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Factors Associated With Willingness To Report Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) to Police in South Korea
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious social problem in South Korea, but the IPV reporting rate to the police is not high enough. To reduce violence and further victimization, it is important for IPV (potential) victims to report to police. Thus, this study aimed to examine the factors associated with willingness to report IPV to police if they experience it using the 2013 Korean National Domestic Violence Survey data. A representative sample of 5,000 Korean participants, of whom 1,668 were males and 3,332 were females, were recruited using a stratified multistage sampling design. We found that the willingness to report IPV to the police was statistically significant when the participants were young, had strong knowledge of IPV-related laws, had lower levels of acceptance of violence, had lower levels of conservative gender role values, and when the seriousness of violence was higher for both male and female participants. However, having children and having experienced child abuse only affected women’s willingness to report IPV to the police. Based on this study’s findings, we then discussed policy implications to prevent further victimization, focusing on factors that are associated with willingness to report violence to the police.
... Due to the ingrained patriarchal culture within South Korean society, intimate partner violence had been regarded as more of a personal issue until recent years (Hong et al., 2010;Kim et al., 2010). This partly explains the prevalence of underreporting of intimate partner violence in South Korea (Kim & Ferraresso, 2022). ...
Research on representative bureaucracy highlights the importance of translating passive into active representation. But what is the motivational basis that underlies this translation? Drawing on theories of social identity and intergroup behavior, we argue that bureaucrats belonging to underrepresented groups actively represent their own group because of a desire for positive distinctiveness. Two large-scale conjoint experiments were performed using a unique sample of 1,929 frontline investigators in the National Police in South Korea. Results show that investigator-accuser gender match per se did not cause female investigators to prioritize female accusers of assault more than male investigators did. But once the assaults were manipulated to involve salient female disadvantages that lower women's status – e.g., intimate partner violence –, female accusers were more likely to be prioritized by female investigators. Our findings suggest that active representation is not unbounded partiality but a lever that guards against inequitable group disparities.
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... Victims that have experienced domestic abuse during childhood and its subsequent normalization -a phenomenon known as inter-generational transmission of violence -are also less likely to report (Widom, Czaja and Dutton(2014)). Moreover, a lack of awareness of domestic violence laws and available resources (Kim and Ferraresso(2021)) also correlate to a lower likelihood of reporting. ...
Research Questions
Can social media reach isolated domestic abuse victims? Secondly, does providing victims with more information and a safer means of contacting police change their likelihood of domestic abuse reporting?
Data
This research is based on high frequency and confidential administrative data on the population of domestic abuse calls during the period of the Covid-19 pandemic but also the preceding years from two police forces – the Thames Valley Police (TVP) and the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS).
Methods
To answer the research questions, we ran a randomized control trial (RCT) using a novel social media campaign promoting a method of reporting through Facebook and Instagram. We randomised the treatment across geographic areas in one police force and across individuals in another police force.
Findings
We found that while social media is an effective tool for engaging on domestic abuse topics, particularly with younger individuals, our intention-to-treat estimates between the treatment and control areas and individuals did not show any significant difference in domestic abuse reporting. One of the reasons to explain this finding was the geographically imprecise social media targeting features on Facebook.
Conclusions
Our research contributes to the scarce experimental literature on how to increase domestic abuse reporting among victims with, to the best of our knowledge, the first randomised test of the effects of a social media campaign on engagement and reporting. As police forces across the United Kingdom, but also worldwide, start using social media more to engage with the citizens they serve, these results provide interesting and valuable implications for their effectiveness and the role of technology in the future policing.
... Psychosocial studies on the matter have usually focused on an analysis of the barriers encountered by women when they file a complaint and the possible measures taken to overcome them [16,[62][63][64][65][66]. Nevertheless, in the present study we will explore the source of these complaints as a complementary analysis to provide an assessment of this bystander behavior. ...
Recent decades have seen a growing acknowledgement of violence against women (VAW) as a serious social and public health problem of epidemic proportions. The prevention of VAW and intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) has become a priority within this context, and includes various prevention strategies such as social participation and helping behaviors. In different countries, conducting research on help-seeking behavior and bystander intervention in cases of VAW is a common practice, but addressing these issues is much less common in Spain. In this context, the objective of this study is to provide a preliminary estimation of the volume of bystanders in cases of IPVAW in Spain between 2005 and 2020 (since the entry into force of Organic Law 1/2004), their willingness to intervene and, in the case of intervention, the type of helping behavior (real or hypothetical) preferred, using the sources (secondary data) available (specifically, survey data, as the surveys of social perception of gender violence and the 2014 and 2019 macro-surveys, and also administrative data, as the database of reports filed). The data analyzed allow us to determine that, in fact, in the cases of IPVAW there are usually persons within the victim’s inner circle who are firsthand witnesses or have been informed by the victim of the existence of this type of violence, but, although the bystanders generally claim they would engage in an active and supportive response, this is in fact not always the case. These results underscore the need to develop intervention programs aimed at IPVAW bystanders to improve their reaction and contribute to the development of helpful and efficient active responses.
... Women were twice as likely to report physical IPV victimization in the past year compared to men (6.9% versus 3.4%) and alcohol intake was significantly related to both victimization and perpetration in both women and men (Lee et al., 2014). Reporting of IPV to police is uncommon in South Korea; underreporting is exacerbated by conservative Confucian gender roles and higher tolerance for violence (Kim & Ferraresso, 2021). South Korean women who are both victimized by IPV and have conservative Confucian gender roles have significantly more depression symptoms than suggested by simple addition of the main effects of each (Park et al., 2017). ...
Evidence from a growing research literature on the causes and effects of informal social control (ISC) and bystander interventions carried out by nonprofessionals against intimate partner violence (IPV) shows anomalies and unexplained counterintuitive findings. This study employs a new experimental vignette design to examine the hypothesis: high bystander legitimacy (in the eyes of potential perpetrators) will moderate the effects of (1) incipient ISC and (2) perceived ISC, on parent's self‐estimated likelihood of perpetrating IPV. The data consist of 210 rural Korean parents randomly drawn from Kyunggi province using a three‐stage cluster probability proportional to size approach. Parents were randomly assigned to low and high incipient ISC, perceived ISC, and collective legitimacy conditions, following a 2 × 2 × 2 experimental vignette approach. Hypotheses were tested using regression models with standard errors corrected for district clusters. Incipient ISC was associated with significantly less self‐estimated likelihood of perpetrating IPV. An interaction between high bystander legitimacy and incipient ISC was negative (B = −8.88, p < 0.01). The interaction between perceived ISC and legitimacy was not significant. However, the interaction between perceived ISC and female gender was positively associated with self‐estimated likelihood of perpetrating IPV (B = 8.61, p < 0.05). The findings suggest that the presence of a legitimate bystander (whom the potential perpetrator believes has a legitimate right to be concerned about his or her family) may deter parents from perpetrating IPV. Programs to boost ISC and bystander intervention should include modules that strengthen collective legitimacy.
... Last, there are family and social pressures that influence reluctance to file a police report for domestic violence, and which are linked to the self-esteem of women victims [27,48,49]. Sometimes it is the family themselves, or the aggressor's family, who justifies the behaviour; other times it is the social environment wherein the aggressor is seen as a "good person", a "good father" or a "hard working man"; or it could simply be that the victim perceives the situation as a personal failure for not having chosen a better partner. ...
Background
There are many studies that address the issue of gender-based violence, but few analyse the police-reported cases. It is as important to analyse the temporal and geographic distribution of these incidents as it is the sociodemographic profile of the accuser. To this effect, the present study aims to analyse the sociodemographic profile of the victims of the particular case of domestic violence that report the incident to the police and to evaluate the spatial–temporal distribution of these reports.
Methods
Using the data from a database containing the police-reported incidents of domestic violence in Girona in the period 2012–2018, the risk of a police-reported incident was estimated by adjusting the two-part Hurdle model.
Results
The risk of reporting incidents of domestic violence to the police is higher in the less deprived areas of the city, and the spatial distribution of these police reports corroborate this finding. Nevertheless, those areas with the greatest socio-economic deprivation were also the ones where there were less police reports filed. Also the prediction of less police reports in the census tract with the highest percentage of the population with an insufficient educational level coincides with the largest number of police reports made by women with a medium and university level education (56.1%) compared with 9.5% of police reports made by women with insufficient schooling.
Conclusions
These results can be useful for social protection services to design policies specifically aimed at women residing in those areas with the highest risk. Moreover, the use of spatial statistical techniques together with geographic information systems tools is a good strategy to analyse domestic violence and other types of offences because they not only allow to graphically identify the spatial distribution, but it is also a good tool to identify problems related to this type of offence.
... Disclosure of abuse is a vital step in the process of finding a lasting solution and breaking the abuse chain. Therefore, screening for and eventual management of IPV may be seriously hampered unless victims are willing to disclose abuse and make use of available resources [7][8][9]. It is noted that factors such as ethnicity, culture, gender-role definitions, kin and friendship networks may influence a woman's perception of her options and the help she seeks, as well as the nature and scope of violence she experiences in an intimate relationship [7,[10][11]. ...
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious global public health problem and contributes significantly to high rate of domestic violence. IPV remains the most prevalent form of violence against women (VAW) worldwide; and global estimates of VAW suggest that 35% of all women will experience either IPV or non-partner sexual violence in their lifetime. Hence, this study aimed at assessing the factors influencing disclosure of intimate partner violence among women aged 25-50 years in selected Primary Health Centres, Oyo State. This study is a descriptive research survey design conducted among young and middle age women in selected primary health care centres, Ibadan North-West Local Government Area, Oyo State between August and September, 2021. Sample size was calculated using Leslie Kish formula and the total number of sample used were three hundred and five (305) women. Facilities were selected using multistage sampling technique while the samples were selected using convenient sampling technique. A structured questionnaire on factors influencing intimate partner disclosure with reliability index of 0.75 was used for data collection. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics of frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation while inferential statistics of chi-square was used to test stated hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed high prevalence of intimate partner violence among women, majority of women were willing to disclose intimate partner violence with their family, pastors or imam. However, reason for non disclosure were attributed to the fact that they have never experience intimate partners before, intimate partner violence has become normal things among couples, fear of being stigmatized and that disclosing the violence will not change anything. Factors influencing the disclosure of intimate partner violence include dependence on partner for financial support, societal views about intimate partner violence, level of education , years of relationship, presence of children, religious belief, fear of worse outcomes, social support , access to information about intimate partners violence , feeling of embarrassment/shame, taking intimate partners as normal and societal status of partners, were identified as factors influencing intimate partners disclosure among young and middle age women. This study concluded that many young and middle age women experienced intimate partner violence and many of them are willing to disclose it to others. Therefore, awareness about intimate partner violence and the dangers of non-disclosure should be created among women.
... IPV victims' unwillingness to seek help from the police and other formal professionals is not a phenomenon unique to Latin America. Studies have found that IPV victims are less likely to seek help unless they fear for their lives (Loke et al., 2012) or their children's lives (Kim & Ferraresso, 2021;Rhodes et al., 2010) due to the severity of the abuse. However, this might be particularly relevant in Latin America due to the mistrust of and low confidence in the police among the general public (Cao & Zhao, 2005). ...
Intimate partner violence (IPV) among women in Latin America, including Honduras, is serious. To help IPV victims, a community-based educational program has been implemented. This study aims to examine the impact of IPV training among teachers and health care professionals ( n = 160) on increases in IPV knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy when dealing with IPV victims using a pretest and posttest design. We found that the treatment group who received IPV training showed significantly lower justification for IPV, higher gender equality attitudes, and higher IPV knowledge as well as higher confidence levels in identifying IPV victims and safety planning for victims. We concluded that the IPV training program using the community-based approaches has the potential to help IPV victims in Honduras. More efforts should be made to increase the educational opportunities the community members can receive.
Objectives
In this review we: (1) identify and describe nationally representative surveys with child maltreatment (CM) questions conducted by governments in low-income, middle-income and high-income countries and (2) describe procedures implemented to address respondents’ safety and minimise potential distress.
Design
We conducted a systematic search across eight databases from 1 January 2000 to 5 July 2021 to identify original studies with information about relevant surveys. Additional information about surveys was obtained through survey methods studies, survey reports, survey websites or by identifying full questionnaires (when available).
Results
Forty-six studies representing 139 surveys (98 youth and 41 adult) conducted by governments from 105 countries were identified. Surveys implemented a variety of procedures to maximise the safety and/or reduce distress for respondents including providing the option to withdraw from the survey and/or securing confidentiality and privacy for the respondent. In many surveys, further steps were taken such as providing information for support services, providing sensitivity training to survey administrators when interviews were conducted, among others. A minority of surveys took additional steps to empirically assess potential distress experienced by respondents.
Conclusions
Assessing risk and protective factors and developing effective interventions and policies are essential to reduce the burden of violence against children. While asking about experiences of CM requires careful consideration, procedures to maximise the safety and minimise potential distress to respondents have been successfully implemented globally, although practices differ across surveys. Further analysis is required to assist governments to implement the best possible safety protocols to protect respondents in future surveys.
Objectives:
In recent years, multiple studies have investigated the issue of intimate partner violence (IPV) in Korea. However, most of those studies have focused on IPV against women, while overlooking the problem of men IPV victimization. Considering this, the current study identified risk and protective factors for IPV and examined their influence on IPV victimization among Korean men.
Methods:
We used a nationally representative sample of 1668 Korean men from the 2013 Korea National Survey on Domestic Violence. The associations between potential IPV risk factors and different types of IPV were investigated using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Specifically, separate analyses were conducted of 5 types of IPV (neglect, controlling behaviors, emotional violence, economic violence, and physical violence).
Results:
The prevalence of IPV among Korean men and women showed only marginal gender differences. Controlling behaviors (men, 23.3%; women, 23.9%) and emotional violence (men, 16.5%; women, 18.8%) were the most common types of IPV reported, followed by neglect (men, 11.2%; women, 11.7%). Separate logistic regression analyses for the 5 subtypes of IPV revealed that mutual IPV was a strong predictor of IPV. Men who abused their wives were more likely to experience neglect (odds ratio [OR], 29.24; p<0.01), controlling behaviors (OR, 36.61; p<0.01), emotional violence (OR, 58.07; p<0.01), economic violence (OR, 18.78; p<0.01), and physical violence (OR, 38.09; p<0.01).
Conclusions:
The findings of this study suggest that IPV intervention strategies should particularly focus on couples whose relationship is characterized by patterns of bidirectional violence.
Social policies and services addressing domestic violence have been developed recently in South Korea but scarcely reported to the international audience. We adopted the empowerment perspective, comprehensively reviewing whether, and how, policies and services empower survivors in Korea. Survivor services and criminal justice responses have great potential for survivor empowerment in Korea. However, these services serve only a limited number of survivors, and police officers often do not arrest perpetrators even though it is encouraged by law. It is critical to increase the number of service providers and make sure that training for law enforcement personnel is fully funded and appropriately implemented nationwide.
Totalitarian style partner control is seldom studied apart from intimate partner violence (IPV) independently as an outcome. This article uses a comparative study of Beijing and Seoul to begin to address this gap in the research. We collected three-stage probability proportional to size cluster samples of married/partnered women from Beijing (n = 301) and Seoul (n = 459), using refusal conversion to keep response rates high. We hypothesized (1) totalitarian style partner control will be positively associated with Confucian sex role norms at the (a) individual and (b) neighborhood levels, (2) totalitarian style partner control will be positively associated with IPV secrecy at the (a) individual and (b) neighborhood levels, and (3) totalitarian style partner control will be positively associated with the need for refusal conversion. Mixed effects (multilevel) regression models supported all three hypotheses at the individual level. Surprisingly, neighborhood socioeconomic status was positively associated with totalitarian style partner control. The combined data conceal important differences between Beijing and Seoul. The rate of totalitarian style partner control is more than 5 times higher in Seoul, and Confucian sex role norms, at both the individual and neighborhood levels, predict totalitarian style control there. Based on our findings, we infer that cultural emphases on face may play very different roles in the etiology of totalitarian partner control in the two cities.
Aim: To determine which factors were associated with (1) female experiences of intimate partner violence (IPV), (2) female reporting of physical or sexual assault by an intimate partner to the police and (3) females seeking help and support after experiencing IPV.
Method: Women who experienced violence from an intimate partner in the two years prior to participating in the ABS Personal Safety Survey 2012 (PSS) were compared with women who reported never having experienced any violence. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine which factors including socio-demographic, financial stress, social connectedness, abuse before the age of 15 and emotional abuse by a partner were related to experiences of IPV. In order to ascertain which factors were related to help-seeking behaviours, multilevel regression models were used on a subsample of females whose most recent incident of violence in the last two years was perpetrated by an intimate partner.
Results: The risk of IPV varies greatly across the community. Factors associated with a higher risk of IPV included being younger, Australian-born, having a long-term health condition, lacking social support, experiencing financial stress, having previously been a victim of child abuse and having experienced emotional abuse by an intimate partner. Where the most recent incident of physical or sexual assault in the last two years was perpetrated by an intimate partner, less than one in three assaults were reported to the police. Intimate partner assaults were less likely to be reported to the police if the perpetrator was still a current partner of the victim at the time of the interview, the assault was sexual (not physical) and if the victim perceived the assault was “not a crime” or “not serious enough”. Having a physical injury after the incident was associated with an increased likelihood of reporting the assault to the police. Where the most recent incident of violence (assaults and threats) was perpetrated by an intimate partner, a counsellor or social worker was consulted after 30% of all incidents.
Conclusion: Efforts to prevent IPV and improve services and supports for IPV victims should focus on women who experienced emotional abuse by a current or previous partner, sole parents, women who lack social supports, women experiencing financial stress, women who have experienced abuse as a child and women with a disability or long-term health condition.
Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate what proportion of domestic violence (DV) victims who seek help from DV services choose not to report the violence to police and to investigate factors and reasons associated with non-reporting. Method: Data was collected by interviewing 300 victims attending DV services. The interview was conducted by telephone and included questions on (a) victim characteristics, (b) characteristics of victims' most recent incident, and (c) victims' reasons for not reporting to police. Descriptive and bivariate analyses were undertaken to determine characteristics associated with the decision to report a domestic violence incident to police. Results: Approximately half (51.8%) of victims reported their most recent incident to the police. Victims were more likely to report if they had an AVO against the offender, if their property had been damaged, if they were physically injured, if the abuse was physical or sexual, if they felt their children were at risk or if they had reported previous DV incidents. Victims were less likely to report if they were pregnant or experienced more than 5 previous incidents of abuse. The top three reasons for not reporting to police were fear of revenge/further violence (13.9%), embarrassment/shame (11.8%), or the incident was too trivial/unimportant (11.8%). The primary barrier to reporting, according to those interviewed, is that police either do not understand or are not proactive in handling DV (17.1%). Conclusion: Half of victims reported DV to the police, leaving the remainder without official legal intervention and professional support.
Police researchers have long argued that favorable evaluations of the police eventually lead to citizens’ willingness to cooperate with the police. However, this assumption has barely been studied empirically. The current study examines the association between attitudes toward the police and crime reporting behavior of victims. Furthermore, the study explores the influence of victims’ characteristics on their decisions to report crime to the police. Using field data originally collected in Ghana, the study found that victims’ levels of confidence in the police and satisfaction with police work positively predict their decisions to report sexual assault and robbery to the police. Moreover, findings revealed that age, marital status, and employment status are important predictors of victims’ reporting behavior. Several practical and theoretical implications of the results are discussed.
How do non-Western men interact with and understand the form of Western masculinity associated with global dominance? Is their experience of Western hegemonic masculinity’s denigration of their national/ethnic masculinity similar to what occurs among subordinated nonwhite and lower-class men in Western countries? We take up this subject in our study of the South Korean Father School movement, which trains Korean men to become more involved and loving family men. Our analysis of the discursive practices of Father School organizational leadership and participants discovers the relational construction of a problematic “Korean” masculinity and a remedial “New Man” masculinity associated with white American men. We draw on Chen (1999) to suggest the Father School men’s movement is an attempt to elevate Korean masculinity on the world stage by “bargaining” with Western hegemonic masculinity.
The studies concerning the role of Confucianism in East Asian countries, including South Korea, predominantly concern the specific aspects of either ancient or modern forms of Confucianism in Korean Peninsula, the time frames tending to be analyzed exclusively. The goal of this paper is to prove the existence of significant parallels and derivative connections between the economic, political, cultural and social traits of the contemporary Republic of Korea the specific aspects of life during Confucianism-influenced Joseon period and; it aims to achieve this goal through the contrastive perspective, taking into account the factors of temporal development (from Joseon period to the modernity) and spatial divisions (such as work, education and family). The formalized rules of social conduct deriving from the Confucian roots in the XIVth–XIXth century gradually became the way of life in the modern South Korea, making the ancient origins of this nation apparent.
Gender-based violence (GBV) is widespread globally and has myriad adverse health effects but is vastly underreported. Few
studies address the extent of reporting bias in existing estimates. We provide bounds for underestimation of reporting of
GBV to formal and informal sources conditional on having experienced GBV and characterize differences between women who report
and those who do not. We analyzed Demographic and Health Survey data from 284,281 women in 24 countries collected between
2004 and 2011. We performed descriptive analysis and multivariate logistic regressions examining characteristics associated
with reporting to formal sources. Forty percent of women experiencing GBV previously disclosed to someone; however, only 7%
reported to a formal source (regional variation, 2% in India and East Asia to 14% in Latin America and the Caribbean). Formerly
married and never married status, urban residence, and increasing age were characteristics associated with increased likelihood
of formal reporting. Our results imply that estimates of GBV prevalence based on health systems data or on police reports
may underestimate the total prevalence of GBV, ranging from 11- to 128-fold, depending on the region and type of reporting.
In addition, women who report GBV differ from those who do not, with implications for program targeting and design of interventions.
This article describes a revised Conflict Tactics Scales (the CTS2) to measure psychological and physical attacks on a partner in a marital, cohabiting, or dating relationship; and also use of negotiation. The CTS2 has (a) additional items to enhance content validity and reliability; (b) revised wording to increase clarity and specificity; (c) better differentiation between minor and severe levels of each scale; (d) new scales to measure sexual coercion and physical injury; and (e) a new format to simplify administration and reduce response sets. Reliability ranges from .79 to .95. There is preliminary evidence of construct validity.
Research on police involvement in cases of intimate partner violence (IPV) focuses mainly on best intervention strategies and often neglects the key prerequisite of any intervention: the victim's decision to contact the police. This article concentrates on the circumstances that make IPV incidents more likely to be reported to the police, and it also analyses the reasons for victims' not reporting and for their distrust of the police. It makes use of data from the Czech part of the International Violence Against Women Survey, which allows us to analyse the reporting behaviour of 709 female victims of IPV. The reporting rate among them is very low – only 8%. Logistic regression mod-els of reporting confi rmed the high relevance of the features of the particular incident and revealed also several factors related to the history of violence in the relationship; on the other hand, the victim's resources were found to have no infl uence. Distrust of the police proved to be an important factor for not reporting to the police (29% of women), and further analysis of this factor suggested the possible occurrence of learned helplessness syndrome among some victims. An additional substantial outcome of this study is its highlight-ing of the importance of different forms of psychological abuse (threats vs. control) which have diverse effects on victims' reporting behaviour.
Intimate partner violence (IPV) has a detrimental effect on the wellbeing of victims and their children. Situational as well
as individual factors shape victims’ responses to the experiences of IPV in many ways. This study uses a quantitative approach
to examine the factors that influence victims’ decisions on whether and where to seek help. The role of (unborn) children
has been examined together with other demographic and situational factors to reveal their influence on victims’ help-seeking
decisions. Two items were used to measure the role of children, including victims’ pregnancy at the time of the abuse and
children residing with the victim and witnessing the abuse. Relevant findings derived from the analysis of a sub-sample of
women interviewed in the process of the International Violence Against Women Survey (IVAWS) 2002/03 are discussed throughout
this paper with a specific focus on the role of children. While the presence of unborn children (i.e., pregnancy) had no effect
on victims’ help-seeking decisions, children witnessing the abuse emerged as the strongest predictor of general and more formalized
help-seeking decisions.
KeywordsDomestic violence-Intimate partner violence-Child exposure-Victims-Responses-Help seeking
Intimate partner violence is underreported to police. A study was conducted utilizing focus group methodology to identify women's perceptions of the barriers to seeking police help for intimate partner violence (IPV). Facilitators used a structured format with open-ended questions for five focus group sessions that were recorded and subsequently analyzed using Ethnograph software. Participants were 41 women identified from social service agencies in an urban setting serving IPV women with diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Participants identified many barriers for victims, which fell within the following three themes: (1) Predisposing characteristics — situational and personal factors; (2) fears and negative experiences with police response; and (3) fears of possible repercussions. Participants also described positive experiences with police and generated a wish list for improving police response to IPV. Policies and actions that can be taken by police and social service agencies to address the barriers IPV victims face in seeking police help are discussed.
The present research contributes to the growing body of cross-cultural research on domestic violence. This is accomplished by answering the question of how severity of intimate partner abuse varies for (1) women incarcerated for the homicides of their male partners (2) abused women who sought domestic violence shelter, short of killing their intimate assailants, and (3) a group of South Korean females outside of domestic violence shelters or prison. The article concludes with a discussion of potential policy implications of the findings as well as promising directions for future research.
South Korean families have functioned as a highly effective receptacle for the country's highly compressed conditions of modernity and late modernity. It is as much due to the success of South Korean families as an engine of compressed modernity as due to their failure that they have become functionally overloaded and socially risk-ridden. Such familial burdens and risks are particularly onerous to South Korean women because of the fundamentally gender-based structure of family relations and duties that has in part been recycled from the Confucian past and in part manufactured under industrial capitalism. Under these complicated conditions, South Korean women have had to dramatically restructure their family relations and duties as well as their individual life choices. Furthermore, under the most recent condition of what Beck calls second modernity, other institutions of modernity, such as the state, industrial economy, firms, unions, schools, and welfare systems, have become increasingly ineffective in helping to alleviate such (gender-based) familial burdens and dilemmas. As a result South Korean women have experienced dramatic changes in marriage patterns, fertility, family relations, etc. South Korean women's individualization has thereby taken place primarily as a matter of practicality rather than ideational change. A brief analysis of the situation in the neighbouring societies of Japan and Taiwan reinforces the conclusion that individualization without individualism, particularly among women, is a region-wide phenomenon in East Asia.
In this experiment, 123 sixth and seventh grade classrooms from Cleveland area schools were randomly assigned to one of two five-session curricula addressing gender violence/ sexual harassment (GV/SH) or to a no-treatment control. Three-student surveys were administered. Students in the law and justice curricula, compared to the control group, had significantly improved outcomes in awareness of their abusive behaviors, attitudes toward GV/SH and personal space, and knowledge. Students in the interaction curricula experienced lower rates of victimization, increased awareness of abusive behaviors, and improved attitudes toward personal space. Neither curricula affected perpetration or victimization of sexual harassment. While the intervention appeared to reduce peer violence victimization and perpetration, a conflicting finding emerged-the intervention may have increased dating violence perpetration (or at least the reporting of it) but not dating violence victimization.
While literature on elder abuse has expanded, elder abuse by intimate partners has been less investigated. Even less is known about intimate partner violence among older Koreans living in North America. This article identifies important cultural considerations for individuals helping the Korean older adult community, beginning with the definition of intimate partner violence in this community and barriers to leaving that include traditional views of the East Asian self. Current practice interventions are discussed and recommendations for future practice such as healing han, the accumulated suffering from years of abuse, are suggested. The ultimate goal of this paper is to expand awareness in order to develop the best culturally competent prevention and intervention practice for Korean older intimate partner violence survivors in North America.
Intimate partner violence (IPV) among women in Latin America, including Honduras, is serious. To help IPV victims, a community-based educational program has been implemented. This study aims to examine the impact of IPV training among teachers and health care professionals ( n = 160) on increases in IPV knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy when dealing with IPV victims using a pretest and posttest design. We found that the treatment group who received IPV training showed significantly lower justification for IPV, higher gender equality attitudes, and higher IPV knowledge as well as higher confidence levels in identifying IPV victims and safety planning for victims. We concluded that the IPV training program using the community-based approaches has the potential to help IPV victims in Honduras. More efforts should be made to increase the educational opportunities the community members can receive.
For victims of intimate partner violence (IPV), seeking help is an important step in escaping their violent situations; nonetheless, their experiences in help-seeking are diverse and often influenced by sociocultural factors. The purpose of this study was to understand South Korean female IPV victims’ experiences in seeking help. Qualitative data were collected from interviews with 14 female victims and analyzed using content analysis. We presented the victims’ experiences according to their choice of support (e.g., friends, family, community, or police) and noted four factors that appear to influence their support selection.
This study uses an intersectional approach to examine the “paradox” that disadvantaged victims often mobilize the police, despite their distrust and lack of confidence in the law. Data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (1994–2016) were analyzed using logistic regression to model the predicted probabilities of police notification by victims of crime. Economic disadvantage, as measured by family poverty and lack of a high school education, increased the probability that females reported their victimization to the police, but decreased the likelihood that males did so. Economically disadvantaged black females had the highest probability of reporting, while economically disadvantaged black and Hispanic males had the lowest. Examining the intersectional differences across social groups shows that reporting behavior is not just a function of one attribute but rather is a function of multiple identities and structural inequalities.
Purpose: This study sought to understand the reporting intentions of traditional and cybercrime victimization, and the role of procedural justice in explaining sources of variation.
Design/Methodology/Approach: Using Amazon's MTurk program for opt-in surveys, 534 respondents across the United States considered ten victimization incidents and expressed their likelihood of reporting each incident to the police as well as their belief that the police would identify and arrest the offender.
Findings: Reporting intentions increased with the seriousness of the incident for both traditional
crime and cybercrime. However, reporting intentions were generally higher for incidents that
occurred in the physical world, as opposed to online. Beliefs that police could identify and arrest
and an offender were lower for cybercrime compared to traditional crime. Consistently, predictors of reporting to the police and belief in offender apprehension hinged heavily on procedural justice. Other predictors for these behaviors and beliefs are discussed.
Originality/Value: This study uniquely compares reporting intentions of potential victims of parallel victimizations occurring in-person and online, thus providing comparisons about reporting intentions and beliefs about police effectiveness in addressing traditional and cybercrime.
This study aims to explore the potential role of hairstylists in helping intimate partner violence (IPV) victims in the Korean immigrant communities using a cross-sectional survey design that includes open- and close-ended survey questions. In all, 47 Korean hair salon stylists were surveyed on their experience with their clients related to IPV. The findings of this study reveal that a high percentage of clients disclosed their and their friends’ IPV victimization to the hair salon stylists. Some of the hair salon stylists’ characteristics, such as years of working and the length of residence in the United States, were statistically associated with IPV disclosure among their clients. Most hair salon stylists were willing to help their clients in general, but they were not well-prepared to help IPV victims due to a lack of resources and knowledge. We conclude that hair salons have a great potential to increase IPV-related knowledge in immigrant communities (including the Korean community) and help IPV victims pending appropriate training aimed at improving their knowledge and competencies regarding IPV identification and intervention.
Background:
Globally, the use of violent discipline methods by teachers to manage child behavior is still highly prevalent despite enactment of laws that prohibit school violence. In the case of Uganda there is a dearth of accurate prevalence statistics on school violence and factors associated with the use of violence by teachers.
Objectives:
Therefore, the current study examined the prevalence of and attitudes towards violence. The study also explored the association between teachers' stress, positive attitudes towards violence and the use of violent discipline management methods.
Methods:
A representative sample of 291 teachers and 702 students from 12 public secondary schools in southwestern Uganda responded to anonymous self-administered questionnaires. Data were collected from April to November 2017.
Results:
Findings indicated that 86.5% of the teachers reported having used violent disciplinary methods on students in the past month while 91.5% of the students reported experiencing violence by teachers. Teachers (88.3%, n = 256) endorsed positive attitudes towards violent discipline. Teachers' stress was related to higher levels of violent discipline (β = 0.20). This relation was mediated by positive attitudes towards violence (0.06, SE: 0.01, 95%-CI: 0.035-0.092).
Conclusions:
Our findings indicate that teacher reported stress was associated with their use of violent behavior and positive attitudes and that positive attitudes reduced the association between teachers' stress and violent behavior. Therefore, interventions aiming to reduce violence by teachers may need to integrate effective stress management skills, in addition to nonviolent discipline strategies, and fostering attitudinal change towards the use of violent methods.
Childhood victimization experiences are common among intimate partner violence (IPV) victims. This study examines the link between childhood physical and sexual victimization experiences and adulthood IPV among Korean immigrant women in the USA. As Korean immigrants often use physical punishment to discipline their children, and reporting sexual abuse is discouraged due to stigmatization in this community, cultural factors (e.g. patriarchal values) related to childhood victimization and IPV were also examined. Survey data from Korean immigrant women in the USA were collected. Using a case-control design, we compared 64 Korean immigrant women who have experienced IPV in the past year with 63 Korean immigrant women who have never experienced IPV in their lifetime. The findings of this study reveal that IPV victims, compared with non-victims, experienced higher childhood victimization rates. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that childhood victimization and patriarchal gender ideology strongly predict IPV victimization among Korean immigrants. However, patriarchal values did not moderate the relationship between childhood victimization and IPV. To prevent IPV among Korean immigrant population, we need to make special efforts to prevent childhood abuse and change ingrained cultural attitudes about child physical and sexual abuse among immigrant communities through culturally sensitive programs.
Counselors-in-training, educators, and clinicians will benefit greatly from this in-depth and thought-provoking look at family violence, its effects, and treatment options. This book examines the major issues and current controversies in the field, provides background information on each type of family violence, and offers strategies for combating domestic abuse. In an informative discussion designed to enhance counselors' ability to assess and treat each type of family violence, Dr. Lawson covers both well recognized forms of maltreatment, such as the abuse of women and children, and less understood issues, such as female-on-male intimacy violence, parent and elder abuse, same-sex violence, and dating violence and stalking. Case studies throughout the text illustrate clinical applications in action, and recommended readings are provided for further study. © 2013 by the American Counseling Association. All rights reserved.
The current study seeks to identify the past-year prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) and to find out how factors from the ecological system perspectives relate to IPV among baby boomers and the current elderly. The 2010 National Domestic Violence Survey data of South Korea were used. The samples consisted of current elderly men (N = 180), early baby boomers (N = 134), and late baby boomers (N = 168). The findings were that 21.4 % of the late baby boomers, 13.4 % of the early baby boomers and 11.7 % of the current elderly reported IPV in the past year. For the late and early baby boomers, it was shown that controlling behavior was associated with IPV. Among the current elderly group, depression and patriarchal attitude were associated with IPV. The findings suggest specifically targeted intervention programs in order to mitigate IPV by generation in South Korea.
Although it is common for Korean Americans to seek assistance from clergy for intimate partner violence
(IPV), there has been lack of research on Korean American clergy’s practices regarding IPV. 152 Korean American Protestant clergy were surveyed on their practices regarding IPV in their congregations. 92.7 % of respondents reported counseling people who had experienced IPV; however, one third stated that they had never referred congregants to additional resources. Additionally, the great majority of respondents
recognized their important role in responding to IPV; however, only 16 % of them reported feeling well-prepared to deal with IPV. Practice and research implications are discussed to improve a partnership between religious leaders and victim advocates for the purpose of supporting battered
Korean immigrant women.
An analysis of sex-role attitudes by sex of respondent highlights the complexity of the sex-roles concept. The examination of the roles of both sexes in terms of four theoretical components revealed the following results. Males and females tend to show the least divergence over (1) macrolevel social change issues and (2) the familial roles of both sexes. They differ most over (3) extrafamilial roles of females and (4) the stereotypes of both sexes. Both men and women tend to be most traditional in the area of familial roles and most modern in relation to macrosocial change issues. A conceptualization of a general sex-role attitude continuum is suggested which emphasizes the degree of sex-differentiation and sex-typing rather than the frequently used equality-inequality framework. Results of the data analysis (N = 480 college-level juniors and seniors) are interpreted in line with the differentiation/typing conceptualization. Suggestions for the future focus on the need for refinement in conceptualization and operationalization/measurement of the sex roles and sex-role attitudes of both sexes.
The last decade has seen the number of incidents of domestic and partner abuse coming to the attention of the police increase by around 50%. Over the same period, new legislative measures have sought to criminalise and protect against abusive behaviour, while the Scottish Government's Violence Against Women team has developed a national strategy for tackling domestic abuse and guidance for practitioners in the field. In spite of this activity, victims of domestic and partner abuse remain among the least likely to report their victimisation to the police. Moreover, research seeking to explore and understand this issue is scarce. Drawing on Scottish Crime and Justice Survey data, this paper presents an exploratory logistic regression analysis of the factors influencing whether or not the police become aware of victims' experience of abuse. Highlighting that a wide spectrum of individuals experience domestic and partner abuse, this analysis demonstrates clear disparity between key groups of victims in terms of police awareness and attention. Female victims, victims without employment, victims experiencing multiple abuse and victims whose children witness abuse are the most likely to come to the attention of the police. Young victims, male victims and victims in employment are among the least likely. These findings highlight critical gaps in current national policy and guidance, and present an opportunity to reconsider strategies for police/victim engagement.
To examine trends in the prevalence of domestic violence since 1997, 1 year prior to the introduction of legislative countermeasures and accompanying services in South Korea, and to analyze what socio-demographic characteristics of perpetrators contribute to spousal violence and whether there were any changes in risk factors over time. This study used two sets of nationally representative household samples: married or cohabiting couples of 1,540 from the 1999 national survey and 3,269 from the 2010 National Survey of Domestic Violence. Frequency analysis was used to measure the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV), and cross-tabulation, correlation, and logistic regression analyses were used to look for socio-demographic risk factors of spousal physical violence and patterns of change over time. The frequency analysis showed that the IPV prevalence dropped by approximately 50%, from 34.1% in 1999 to 16.5% in 2010, though it was still higher than many other countries. The cross-tabulation and logistic regression analyses suggested that men with low socio-demographic characteristics were generally more violent, though this tendency did not apply to women. Instead, younger women seemed to be more violent than older women. Last, different levels of household income were associated with different levels of IPV in 2010, but no linear trend was detected. In this study, IPV prevalence trends and risk factors of two different time periods were discussed to provide implications for tackling the IPV problem. Future countermeasures must build on understanding about men with low socio-demographic status and younger women, who were more violent in marital relationships.
© The Author(s) 2015.
Despite widespread belief that violence begets violence, methodological
problems substantially restrict knowledge of the long-term consequences
of childhood victimization. Empirical evidence for this cycle of
violence has been examined. Findings from a cohort study show that being
abused or neglected as a child increases one's risk for delinquency,
adult criminal behavior, and violent criminal behavior. However, the
majority of abused and neglected children do not become delinquent,
criminal, or violent. Caveats in interpreting these findings and their
implications are discussed in this article.
This paper describes the extent to which abused and neglected children report intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization and perpetration when followed up into middle adulthood. Using data from a prospective cohort design study, children (ages 0-11) with documented histories of physical and sexual abuse and/or neglect (n=497) were matched with children without such histories (n=395) and assessed in adulthood (Mage=39.5). Prevalence, number, and variety of four types of IPV (psychological abuse, physical violence, sexual violence, and injury) were measured. Over 80% of both groups - childhood abuse and neglect (CAN) and controls - reported some form of IPV victimization during the past year (most commonly psychological abuse) and about 75% of both groups reported perpetration of IPV toward their partner. Controlling for age, sex, and race, overall CAN [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.60, 95% CI [1.03, 2.49]], physical abuse (AOR=2.52, 95% CI [1.17, 5.40]), and neglect (AOR=1.64, 95% CI [1.04, 2.59]) predicted increased risk for being victimized by a partner via physical injury. CAN and neglect also predicted being victimized by a greater number and variety of IPV acts. CAN and control groups did not differ in reports of perpetration of IPV, although neglect predicted greater likelihood of perpetrating physical injury to a partner, compared to controls. Abused/neglected females were more likely to report being injured by their partner, whereas maltreated males did not. This study found that child maltreatment increases risk for the most serious form of IPV involving physical injury. Increased attention should be paid to IPV (victimization and perpetration) in individuals with histories of neglect.
An ethnically and economically heterogeneous (majority well educated, African American, and poor) urban community sample of women, self-identified as having a serious problem in an intimate relationship, were interviewed three times over 2½ years. The inclusion criteria of battering was repeated physical and/or sexual assault within a context of coercive control. Feminist action research was used, combining interview and measurement instruments. Thematic analysis (coding, clustering, “subsuming particulars into the general,” confirming) was used for a random subset of 31 women's in-depth interviews. The patterns of response identified were complicated and iterative, demonstrating resistance and resourcefulness. A process of achieving nonviolence was identified for most of the participants, although relationship status did not necessarily correspond to abuse status and there was continued violence after leaving the relationship. Identifiable themes included (a) active problem solving, including conscious decisions to “make do” in a relationship and/or subordinate the self; (b) responding to identifiable pivotal events, and (c) a negotiating process first with the self and then, directly and/or indirectly, with the male partner.
Using recently released data from the redesigned National Crime Victimization Survey from 1992 to 1994, this article examines those factors related to the probability of a rape victimization being reported to police and the subsequent probability of an arrest being made. The contextual characteristics examined were the victim-offender relationship, injuries sustained by victims, weapon use by offenders, marital status and age of victim, and location of occurrence. Analyses focused exclusively on one-on-one incidents of rape against adult women perpetrated by males. The only factors that appeared to significantly increase the likelihood of a rape victimization being reported to police was if the victim sustained physical injuries in addition to the rape and if the offender used a weapon. None of the contextual factors were significant in predicting the probability of police making an arrest. Implications for policy and the effectiveness of rape law reforms are discussed.
Two traditional theories of adaptation of immigrants in the United States, assimilation and pluralism, are based on the assumption that the two processes, Americanization and ethnic attachment, are mutually exclusive. Such an assumption of mutual exclusiveness or zero‐sum model limits the utility of the two theories. A conceptual model is presented in this article which includes an additive mode of adaptation based on the idea of non‐exclusive‐ness between the two processes. Korean immigrants’ social and cultural adaptation has been tested with the model. Data were collected through interviewing 622 Korean adult (20 years old or more) immigrants residing in the Chicago area in 1986. The data empirically confirm the additive mode of adaptation in addition to assimilative replacement and pluralistic ethnic attachment. Theoretical implications of various modes of adaptation observed from this study are discussed.
This article discusses the emergence of the campaign to construct and pass anti-domestic violence legislation in South Korea. It introduces aspects of the political and cultural context and analyzes choices and negotiations involved in deciding on an effective strategy to support legislation—a framing strategy. The framing strategy was intended to transform and subvert problematic cultural concepts that deemed wife abuse a private, trivial and even benign aspect of married life. While the article demonstrates that the framing played a crucial role in arousing government response to the issue of violence against women, it also shows some unanticipated consequences that resulted from the agreed upon frame and from the institutionalization of responsibilities for implementing the legislation. By exploring feminist movement against domestic violence in the local context, the article suggests that success of the anti-domestic violence legislation movement and unintended consequences of state intervention in domestic violence can be relatively discussed and anticipated.
The relationship between attitudes and behavior has been the topic of considerable debate. This article reports a meta-analysis of 88 attitude-behavior studies that reveals that attitudes significantly and substantially predict future behavior (mean r = .38; combined p <<. 000000000001). Relatively large and significant moderating effects were found for the attitudinal variables of attitude certainty, stability, accessibility, affective-cognitive consistency, and direct experience (mean q = .39). A smaller but significant moderating effect was found for self-monitoring (mean q = .29). Methodological factors associated with high attitude-behavior correlations included self-report measures of behavior (q =. 22), the use of nonstudents as subjects (q =. 17), and corresponding levels of specificity in the attitude and behavior measures (mean q = .47). The practical magnitude of attitude-behavior correlations is considered, as are the future directions of attitude-behavior research.
English
Violence against women is a major public health and human rights crisis affecting women from all countries. This article presents a comparative policy analysis of the Violence Against Women Act (USA) and the Protection Act (South Korea), providing social work and research implications.
French
La violence faite aux femmes est un fléau affectant les femmes de tous les pays, qui constitue un important problème de santé publique tout en allant à l’encontre des droits humains. Cette étude présente une analyse comparée de deux lois, la Violence Against Women Act (É .-U.) et la Protection Act (Corée du Sud), et tire des conclusions utiles pour le travail social et la recherche dans ce domaine.
Spanish
La violencia contra las mujeres supone un importante problema de salud pública y derechos humanos que afecta a las mujeres de todos los países. Este trabajo presenta un análisis comparativo de las políticas Acción de Violencia contra las Mujeres (EUA) y Acción de Protección (Corea del Sur) en el que se implica al trabajo social y a la investigación.
Suggests the construct of learned helplessness (LH) as a psychological rationale for why battered women become victims. Published literature and the author's clinical experiences in the US and Great Britain provide material for analysis and treatment recommendations. The LH theory has 3 basic components: (a) information about what should happen (the contingency), (b) cognitive representation about the contingency, and (c) behavior. It is suggested that the sex-role socialization process may be responsible for the LH behavior seen in adult women, specifically battered women. The LH theory proposes that the only successful treatment to reverse the cognitive, emotional, and motivational deficits is to learn under which conditions responses will be effective in producing results. The existence of a 3-phase cycle of violence has been isolated from the stories of battered women: tension-building, explosion of acute battering incidents, and calm, loving respite. The phases vary in time and intensity both within the same couple and between different couples. (33 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Physical aggression (PAG) against wives was assessed in 132 couples attending a marital therapy clinic. The presence of PAG or abuse was assessed by obtaining information from husbands and wives from written self-reports about the most important problems in their marriage, oral responses to direct questioning during the intake interview, and written responses on the Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS). Only 6% of wives indicated that PAG was a marital problem in their written self-report. However, when questioned directly in an interview, 44% of wives indicated that these problems existed. Further, 53% of the wives were classified as being the victims of PAG according to their reports on the CTS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
Based on survey and ethnographic research conducted in New York, this paper shows how the discrepancy between Korean immigrant women's increased economic role and persistence of their husbands' traditional patriarchal ideology causes marital conflicts and tensions. While only a small proportion of married women participate in the labor force in South Korea, the vast majority of Korean immigrant wives work outside the home, most working long hours. Parallel to the increase in Korean women's economic role, their husbands' provider role and social status have significantly weakened with immigration. Despite Korean women's increase in their economic role, most Korean husbands have not modified a rigid form of patriarchal ideology brought from Korea because they are socially segregated from the mainstream society. A big clash between Korean women's active economic role and their husbands' traditional patriarchal attitudes causes serious marital conflicts in many Korean immigrant families. In addition, Korean partners' (particularly husbands') frustrations over their downward social mobility, the long hours spent together in the family store, and their midlife crisis are additional causes of marital conflicts. Other contemporary immigrant groups, mostly from non-European, Third World countries, seem to encounter lower, but similar marital conflicts caused by sudden changes in women's gender role.
This study examined self-reported early exposure to violence in the family of origin and positive attitudes towards marital
violence as risk factors in court-referred Chinese immigrant male batterers (N = 64) versus controls (N = 62). Early exposure to violence was positively correlated with marital violence, but it alone did not differentiate the
batterers from the controls, as both groups were widely exposed to it. While it was significantly correlated with marital
violence in the batterer group, it was significantly correlated with depression in the control group. Positive attitudes towards
marital violence were not only correlated with marital violence but also sufficient to differentiate the batterers from the
controls. It also partially mediated the effect of early exposure to violence on marital violence. These two risk factors
together accounted for 21.9% of the variance in marital violence over and above sociodemographic variables and marital dissatisfaction.
Research and treatment implications based on these findings were outlined.
A model was examined in which the association between a parent's history of abuse and the parent's own abusive behavior toward his or her children was hypothesized to be mediated by parental psychopathology, early childbearing, and consistency of discipline. Additionally, the effect of severity of abuse on the likelihood of becoming abusive was examined.
Participants were 109 parents (G1) and their male children (G2) who were involved in a longitudinal study. The G1 parents reported on their own experiences of abuse when they were children. Ten years later, the G2 youths reported on the G1 parents' abusive behavior toward them. A number of other factors, including parental socioeconomic status (SES), antisocial behavior, depression and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), consistency of discipline, and the perceived early difficulty of the G2 children were measured.
As reported by their own children, parents who reported having been abused in childhood were significantly more likely to engage in abusive behaviors toward the next generation. Findings indicated that abuse experienced by the parents, as well as consistency of discipline and depression plus PTSD, were predictive of parental abuse of the child. Contrary to hypotheses, the effects were not fully mediated. However, there were significant interactions between parental history of abuse and consistency of discipline, as well as abuse history and depression and PTSD. Parents who had experienced multiple acts of abuse and at least one physical impact were more likely to become abusive than were the other parents.
The implications of these findings for preventive interventions are discussed.
The aim of this study is to examine cross-cultural politeness behavior. Politeness appears to be a prevalent concept in human interaction, and to date, many models of politeness have been put forward in the literature. The focal point of this paper is Brown and Levinson's (1978, 1987) formulation of politeness behavior, for compared with other models of politeness, theirs is the one that most clearly maintains its pancultural validity, thus evidently claiming its application as a basis for cross-cultural comparison (O'Driscoll, 1996). In this study, the compliment response behavior of native Chinese speakers, who are typically regarded as having rules of speaking and social norms very different from those of Westerners, is compared closely with that of native American English speakers to see if it can provide evidence to support Brown and Levinson's universal thesis. The results show that while there are indeed some general concepts and dimensions of politeness that are shared by Chinese and English speakers, the different strategies they use indicate the important role culture plays in its speakers’ speech act performance. This important role should never be treated lightly when we explore the issue of speech act universality.
This article reviews the risk and protective factors for wife battering in South Korea based on the ecological systems theory. Although wife battering has been recognized as a major social problem in South Korea, understanding this phenomenon has been limited because the majority of empirical studies have examined individual characteristics without much consideration to broader environmental contexts for the victims and perpetrators. This review integrates the existing findings collectively on the factors associated with wife battering in South Korea within the context of micro-, meso-, exo-, macro-, and chrono-system levels. We then formulate implications on assessment and intervention strategies, which practitioners can utilize.
In total, 123 battered Korean women who used domestic violence agencies were asked where they had turned for assistance in response to intimate partner violence. This study examined the factors related to use of formal and informal resources by these women. Formal resources included police, medical, legal, and shelter; informal were family or neighbors. Findings revealed that (a) the women studied used a variety of resources and that (b) income, violence-related injuries, and partner child abuse were related to whether they contacted police. Injury and partner child abuse were related to contacting a medical doctor/medical facility. Income, relationship status, and partner child abuse were related to approaching family or neighbors. The key finding was that partner child abuse increased the likelihood of battered Korean women seeking help from formal service resources and informal networks. This suggests the need for integrative services that link women's and children's protective services in order to meet the needs of both victims and children.