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The Geoglyphs of Palpa, Peru: documentation, analysis, and interpretation

Authors:

Abstract

The Geoglyphs of Palpa, Peru is a revision of the author´s Ph.D. thesis. In this study, the famed geoglyphs of the Paracas and Nasca cultures on the south coast of Peru are investigated in order to better understand their function and meaning. Combining aerial photogrammetry, archaeological fieldwork, and GIS-based analysis, more than 600 geoglyphs in the vicinity of the modern town of Palpa were recorded and analyzed. This interdisciplinary approach enabled the establishment of the first digital archive of these prehispanic monuments. It also led to important new insights into the origin, development, and spatial context of the geoglyphs. The Palpa dataset was furthermore used to test a recent model that explains the function and meaning of the Nasca geoglyphs in terms of Andean social, cultural, and religious traditions. The results of this study indicate that the ancient activities which took place on the geoglyphs revolved around concepts of water and fertility, and were a means of expressing social status and cultural concepts. The geoglyphs integrated the desert into the cultural landscape of the valley-based Paracas and Nasca societies, and were thus a valuable cultural resource that can still be appreciated today.
F A A K 2
Kommission für Archäologie
Außereuropäischer Kulturen
des
Deutschen Archäologischen
Instituts
DEUTSCHES
ARCHÄOLOGISCHES
INSTITUT
Forschungen
zur Archäologie
Außereuropäischer
Kulturen Band 2
Kommission für
Archäologie
Außereuropäischer
Kulturen, Bonn
THE GEOGLYPHS
OF PALPA, PERU
Documentation,
Analysis, and
Interpretation
Karsten
Lambers
Aichwald
2006
LINDEN
SOFT
LINDEN
SOFT
Die Deutsche Bibliothek
verzeichnet diese Publikation in der
Deutschen Nationalbibliografie
http://dnb.ddb.de
Copyright ©
Kommission für Archäologie
Außereuropäischer Kulturen 2006
Gesamtherstellung:
LINDEN SOFT Verlag e. K., Aichwald
Druck: Hans Kock Buch- und Offsetdruck
GmbH, Bielefeld
ISBN 3-929290-32-4
All rights reserved.
No reproductions of any kind without
written permission.
Printed in Germany · Impreso en Alemania
Printed on fade resistant and
archival quality paper (PH 7 neutral) · tcf
EDITORIAL Deutsch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Español . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
TECHNICAL NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2. THE GEOGLYPHS IN THE NASCA REGION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.1 Definition and description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2 Chronology and cultural context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3. GEOGLYPH RESEARCH IN THE NASCA REGION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.1 Geoglyph documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.1.1 Previous research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Terrestrial measurements 26, Aerial photography 26, Photogrammetry 27
3.1.2 Review of documentation methodology and research approach . . . . . . . . . 27
Satellite remote sensing 27, Aerial photogrammetry 29, Complementary
archaeological fieldwork 31, Geographic Information System (GIS) 31
3.2 Geoglyph analysis and interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.2.1 Previous research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Johan Reinhard 34, Anthony Aveni 34, Persis Clarkson 35, Gary Urton 36,
Helaine Silverman 36, David Browne 37, María Rostworowski 38,
Aurelio Rodríguez 38, David Johnson 38
3.2.2 Review of recent investigations and research approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
The Andean model 39, Critical comments on the Andean model 40
3.3 Summary: Geoglyph research in the Nasca region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4. THE NASCA-PALPA PROJECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5. DOCUMENTATION OF THE PALPA GEOGLYPHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.1 Flight planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
5.2 Image acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.3 GPS Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.4 Aerotriangulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.5 Bundle adjustment and image orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.6 Digital terrain model generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.7 Scanning of images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.8 Orthophoto generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.9 Vector extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Contents
6 The Geoglyphs of Palpa, Peru
5.10 Map revision and geoglyph definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.11 Geoglyph description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.12 Object layer generation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.13 3D Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.14 Conceptual data modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.15 Database implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.16 Data analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.17 Visualization of results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.18 Summary: Documentation of the Palpa geoglyphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6. ARCHAEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE PALPA GEOGLYPHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6.1 Geoglyph typology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6.1.1 Definition of geoglyph types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
6.1.2 Distribution of geoglyph types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.1.3 Summary: Geoglyph typology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.2 Geoglyph chronology and cultural affiliation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
6.2.1 General chronological framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Associated finds 78, Stratigraphy: Geoglyphs and buildings 83,
Summary: General chronological framework 85
6.2.2 Typochronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Associated finds 85, Iconography 87, Stratigraphy: Geoglyphs and
geoglyphs 90, Summary: Typochronology 91
6.2.3 Summary: Geoglyph chronology and cultural affiliation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
6.3 Activity related to geoglyphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
6.3.1 Geoglyph construction, remodeling, and maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
6.3.2 Walking on geoglyphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6.3.3 Vessel placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
6.3.4 Construction and use of stone structures on geoglyphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
6.3.5 Summary: Activity related to geoglyphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
6.4 Geoglyph setting and order. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6.4.1 Order on the site level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6.4.2 Order on the regional level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Geoglyph distribution patterns and accessibility through time 108,
Visibility of geoglyphs 112, Orientation of geoglyphs 116
6.4.3 Summary: Geoglyph setting and order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
7. DISCUSSION: THE ANDEAN MODEL AND THE PALPA GEOGLYPHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7.1 Geoglyphs as expressions of social and spatial order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7.2 Geoglyphs as places for ritual activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
7.3 Geoglyphs as sacred space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
7.4 Geoglyphs related to mountain worship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
7.5 Geoglyphs related to water and fertility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
7.6 Geoglyphs used as roads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
7.7 Summary: The Andean model and the Palpa geoglyphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7Contents
8. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
8.1 The Palpa geoglyphs in the prehistory of the Nasca basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
8.2 Geoglyph perception and understanding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
8.3 Geoglyph documentation: Review of applied methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
8.4 Summary and conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
9. APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
9.1 Development of complex geoglyph sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
9.1.1 Geoglyph sites on sloped terrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Sites PV67A-39 and -40 (Cresta de Sacramento) 134
9.1.2 Geoglyph sites on plateaus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Site PV67A-35 (Cresta de Sacramento) 135, Site PV67A-47
(Cresta de Sacramento) 136, Site PV67B-55 (Cerro Carapo) 138
9.2 Excavation of stone structures on geoglyph sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
9.2.1 Elongated platforms on the edge of plateaus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Site PV67A-47 (Cresta de Sacramento) 139, Site P67A-35
(Cresta de Sacramento) 139, Summary 140
9.2.2 Rectangular platforms on trapezoids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Site PV67A-90 (Cresta de Sacramento) 142, Site PV67A-80 (Cresta
de Sacramento) 143, Sites PV67A-15 and -16 (Cresta de Sacramento) 143,
Site PV67A-62 (Cerro Carapo) 146, Summary 150
RESUMEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
1. Introducción . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152
2. Los geoglifos de la región de Nasca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
3. La investigación sobre los geoglifos de Nasca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153
3.1. Documentación de los geoglifos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
3.2. Interpretación de los geoglifos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
4. El Proyecto Nasca-Palpa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5. La documentación de los geoglifos de Palpa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
6. El análisis arqueológico de los geoglifos de Palpa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
6.1. La tipología . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
6.2. La cronología y el contexto cultural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
El marco cronológico 161, La cronología tipológica 162
6.3. Las actividades relacionadas con los geoglifos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
La construcción y las modificaciones de los geoglifos 163,
Procesiones sobre los geoglifos 164, La colocación de vasijas de cerámica 164,
La construcción y el uso de plataformas de piedra sobre los geoglifos 164,
Resumen de las actividades humanas sobre y cerca de los geoglifos 165
6.4 Ubicación y disposición de los geoglifos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
La disposición en un sitio 165, La disposición en una región 166
7. Discusión: El Modelo Andino y los geoglifos de Palpa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .168
8. Resultados y conclusiones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
PICTURE CREDITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
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Wir hoffen, auch weiterhin solche grundlegen-
den und zugleich innovativen Forschungen in
unserer Publikationsreihe veröffentlichen zu
können. Auf diese Weise wird es uns möglich
sein, im Rahmen der Aktivitäten unseres Insti-
tuts die Entwicklung neuer Methoden in der
archäologischen Forschung voranzutreiben und
wesentliche neue Erkenntnisse zur Kulturge-
schichte jener Regionen zu liefern, denen unser
Forschungsinteresse gilt.
Bonn, Herbst 2005
Burkhard Vogt
Josef Eiwanger
Editorial
During the 25 year history of our research
institution, colleagues both from Germany and
abroad repeatedly drew our attention to the
ambiguous meaning of the name Kommission für
Allgemeine und Vergleichende Archäologie
(KAVA, “Commission for General and Com-
parative Archaeology”). Our Commission and
the Zentraldirektion of the German Archaeolog-
ical Institute recently decided to change the
name to Kommission für Archäologie Außereu-
ropäischer Kulturen des Deutschen Archäolo-
gischen Instituts (KAAK; “Commission for
Archaeology of Non-European Cultures of the
German Archaeological Institute”). The new
name is hoped to paraphrase more clearly the
practice of our current research, our politico-
cultural mandate and the definition of the re-
search area as well as the topic of our institution.
The implementation of this decision also in-
cludes major changes and modifications with
respect to our publication policy. We took the
opportunity to terminate two publication series
– the Kolloquien zur Allgemeinen und Ver-
gleichenden Archäologie and the Materialien zur
Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie.
We also re-established the former Beiträge zur
Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie
(BAVA) and Forschungen zur Allgemeinen und
Vergleichenden Archäologie (AVA-Forschungen)
under the titles Zeitschrift für Archäologie
Außereuropäischer Kulturen (ZAAK; “Journal
for Archaeology of Non-European Cultures”)
and Forschungen zur Archäologie Außereu-
ropäischer Kulturen (FAAK; “Studies in Archae-
ology of Non-European Cultures”) as our new
journal respectively our exclusive monographic
series. A re-organisation of the editing process
and budgetary reasons necessitated the re-focus-
ing of our publication program.
While the first volume of our new Zeitschrift
für Archäologie Außereuropäischer Kulturen is
in its final stage of editing, volume 1 of the
Forschungen zur Archäologie Außereuropäischer
Kulturen already appeared in summer 2005. It
contains the proceedings of the 17th International
Conference on South Asian Archaeology, which
was jointly organized in Bonn 2003 by our
Commission and the Eurasia Department of the
German Archaeological Institute. Mindful of its
special purpose and the considerable size of the
volume, we deliberately refrained from includ-
ing an editorial-contribution to outline our new
publication strategies.
We herewith introduce volume 2 of the Forsch-
ungen zur Archäologie Außereuropäischer Kul-
turen, which deals with the geoglyphs attributed
to the Nasca culture. It is a slightly modified
version of a Ph.D. dissertation, which Karsten
Lambers submitted to the University of Zurich,
Switzerland, in 2004 and which received a re-
search award the following year. A longtime
member of the KAAK research project in the
Palpa/Nasca area under the direction of Markus
Reindel, Karsten Lambers presents here his
investigations of one of the major aspects of the
project, i.e. the first comprehensive and system-
atic documentation and archaeological analysis
of the world-renowned geoglyphs in southern
Peru.
A brief few years ago it would have been
unthinkable to handle such a complex and
ambitious task such as the survey of one of the
most outstanding monuments of the American
continent. Confining his studies to a represent-
ative research area of about hundred square
kilometers, Karsten Lambers applied the most
recent photogrammetric and GIS technologies as
well as computer-based analytical methods to
the task. Accomplishing the extensive mapping
with utmost precision and with an affordable
investment both of time and expenditures, he
created a sound basis for archaeological assess-
ment.
Integrated into multidisciplinary research, Lam-
bers’ report interfaces archaeology, natural and
engineering sciences, thus setting an example for
a progressive archaeology which increasingly
adapts modern technologies. It is both the
intention and purpose of our monographic series
to bring its scientific results to the attention of
scholarly circles and other interested readers. Its
Editorial
(English)
11
written and graphic content, complemented by
a DVD, enables an enlarged presentation which
is unusual by present-day standards. All this was
achieved for an affordable sales price owing to
the efforts of the author, our graphic designer
H.-P. Wittersheim and the publisher, LINDEN
SOFT.
In the future we hope to publish in our series
similar basic and innovative research. Within the
framework of our institute’s activities, this will
enable us to advance the development of new
methods in archaeology and to contribute new
significant data for the cultural history in our
emphasis areas.
Bonn, autumn 2005
Burkhard Vogt
Josef Eiwanger
Editorial
Editorial
(Español)
Durante los 25 años de la existencia de nuestro
instituto de investigación, varios colegas alema-
nes y extranjeros nos reiteraron su preocupación
por la imprecisión del contenido del nombre
Kommission für Allgemeine und Vergleichende
Archäologie (KAVA, „Comisión para la Arqueo-
logía General y Comparada“). Si el gremio de
nuestra comisión y la dirección central del
Instituto Arqueológico Alemán han aceptado el
cambio de nombre en Kommission für Archäo-
logie Außereuropäischer Kulturen des Deutschen
Archäologischen Instituts (KAAK, „Comisión
para Arqueología de Culturas Extraeuropeas del
Instituto Arqueológico Alemán“), que ahora ya
es realidad, lo hicieron con la intención de
describir mejor, y en forma más precisa que
antes, la práctica de nuestras investigaciones
realizadas, la realización de nuestro cometido
político cultural, así como la definición de
nuestra área y nuestro objetivo de investigación.
Este cambio de nombre, por necesidad, tuvo sus
consecuencias en cambios y adaptaciones con-
siderables, al menos en el campo de la política
de las publicaciones de nuestro instituto. Apro-
vechamos esta coyuntura para suprimir dos de
nuestras series: los Kolloquien zur Allgemeinen
und Vergleichenden Archäologie („Coloquios
para la Arqueología General y Comparada“) y
los Materialien zur Allgemeinen und Verglei-
chenden Archäologie („Materiales para la Ar-
queología General y Comparada“). Además se
ha cambiado el nombre de la revista Beiträge zur
Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie
(BAVA) que ahora se titula Zeitschrift für Ar-
chäologie Außereuropäischer Kulturen (ZAAK,
„Revista para la Arqueología de Culturas Ex-
traeuropeas). Igualmente el nombre de la serie
monográfica Forschungen zur Allgemeinen und
Vergleichenden Archäologie (AVA-Forschungen)
fue cambiado en Forschungen zur Archäologie
Außereuropäischer Kulturen (FAAK, „Investiga-
ciones para la Arqueología de Culturas Extraeu-
ropeas“). Esta racionalización del programa de
publicaciones no se debe sólo a la reestructu-
ración del cuidado de la redacción de los ma-
nuscritos aceptados sino también a las necesida-
des generalizadas de reducción de gastos.
El primer tomo de nuestra nueva Zeitschrift für
Archäologie Außereuropäischer Kulturen se
encuentra en la fase final de su redacción, pero
ya se publicó, en el verano de 2005, el primer
tomo de las Forschungen zur Archäologie Außer-
europäischer Kulturen. Se trata de las actas de
la 17th International Conference on South Asian
Archaeology que fue organizada en Bonn, en
2003, por nuestra comisión junto con el Depar-
tamento de Eurasia del Instituto Arqueológico
Alemán. Debido a su contenido y al volumen
considerable de este tomo no incluimos una nota
editorial que esbozara la nueva estrategia de
publicaciones de nuestra comisión. Remediamos
esta omisión en esta ocasión.
El presente tomo 2 de las Forschungen zur
Archäologie Außereuropäischer Kulturen, dedi-
cado a los geoglifos de la cultura Nasca, es una
versión ligeramente modificada de la premiada
tesis doctoral con la que Karsten Lambers, de
la Universidad de Zurich, obtuvo su promoción.
El autor se está desempeñando como colabora-
dor del proyecto de investigación de la KAAK
en el área de Palpa/Nasca, bajo la dirección de
Markus Reindel, desde hace muchos años y
presenta, en este trabajo, los resultados de unos
de los más destacados aspectos de este proyecto:
la primera y sistemática documentación y el
análisis arqueológico de los geoglifos de la costa
sur del Perú los que gozan de fama mundial.
Emprender una tarea tán compleja y exigente
como la de producir mapas de uno de los
monumentos prehispánicos más importantes del
continente americano, hubiera sido imposible
hasta hace pocos años. Limitando sus estudios
a un área de casi 100 kilómetros cuadrados
Karsten Lambers aplicó las más modernas tec-
nologías fotogramétricas y SIG apoyadas por
métodos analíticos computarizados. El mapeo
extensivo del área que de esta manera fue
ejecutado con la mejor precisión posible y
dentro de un razonable despliegue en cuanto a
13
costos y tiempo involucrados, constituye la base
para los análisis arqueológicos.
El presente trabajo se ubica en la intersección
entre la arqueología, las ciencias naturales y las
ciencias de ingeniería, gracias a su inserción en
una investigación de concepción multidisciplina-
ria. De esta manera se constituye como ejemplo
para la moderna investigación arqueológica en
la que se están introduciendo nuevas tecnologías
en proporciones crecientes. El propósito y el
cometido de nuestra serie monográfica se cen-
tran precisamente en hacer asequible este tipo
de resultados de investigación a círculos diversos
de colegas y de personas interesadas. El conte-
nido y el complejo diseño gráfico implicaron la
necesidad de una presentación más amplia por
medio de un DVD adjunto, la cual, desde el
punto de vista de nuestras normas establecidas,
resulta extraordinaria. El hecho de haber reali-
zado esta tarea exigente con una proporción
ventajosa entre costo e utilidad, se debe, ante
todo, a los grandes esfuerzos del autor, de
nuestro experto gráfico H.-P.Wittersheim y de
la editorial LINDEN SOFT.
Esperamos seguir publicando en nuestra serie
este tipo de investigaciones fundamentales y, a
la vez, innovadoras. De esta manera será posible
impulsar el desarrollo de nuevos métodos en la
investigación arqueológica, en el marco de las
actividades de nuestro instituto, así como pro-
porcionar nuevos conocimientos para la historia
cultural de las regiones a los que dedicamos
nuestro interés de investigación.
Bonn, otoño de 2005
Burkhard Vogt
Josef Eiwanger
Editorial
Technical notes
This study consists of two parts: the main
volume with text and illustrations, and a sup-
plement that includes a set of large format maps
and a DVD. The DVD contains a database with
the geoglyph data on which the results of this
study are based, and a video of a virtual flight
over the geoglyphs of Palpa.
All maps in this study are oriented towards
true north. Coordinates, where present, are
given in UTM projection, zone 18 S, WGS 84.
On some photos taken in the field, geoglyph
and site numbers are shown according to a
preliminary system used for fieldwork. During
analysis, the numbering system has been chan-
ged. Definite geoglyph and site numbers are
given in the figure captions.
The geoglyph database in MDB format on
the accompanying DVD can be opened in MS
Access 2003. The same database in XML format
can be imported into standard database pro-
grams or viewed with current versions of stan-
dard web browsers.
The virtual flight over the Palpa geoglyphs
is available on the DVD in AVI and in MPEG4
format. Due to its size, it is recommended to
copy the AVI file to your hard drive before
opening it.
The DVD contains also a text file with
further instructions. It is strongly recommended
to read the instructions before opening the
database or the video.
The present study is a revised version of my
doctoral dissertation that was accepted in 2004
by the Faculty of Arts of the University of
Zurich. The work described in this thesis was
part of a long-term research project and could
not have been accomplished without the help of
many people and institutions.
I want to express my gratitude to my thesis
supervisor Philippe Della Casa, head of the
Department of Pre- and Protohistory of the
University of Zurich, for his interest, support
and guidance. My second supervisor, Armin
Grün, of the Institute of Geodesy and Photo-
grammetry (IGP) at the Swiss Federal Institute
of Technology (ETH) Zurich and head of the
photogrammetric part of the Nasca-Palpa Project,
is to be thanked for employing an archaeologist
at IGP and for consequently supporting my
interdisciplinary approach.
Markus Reindel, head of the archaeological
part of the Nasca-Palpa Project, is thankfully
acknowledged for being responsible for my
involvement in the project in the first place and
for facilitating my research in numerous ways.
His contributions were essential for the success
of this study. This is also true for Johny Isla,
co-director and, in many respects, backbone of
the Nasca-Palpa Project, who contributed his
vast knowledge of Nasca archaeology to my
research and helped to resolve many practical
issues.
At IGP, my colleague Martin Sauerbier pro-
vided me with all those helpful tools archaeo-
logists usually only dream of, and showed great
skills and patience when simple geomatic mat-
ters became complicated by unusual archaeolog-
ical requirements. The importance of his efforts
for the success of this study cannot be over-
estimated, and his PhD research is in many
respects complementary to mine. Sabine Beutner
is likewise thanked for her collaboration in an
earlier stage of the project. Simon Bär, Jana
Niederöst, Beat Rüedin, Jochen Willneff, Fabio
Remondino, Henri Eisenbeiss and other col-
leagues at IGP contributed their time and ex-
pertise to the present research and always pro-
vided an inspiring and convivial atmosphere, as
Acknowledgments
did Martin Trachsel, Emanuela Jochum, Ursula
Kunnert, Peter Fux and others at the Depart-
ment of Pre- and Protohistory.
In Palpa, Juan Carlos De La Torre, Alfredo
Bautista and Alejandra Figueroa worked with
me in the field survey. Without their valuable
contribution, this work would simply not have
been possible. José Palomino is warmly thanked
for feeding data of almost 1,000 feature sheets
into a database. Don Oscar Tijero Ríos was
always a generous host when we stayed in his
pleasant house in Jauranga and accompanied us
on several occasions into the desert. Fieldwork
in Palpa was carried out under different permits
issued by the Peruvian cultural authority, the
Instituto Nacional de Cultura (INC, Lima).
Rubén García (INC Ica) acted as local super-
visor and visited me on several occasions in the
field.
Research in Palpa was generously supported
by the Swiss-Liechtenstein Foundation for
Archaeological Research Abroad (SLSA) and by
ETH Zurich. Eberhard Fischer, general secre-
tary of SLSA, always followed the progress of
the project with great interest. The writing of
this thesis was made possible by a grant from
the research commission of the University of
Zurich. Further funding was provided by the
German Archaeological Institute (DAI), Berlin,
the German Academic Exchange Service
(DAAD), Bonn, and Avina Foundation (Hur-
den). After its approval, this study was then
awarded the Jahrespreis 2005 by the Faculty of
Arts of the University of Zurich for the best
thesis of that year. I gratefully acknowledge that
this study was made possible because of the
generous support of all these institutions.
Since my native language is German, I needed
assistance in the writing of the original thesis in
English, and for the many revisions in prepa-
ration for publication. First there was my virtual
writing assistant named LEO who can be visited
at http://dict.leo.org/. As much as I appreciate
the help of LEO, I would like to mention the
following people who were of great assistance.
First I would like to thank Helaine Silverman
who read the original version. I appreciate her
16 The Geoglyphs of Palpa, Peru
many insightful comments. Then I am extremely
thankful to Lawrence G. Desmond who invest-
ed a lot of time, effort, and patience helping me
to improve the original text for publication.
Peter Kaulicke translated the Spanish summary,
while Hans-Peter Wittersheim contributed the
excavation drawings. Jörg Lindenbeck, Heiko
Prümers, Burkhard Vogt and Josef Eiwanger
guided me through the editing process. I want
to express my gratitude to all these people who
helped me to get this thesis published. All
remaining errors are my own responsibility.
Finally, I want to thank my parents whole-
heartedly for the support I could always count on.
Karsten Lambers
... Geoglyphs and lines have been investigated by all available methods. Significant is the "Nasca GIS" project at the Dresden University of Applied Sciences [21] or documentation of Palpa geoglyphs and lines from aerial images [26]. Many other projects have used optical VHR satellites in the form of orthophoto or DSM (digital surface model [27,28], it can be created from at least two different image data sets based on image correlation technique) [29]. ...
... It is a few kilometers away from Palpa city in a mountainous, dry, stony landscape ( Figure 1). The Pista geoglyph is a trapezoid at first glance but after zooming it consists of many other elements (zig-zag lines, spiral, other lines) [26,[40][41][42][43]. Individual elements overlap, which leads us to believe that the shape of the geoglyph evolved over a longer time period. ...
... It is logical, that more projects were connected to the more famous Pampa de Nazca. The last comprehensive documentation specialized on Palpa geoglyphs and lines using aerial data was conducted in 2006 [26,28,33]. A photo set of black-and-white aerial photographs taken by photogrammetric company in nineties of twentieth century was used. ...
Article
Full-text available
Currently, satellite images can be used to document historical or archaeological sites in areas that are distant, dangerous, or expensive to visit, and they can be used instead of basic fieldwork in several cases. Nowadays, they have final resolution on 35–50 cm, which can be limited for searching of fine structures. Results using the analysis of very high resolution (VHR) satellite data and super resolution data from drone on an object nearby Palpa, Peru are discussed in this article. This study is a part of Nasca project focused on using satellite data for documentation and the analysis of the famous geoglyphs in Peru near Palpa and Nasca, and partially on the documentation of other historical objects. The use of drone shows advantages of this technology to achieve high resolution object documentation and analysis, which provide new details. The documented site was the “Pista” geoglyph. Discovering of unknown geoglyphs (a bird, a guinea pig, and other small drawings) was quite significant in the area of the well-known geoglyph. The new data shows many other details, unseen from the surface or from the satellite imagery, and provides the basis for updating current knowledge and theories about the use and construction of geoglyphs.
... However, because of his special method of investigation, these negative results cannot be regarded as the final word on any astronomical hypothesis for the origin of the lines. In more recent archaeological investigations in the Palpa area, the astronomical theory is completely negated again [5]. ...
... For rising stars: α H = α 0 − ∆α For setting stars: α H = α 0 + ∆α (5) It should be noted that the equations refer to the Southern Hemisphere; the signs would be in the Northern Hemisphere and vice versa. ...
Article
Full-text available
As in many regions of the world, astronomy also played a major role in the ancient Peruvian cultures. However, the discussion of the astronomical relevance of the Nasca geoglyphs is very controversial. A really precise and extensive investigation of astronomical phenomena has not yet taken place; the necessary data were simply missing. In the Nasca project Dresden, these data have been recorded in recent years and stored in an Oracle database. In the very first step, all geoglyphs with an astronomical orientation documented by Maria Reiche were checked and verified. Subsequently, all lines of the entity “straight line” were systematically examined with regard to the celestial bodies of the Sun and bright stars. For this purpose, on the one hand, the ellipsoidal azimuths of all straight lines were calculated and, on the other hand, the elevation angles in relation to the horizon with the help of digital terrain models (DTM) were determined. Corrections for refraction, the curvature of the Earth, visibility and atmospheric disturbances were largely considered. The azimuths of the celestial bodies during the Nasca period were calculated with software developed in-house (theses by students) and compared with those of the lines. As a result, it was possible to establish that there are individual straight lines that are aligned with the Sun and the seven randomly selected bright stars. However, the number of hits found does not justify the theory that the Nasca Pampas are an astronomical calendar system.
... The Nazca Lines are the most prominent example of Andean geoglyphs. The associations between geoglyphs, intentionally smashed pots, viewing platforms and other features on the pampa have been exhaustively studied (Aveni 2000;Lambers 2006). In contrast, pathways running across the pampa are noted, but are generally considered simply as the means to access the ritually significant geoglyphs (Ruggles & Saunders 2012: 1136. ...
... Using a combination of different data products collected from satellite imagery, low-altitude aerial survey and in-the-field reconnaissance, the Quilqapampa Geoglyph Survey project has documented and mapped over 100 geoglyphs in southern Peru, focusing in particular on circular examples. Geoglyphs served many purposes in the ancient Andes, some highlighting astronomical alignments, others serving as territorial markers or ritual pathways (Briones 2006;Lambers 2006;Stanish et al. 2014). Although the Sihuas geoglyphs also served a wide variety of purposes, our preliminary analysis suggested a clear association between many of the circular geoglyphs and ancient pathways. ...
Article
Full-text available
Anthropogenic pathways and geoglyphs comprise two of the most recognisable pre-Colombian features of the Peruvian Andes. Although often found in close proximity, there has been no quantitative investigation of the relationships between these types of landscape features. To investigate, the authors performed spatial analysis and simulation modelling on a combination of unmanned aerial vehicle and surface reconnaissance data from the Sihuas River Valley pampa in southern Peru. The results suggest that these pathways and geoglyphs were closely tied, forming part of travellers' rituals to propitiate local deities and ensure a successful journey.
... In the course of consecutive projects, the first author tested different approaches to automated archaeological object detection (e.g., Nasca geoglyphs in Peru [112,113] and livestock enclosures in the Alps [34,35,114]), moving from simple tools such as edge detectors to complex knowledge-based algorithms. While the detection results became more powerful and accurate over time, little efficiency was gained, and transferability was limited. ...
Article
Full-text available
Although the history of automated archaeological object detection in remotely sensed data is short, progress and emerging trends are evident. Among them, the shift from rule-based approaches towards machine learning methods is, at the moment, the cause for high expectations, even though basic problems, such as the lack of suitable archaeological training data are only beginning to be addressed. In a case study in the central Netherlands, we are currently developing novel methods for multi-class archaeological object detection in LiDAR data based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs). This research is embedded in a long-term investigation of the prehistoric landscape of our study region. We here present an innovative integrated workflow that combines machine learning approaches to automated object detection in remotely sensed data with a two-tier citizen science project that allows us to generate and validate detections of hitherto unknown archaeological objects, thereby contributing to the creation of reliable, labeled archaeological training datasets. We motivate our methodological choices in the light of current trends in archaeological prospection, remote sensing, machine learning, and citizen science, and present the first results of the implementation of the workflow in our research area.
... The importance of landscape features in Andean ritual, myth, and memory is well-known (Farrington 1992;Nielsen, Angiorama, and Ávila, this volume;van de Guchte 1999). Either through the existence of huacas, the spatiotemporality associated with Cusco's ceque systems (Bauer 1998), and arguably other landscape modifications such as the Nasca lines (Lambers 2006) or sacred mountains united by complex narratives and genealogies, the place and landscape play a central part in the formation of group identity. In nonliterate societies, landscape acts as a text on which narratives are inscribed. ...
... On the interpretation and dating issues of Nasca geoglyphs, see Chap. 11 byMasini et al. (2016a) andLambers (2006).26 Nasca Lines: Space Tracking of Vandalism 637 n.masini@ibam.cnr.it ...
Chapter
The Nasca Lines are one of the most impressive examples of cultural heritage throughout the entire world. Their exposure to damage and overall vulnerability are very high, much more than any other elements of cultural heritage, due to their intrinsic fragility and also because they are strongly threatened by several anthropogenic factors such as vandalism, ignorance, and urban sprawl. Moreover they are sparsely spread over large areas with easy and general access, which make their destruction almost effortless and their protection very challenging. This chapter is focused on the capability of remote-sensing technology capability for identifying and quantifying spatially-distributed damage to the geoglyphs, primarily caused by vandalism.
Chapter
Archaeologists and scholars have long debated the purpose of the Nasca lines. During the last two decades, significant advances in the understanding of cultural and functional aspects of geoglyphs have been achieved. This chapter deals with the state of the art of studies, research, and field activities in various areas of the Nasca territory. In particular, the technical aspects related to the execution of the geoglyphs and dating issues are discussed. The chapter ends with reprise of the debate on the functions and significance of the Nasca lines from the Spaniard chroniclers to the most recent investigations, oscillating from calendrical/astronomical theories to approaches closer to the Andean model.
Chapter
In the Nasca world, the geoglyphs represented a concept of sacredness, complementary, and alternative to, the ceremonial centers. In order to provide more data on the complementary nature of the sacred spaces of the geoglyphs and the temples , some investigations have been performed in Pampa de Atarco. The results from the surveys and mapping show intensive use of the desert pavement. The patterns analysis placed into evidence at least five groups of ground drawings, each of them characterized by a specific motif and shape, and associated with a distinct function. The morphological analysis reveals the centrality of one group characterized by a meandering figure, with a clear and distinct ceremonial function, which stands out on a number of trapezoids and lines, superimposed one on the other. The survey conducted by remote/sensing techniques revealed the presence of aligned along the directions of winter solstice and equinox sunset. As a whole, the complex of the geoglyphs of Atarco presents the spatial and functional characteristics of the venue of collective gatherings where ceremonial events linked to agriculture calendar were celebrated.
Article
The origins and endings of Nasca culture lie with the appearance, florescence, and termination of Nasca religion (south-coastal Peru, Early Intermediate Period, ca. 100 B.C.–A.D. 600). Elaborate, polychrome iconography on ceramic vessels reveals a pantheon of supernatural creatures representing the materialized ideology of Nasca worldview. This article takes an iconographic approach to examine the origins of Nasca religion by tracing the central deity—the Masked Being—the most complex, common, and constant figure of the painted designs. It is demonstrated that the predecessor of the Masked Being was the Paracas Oculate Being, which originated in the Ocucaje Basin of the Ica Valley. Both deities were the icons of severed-head (huayo) cults. Archaeological examples of the diadem always painted on Masked Being motifs are seldom found outside of Ocucaje and the Paracas Peninsula cemeteries, where they date to Paracas Phase 10. Paracas ancestors, migrating from the Ocucaje Basin during the Necrópolis Era (ca. 100 B.C.–A.D. 100), brought a religion and severed-head cult, which on the Nazca frontier morphed into a new belief system conducive to new social and environmental circumstances. It is proposed that, in the southern region during Early Nasca times, religion facilitated a subsistence strategy of gardening and gathering combined with herding, hunting, and residential mobility as an adaptation to a hyper-arid desert environment subject to droughts and flash floods. This study advocates a multi-regional approach to Nasca archaeology by developing independent chronologies, ceramic seriations, and culture histories for each region.
Article
Documented plaza use in the southern Nasca region (SNR) has demonstrated that communal spaces were absent at residential sites during the Early Nasca epoch. Indeed, communal rituals and performance were apparently limited to the pilgrimage center of Cahuachi and associated features of the built environment such as the Nasca geoglyphs. This pattern differs significantly from the pre and post-Cahuachi eras, when plazas, and the communal activities that took place in them, were central to many settlements. In this article, we build on previous work to evaluate the use of communal ritual space in the form of plazas and other aspects of the “built exterior” through time in the Nasca region. We employ data collected from multiple sites, from the SNR to the northern Nasca region (NNR) in Ica. We conclude that cycles of sociopolitical complexity, integration, and patterns of pilgrimage were factors in determining the amount, kind, and arrangement of public ritual space in the Nasca region during the Formative and Early Intermediate periods.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.