The Future of Development Engineering - Our Vision for the Next Generation of Publications in DevEng

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Development Engineering 6 (2021) 100059
Available online 6 February 2021
2352-7285/© 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
The future of development engineering - Our vision for the next generation of publications
in DevEng
1. Introduction
Engineering plays an important role in advancing the Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs). It contributes to a wide range of in-
novations, from the development of vital technologies such as solar
water treatment systems (Mac Mahon and Gill, 2018a) or cookstoves
(Wilson et al., 2018a), and new tools to assess progress towards the SDGs
(Kipf et al., 2016a), to innovations in the design of decision-making
environments and systems-level thinking on how development is ach-
ieved. Many researchers, aid agencies, and NGOs are currently involved
in designing, implementing and evaluating engineering-based in-
novations, taking promising technologies and policies from controlled
laboratory environments to the eld. Along the way, they gain
tremendous insights into the innovation process. However, these in-
sights are often left in the realm of best practices, published in
domain-specic journals that are not accessible to the development
community, or disappear in appendices of manuscripts that are pub-
lished years after the innovation was tested or prototyped. As a result,
subsequent teams often do not build upon the lessons learned by other
teams, and are left to develop their own innovation processes. Moreover,
these processes often fail due to technologies not being vetted well
enough, eld tests not being comprehensive, and evaluations lacking
rigour. Unfortunately, the most vulnerable pay the price when we so
often produce ineffective solutions to poverty, and when we cannot
produce new solutions without re-inventing the wheel.
Published engineering research often focuses on the domain specic
details, and on how the work relates to other engineering literature in
that domain, rather than on how the proposed innovations interact with
human behavior and the unique norms and institutions in the “real
world” development contexts. For engineering solutions to have an
impact towards the SDGs, these other factors need to be considered. As
illustrated in Fig. 1, factors such as the various potential business models
behind these solutions, manufacturing processes, distribution channels,
the policies, institutions and markets through which these solutions are
delivered to the end consumer, and the behavioral response of the end
consumer all have a signicant impact on the overall costs and benets
of the intervention. Innovations should be culturally appropriate for the
context considered and existing norms through which they could exac-
erbate existing inequities need to be addressed. It is critical that these
interdisciplinary and socioeconomic aspects are discussed in the context
of engineering research for global development.
Development Engineering was created in 2016 under the leadership
of Professors Ashok Gadgil and Paul Gertler from the University of
California Berkeley to ll these critical gaps. The journal has published
many widely cited articles providing important insights for different
readers of the journal, some of which we will highlight below. As new
editors, we are thrilled to take over the leadership of this journal. Our
vision is to further develop the journal to publish development engi-
neering research that meets the highest quality standards, provides our
readers with the latest insights on solutions and applications from
development engineering, whilst providing researchers with a platform
to disseminate their ndings for a wide audience in a timely manner,
with a rigorous yet rapid review process in which we welcome manu-
scripts that highlight lessons learnt from early phases of a research
project.
Our goal is to build a community for researchers, practitioners, and
policymakers involved in engineering for global development; a place
where they can come together and share important ndings and insights
generated from our work. Through this, we aim to support engineering
solutions in reaching their intended impact on the SDGs. Work published
in Development Engineering, as a multidisciplinary journal, is by nature
geared towards a broad audience, not only to experts in the eld. We
strive for Development Engineering to have development relevance and
be of interest, and indeed read by a broad range of researchers, students,
practitioners, donors and policymakers. We will discuss how we ensure
that the articles are accessible for each of these audiences below.
2. About us
To enable efcient and appropriate review of the publications, the
editorial team of Development Engineering is a multidisciplinary team.
We would like to take this opportunity to introduce ourselves and our
expertise:
2.1. Dr. Susan Amrose: engineering - environmental
Susan is a Research Scientist in the Global Engineering and Research
(GEAR) Lab at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Her research
focuses on identifying opportunities for disruptive innovation and
creating technologies that improve lives in resource-constrained com-
munities. GEAR lab blends socioeconomic and market analysis with
rigorous engineering to create both novel scientic knowledge and
positive social impact. Susan has used this process, both at GEAR Lab
and the University of California, Berkeley, to develop protable water
treatment to reduce chemical contamination and salinity, affordable
drip irrigation for smallholder farmers, and environmentally-sustainable
building materials for low-income housing. She is interested in this
process of using socioeconomic insights to focus engineering effort
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Development Engineering
journal homepage: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/deveng
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.deveng.2021.100059

Development Engineering 6 (2021) 100059
2
towards impactful research questions, and the translation of new
knowledge into sustainable and marketable solutions in highly con-
strained environments. She sees the need for a journal dedicated to the
community of scientists and engineers struggling to create lasting
impact in these demanding environments. As a co-editor, Susan looks
forward to strengthening this global and interdisciplinary community,
and cultivating a rigorous forum to address its most difcult challenges.
2.2. Dr. Amy Bilton: engineering - mechanical and design
Amy is an Associate Professor in Mechanical and Industrial Engi-
neering at the University of Toronto. She also serves as the Director of
the Centre for Global Engineering (CGEN) at the University of Toronto,
which is a cross-disciplinary centre that focuses on catalyzing research
and educating future leaders in the area of Engineering and Global
Development. Her research group, the Water and Energy Research
Laboratory (WERL) develops innovative technologies to improve sus-
tainable use and access to water in low and middle income countries.
Applications of her work range from water treatment to effective use of
water in agriculture/aquaculture. Her group uses human-centred design
and collaboration to go from problem denition, to concept develop-
ment, prototyping, eld evaluation, and eventually scale. She’s
currently excited to see the next steps for several technologies being
commercialized by spinoffs from her group. Given the broad range of
considerations which come into successful translation of technology in
the global development context, Amy sees the need for a journal for
researchers and practitioners to share their best practices. In her role as
co-editor, she is looking forward to continuing to grow the Development
Engineering community.
2.3. Dr. Berber Kramer: social science/economics
Berber is a Research Fellow with the International Food Policy
Research Institute (IFPRI), an international organization that provides
research-based policy solutions to sustainably reduce poverty and end
hunger and malnutrition in developing countries. As an applied micro-
economist, her research aims to enhance our understanding of behavior
in low- and middle-income countries where information asymmetries,
weak institutions, and poorly functioning markets shape the decision-
making environments of the poor. She is particularly interested in the
mechanisms to accelerate the adoption of new technologies, and the
potential for these innovations to transform markets and institutions,
enhance investments, and boost economic development. In recent years,
she has focused on the design and evaluation of innovative crop insur-
ance and agricultural credit products for smallholder farmers, using
smartphone images of crops to reduce information asymmetries in
nancial markets. As a researcher in the CGIAR, a global agriculture
innovation network, she has rst-hand experience working with multi-
disciplinary teams, and the value of sharing ndings already at early
stages of the innovation process with fast turnaround times. In her role
of DevEng editor, she is therefore passionate about publishing ndings
from development research in a timely manner, so that readers can act
on the insights from such research and improve the lives of the poor and
vulnerable communities who devoted their time and resources to
participate in the research.
3. What ts in the journal
The goal of Development Engineering is to provide both social sci-
entists and engineers with an avenue for disseminating their research
regarding the engineering of solutions for development and poverty
alleviation. This includes deployment of these solutions in developing
countries with their unique challenges and institutions; aspects related
to impact evaluation and the costing of these solutions; engineering-
based innovations in measurement for evaluation and decision-
making, for instance through sensors to track progress towards devel-
opment, or leveraging geospatial data to aid decision-making; and
resulting policies related to global development. This can result in a
breadth of topics, with the journal spanning a wide range of sectors and
innovations, which we will discuss below.
Given the focus on development solutions and the broad readership
of the journal, it is important for these papers to include a discussion on
the impact of the technology on poverty or inequality reduction, or to
relate their research with other human development objectives. In
describing their relevance for this eld, papers could consider a broad
range of dimensions of health, economics, policy, and governance;
Development Engineering welcomes solutions from different types of
sectors that contribute to development. Because of the broad readership,
and our hopes that policymakers and practitioners act upon the pub-
lished work, we also consider it our responsibility to ensure that research
methods are of high quality and that policy implications are carefully
scrutinized, so that the ndings and conclusions are indeed reliable
enough to inform further innovations in resource-poor environments.
A commonly asked question is whether solutions published in
Development Engineering need to be a new technology, or whether
articles need to be written by interdisciplinary teams. This is not the
case. For example, one study used community-based and participatory
design, coupled with rapid prototyping, to modify a teaching curriculum
on water, sanitation and handwashing practices to better suite users’
needs and local conditions (Levine et al., 2017). We also want to stress
that engineering is broader than designing technological solutions;
development engineering can also focus on systems improvement, or on
choice engineering, to reduce poverty. Studies on choice architecture or
nudging (Thaler and Sunstein, 2009) are welcome in the journal
Development Engineering. Modifying the decision-making environ-
ment, for instance by presenting a desired behavior as the status quo,
could help people make better decisions, and thereby contribute to
poverty alleviation.
Fig. 1. Factors inuencing design, implementation, and use of engineering technologies.
S. Amrose et al.

Development Engineering 6 (2021) 100059
3
3.1. Design processes for low- and middle-income countries
One important area of work on which we publish covers research on
the design processes of engineering solutions for a context that is
particular to emerging markets or developing countries. This includes
prototyping methods and constraints in design in the context of LMICs.
For instance, a study published previously in the journal focused on
prototyping solutions for small-to-medium sized enterprises in East Af-
rica (Chou and Austin-Breneman, 2018). Studies could also describe
how engineering design and prototyping in a development context are
used in subsequent innovations in the developed world context, as
highlighted in a reverse innovation case study that treated developing
world users as lead users (Judge et al., 2015). Other studies may focus on
how to balance competing technical and user perspectives in the design
of development solutions, as illustrated in a study on the design of
cookstoves (Thacker et al., 2017).
A second strand of research related to design processes analyzes the
design requirements for a certain technology in order to be viable in a
certain location or socioeconomic context. This type of research can
consider multiple dimensions and perspectives, including engineering
and economics. For instance, previous research published in Develop-
ment Engineering has focused on integrating usage context, user
behavior, and technology performance in design for clean technology
adoption (Pakravan and MacCarty, 2020). Another example determined
the potential economic viability of off-grid electricity by estimating
consumers’ price elasticity for the solution (Müller et al., 2018). Relat-
edly, studies could use secondary data to test whether the assumptions
behind the proposed solutions are valid; for instance, despite ambitions
of governments and donors to invest in rural electrication, a study in
Kenya used radio frequency identication data to show that electri-
cation rates are low even with nearby grid infrastructure, raising ques-
tions around the validity of the assumptions behind investments in rural
electrication (Lee et al., 2016).
A third area related to the design process focuses on design, opti-
mization, and robustness of technologies in a low- and middle-income
country setting. For instance, Development Engineering published a
rst study on how optimization and robustness evaluation can be used to
improve technologies to lift people out of poverty (McCombet al., 2018),
and another study highlighting the application of modular product
design for developing income-generating technologies (Wasley et al.,
2017). In the last example, designers identied a relatively complex
product, currently unaffordable for someone living in poverty but with
income-generating potential, and decomposed it into sub-products
designed to be useful and affordable as stand-alone products. In-
dividuals living in poverty could then share the purchase of the complex
product with others in their community by having each person buy
independently useful portions (or sub-products) of the complex product.
3.2. Evaluation of development solutions
Another important area in which we welcome manuscripts relates to
the evaluation of development solutions in the eld. This includes les-
sons learned from pilots and research trials, including early phases of
randomized controlled trials and other quasi-experiments; along with
insights on how the solution evolved and was improved through these
research trials (Mac Mahon and Gill, 2018b; Wilson et al., 2018b). We
also welcome proofs of concepts, including formative evaluations or
feasibility studies for innovative solutions that have not previously been
tested. One study, for instance, analyzed whether visible damage to a
farmer’s crops is visible from smartphone images, and whether farmers
can be expected to send in images of their crops, to answer the question
whether such images can be used for crop insurance claims settlement
(Ceballos et al., 2019). An area of particular interest, where we would
like to see more submissions, are articles that document why promising
development solutions did not work out when introduced in a devel-
opment context, including an analysis on what was driving the failure.
These submissions are important for advancing learning about what
does not work.
It is also important to understand how to structure studies to do this
type of evaluation and we welcome more submissions on this topic. This
could include for instance the design of randomized controlled trials to
evaluate a development solution, with an example of a prior publication
discussing how to ensure proper randomization with balancing of
observed variables across treatment and control (Guiteras et al., 2016).
One could also think of strategies to evaluate successful eld deploy-
ment, with an example published earlier from a study on arsenic
removal systems (Hernandezet al., 2019).
3.3. New tools and methods to facilitate evaluation
An important area for Development Engineering brings together
engineering and development economics by documenting new tools and
methods to facilitate evaluation. In evaluations of development solu-
tions, an important question is how to measure one’s primary outcome
and impact variables; and engineering research has created a wealth of
tools with use cases for economic evaluations, including the use of
remote and in-situ sensing, for instance using geospatial data for
development (Goldblatt et al., 2019), sensory to monitor air quality
(Kelpet al., 2018), monitoring cookstove and fuel use (Ventrella et al.,
2020), or wearable sensors for agricultural and rural energy expenditure
(Zanello et al., 2017). We also welcome manuscripts documenting when
a new measurement method does not work, as was illustrated by a study
on radio frequency identication (De Mel et al., 2016).
We also welcome publications that evaluate platforms for data
collection for impact evaluation (Kipfet al., 2016b), or studies that
compare alternative survey methods and guide researchers in future
survey development (Vivo et al., 2017). Data collection for the purposes
of an evaluation can have direct impacts on the behavior that is being
evaluated, and we nd it important to publish in this area as well, as
illustrated by a recent publication on whether nancial diaries introduce
Hawthorne effects (Smits and Günther, 2018). To further facilitate
evaluation, one could think of social impact metrics that can be
compared across development solutions (Stevenson et al., 2018).
Evaluation is not only about analyzing the benets that a develop-
ment solution can deliver to its end users; an important component in
evaluation for Development Engineering is cost. Cost plays a dominant
role in the design of products and services for marginalized populations.
Affordability is a key design requirement for nancially-constrained
markets; cost is the primary metric of comparison between competing
innovations; and improvements in the design of innovations often focus
on reducing costs. Yet, in spite of this dominant role, it is rare to nd
discussion or critique of different cost evaluation strategies, or to nd
uniform methodologies for cost evaluations. Cost data are treated
differently from other types of data; uncertainty is rarely estimated, and
in many cases, evaluation methodologies are not fully or transparently
described. These issues make it difcult to compare cost estimates be-
tween studies or to critically evaluate the cost estimates that are at the
center of many policy and technology recommendations. One example
which successfully looked at these aspects was a study which evaluated
the costs, and associated uncertainties, of different methods to diagnose
pre-eclampsia (McLarenet al., 2017). We welcome more submissions on
this topic and have launched a special issue to publish more studies that
discuss how to evaluate development solutions in terms of costs.
3.4. Business models and policy to support development
Evaluation is only part of the development process. In order to ensure
that engineering work conducted to aid in global development is sus-
tainable and generates long-lasting impacts, it is essential that there are
business models and supporting policies in place to promote the devel-
opment, scaling and utilization of engineering solutions. As this is a vital
area where expertise from engineering and economics come together,
S. Amrose et al.

Development Engineering 6 (2021) 100059
4
we hope to see more research around enabling business models and
policies being submitted to Development Engineering. Examples of work
in this area include previous published articles on how NGOs and
multinational organizations could work together to develop new busi-
ness models to support essential technologies in development markets
(Dahan et al., 2010), or studies that are aiming to understand how
different social entrepreneurship models can be applied to support
global development (Seelos and Mair, 2005). We would also welcome
research that tests the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of alternative
business models to scale out demonstrated technologies, experiments on
incentives for private sector actors and mechanisms designed to enhance
the cost-effectiveness of such business models, or studies that analyze
the impact of policies intended to promote the acceleration of new
technologies, all with the potential to result in improved development
and enhanced wellbeing for the poor.
3.5. Data to support development
Data is essential to evaluate the impact of development interventions
and understand the problems associated with poverty. However, in low-
resource settings, data is often very scarce. The abundance of geospatial
data now available through satellites, sensors, and mobile phones has
potential to ll these gaps. This data can be processed with analytical
tools and combined with “ground truth” from surveys, administrative
data, and other sources to understand development challenges. This type
of data has been used in a broad range of applications including using
satellite mapping to understand forest conservation (Adjognon et al.,
2019), using de-identied call records to identify commuting patterns
related to urban mobility challenges (Zagatti et al., 2018), and using
data from online social networks to identify false posts to cause senti-
ment changes in the population (Pendyala et al., 2018). Many more
areas have potential for impact from geo-spatial data, including agri-
culture, health, poverty, transportation, water and sanitation, and hu-
manitarian relief. Despite these examples, applications tend to be
underutilized in global development due to the perceived complexity of
the geospatial data and the gaps between researchers and policymakers.
We have recently launched a special issue to focus on the applications of
geospatial data in global development to help ll the gaps in this
important area.
3.6. Shaping the eld of development engineering
Since development engineering is still emerging as its own eld, we
also welcome work which overviews the topic, how the eld is taught to
future leaders, and what is really needed in academia and its interaction
with policymakers and practitioners to enable future growth. It is
especially important in development engineering to understand mis-
takes of the past and use these aspects to understand how the eld has
evolved. Given the integrated nature of many development problems, it
is critical that this work takes a holistic viewpoint. Important examples
of articles in this area include those that document experiences with
different development engineering projects and develop guiding prin-
ciples for the eld (Amadei et al., 2009), or articles that review the
current state of technology development to demonstrate the need for
research in this area (Thomas, 2019; Mattson and Winter 2016).
As an emerging topic, a number of institutions are developing their
own curricula to educate future engineers and scholars to make an
impact in this area. It is important to share best practices from in-
stitutions that have already established programs to enable the eld to
grow. We welcome articles around this topic in Development Engi-
neering. This can include both big picture thinking about the overall
curriculum development and pedagogy of these programs (Levine et al.,
2016) and detailed descriptions of individual course design and eld
experience work (Ranger and Mantzavinou, 2018). In all cases, these
discussions should include a critical assessment of the programs or
courses presented in order to enable other educators to understand their
potential impact.
Finally, as an evolving eld, we value articles that advance our un-
derstanding of what else is needed in academia to allow development
engineering to keep growing as a eld. In many institutions, the re-
quirements behind tenure and promotion do not always agree with the
impact oriented nature of development engineering. Funding opportu-
nities are also not always as available to research in this area. This can
make it difcult, particularly for junior academics, to really become
engaged in this eld. We would welcome papers on the topic that use
high-quality research methods to analyze and describe what changes
need to happen, are currently happening, and why certain consider-
ations are being left behind.
4. Other goals
While our main objective is to advance the eld and publish devel-
opment engineering research of the highest quality standards, the
development oriented nature of the journal inspires us to ensure that the
journal is accessible to scholars and practitioners in low and middle
income countries (LMICs). The journal is therefore open access only; all
papers can be easily accessed regardless of someone’s afliation with an
academic institution and the journals to which one’s institution sub-
scribes. We also want to highlight that we welcome authors from LMICs.
To remove barriers for publication for scholars from LMICs, fee waivers
are available; an overview of eligible countries is provided on the
website of the journal. Moreover, we are excited to announce that we
have a mentorship program available through which researchers and
practitioners with high-potential manuscripts can work with researchers
who are more experienced with the publication process to improve their
submission quality.
We also note that Development Engineering is meant to support a
broad audience engaged in engineering and global development, from
researchers, to policymakers and development practitioners. While the
papers need to have the technical rigour and originality associated with
high quality journals, the papers should provide the appropriate context
on the development problem being addressed to a general and inter-
disciplinary audience. Policymakers and scholars alike should under-
stand the implications of the work and why the paper is important to
those working in the development eld.
5. Conclusion
We hope that Development Engineering will continue to grow and
ll the vital gap which links the details of engineering research for global
development with the important socioeconomic context. Development
Engineering can provide an essential community for those in the area of
engineering for global development and a place for researchers, prac-
titioners, and policy makers to come together and share important
ndings on how to use innovations arising from engineering for eco-
nomic development. We welcome submissions from a broad range of
disciplines and especially authors from LMICs. We hope to see many
high quality submissions over the coming months and years. We are also
very approachable, and would like to encourage our readers and those
with potential manuscripts to reach out to us in case of any questions.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing nancial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to inuence
the work reported in this paper.
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Susan Amrose
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, USA
E-mail address: samrose@mit.edu.
Amy M. Bilton
Centre for Global Engineering (CGEN), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON,
Canada
E-mail address: bilton@mie.utoronto.ca.
Berber Kramer
*
Markets, Trade and Institutions Division, International Food Policy Research
Institute (IFPRI), USA
*
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: b.kramer@cgiar.org (B. Kramer).
S. Amrose et al.