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THE SMOLDERING ISSUES OF LABOURERS PROBLEMS IN THE
MIDST OF COVID-19 CATASTROPHE IN INDIA
A. SHAJI GEORGE 1, Dr. V. SARAVANAN 2
1 Ph.D. Research Scholar, P.G. & Research Department of Economics, Sir Theagaraya College,
Chennai -600 021, Tamil Nadu, India
2Assistant Professor, P.G & Research Department of Economics, Sir Theagaraya College,
Chennai -600 021, Tamil Nadu, India
E-mail: 1drashajigeorge@gmail.com ; 2 vsaravanan108@gmail.com
______________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
With the impact of the tears and fears of COVID-19 lockdown in India, to be affected by the
activity of income generation of poor sections of our society. Now we are all escaping from viral
attack, on the other hand, our Indian labourers look at a job sudden destruction and face the
numerous numbers of challenges at the present and future scenario for their livelihood’s
opportunity. Livelihoods are nowadays severe opposition between the states. To over this
unemployment crisis, relief measures are the speedy manner in the form of regular employment
to all sections of the labourers after the wind up to the lockdown in India.
This paper mainly concentrates on the pros, and cons of lockdown in India, as the consequences
of the entire section of our labour forces live with us.
Keywords: Infant Industries, Domestic Agriculture, Infrastructure Investment, Budgetary Allocation,
Extreme poverty.
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INTRODUCTION
The unprecedented twenty-one days of the lockdown in India is seriously affecting the working
Classes of people in India. Millions of Indians WHO rely on every day’s wages for their
everyday meal were now thrown out of their jobs. They are being afraid of livelihood
opportunities only. They are thinking about "What Next? If our lives are an identical condition,
our earning power will be tough in the next few days or if we alleviate the following twenty-one
days we will face the mental health aspect with regard to financial as well as the family burden in
the future time, even though they will get proper wages and also they are afraid of availability of
work are shrinking together after the twenty-one days lockdown in India.
As a consequence, the countries' demand the goods and services are highly correlated with entire
sections of labourers in India. If the demand is lower, its reflection enters into overall Economic
growth falls into the less than 2 percent. Hence, this outcome of Economic growth is really
challenging for the next 5 to 10 years or simply more than one decade.
This paper mainly highlighted the burning issues of labourers in India by the serious attack of
COVID-19.
Firstly, the Migrant workers are violated by Rules and Regulations of
lockdown situation in India
It is a strong complaint from all Sections of our society. It is true, even though, our central and
state governments do not take adequate steps to how to send the workers their own place of
origin and as transport alternatives dried up, many families in New Delhi and other large cities
simply started to walk to their distant villages, with very little access to food. Basically, the large
of buses, trains and other private transport facilities available, whereas properly coordinated not
in time, definitely, it is a serious loophole before in the implementation of lockdown act. In
general, because they are all illiterate peoples and they have a worried mentality because they
come from extreme poverty basin. On the other hand, the labourers are one of the main stimuli of
the whole Economy. If we ignore the wants of the labour class, we will face difficulty in the field
of the Economic development Index at the World Level.
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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
The present study mainly focuses on the subsequent objectives.
1. To assess the impact on the various labour classes with the sudden invent of lockdown in
India.
2. To find out the multifaceted problems affected the unorganized labourers in India.
3. To analyze the financial burden of the unorganized labourers in India.
4. To Study the creation of employment opportunities by way of government schemes.
5. As a policymaker view on the strengthens of the Economic position of informal workers
in India.
METHODOLOGY:
This article based on the events occurred by the COVID-19 especially day to day life of the
labourers, Migrant workers, Agricultural workers and casual labourers. It is based upon the same
of the observations with the report to the labour Economics scenario after that arriving at the
production of this article by authors (or) researchers. The author's motivation explores the
present effect of the employment position. In this article provide the suggestions and policy
recommendations to improve the livelihood condition of labour class in India. This Article only
focused (or) covered on Labour Issue.
1.HINDRANCE IN THE LABOUR ECONOMY
The 21 days of lockdown against the COVID-19, without precaution any measures than the govt
reinforce the order is really indelible scar in the history of both rural and urban labour masses in
India. The majority of the labourers are walking more than 1000 Kilometers when the labourers
touch upon their home places. The informal sector workers are Daily wage laboueres,
Electricians, plumbers, Domestic workers, Hotel labouerers , Ragpickers, manual scavengers,
home base government workers, beedi workers, Street vendors, Tea pickers, Rickshaw pullers,
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Auto drivers, Tourism workers, Construction workers, Railway porters, and Real estate workers
are facing the alarming situation of lack of employment opportunities for the livelihood of day to
day life circle.
As the consequence, the informal labourers purchasing power will diminish beyond the limit,
when compared to the average necessity of life, In practical, in an Economy supply is more,
demand is less, the Market glut is taken place. Therefore, Market glut would lead to shut down in
the Industrial sector.
Moreover, most of the workers are fear that dying of Hunger and uncertain for the employment
opportunity. Thus Lockdown even would hamper the labour Economics scenario in India.
2. THE MYRIAD PROBLEMS FACED BY INFORMAL LABOURERS
In India’s lockdown, due to COVID-19, the following problems faced by unorganized labourers
as well as migrant labourers riddled with the issues like non-availability of work, the disparity of
wages, if he or she comes in the place of destination after the end of lockdown, low-paid wages
in the place of origin, hazardous nature of work, the sexual exploitation of women and children
they belong to migrant labourer families, denial of state services such as health and education.
Moreover, there are large mental health issues, then the non- acceptance of relatives and friends
of migrant labourers hometown. The paucity of fund constraints does not solve the dark side of
dept as well as poverty-ridden and so on. The most informal migrant workers are not easy to
obtain the ration cards, Voter ID and Aadhaar card. These are all necessary documents, which is
useful for getting sort welfare schemes with speedy manner.
For instance, if a migrant worker enters into their hometown (or) native villages, the general
public of the people concern village, do not recognize the one and all of the village, they are
thinking about diseases if Migrant labourers are enter into the village . Therefore, we ignore ( or)
cancel his relationship (or) friendship.
In this kind of environment, definitely would affect the real life of Migrant workers.
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3.TO RECTIFY THE FINANCIAL BURDEN OF INFORMAL WORKERS
WOULD AMPLIFY THE BETTER FUTURE.
The continuous shut down would lead to losses of 45 working days for their present employment
level, As of now there is no cash on hand for their basic necessity of life, on the other hand, there
is no let-up to meet the future expenses. The majority of the informal sector’s labourers are
getting money from professional money lenders in the name of weekly Thandal (Thandal means
a collection of money Kanduvatti ) even it was happening in normal working days, in the routine
thandal money transaction, many of the labourers do not promptly pay the weekly Thandal ,
because of the sudden rise of some kind of family expenditure.
Whereas, in the midst of lockdown, their financial burden is surmounted, either live or not in the
coming days. The Informal sector’s labourers contribution to our economy is of grave
importance. Therefore, the government should initiate a possible solution to overcome the
problem of a financial burden.
4.EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES IT IS A BOON TO THE INFORMAL
WORKERS.
To strengthen and create employment opportunities by way of government’s continuous effort
for the betterment of life of Informal Workers. All informal workers should cover Rent-Free
shelters. The government should implement the special provident fund scheme say, for example,
if one informal labourer, he can pay Rs.100, then the govt would pay Rs.1,000, this 10 fold share
by the authorities, would alleviate poverty and create self - employment opportunity in future.
The free medical facilities provided by the government as well as private hospitals, it will use to
better health status of Informal worker.
If it improves the good health of informal workers, it should enlarge the working capacity of the
informal labourers. To Provide adequate employment opportunities, through this way, if any one
person gave the informal workers identity card, the government and private sectors provide the
minimum no of days of employment per month (or) per year. To increase the involvement of
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working tendency of informal workers, the government should allow the scheme of the
subsidized rate of transport facility, during the working days.
In order to secure more no of employment opportunities, the government must enact the law for
the development of domestic Agriculture and infant Industries in the remote areas.
Finally, the government should spontaneously invest in infrastructure development, it will create
more no of employment opportunities in the large section of our informal sector labourers in
India.
5.THE RIGHT POLICY DECISION WOULD PROMOTE THE
INFORMAL LABOUR ECONOMY
The policymaker’s attention toward the improvement of the economic status of Informal
Workers in India. In this regard, the international Labours organization warns Indian
Administrators and policymakers of our Nation. The ILO states that 90 per cent of the labour
force ( Nearly 40 Crore People) belongs to the informal category of workers in India, their living
condition of the present day scenario of lockdown is worsening and falling risk of extreme
poverty when compared to normal working days.
In order to overcome this problem, the labour sector reforms to introduce by the policymakers of
India.
The reform measures are as follows
-Decent wage level and pension scheme for old-age workers.
- Labour welfare services such as health education, Nutrition.
- Special pay and included with the avail of leave facility for Extra working hours
- Union as well as state government insurance schemes
- Commensurate infrastructure development both in rural and urban areas
- Special budgetary Allocation to the informal Sector Workers.
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The above all these viable and reliable policy measures to uplift the life of Informal workers in
India, against the COVID-19 event.
CASE STUDIES WITH REGARD TO LOCK DOWN- MYRIAD
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY WORKERS IN THE INFORMAL
SECTOR:
In this case study, we carefully study the myriad difficulties handled by migrant workers in the
informal sector. The government’s sudden announcement of 21-day COVID -19 lockdown has
already disproportionately hurt marginalized communities due to loss of livelihood and lack of
food, shelter, health, and other basic needs more than 80 percent of out-of-work migrant workers
are stranded, with rail and bus services shut down.
The complete closing of state boundaries has hampered the supply of important goods, that
leading to fears of price increases and scarcity. Thousands of homeless people need protection,
more than 80 percent of India's workers are working in the informal sector One-third are
ordinary labourers. It is important that authorities use the maximum resources available to ensure
the delivery of services.
Migrant workers faced discrimination from their Villagers, neighbors and landlords threatened to
evict them, fearing they could be carriers of COVID-19. Isolated people are also tarnished and
threatened with expulsion. This real sadness at social discrimination against migrant workers.
Already, the serious consequences of the lockdown in have not been documented by the
contracts and protections of millions of informal workers and daily wage workers across India
and facing destitution and hunger.
All these informal workers are already food insecure, and they depend on daily wages for their
living expenses, and provide vital health care, and educate their kids. Control will have a very
genuine cost in contractual conditions of lives. Virus Lockdowns Threaten Billions of Informal
workers working in the Shadow Economy.
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
In the present, research work is entitled to COVID -19 lockdown and how the informal sector
worker's daily lives affecting the sudden destruction and encounter the numerous numbers of
challenges at the present and future scenario for their livelihoods. The studies on informal
workers with reference to labourers in India. The connected review of literature of this analysis
work highlights solely on informal sector worker's acts at varying levels. At this backdrop, the
present research work carried out in the vacuum of many of the earlier studies.
CASE STUDY NO: 1
COVID-19 Lockdown – Fisherman’s Normal Life Becomes Cessation
Guest workers are in trouble without wages at Kanyakumari harbor. The migrant Guest workers
from Odisha, West Bengal and Assam are facing the insecure position of their livelihood. The
Times of India reporter was approached by Radha Das, 48 from a village near Kolkata and his
brother Nandu Das, 40 With the request of Some food.
They are basically unable to communicate in the local language and they tried to speak in Hindi.
“Our employer is from Kollam, in Kerala. He dropped us here and left. During the past ten days
without the money, we survive on scraps of the crew on another boat” said Radha Das
The Migrant workers are really employed on the deep-sea fishing boats in Kanyakumari,
Thoothoor Region. With business at a standstill, the boats no longer have adequate provision to
maintain them, at the same time groceries are going dry for several, others are about to run out of
cooking gas, add to this the rules of lockdown. “We do not have masks so I was pursued by the
police as soon as I tried to leave the harbour, we need help,” said Radha Das from Kolkata,
who's been working as a fisherman for last five years.
Thus, boat owners do not have any responsibility to overcome the migrant guest worker's basic
issues.
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CASE STUDY NO:2
COVID-19 Lockdown Creates Mental and Physical Anguish for Migrant
Workers
Migrant workers cut off the plaster, starts limping his way home, 240Km away: A shocking
incident happened at the Indore, Madhya Pradesh. A Migrant worker Bhawarlal cut off the
plaster from his fractured leg and began hobbling his way from Indore to Rajasthan on March 30,
2020, during the lockdown in India due to coronavirus impact. He has over 240 Kilometers of
agony left before he will get to his village in Rajasthan photos of him sitting on the road and
removing his plaster cast went Viral in the morning, mirroring the plight of the thousands of
migrant workers headed both ways, while the mast is returning to Madhya Pradesh from
neighboring states. Bhawarlal is going from pipariya in Madhya Pradesh Hoshangabad district to
baran in mandsaur district of Madhya Pradesh on March 30, 2020, and told that only pedestrians
would be allowed any further, say sources from Indore.
Therefore, it is an inhuman act, at the lockdown against the Migrant Worker in India.
CASE STUDY NO:3
Epidemic Lockdown Transformed Agriculture Workers: Scared to go to work:
In Samastipur District Farmer Mr. Manuwant Chowdhary, who cultivates the grain, vegetables,
fruits and raises livestock on his farm, was informed that the workers he employed local
residents who lived directly across the road. However, they were refusing to come to work.
They are afraid of even crossing the road and going to the farm because they think they will not
be allowed to return, there are so much stigmatization and propaganda now about the virus that
the villagers have stopped getting out entirely. When I informed one of my manual workers that
she would be washing her hands regularly, and we won't be able to even farm while keeping the
social distance within the field.
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Coronavirus epidemic might cripple India's economy, India's epidemic lockdown is transformed
into a human disaster More than half of India's labour force is taking part in farming, while
agriculture contributes. India is one of the world's largest producers of crops such as rice, grains,
sugar-cane, yarn, vegetables, and dairy products. Present there are concerns that halting farm
activities in the field will not only end ups harming the farmers, and labourers but also have an
impact on food security. This lockdown couldn't have arrived at the worst possible time for
Migrant and Non-Migrant labourers.
REVIEW-1
Pavan K. Verma in his article on “India versus Bharat” describes the Indian middle-class people
as a special case of the animal. Lockdown has strengthened India against the Bharat split. For
those living in India, self-isolation is not always worrying, but enduring.
This is almost a fascinating opportunity for the facilitators. Doing yoga, drinking watermelon
juice, watching Netflix, videoconferencing, reading books you haven't read yet, spending quality
time with family, playing with pets, and being respectful to everyone about the importance of
staying at home. But in India, millions of migrant workers are in the informal sector, street
vendors, contract workers, lower-level employees at workplaces that have been shut down, and
the daily wage laborers have to go out and work for something to eat at night.
India, aware of the imperatives of Bharat's deniers who have virtually no social security nets, is
self-interested in isolation? Does the great Indian middle class know that India has the right to a
less privileged one? It wants to get it back outside the castle, and thousands are stuck on the road
Can’t get back to their own place without work?
Thus, we have to identify both extremes of Versus Bharat of India.
REVIEW-2
Gurcharan Das in his article focused the Ten steps to $5 Trillion. He brings out India must
execute bold economic reforms to become competitive among the global level, out of which, the
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sixth measure is labour reforms, as the consequence we can more forward to $5 Trillion dollars.
The sixth reform is mainly identified as the majority of the Indian labour loans that protect jobs
not workers. It is revealed that the absence of labour wellbeing, the employers really can
motivate the sucked out the hard work of their labourers blood, companies have to survive On
the downside when orders fall, you cut workers or go bankrupt. Successful Countries allow
employers to hire and remove employees but protect the out of work with the safety net. There
should be labour welfare funds in India (With the participation of employers and the
government) to fund interim unemployment and re-training. We should not emphasize on
lifetime jobs.
REVIEW-3
Ajeet Mahale , Jatin Anand, and Omar Rashid, their combined article on The long march to
uncertainty reveals the migrant workers struggle in packet shelters, while those who managed to
reach their native places face hostility. According to the 2011 census, the country has the highest
number of immigrants There are (2.3 million) in Maharashtra but activists say the census failed
to address the seasonal migration of four to five months.
For 20-year-old Digambar Roy, last week was a nightmare. He arrived in Mumbai from
Jharkhand on March 21, hoping to earn a few months before returning home He knew nothing
about lockdown; He was told he could earn as much as? 400 a day as a construction worker I
don't have money to spend because after reaching the location lockdown started no work. I'm
having difficulty getting rations. I rely on other workers from Jharkhand to help me.” he said.
According to Raghav Mehrotra, a researcher with the Ajvika Bureau, which works with migrant
workers. What is now connecting all the migrant workers in the area is that they have all lost
their jobs and wages, the Migrant worker's communities where all work, normally work in small
cloths workshops. They stay at their place of work and rely on local tapas for their daily meals
They were able to get basic rations by transferring money to their nearest grocery store, although
cooking the meal It was a challenging task, he said, with many migrant workers gathering and
asking for help.
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Manas Raut from Odisha residing in a Rafale and works on the suburb of the city Routh said that
he and 70 workers from his state were given help after a distress call was sent out on the Internet.
Many have established their own helpline numbers "None of our employers have contacted us.
We are fighting to fill both ends during this lockdown.” he said.
The lockdown also exposed the absence of a protection net for migrant workers for example,
many construction workers were found to be ineligible for finance in accordance with the
building and other construction workers Welfare Fund. Gopal told many contractors he knew
went to their homes after realizing there was no business. Nobody attended my phone last one
week he said.
Hence, during the lockdown in India, Migrant workers have access to no transport, no jobs, and
no food.
REVIEW-4
Pranab Mondal observed from the Express New Service at Rajasthan, with regard to migrant
labourers faces a lot of challenges at the time of entry into their village due to the lockdown of
COVID-19.
Migrant Workers Returning to their Homesteads in the interiors part of Jharkhand, West Bengal,
Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, and Rajasthan, In others, neighbors have blocked the road to
their homes, despite complaining to the police that they are in danger of contracting the
coronavirus. The Gram Panchayats now insist on obtaining all clear identity certificates from the
health authorities and must be isolated before entering the villages or residences.
Ram Sahay has been waiting at Jaipur’s Sindhi Camp bus stand with his wife and children since
28the March 2020. A worker at a stone crushing factory in Beaver, he walked miles to reach
Jaipur, his brothers reported he did not want to go home to Kota without screening test for
weather is positive or not masses of migrant workers, who reached Dholpur Takawali village in
Rajasthan, faced a boycott in their villages. Dholpur SP Myrutul Kachava told, “The villagers
don’t like the Migrants coming back and they are unwelcome. People grumble that workers from
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Delhi, Kerala, and Jodhpur have come from toward their camps without testing, so now we are
testing all.
Therefore, migrant workers are encountering the hateful act by their own village fellow people,
friends, and family members.
R EVIEW-5
Antony Fernando in his Observation in the Nagapattinam port fishermen’s major demand is
some relief packages during the period of lockdown against COVID-19.
Fishing, fisheries work, boat repair, domestic fishing and aquaculture during the lockdown are
included as prohibited activities. We will need humanitarian assistance to feed our families. The
government has exempted some agricultural activities. We ask for an exemption for fibreglass
boat fishing and fish works together with social isolation guidelines, said RV Kumaravel, a fish
laborers forum spokesperson.
Fishers also sought financial assistance like loans for hauling out repairs of modern and
fibreglass boats at the same time that they stay away from the sea. They had willingly opted not
to venture out to sea earlier in the month to avoid coronavirus, but the lockdown has prolonged
their agony and they are fighting to feed their families.
Hence fishermen need financial assistance for their livelihood during the period of a lockdown
situation.
NORTH CHENNAI’S MIGRANT LABOURER’S LOCKDOWN IS THE
BEGINNING OF A CATASTROPHE
The 21-day continuous lockdown of coronavirus epidemic and the condition has drawn attention
to the difficult lives of its seasoned migrants.
According to the rapid assessment Survey, 90 Percentage of North Chennai Migrant labourers
have already lost one to three weeks of work. Civil society the organization that concentrates on
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human rights of socially marginalized communities. This loss of income proves to be
catastrophic on many fronts. More than 85 percentage of the North Chennai migrant are daily
wage population, they fear food will be exhausted before the lockdown ends.
Almost every labourer fears that they will not get a job after the lockdown is over. More than
150 migrant workers in north Chennai surveyed from the lockdown period announced by the
state government.
COVID-19 LOCKDOWN IMPACT ON NORTH CHENNAI MIGRANT
LABOURERS
In this study one of the main reasons for food and financial insecurity is the low wages that
Migrants labourers earn, More than half of daily wages and migrant’s population are earning in
daily wage job just Rs 500 a day, much below the prescribed minimum wage .Rs.600 and above
for skilled, semi-skilled, and unskilled workers respectively in North Chennai.
Due to the highly informal and exploitative nature of the industry, workers are often paid very
little for minimum wage rates recommended by local management
ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF WORK:
The Analysis and presentation of work are mainly carried out the working and living conditions
of the migrant labourer’s in North Chennai with suitable illustration on the basis of data collected
through the interview schedule.
TABLE No.1.1
1.MINIMUM INCOME STATUS OF DAILY WAGE WORKERS - RESPONDENTS IN THE
STUDY
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SNO WORK FORCE CALIBER MINMUM WAGE PER DAY NO. OF PERSONS
1 SKILLED WORKERS RUPEES ₹ 600 AND ABOVE 17
2 SEMI-SKILLED WORKERS RUPEES ₹ 500 TO 600 42
3 UNSKILLED WORKERS CATEGORY -I RUPEES ₹ 300 TO 400 35
4 UNSKILLED WORKERS CATEGORY -II BELOW RUPEES ₹ 250 6
TOTAL 100
GRAPH:
FOOD SCARCITY DURING EXTENDED LOCKDOWN
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More than 60% of the migrant labourer’s surveyed have no food. A few of them said they had
rations to support their homes for three to four weeks these migrants’ workers have their local
identity, because of that they able to get ration.
Many said they did not have enough money to support basic housing costs as a result of the
lockdown being extended, this lockdown remains, how many days can Migrant labourer’s
households manage their expenses.
TABLE No.1.2
2.MIGRANT LABOURER’S FINANCIAL SECURITY SURVEY
SNO MANAGE THE HOUSE HOLD EXPENSES NO. OF PERSONS PERCENTAGE
1 LESS THAN A WEEK 32 69
2 UP TO A MONTH 43 19
3 NO IDEA 25 12
TOTAL 100 100
GRAPH:
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The Tamil Nadu government, for its part, has already increased the quantity of rice and wheat
under the Corona Virus Relief Package and the economically weaker sections are already
entitled to the relief package.
CONCLUSION:
This present lockdown is severely damaging the Economy, like the 1930 great depression at the
global level. The income level of the bottom to top-level working classes are shrinking together.
At this backdrop, the policymakers should focus the certain measures on increasing the per
capita income of the country and improve the investment both domestic and foreign direct
Investment specially to generate adequate employment opportunities to our abundant labourers.
Apart from that to provide subsidized first-grade food grains, pulses cloth, shelter, protected
drinking water facilities, compulsory education to labourers children up to higher studies. The
above these are all viable strategy to improve human resource development throughout the
nation. With regard to Monetary mechanism, interest-free loan to self-employed labourers .
Then, the COVID-19 reflections are unexpected slip-down in the Economy even though we have
taken strong, multifaceted techniques used and promulgated the such a vibrant policies to boast
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the small medium and large scale enterprises for the sake of productivity of labour in the
economy.
REFERENCES:
1. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/covid-19-lockdown-fish-in-stock-but-fishermen-
at-sea/articleshow/74915587.cms
2. The Times of India Reporter dated on March 31,2020, Chennai edition “Migrant Worker
Cuts off Plaster, starts limping his way home, 240Km away” Vol:13 No:77, Page.7.
3. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52176564
4. Pavan K. Varma India Verus Bharat “Times of India Vol: 13 No 75 March 28,2020
Page- 10
5. Gurcharan Das “Ten steps to $ 5 Trillion” Times of India, Vol.12, No 285, December 3,
2019 P.12
6. Ajeet Mahale , Jatin Anand and Omar Rashid, “ The Long march to uncertainty” The
Hindu, April 4, 2020 Vol. 143, No 81.
7. Pranab Mondal They return home, only to face “boycott”. The new Indian Express
March 30,2020,Vol.90,No.76page-7
https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/mar/30/they-return-home-only-to-face-
boycott-2123241.html
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8. Antony Fernando, “Fishers demand relief package for Lock down “ The new Indian
Express,march31,2020Vol.90No.77page-4
https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2020/mar/31/fishers-demand-
relief-package-for-lockdown-2123702.html
9. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/03/27/india-covid-19-lockdown-puts-poor-risk
10. https://www.bloombergquint.com/global-economics/borderless-virus-confronts-world-
where-2-billion-toil-in-shadows
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