJŇÁK, J. Breviár rodinného práva. Prešov : PU, 2008.
p. 57.
148 VÝŽIVNÉ PODROBNE. [online] . [2020-05-16] . Available at: < http://
www.rozvod-rozchod.sk/vyzivne-podrobne/d-1040/p1=1092>
149 VÝŽIVNÉ PODROBNE. [online] . [2020-05-16] . Available at: < http://
www.rozvod-rozchod.sk/vyzivne-podrobne/d-1040/p1=1092>
64
is not entitled to an orphan‘s pension or its amount is lower than
the amount of the minimum maintenance.
Divorce phase
The divorce phase is very demanding for both the partners and
their children. In the divorce process, children can nd another
person, a kind of substitute for parents who have disappointed
his trust. Grandparents, teachers, friends, social workers, pets,
and even imaginary characters whom they trust and communicate
with, often serve the child as a substitute for parents. In the divorce
phase, there are situations where children are used as a tool to
ght a partner. A child in the pre-divorce phase often suers from
something that has not caused itself and cannot inuence it.150
The primary divorce care of a social worker must be focused
on working with the child. An important role of a social worker in
the divorce phase is to ensure that the child is not abused as a tool
of struggle or revenge against a partner in a divorce crisis and is
not prevented from having contact with the other parent. „Parents
and often even professionals are unable to decipher the signals of
a child calling for help in a divorce situation, because they are one-
sidedly oriented to their problems and deceptively make sure that
the child can handle the situation. Parents should not decide for a
child in everything, the child should be given space to actively cope
with the trauma of divorce.“151
The concept of divorce is based on the existence of a
qualied divorce, ie a state in which the marriage is so deeply and
permanently divorced that the renewal of marital togetherhite
cannot be expected. In a classical divorce, there are two parties
facing each other, which have dierent views on the case in
question - divorce, which caused the breakdown of relations. Due
to the need to prove in court the breakdown of the marriage and
150 Cf. TAMÁŠOVÁ, V. Teória a prax rodinnej edukácie. Bratislava : Axima,
2007. pp. 57-58.
151 KRÝSLOVÁ, M. Vplyv rozvodu na dieťa. [online] . [2020-07-10] . Available
at:< http://www.rozvod-rozchod.sk/vplyv-rozvodu-na-dieta/d-1080/p1=1190
>
65
its causes, the spouses can defame each other in court, which
contributes to the escalation of conicts and makes it more
dicult to cooperate further. In order for a divorce to take place
as agreed, the undisputed process requires the spouses to meet
the conditions laid down by law, the most important of which is to
agree on the regulation of care for minors for the period after the
divorce and also on the arrangement of property relations.152
If the divorcing spouses can agree on this, it is the best and most
gentle alternative, in which case they are spared money laundering
in the case of divorce in the courtroom. dirty laundry. Such a
divorce does not exacerbate conicts between divorcing spouses
and gives greater hope of maintaining decent communication and
parental cooperation.153
During the divorce phase, the social worker has the opportunity to
oer partners two possibilities of cooperation, namely cooperation
aimed at preserving marriage and family, or cooperation in
psychohygienic divorce.154 In our opinion, the specic care of a
social worker is also required by an abandoned partner, because
he usually experiences a breakup very emotionally, because he did
not want a divorce. Less motivation is in cooperation with a partner
who is leaving the marriage. In a divorce process, a social worker
performs a number of activities, such as: investigating the family,
providing counseling, proposing and implementing educational
measures, processing court rights, initiating criminal proceedings
against parents if they are suspected of a child crime, and many
others.
In the divorce period, when the nal decision on divorce has
been made, the therapist helps the divorcing spouses “to be able
to manage their emotions, to solve specic problems related to
divorce in a cooperative form, most benecial for both parties and
especially with maximum regard for children. It systematically
152 Cf. NOVAK, T. PRŮCHOVÁ, B. Předrozvodové a rozvodové poradenství.
2007. p. 121.
153 Cf. NOVAK, T. PRŮCHOVÁ, B. Předrozvodové a rozvodové poradenství.
2007. pp. 121 – 122.
154 Cf. PLAŇAVA, I. Manželství a rodina. Brno : Doplněk, 2000. p. 53.
66
leads husbands and wives to make it easier for children to transition
to a new situation, to enable them to maintain an emotional
relationship and respect for their mother and father, so that they
do not lose their sense of security and are able to overcome natural
sadness.“155
Post-divorce phase
In the post-divorce phase, there is often an escalation of attacks
on the partner, especially through children. There are also new
problems that arise directly during divorce. The most important
problems are:
The problem of living after divorce, because many partners
continue to live in the same household even after divorce. There is
a very large space for recalling personal problems.
Entrusting children to the care of one of the parents. The optimal
solution is the parents‘ agreement on entrusting the child and the
form of contact with the children. If there is no agreement between
the parents, the court decides on entrusting the child to the care
of one of the parents, as well as on the form of contact with the
children.
There is a property - legal settlement, which can and often causes
other undesirable problems.
The economic level of both partners is decreasing, the household
is separated and two separate households are created. We can also
include the costs of divorce and child support.
There is an absence of complementarity of parents, there is one
purposeful upbringing of children, which is mostly directed from
only one parent, with whom children are in more frequent contact.
The partners lose the support provided by their other half.
Maladaptation to divorce, comes to the denial of divorce, hope and
faith in the renewal of the family, the discarded parent syndrome,
and so on.156
155 KORBOVÁ, M. Rozvod v spoločnosti. In Manželstvo dnep. Vedecká
konferencia s medzinárodnou účasťou. Ružomberok : Verbum, 2009. p. 116.
156 Cf. GABURA, J. Teória rodiny a proces práce s rodinou. Brtislava : Iris,
2012. pp. 162-163.
67
In our opinion, divorce itself is in most cases worse for
women. Even when calculating the losses of both partners, it is clear
that the position of a woman is more complicated. Nevertheless,
women have long been predominant in ling for divorce. After a
divorce, they often face a decline in living standards and existential
problems, but they are helped by the feeling that they have got rid
of an alcoholic, fear or indelity.
Post-divorce relationships can take many forms, largely depending
on the course of the divorce or the reasons why the spouses have
divorced. On the one hand, former partners can form a friendly
relationship, but on the other hand, this relationship can only
have a factual character, or a relationship full of conicts and
accusations. For the most part, this relationship between the ex-
spouses is only isolated and is limited to contact with the children,
it closes the chapter of a failed marriage for itself and ends the
contact with the partner.157
Post-divorce events could be described as the completion
of marital separation and the formation of a new post-divorce
lifestyle.158 Divorced spouses detach themselves from the life
associated with their former partner, thinking more clearly about
the new future. We can also call it a phase of a new orientation,
emotional states become rarer and are less intense. Ex-spouses try
new things and make more contact with friends. The last phase is
the creation of one‘s own new identity and a new concept of life.
After an uncomplicated divorce, a person returns to his mental,
physical and social normal. If divorce has been complicated, it can
have longer-term consequences that one must learn to live with.
The divorce and subsequent divorce of the partners contributed to
their self-knowledge.159
The role of the social worker at this stage is, in particular, to
ensure that the well-being of the children is preserved and to help
157 Cf. JAMES, K. R., GILLILAND, B. E. Crisis intervention strategiep. London
: Cengage Learning, 2012. p. 358.
158 Cf. PLAŇAVA, I. Manželství a rodiny : struktura, dynamika, komunikace.
2000. pp. 179 – 183.
159 Cf. WOLFOVÁ, D. Když partner odchází: Praktické rady k překonání
osamělosti z rozchodu a rozvodu. Praha: Ikar. 1994. p. 83.
68
the spouses cope with the divorce. At this stage, the social worker
focuses mainly on preventing spouses from learning and trying to
avoid mistakes from a failed marriage and to prevent problems
related to the eects of divorce on the family.160
As for the post-divorce period, the goal of therapy is to stabilize
and achieve an independent lifestyle, cope with a new situation,
overcome possible neurotic or depressive reactions.161
At the time of the crisis in the family that resulted in the divorce
proceedings, the child welfare authority is appointed by the conict
guardian. According to Act 36/2005. on the family “neither parent
may represent his or her minor in legal proceedings involving a
conict of interests between the parents and the minor or between
minor children represented by the same parent.“162 This means
that in proceedings involving parents and children, parents are
excluded from representing the child due to a conict of interest.
As M. Korbová points out, these are proceedings in which the
court regulates the exercise of parental rights and obligations,
decides on entrusting a child to one of the parents, to substitute
personal care, foster care, ordering institutional care, inheritance
proceedings, determination of paternity, denial of paternity and
the like.163
According to O. Matoušek et al. a court decision on divorce often
delays parents‘ struggle to entrust their children. The most favorable
situation for the participants is the fact that parents can agree on
who their children will be entrusted to care for, the frequency of
meeting with children, as well as the amount of maintenance.
If they do not reach an agreement, the court will decide, which
may invite forensic experts to the proceedings. However, in many
cases, the judgment does not end the work with the family. On
the contrary, conict situations and stressful situations persist for
160 Cf. STRIEŽENEC, Š. Úvod do sociálnej práce. Trnava : AD, 1999. p. 222.
161 Cf. KRATOCHVÍL, P. Manželská terapie. Praha : Portál, 2000. p. 204.
162 Zákon č. 36/2005. Z. z. o rodine v znení neskorších predpisov. § 31.
163 Cf. KORBOVÁ, M. Rozvod v spoločnosti. In Manželstvo dnes. Vedecká
konferencia medzinárodnou účasťou. Ružomberok : Verbum, 2009.
pp. 118-119.
69
both divorced parents and children, and therefore they repeatedly
become clients of social work.164
M. Korbová states that these are most often the following problems
in which professionals are expected to have adequate professional
intervention:
• failure to manage divorce for injured feelings and anger,
• repeated suggestions of parents to change the educational
environment of the child,
• abuse of children in parental conict (eg emotional blackmail of
a former partner),
• refusal of contact of the child with a parent to whom the child has
not been entrusted,
• manipulative behavior of children towards parents,
• educational problem behavior of the child as a consequence of
inappropriate parental work,
• often unfounded complaints against the former spouse alleging
neglect of child custody,
• searching for culprits in your area, including hostility to a conict
guardian.165
We believe that many of the conicts are the result of ineective
communication between divorced spouses. Here we see room for
the application of divorce mediation as a tool to help peaceful
cooperative divorce. According to J. Gabura, its goal is to reduce
tensions in relations, negotiate to reach mutually acceptable
decisions, agree on the role of parents in the upbringing of the
child, on the parents‘ contact with the child, on the payment of
maintenance, on ways of communication between parents after
divorce, etc.166
Like parents, children of divorced or divorcing parents
often need help. As Mr Hardy points out, “the practice of family
164 Cf. MATOUŠEK, O. Metody a řízení sociální práce. Praha : Portál, 2003.
p. 296.
165 Cf. KORBOVÁ, M. Rozvod v spoločnosti. In Manželstvo dnes. Vedecká
konferencia s medzinárodnou účasťou. Ružomberok : Verbum, 2009.
pp. 119-120.
166 Cf. GABURA, J. Sociálna práca s rodinou. Bratislava : Občianske združenie
sociálna práca, 2006. 53 p.
70
mediators, counselors and psychosocial research has led to the
creation of a new specic form of support and primary prevention
for children from divorced families in the French, Belgian,
Canadian and Italian environments.“167
The reason for their creation is the fact that these children
need to communicate about their situation with their peers in
order to understand their parents‘ divorce and free themselves
from feelings of guilt and insecurity about their future. In order
to enable children experiencing the experience of parental divorce
to „stay children“ and nd survival strategies, the social worker,
in collaboration with the parents, will create informal supportive
„Word Groups“ consisting of 6-8 peers aged 6-10 or 11-16. During
4 two-hour weekly meetings, the child can, as an active subject,
express his needs, name his own feelings, free himself from worries
and anxieties, create a distance from conict, restore trust and
communication with parents.168
For family at all stages of divorce, social counseling is an important
means of assistance. According to O. Matoušek et al. „Professional
social counseling provides direct assistance to people in solving
their social problems, including the area of life crises, problems
in marital cohabitation and child care, in a situation of divorce.
Professional counseling is characterized by the use of special
professional procedures, the aim of which is to inuence the
thinking and actions of a person who is in a dicult situation,
which he failed to solve on his own or with the help of family and
friends.“169
Counseling emphasizes that the person with the problems is
also the person who has the resources needed to solve them. The
167 HARDY, M. Princípy práce sociálneho pracovníka s rodinou. In HARDY,
M., BRIŠŠÁKOVÁ, J., PAVELOVÁ Ľ., TOMKA M. Metódy sociálnej práce s
rodinou. Zborník z vedeckej konferencie s medzinárodnou účasťou. Bratislava
: VŠZaSP sv. Alžbety. p. 179.
168 Cf. HARDY, M. Princípy práce sociálneho pracovníka s rodinou. In HARDY,
M., BRIŠŠÁKOVÁ, J., PAVELOVÁ Ľ., TOMKA M. Metódy sociálnej práce s
rodinou. Zborník z vedeckej konferencie s medzinárodnou účasťou. Bratislava :
VŠZaSP sv. Alžbety. p. 179.
169 MATOUŠEK, O. Metody a řízení sociální práce. Praha : Portál, 2003. p. 84.
71
counselor creates a relationship that allows the client to search for
and nd their own answers to problems.170
Through his social and educational inuence on the client, the
social worker implements social therapy, which is “a process based
on a dynamic interaction between the client and the social worker.
This process is a conscious eort to form the opinions, beliefs,
attitudes, feelings and actions of clients.“171
The social worker constantly keeps in mind that a failure in a
marital relationship should not mean a failure in the parental
function. Monitors the proper care of children and takes measures
in conict situations to ensure that the lives and health of minors
are not endangered.172
As part of professional counseling, the social worker uses his
knowledge and skills from the psychological department and at
the same time quite often mediates the help of a psychologist from
the counseling and psychological services department to family
members. „Helping through a psychological perspective is to help
others understand the problem, explain why and where friction
surfaces arise, and show possible ways to act.“173 The cited author
further states that the main role of the therapist is to explain to the
spouses the source of their problems in marriage, which can help
them decide whether to divorce or remain a spouse.174
The importance of social work is therefore undeniable. It helps not
only adults but also children to cope as well as possible with this
dicult period of their lives and prepare to enter its next stage.
2.4 Inuence and reactions of children on parents‘
divorce
„Children of divorcing parents feel very insecure, especially
170 Cf. DROBNÁ, I. Vplyv sociálneho pracovníka na rodinu v rozvode. Brno :
Masarykova univerzita, Fakulta sociálních studií, 2011. pp. 71-73.
171 LEVICKÁ, J. a kol. Sociálna práca I. Trnava : Oliva, 2007. p. 116.
172 Cf. ŠKARPÍŠEK, Ľ. Úloha sociálneho pracovníka v rozvodovom konaní
rodičov. Bratislava : VŠZaSP Sv. Alžbety, 2013. p. 61.
173 MATOUŠEK, O. Metody a řízení sociální práce. Praha : Portál, 2003. p. 85.
174 Cf. MATOUŠEK, O. Metody a řízení sociální práce. Praha : Portál, 2003.
p. 85.
72
at the time of divorce. Eventually, the family falls apart - the most
stable force in their lives. This must inevitably bring uncertainty
into their lives“.175
Coping with a parents‘ divorce is often dicult and
incomprehensible for children. Children cope with this dicult
period for about 2 years.176 Children often respond to divorce by
denying it. Sometimes, long after the divorce, they still live in the
hope of bringing their parents closer together. They often try to
put their parents back together. In connection with this situation,
they may experience behavioral problems or psychosomatic
diculties.177
In a period of divorce, we must devote more time, love and optimism
to children. We need time for children to learn to manage their
feelings in a way that helps them. Their feelings are important, they
motivate them to grow and they warn their parents that something
needs to change.178
Parental divorce can also be called a crisis situation in the
administration of children, so it is important to realize that stable
relationships in the family will fundamentally change. Every such
change is always accompanied by worries, confusion, frequent
misunderstandings and, above all, painful feelings. During this
period, the most painful for a child is the loss of a sense of security.
However, if parents have control over the divorce crisis, the
negative consequences can be avoided, at least in part. However,
divorce will always have a negative eect on children simply by
disrupting natural relationships.179
Auxiliary aim 3: Find out and point out towards the inuence and
reactions of the children on the divorce of their parents.
175 GARDNER A, R. Rozvod a čo ďalej. 1991. p. 142.
176 Cf. BERGER, M. GRAVILLON, I. Když se rodiče rozvádějí : jak pochopit
cítění dítěte a jak mu pomoci. Vyd. 1. Praha : Portál, 2011. p. 81.
177 Cf. SMITH, H. Děti a rozvod. 2004. p. 24.
178 Porov. COLOROSOVÁ, B. Krizové situace v rodině, Jak pomoci dětem
překonat smrt blízkého člověka, nemoc, rozvod a traumata adopce, 1. vyd.
Praha: Ikar, 2008. p. 105.
179 Cf. TEYBER, E. Děti a rozvod. 2007. p. 18.
73
Table 9 Do you agree that divorce has a negative rather than a
positive eect on the further development of the child?
High school
education
University
education
Together
n/%
Agree 61 75 264/79,5
Rather agree 58 70
Rather disagree 19 21 68/20,5
Disagree 18 10
Together 156 176 332
In Table 9, we present the statements of our respondents to the
question of whether they agree that divorce has a negative rather
than a positive eect on the further development of the child.
Based on the distribution according to completed education, we
can state that 264 respondents expressed a favorable opinion.
Which is 79,5 percent of the total number of respondents and a
dissenting opinion was expressed by - or only 68 respondents
(which is 20,5 percent of the total number of respondents).
We can unequivocally conrm that our hypothesis was conrmed,
as the positive opinion was higher than the 75 percent of
respondents we set.
We also conrm the hypothesis with Pearson‘s chi square at the
signicance level of 0,1.
Null hypothesis 3: There is no statistically signicant relationship
between the respondents‘ education and their opinion on the
negative impact of divorce on the child‘s further development.
Hypothesis 3: There is a statistically signicant relationship
between the education of the respondents and their opinion on the
negative impact of divorce on the further development of the child
Chi square = 3,761
P- value 0,878<----
The null hypothesis si conrmed. We can say that at the level
74
of signicance 0.10 it is true that there is no statistically signicant
relationship between the education of the respondent and his
opinion on the adequacy of the network of services provided to the
homeless by the city of Košice. Based on the p value p = 0,878<-
---, we found out with what probability the null hypothesis was
conrmed.
Degree 8, probability 95%
There are certain factors related to children‘s reactions to
their parents‘ divorce, which include, but are not limited to, the
child‘s personality. Each of us is a personality, each of us copes with
stress and life changes in his own way, especially children. Some
prefer to talk about their worries, while others need to unwind and
divert ideas in a dierent direction.180
„The children of divorced parents live in fear that the parent who
has moved away may be lost altogether and that the parent who
has stayed with them may also leave“.181 One way to make sure
it doesn‘t happen is to test parental tolerance for disobedience.
Children are based on the belief that the more disobedience and
transgressions a parent can bear, the greater his aection for the
child. Although such behaviors usually result in penalties, the
parent does not leave the child and it was.182
The atmosphere in the family depends on all its members,
it depends on the formation of the child‘s personality. If a divorce
occurs and suddenly one of the basic family members is missing,
the child may be at risk of mental deprivation.183
„Mental deprivation is a mental state arising as a result of such life
situations, when the subject is not given the opportunity to satisfy
some of his basic vital psychological needs to a sucient extent
and for quite a long time“.184
Children often feel responsible for divorce and also for the
180 Cf. SMITH, H. Děti a rozvod. 2004. p. 25.
181 GARDNER A, R. Rozvod a čo ďalej. 1991. p. 143.
182 Cf. GARDNER A, R. Rozvod a čo ďalej. 1991. p. 143.
183 Cf. LANGMEIER, J., MATĚJČEK, Z. Psychická deprivace v dětství. Vyd. 4.,
Praha: Karolinum 1., 2011. p. 26.
184 LANGMEIER, J., MATĚJČEK, Z. Psychická deprivace v dětství. 2011. p.26.
75
changes that come with it. The greater the changes in the child‘s
current living conditions, the more of the existing certainties he
loses. For example, downloading loses the safe and familiar space
of your home. Moving to a more distant location is related to a
change of school, the loss of friends. After the divorce of parents,
there is often a decline in living standards, which is very dicult
for children to bear.185
The basic starting point for divorced parents should be
the preservation of parenting awareness, which also carries
responsibility for the further favorable development of the child.
Underestimation of children‘s sensitivity to divorce and parental
conicts should be avoided. The best solution is to adequately
inform children about what is happening in the family and what
will happen in the near future, even if it is unlikely to cause
child pain. Divorced parents must learn to correct their guesses,
reections and alleviate child anxiety. The initial information about
the divorce should not be too much and should not be completely
changed later.186
Talking to children about divorce and a crumbling family is
not easy. There is a thin line between trusting and explaining that is
easy to cross, especially in times of emotional loneliness. Children
are likely to be confronted with the grief of divorcing parents,
which will not be easy for them at all. Parents should confess their
grief to their children, because lying would easily arouse mistrust
in children. At the same time, however, divorced parents should
try to relieve children of worries and adult aairs.187
Divorcing parents are advised that as part of the divorce
process, each parent makes their own contacts with the children
and spends some time alone with the children, without a new
potential partner, in order to get used to working after the divorce.
At the same time, however, it is necessary to be careful that parents
185 Cf. VÁGNEROVÁ, M. Vývojová psychologie. 2. vyd., Praha: Karolinum,
1999. p. 174.
186 Cf. BERGER, M. GRAVILLON, I. Když se rodiče rozvádějí : jak pochopit
cítění dítěte a jak mu pomoci. 2011. p. 87.
187 Cf. BERGER, M. GRAVILLON, I. Když se rodiče rozvádějí : jak pochopit
cítění dítěte a jak mu pomoci. 2011. pp. 87-88.
76
do not mislead children into conicts of loyalty, ie in a situation
where children‘s expressions of aection for one parent threaten
their relationship with the other parent.188
The basic rule of divorced parents should be not to encourage
children against their ex-partner and rather to keep the image that
children have had so far about their parents. The self-evaluation
of children is inuenced by the image they have of their parents. It
is good for them if they can consider their parents as good people
after a divorce.189
After a divorce, parents should not overlook the reactions of
children, their approach should be understanding, but at the same
time setting rm boundaries. Transitions of children after divorce
from household to household are not easy. Children change the
environment and also the styles of education, so they need time
and space for these changes.190
If parents correct their behavior and suppress hostile
feelings, they will certainly inuence the children‘s behavior. The
less they get angry with each other, the less they get angry with
their children and the less there are reasons for their anti-social
behavior. The less divorced parents argue, the more time they
can spend with their children. If they devote more time to them,
children will not have to get their attention through provocative
acts. Children of divorced parents need to feel more love and
understanding and then they will be more condent, capable and
satised.191
Divorce means a stressful situation that threatens the balance of
one or both spouses and aects children. Therefore, we agree with
P. Kratochvíl, according to which „professional, professional help
is needed even in the terminal stage of marriage and in the next
188 Cf. PLAŇAVA, I. Manželství a rodiny : struktura, dynamika, komunikace.
2000. p. 185.
189 MATĚJČEK, Z. DYTRYCH, Z. Krizové situace v rodině očima dítěte. Vyd.
1., Praha : Grada. 2002. p.74.
190 Cf. BERGER, M. GRAVILLON, I. Když se rodiče rozvádějí : jak pochopit
cítění dítěte a jak mu pomoci. 2011. p. 93.
191 Cf. GARDNER A, R. Rozvod a čo ďalej. 1991. p. 143.
77
stage of restructuring of life and adaptation to a new lifestyle.“192
The parents themselves play an important role in this process.
According to E. Teyber, their conduct should be guided by the
following principles:
• ensure continuity in pragmatic living conditions (dining and
sleeping time, extracurricular activities and interests, same school,
etc.),
• to ensure predictability, to enable the child to know in advance
what awaits him, ensure reliability,
•provide the child with aective signicant persons (to support
relationships with a separated parent, grandparents and other
relatives) to make children feel truly loved and supported in their
personal growth.“193
Divorce is not a one-o act, but a process involving the pre-divorce,
divorce and post-divorce periods. It is the parents who are in one of
the stages of this process who become the clients of the Department
of Social Protection of Children and the social guardianship of the
Oce of Labor, Social Aairs and Family. They become the target
group of social work in the following cases in particular:
They feel a crisis in marital cohabitation, they are more or
less determined to solve it by divorce and they expect in
particular information of a legal nature, social counseling on the
possibilities of solving future childcare, psychological support and
accompaniment in the pre-divorce period.
The district court informs the child welfare authority and social
guardianship of the petition of one of the spouses for divorce,
appoints the labor, social aairs and family oce as the conict
guardian of minor children and requests an investigation of the
child‘s family, housing and social circumstances for the court‘s
decision.
A third entity from the family environment (school, doctor,
neighbors, relatives, anonymous whistleblower) will notify the
192 KRATOCHVÍL, P. Manželská terapie. Praha : Portál, 2000. p. 200.
193 TEYBER, E. Děti a rozvod. Praha : Návrat domů. p. 62.
78
child welfare authority and the social guardian of the violation of
the child‘s rights.194
194 Cf. RUŽIČKA, V. Rodina, manželstvo, rozvod a vplyv rozvodu na maloleté
deti. In Manželstvo dnep. Vedecká konferencia s medzinárodnou účasťou.
Ružomberok : Verbum, 2009. pp. 128-131.
79
3 NEEDS AND PROBLEMS OF THE DIVORCES FAMILY
MEMBERS AND THEIR CHILDREN
Throughout our lives, we will meet 100 to 150 people with
whom we could imagine a happy life. Unfortunately, we are not
endowed with a supernatural ability that would see into the souls
o0f our potential partners. About half of all partner collapses,
crises and divorces are really a mistake of choice. Mostly women
choose a partner from the so-called risk group.195
Divorce is one of the most dicult life situations. Just as it causes
trauma to children, it also causes it to parents, most often mothers,
to whom children are entrusted for parenting after divorce. This
option is the most common model of family divorce.196
The most common problem that life change as great as divorce
brings and that women face after divorce or when considering
divorce is the social label of a single-parent family.197
A single-parent household is a household where one parent lives
with one or more children. It is most often a divorced woman with
children who were entrusted to her upbringing after the divorce.198
The number of single-parent families is currently on the rise,
and this is causing a number of dierent social and often legal
problems. For this reason, such single-parent families get into an
exceptional position, the so-called. endangered type of families.
Such types of families include e.g. families with an unemployed
member, families on the threshold of retirement age, families of
start-ups or families with a woman on maternity and parental
leave.199
Life in a single-parent family is commonplace today, but it is still
worrying. Parents and children from such families are mostly
disadvantaged, have material and nancial need and are often
195 Cf. ŠMOLKA, P. Výběr partnera: pro nezadané i zadané. 1 iss. Praha:
Grada Publishing, 2005. p. 78.
196 Cf. DUDOVÁ, R. Otcovství po rozchodu rodičovského páru. 1 vyd. 2008.
pp. 14 – 15.
197 Cf. DUDOVÁ, R. Otcovství po rozchodu rodičovského páru. 1 vyd. 2008.
p. 15.
198 Cf. MOŽNÝ, I. Sociologie rodiny. 1. iss. Praha: Slon, 1999. p. 135.
199 Cf. SMITH, H. Děti a rozvod. 2004. p. 44.
80
exposed to emotional stress.200
3.1 Needs and problems of divorced women
The mother, wife or woman belong to the primary members
of the family. The mother has the greatest impact on childrens‘
lives, whether it is positive or negative. She has the ability to
understand children, tenderness is important to them. For
children, the mother is important at all stages of life, in moments
of happiness but also in problems.
The mother has a very important position in family education. For
this reason, children are most often entrusted to the mother‘s care
after a divorce. Among the youngest children, its inuence on their
upbringing is the most signicant. At this time, children develop
character traits as well as traits of balance, perseverance and
reliability. Any further absence of the mother during this period
has an adverse eect on the development of nature. The youngest
children are most dependent on the closest person, usually the
mother with whom they are most in contact.201
Mothers have an important position in the later stages of life.
They usually hold a position of emotional support throughout
life, although this is no longer the case at a later age. Mothers
represent a woman‘s view of the world, women‘s experience and
understanding of the situation. Mothers with children speak
dierently than fathers.202
Thus, after divorce, mothers are mostly those who care most
about the development of children in a single-parent family. Every
day, they are forced to prove how much they love their children.
Motherhood is also a painful test at this stage. Women have to heal
their wounds, but they have to do so in the evenings when they
put the children to bed. Divorced women realize that by crying,
remembering, and tormenting, they would cause even greater
trauma to their children. Not every divorced woman can handle
200 Cf. SMITH, H. Děti a rozvod. 2004. p. 25
201 Cf. STŘELEC, P. Kapitoly z rodinné výchovy. 1. vyd. Praha: Fortuna, 1992.
p. 78.
202 Cf. STŘELEC, P. Kapitoly z rodinné výchovy. 1992. pp. 78 – 79.
81
this task, which of course is understandable.203
Divorced women - mothers face dierent problems after divorce
than divorced men - fathers. Due to the fact that children are in most
cases entrusted to mothers after a divorce, fathers are confronted
with the loss of daily contact with children. On the contrary, all
the responsibilities associated with divorce pass to the mothers‘
shoulders. After divorce, mothers must ensure the continued
operation of the family as the sole parent and sole breadwinner.204
After divorce, mothers nd themselves in the role of head of a single-
income family, so they become sole breadwinners and caregivers
at the same time. During the marriage, they usually subordinate
their careers and careers to caring for the family. After the birth of
children, they often leave their jobs for a long time and then start
working again in lower paid positions.205
Divorce also reveals the inequality of marital roles in the family.
Men remain their job opportunities and experience, which is also
related to their economic income. A divorced woman loses her share
of living standards from her ex-husband, nds it more dicult to
nd a new job and often has all the necessary responsibilities for
children.206
The role of a woman - mother is specic to our cultural environment
even after a divorce. It is usually relatively clearly dened, the
rights and obligations of the mother are generally known and
accepted. Mothers have educational and caring authority in their
hands. Divorced mothers consider it their duty to decide primarily
on any aspects of the upbringing and care of the child. They take
it for granted and do not like to give it up, e.g. in co-decision with
203 Cf. ŠPATENKOVÁ, N. Jak řeší krizi moderní žena. 1. vyd. Praha: Grada,
2006. p. 133.
204 Cf. DUDOVÁ, R., HASTRMANOVÁ, Š. Otcové, matky a porozvodová péče
o děti. 1. vyd. Praha: Sociologický ústav AV R, 2007. p. 11.
205 Cf. DUDOVÁ, R.,HASTRMANOVÁ, Š. Sociologické studie; Otcové, matky
a porozvodová péče o děti, 1. vyd. Praha: Sociologický ústav AV ČR, v.v.i., 2007.
p. 11.
206 Cf. DUDOVÁ, R., HASTRMANOVÁ, Š. Sociologické studie; Otcové, matky
a porozvodová péče o děti, 1. vyd. 2007. p. 11.
82
her ex-husband.207
Being a mother usually brings a woman the personal satisfaction
of her parenting needs, new experiences, conrmation of her
own female identity, on the other hand, there are also negatives
connected with her, especially after a divorce. Mothers are expected
to take full care of their children. After a divorce, it is very dicult,
the economic situation of the divorced family deteriorates, and
this often happens that the family is increasingly dependent on
the nances of the former husband and father. Although the role
of the mother and the divorced is highly valued socially with
considerable prestige, the role of the housewife - complementary
to the role of the mother - has a very low prestige.208
„It is also true that many single mothers are so mentally and
physically exhausted after a divorce that they cannot support their
children for several months after the divorce.“209
3.2 Needs and problems of divorced men
Just as children need a mother, so they need a father. The
father is the second most important person for children. The role
of the father is important for the family, it brings a masculine
element to it. This is very important, especially during puberty,
when children discover their identities. At present, children
consider the father primarily as a natural authority, role model,
certainty, they look for a protector and a leader in it. Not only boys
but also girls need a role model.210
The most important thing a father can do for his children is to love
their mom! Mom is often characterized as a symbol of emotional
strength and father as the protector, support and security of the
family. If children are to develop healthily, they need the care,
support and love of both mother and father. During the crisis
of marriage and subsequent divorce, children often lose these
207 Cf. VÁGNEROVÁ, M. Vývojová psychologie II. Dospělost a stáří. Praha:
Nakladatelství Karolinum, 2007. pp. 117 – 118.
208 Cf. VÁGNEROVÁ, M. Vývojová psychologie II. Dospělost a stáří. 2007. p.
118.
209 ŠPATENKOVÁ, N. Jak řeší krizi moderní žena. 2006. p. 133.
210 Cf. MATĚJČEK, Z. Co děti nejvíc potřebují. 1 vyd. Praha: Portál, 1994. p. 38.
83
certainties. Children living after divorce with only one parent
are deprived of the opportunity to see the relationship between
a woman and a man in daily interaction - between mother and
father.211
A frequent reason for the departure of one of the partners, in most
cases a man, occurs during a period of complex and unexpected
life changes, such as the birth of a disabled child or the arrival of
a child as such during the unpreparedness of future parents can
contribute to family breakdown.212
Divorce can be dened as the annulment of a marriage by a court
ruling when the relationship between the spouses is seriously and
permanently broken. Marriage at this stage does not fulll its social
purpose and basic functions. Raising children, family atmosphere
is in a desperate state and cooperation between spouses is
impossible.213 Divorce creates an incomplete family, which can be
dened as a family in which the mother or most often the father is
missing and absent. Male and paternal roles are then replaced and
compensated by others.214
The father is also an important example of the male role, not only for
the sons but also for the daughters, which is reected in a dierent
style of parenthood. We cannot judge whether this style is worse
or better. In any case, it should provide children with a number of
stimuli for leisure activities, hobbies or sports activities.215
We cannot underestimate the role of the father, his educational
work is often associated with the discipline of children. Fathers
represent the male view of the world, they speak dierently than
211 Cf. VIŠŇOVSKÝ, Ľ. KAČANI, V. Základy školskej pedagogiky. Bratislava:
Iris, 2002. p. 200.
212 L. CINTULOVÁ, F. RADI, K. BUNDZELOVÁ. 2016. Rozvod rodín s
postihnutým dieťaťom. Zborník vedeckých prác: Zdravotné postihnutie a
chronické ochorenia v multidisciplinárnom pohľade. Trnava, Bratislava:
Trnavská univerzita v Trnave, FZASP © Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave,
Lekárska fakulta, 2016. p. 25
213 Cf. GARDNER A, R. Rozvod a čo ďalej. 1991. pp. 55 – 56.
214 Cf. VIŠŇOVSKÝ, Ľ. KAČANI, V. Základy školskej pedagogiky. 2002.
p. 200.
215 Cf. VÁGNEROVÁ, M. Vývojová psychologie II. Dospělost a stáří. 2007.
p. 118.
84
mothers, they show love to children dierently than mothers. They
talk to children about other things and they also laugh with children
about other things. In this way, children learn how important a
role fathers play in their lives.216
The role of the father and the divorced, in the context of our culture,
is not as clearly dened as the role of the mother‘s wife. It is more
ambiguous and diverse. Rights and obligations are not clearly and
intelligibly dened and, after divorce, are passed to the mother
to a greater extent. Compared to the maternity role, the paternal
role is not so highly valued, its prestige is lower, especially after
divorce. The relationship of fathers to children develops gradually
and more slowly than that of mothers, so it is very important
even after a divorce that the father is not prevented from contact
with children. It is very important for a divorced father and it is
necessary to set aside time for joint activities with children.217
Although it may seem that the father‘s role is ending after the
divorce, it is not. It should be mainly in the interest of the father
that the divorce does not become so-called. a fathers father with a
festive authority that does not intervene in the event of common
problems.218
For men, the situation after divorce is usually dierent from that
for women. This is due to the fact that men are not the ones to
whom children are entrusted to care after divorce. Under normal
circumstances, the courts of the Slovak Republic entrust children
to the care of mothers. In deciding to whom children will be
entrusted, they must pay particular attention to the interests of
minors, their emotional ties, the need for development and the
stability of the future environment in which children should grow
up.219
The criteria that determine the assignment of children to one of
216 Cf. MATĚJČEK, Z. Co děti nejvíc potřebují. 1994. pp. 38 – 39.
217 Cf. VÁGNEROVÁ, M. Vývojová psychologie II. Dospělost a stáří. 2007. pp.
118 – 119.
218 Cf. VÁGNEROVÁ, M. Vývojová psychologie II. Dospělost a stáří. 2007.
p. 118.
219 Cf. PAVELKOVÁ, B. Maloletí v slovenskom rodinnom práve. 1.vyd.
Bratislava: Bratislavská vysoká škola práva, 2009. p. 41.
85
the parents have been established by psychology through its long-
term research. These criteria have been summarized as follows:
• Parental personalities: for the healthy development of children‘s
personalities, it is necessary to have a parental role model.
• The upbringing should be determined by a mentally and
physically healthier parent, whether it is a divorced mother or a
divorced father.
• The positive relationship of divorced parents with their children,
their love, is very important for their further development.
• Character, morality, structure of moral norms of divorced parents.
• Respect for children‘s rights to associate with the other parent.
• The relationship of children to divorced parents
• For their further normal development, they need children, the
permanent presence of an adult, preferably a parent with whom
the children form a more lasting relationship.
• A model for creating a social, especially sexual, role. Children
must have a suitable role model in order to master the life role
satisfactorily.
• Level of education and intelligence of divorced parents.
• If possible, do not break the continuity of the child‘s environment.
Other people who are related to this divorced family and to whom
the children have become accustomed during their lives are also
important for the children.
• Socio-economic status: if a divorced mother or a divorced father
has more nancial resources, he should provide better living
conditions for children.220
However, it remains a necessity for the father to continue to fulll
what is expected of him after the divorce, albeit in limited care. It
is very good news for children, if the father can keep in touch with
them even after the divorce, he will continue to convince them
of his love and he will give them enough time. Children can be
sure that they can rely on him. This is not always the case, rather
it is often the other way around. However, if the father gives up
his father‘s role after the divorce or performs it in an absolutely
220 Cf. PAVELKOVÁ, B. Maloletí v slovenskom rodinnom práve. 1.vyd. 2009.
p. 41.
86
inappropriate way, the children lose their authority and the mother
loses signicant help.221
The role of the father is very important after the divorce and is
also associated with certain problems. Even after a divorce, the
children of the father and the father need the children to form
their identity. Especially in boys, the father is very important so
that the child is not so ercely attached to the mother and at the
same time it helps to make the children independent.222
In order to alleviate the suering of children after divorce, parental
cooperation between a divorced father and a divorced mother is
necessary. Even if the marriage has broken down, divorced parents
should be aware of their continued parenthood and the need to
maintain parental relationships with the children.223
Auxilliary aim 4: Identify the needs and problems of divorced
women and men.
Table 10 Needs and problems of divorced women and men
High school
education
University
education
Together n/%
Rather spiritual 5 3
68 / 20,5%
Rather
psychological 26 34
Rather material 71 89 264 / 79,5%
Rather nancial 54 50
Together 156 176 332
Based on the statements of the respondents, we selected the
needs and problems of divorced women and men on two levels:
the spiritual and psychological level, where they used to “...” help
and support of relatives, interviews, sitting with friends, sitting in
221 Cf. SINGLY, F. Sociologie rodiny, 1.vyd. Praha: Portál, 1999. p. 113.
222 Cf. LABUSOVÁ, E. Chybějící otec, chybující syn. [online]. [2020-02-12].
Available at: http://www.rozhlas.cz/cro6/tipy/_zprava/chybejici-otec-chybu-
jici-syn.html >.
223 Cf. BERGER, M. GRAVILLON, I. Když se rodiče rozvádějí : jak pochopit
cítění dítěte a jak mu pomoci. 2011. p. 94.
87
a restaurant, friendship and nding new friendships, a walk in the
woods, a church ”.... We found such statements in 68 respondents
(which is 20,5 percent of the total number of respondents) and
we identied more material needs and problems of divorced men
and women in 264 respondents (which is 79,5 percent of the total
number of respondents).
Null hypothesis 4: There is no statistically signicant
relationship between the respondents‘ education and their opinion
on the needs and problems of divorced women and men.
Hypothesis 4: We assume that respondents will mention the
material needs and problems of divorced women and men more
than the needs and problems of a mental and spiritual nature.
Based on the hypothesis we set, it cannot be stated that this is
conrmed, as the respondents in the answers to the questionnaire
mentioned more material needs of women and men than needs
and problems of a mental or spiritual nature.
The null hypothesis is conrmed. We can say that at the level
of sigincation 0.10 it is true that there is no statistically signicant
relationship between the education of the respondent and his
opinion on the adequacy of the network of services provided to the
homeless by the city of Košice. Based on the p value p = 0,959<-
--- we found out with what probability the null hypothesis was
conrmed.
Chi square = 2,550
P- value 0,959<----
Level of signication 0,10
Degree 8 probability 95%
3.3 Needs and problems of children after their parents’
divorce
Every healthy person, be it a man, a woman or a child,
constantly satises their needs, which have dierent values for
them. Some vital needs are understood as a necessity i.e. food,
sleep, drink. If a person satises the basic needs necessary for
everyday life, he is able to continue to satisfy other needs.224
224 Cf. MATĚJČEK, Z. Rodiče a děti. 2. iss. Praha: Avicenum, 1989. p. 185.
88
The family is characterized by situations where educators,
i.e. parents, satisfy the needs of children, and when together with
children, their parental needs are also satised.225
Children need many things, but most of all, certainty in their
relationships with their people. A human cub needs to have its
people who will provide it with protection and help to survive,
because it itself is powerless. However, his people - parents must
also care about him. This is called human and parental love, which
brings mutual satisfaction of psychological needs. Children need
the presence of someone who will give them security and whom
they can always rely on. They need to live the principle of trust
throughout their lives, whether in a complete or divorced family.
For children, psychological parenting is crucial, based on the inner,
psychological and emotional acceptance of children, and not only
on biological parenthood.226
Children from divorced families often experience stress, trauma,
conict or frustration that result from domestic tension. Their
problems are usually obvious and dramatic. After the divorce,
the feeling of security and safety also disappears. Conicts that
divorced parents have with each other should not be passed on
to children. Despite divorce, parents should be aware that divorce
has not relieved them of their parental responsibilities.227
Divorce endangers the health of children who experience divorce
together with their parents. There is no age at which children do
not suer from divorce. The reactions of children at certain periods
of their personality development vary according to age and also
gender. Children who were very young during the divorce suered
less and short-term aections disappeared without signicant
traces. Preschool children are most sensitive to divorce, in the rst
year after divorce. Girls adapt faster, boys worse to a new post-
divorce situation.228
225 Cf. MATĚJČEK, Z. Rodiče a děti. 2. iss. 1989. p. 185.
226 Cf. MATĚJČEK, Z. Co děti nejvíc potřebují. 1994. p. 15.
227 Cf. MATĚJČEK, Z. Co děti nejvíc potřebují. 1994. p. 41.
228 Cf. WARSHAK, R. A. Revoluce v porozvodové péči o děti. Praha : Portal,
2006. p. 132.
89
It is ideal if the children grow up in a family where there are good
partnerships and a pleasant atmosphere. In order for the child‘s
personality to fully mature, he needs to carry a positive image of
mother and father even after divorce. Children are very sensitive
to the quarrels and conicts of divorced parents and deeply take
them at any age. Young children do not yet know sensibly and at
a distance to evaluate which parent would give him better after
the divorce and prefer the one that allows him more and is less
strict. Older children are already able to distinguish material and
mental values and assess the relationship between them and their
parents.229
Not every child responds to the breakdown and divorce of parents
in the same way, but certain symptoms of stress occur frequently.
The most common reactions of children are anxiety and confusion.
Children also often feel angry, need more attention and often cry.230
Young children often respond to parents‘ divorce by regressing in
response to the stress of separation and leaving. They may also
get nocturnal urination or nger sucking. Many children from
divorced families suer from depression and increased anxiety.
It can later manifest itself in the form of neurotic habits, such as
biting pencils, biting nails or tics.231
Children can hardly talk about their worries. With their whole
being, they react emotionally to disaster and draw attention
to themselves with behavioral disorders. They are not able to
understand and process the parents‘ divorce. They just suer him.
Divorce aects all children, even if the divorce was peaceful and
intelligent. The children feel a psychological onslaught and worry
about the departure of one of the parents. The role of divorcing
parents, or even divorced ones, is to protect children from
suering.232
When adapting children to the loss of one of the parents, it is very
229 Cf. WARSHAK, R. A. Rozvodové jedy. Praha : Triton, 2003. p. 25
230 Cf. GARDNER A, R. Rozvod a čo ďalej. 1991. p. 69.
231 Cf. WARSHAK, R. A. Revoluce v porozvodové péči o děti. 2006. p. 132.
232 Cf. PREKOPOVÁ, J. SCHWEIZEROVÁ, CH. Děti jsou hosté, kteří hledají
cestu. Praha. 2003. p. 141.
90
important to orient and examine the protective factors that lie
in the children themselves. Developing a divorce aid strategy for
children can be more eective if it is based primarily on knowledge
about how children cope with the burden, on strengthening
children‘s resilience and on using the family‘s resources outside
the family resources, so-called peers.233
In these cases, it is recommended that if the marriage is no longer
successful and not acceptable, that both parents should break
up in the least painful way for their children. The minimum of
what must be respected in this respect can be summarized in the
following points:
• Do not involve children in marital disputes and quarrels
• Do not buy children‘s aection
• Maintain fairness in front of children towards the partner.234
Marriage can fall apart in vain, but it is in the power of divorced
spouses, ie in the power of father and mother, to collect and
reassemble these pieces so as to give some meaning and mosaic,
for the all-round development of their children‘s personalities.235
The physical presence of parents after a divorce is the real basis for
a relationship with children. The irregularity and unpredictability
of parental presence weakens the emotional bond of children.
Therefore, it is very important to pay attention to regular contact.
If there is to be any irregularity, it must be properly explained to
the children. During the period of physical absence, try to maintain
at least regular telephone contact. The worst thing that can be for
children is if one of the parents disappears from the horizon. The
emotional bond is broken and children automatically and naturally
defend themselves against being frustrated again in the future.
But we are talking, of course, about the presence of parents who
are active in relation to children, their coexistence is constantly
233 Cf. KRÝSLOVÁ, M. Adaptácia dieťaťa na stratu rodiča rozvodom. In
Psychológia a patopsychológia dieťaťa. Zborník z konferencie – Mosty k
rodine 3, sociálna práca s rodinou, p. 70.
234 Cf. FERJENČÍK, J. Moji rodičia sa rozvádzajú. In Rodina a škola. Zborník
z konferencie – Mosty k rodine 3, sociálna práca s rodinou, p. 10.
235 Cf. FERJENČÍK, J. Moji rodičia sa rozvádzajú. In Rodina a škola. Zborník
z konferencie – Mosty k rodine 3, sociálna práca s rodinou, p. 10.
91
conditioned by a positive emotional relationship, interest in
children and their needs and empathy for their experience.236
Even after a divorce, the children need both parents. And it‘s just
the parents‘ fault if they can‘t build a good relationship with them.
The family is an environment for children and adults where they
can conde in them, expect wise hearings, advice and help, it is a
refuge in situations of life helplessness.237
3.4 Conclusion of the empirical part and discussion
Divorce is a family problem that aects not only spouses
who are leaving or do not want to be with each other for various
reasons, but it is also a problem of all other family members, as it
aects them essentially.
In our empirical research, we used the questionnaire
method of quantitative research based on eld data collection in
the district of Spišská Nová Ves to nd out the views of respondents
related to this issue. Our research involved 332 respondents who
lled out a short questionnaire correctly.
The main goal of our research for the needs of this scientic
monograph was to nd out about her problematic life situation
as divorce. We surveyed respondents‘ views on marriage as an
institution of the union of women and men, attitudes to divorce
proceedings of spouses as to solving serious family problems, we
focused on the inuence and reactions of children to divorce and
nally identied and selected the needs and problems of divorced
women and men.
We further evaluated the hypotheses set by us with Pearson‘s
chi-square and the statements themselves - we either conrmed
or did not conrm the hypotheses in the text with a graphical
representation of individual goals and hypotheses.
Based on our ndings and research, we can conrm that a
positive attitude towards marriage still prevails as an institution
236 Cf. BAKALÁŘ, E. a kol. Rozvodová tematika a moderní psychologie, 1. vyd.
Praha: Karolinum, 2006. p. 124.
237 Cf. VIŠŇOVSKÝ, Ľ. KAČANI, V. Základy školskej pedagogiky. 2002.
p. 201.
92
that is benecial not only for spouses - adults, but especially for
children, their upbringing and good and adequate development.
We really liked the answer of the respondent, who smiled at us with
a very nice statement: „humanity has not yet invented anything
better and more beautiful for spouses and children than being
together in marriage.“
We met our secondary goal of identifying attitudes to
divorce proceedings as a solution to family problems and found
that this attitude was negative for most respondents (more than
63 percent), they consider divorce to be the last resort and it is not
just the parent‘s departure from the household. It is divorce that
has the maximum impact on a child‘s future development. Divorce
creates a new situation for every part of the family, which must be
handled by all members.
Divorce also has an unfortunate and very negative eect on
children and their future direction. It is a very demanding process
that each child experiences very individually and we can say that it
is one of the biggest wounds they can experience in their lives. The
individual experience of divorce in a child depends on the age, sex
of the child, but also on the emotional stability of the parents, their
work together and the communication that the child perceives. A
child can respond to his parents‘ divorce in several ways: sadness,
fear, self-blame, insecurity, anxiety, fear of the future. The last
goal we set was to identify and identify the needs and problems
of divorced women and men. We can conrm that these are more
of a material and nancial nature, which is necessary in terms of
meeting the basic living needs of people alone. Psychological or
spiritual needs have been described as necessary to a lesser extent,
but not to the extent that we can claim that it is a necessity of life.
Based on these ndings, we can say that a question arises, a
recommendation that this research be deepened by questions that
would broaden the horizons of opinions and attitudes presented
by respondents who have survived the divorce proceedings.
93
CONCLUSION
The scientic monograph deals with various problematic
situations that can occur in the family at any time in its life. As the
family has several functions, it is very important that both parents
provide these functions at the same time and that there is harmony
between the individual family members.
The scientic monograph also provides insight into the
eld quantitative research data collection, on the basis of which
we nd out and identify the attitudes and opinions of respondents
to marriage, family and divorce in the main and secondary goals.
The research part of the scientic monograph is
supplemented by a graphical representation of the respondents‘
statements, but also by the evaluation of hypotheses using
Pearson‘s Chi square.
The scientic monograph is intended for the scientic as
well as professional public who are dealing with the given issue or
who are interested in this issue.
The scientic monograph is the output of the NKS Gr.
10.12.19 called Religio et Societas V. which was implemented in
2020.
We believe that this scientic monograph will provide
relevant information that addresses such a serious problem as the
problematic situations in the family and the associated divorce
proceedings of the spouses.
94
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Zuzana Budayová
Catholic Univerzity in Ružomberok, Faculty of Theology in Spišské
Podhradie
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© 2020, PhDr. Mgr. Zuzana Budayová, PhD.
Number of prints: 150 pc.
Number of pages: 104 (5,28 AH, AS)
First edition
ISBN 978-1-9162020-6-1
