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Corporate Social Responsibility and Environment: The Emerging Discourse in India
Abstract
The rapid industrialization is the prime cause behind the changing climatic situation through environmental degradation and which is exacerbated through the process of Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation model of development. Looking into the matter of environmental concern, the Paris climate deal (2015) has planned to keep the rising of earth’s temperature to two degrees from the pre-industrial levelthrough the multi stakeholder approach. From a stakeholder perspective it becomes a moral and ethical
responsibility of corporate houses to protect society from the environment risk. Recently, to mitigate the climate change and environmental hazards particularly corporate houses engaged with the environmental activities within the sphere Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). In the above context present paper not only makes a holistic analysis of CSR initiatives towards environmental protection in India particularly, but
also tries to find out the missing-links in-between them. The paper concludes with considering the urgency of fighting environmental risk and climate change, CER have a crucial roles to play in turning our country into a sustainable future.
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The Goods and Services Tax Bill or GST Bill, officially known as The Constitution (One Hundred and Twenty-Second Amendment) Bill, 2014, proposes a national Value added Tax to be implemented in India from June 2016. "Goods and Services Tax" would be a comprehensive indirect tax on manufacture, sale and consumption of goods and services throughout India, to replace taxes levied by the Central and State governments. Goods and services tax would be levied and collected at each stage of sale or purchase of goods or services based on the input tax credit method. This method allows GST-registered businesses to claim tax credit to the value of GST they paid on purchase of goods or services as part of their normal commercial activity. Taxable goods and services are not distinguished from one another and are taxed at a single rate in a supply chain till the goods or services reach the consumer. Administrative responsibility would generally rest with a single authority to levy tax on goods and services. Exports would be zero-rated and imports would be levied the same taxes as domestic goods and services adhering to the destination principle.
GST: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR INDIAN MSMEs
MSME play a vital in the economical progress of the Countries, so the implementation of GST has had an immense outcome on the continued existence in the market. Some enterprises found it helpful however majority visage problem in adopting it. For existing enterprises, GST simplified the tax structure, unified the market thus improved among all operational efficiencies of MSME, to this point the unorganized MSMEs were growing quick than the organized ones as a result of the minimization, with GST in effect, it has made the taxation system transparent thus making the entities liable for tax payment. This paper brought out issues and challenges experienced by MSME Entrepreneur. In order to find out the impact on various aspect such as applying of GST, created the registration for taxation and High Compliance burden by using Cluster Random Sampling Technique in which 158 MSME Entrepreneur were selected in Sivaganga District in Tamil Nadu for the study. The statistical tools used for the analysis is one-way ANOVA. ANOVA is used to identify the significance of the difference in the levels of impact of GST among MSMEs. It was concluded that the impact of GST on the Indian MSME sector can go both positive and negative ways.
The present study is to analyze the GST effects over Micro, Small, & Medium
enterprises (MSMEs) after the implication of it in India. This tax enables small and medium-
sized enterprises to draw certain financial advantages, including the improvement of cash
flow, or market advantages that offer clients the possibility of getting extended terms of
payment for goods or services. Thus, it essentially determines the functioning and
development of small and medium-sized enterprises. Bearing this in mind, the evaluation of
directions and impact of goods and services tax on development of small and medium-sized
enterprises have been assigned as the aim of the article.
Key words: GST, MSMEs
The purpose of this study is to understand the implications of the recent rollout (July 2017) of GST (Goods and Services Tax) in India on the MSME (Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises) sector. The study comprises a series of qualitative face-to-face interviews which were followed up by a survey with Indian MSME owners. The study provides a multi-dimensional understanding of the gaps between the effect of the anticipated and existing GST regime for the MSMEs and the associated tax compliance. It identifies and assesses the inter-jurisdictional and other issues that are involved in GST implementation. There is scope to probe the means to enable the effective deployment of GST based on the findings of this study. The findings can also be used to develop guidelines for suitable implementation of the GST regime for the MSMEs operating in different sectors.
Abstract ; GST is a single national uniform tax levied across India on all goods and services. In GST,
all Indirect taxes such as excise duty, central sales tax (CST)and value- added tax (VAT) etc. will be
subsumed under a single regime. Introduction of The Goods and Services Tax (GST) expected as a
significant step towards a comprehensive indirect tax reform in the country, which would lead India
for its economic growth. The Proposed study is designed to know the impact on GST on Indian
Economy with the Help of Its individual effect on different sectors. The Study is Exploratory in nature
and Secondary Data has been used for the study. The data will be collected from different Journals,
Periodicals. Newspapers and Internets.
Key Words: GST, Economy,cascading effect of taxes,GST Council, Cess,taxation reforms
A novel ‘Sustainability Window’ (SuWi) approach is applied for simultaneous analysis of the pillars of sustainable development; social, environmental and economic, of Lao PDR. This new method employs a variety of indicators for a comprehensive and holistic analysis of sustainable development and green inclusive economy. The analysis is grounded in the assumption that economic development is required for social development, but that simultaneously development needs to be guarded or limited to protect the environment that underpins it. As all three dimensions of sustainable development are interlinked, a comprehensive analysis requires an analytical approach that is simultaneous. The analyses
provide information on minimum levels of economic development that are needed to fulfill social sustainability criteria, in tandem with the maximum economic development that avoids breaching environmental sustainability criteria. If actual economic growth lies between these minima and maxima, we can interpret that development is more sustainable with respect to the relationships embodied by the selected social and environmental indicators. The main source of data is the database of the Sustainable Society Index (SSI) developed by the Sustainable Society Foundation (SSF). The indicators used by SSI have been chosen for the Sustainability Window analysis as they can be used to assess both ‘weak’ and ‘strong’ interpretations of sustainability. Weak sustainability is defined operationally as no increase in the environmental or carbon emissions intensity of the economy, while strong sustainability is defined as no increase in absolute emissions. Further, a novel Environmental Efficiency Gap analysis has been included in the Sustainability Window. This provides information about the necessary improvement in GDP production efficiency with respect to environmental emissions. Sustainability Window combined with Environmental Efficiency
Gap analysis, provides critical knowledge for planners and decision makers. It provides strategic indications of how to aim for social and environmental sustainability through economic investment and growth targets. These new methods can be used in transdisciplinary research of sustainable development and can also assist in national and regional comparisons. In the case of Lao PDR, the analysis needs to be broadened for more fundamental understanding of the gaps and weaknesses. SuWi can be used to assess the sustainable development needed to address the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. The SuWi does not provide direct policy recommendations as such, but helps to inform decision makers about the direction of development pathways towards these key goals.
Goods and Services Tax is the largest indirect tax reform of India. Goods and Services Tax is a single tax system on the contributor of goods and services. It is a destination based tax. It has subsumed taxes like Central Excise Law, Service Tax Law, VAT, Entry Tax, Octroi, etc. Goods and Services Tax is guessed to bring together state economies and develop overall economic growth of the country. The implementation of a tax reform like Goods and Services Tax in a varied country like India necessitated a lot of efforts on the state and national level and drew a lot of challenges like the reconciliation of interests of diverse States with that of the Centre. Some of these issues included origin-based versus destination-based taxation, rate structure and compensation, dispute settlement, inclusion of Alcohol and Petroleum products under Goods and Services Tax. However, there is a positive impact of Goods and Services Tax is on the logistics industry in India had to maintain multiple warehouses across states to evade Goods and Services Tax and state entry taxes on interstate movement. Most of the times, these warehouses were enforced to operate below their capacity, thus increasing their operating costs. With Goods and Services Tax, restrictions on interstate movement are lessened and the logistics sector can start consolidating warehouses across the country. Diminution in unnecessary logistics costs will increase profits for businesses involved in supply of goods through transportation. Factors like reduced logistics costs, simplified procedures, lower tax burden, removal of cascading effect, etc. make the Goods and Services Tax regime especially beneficial to startups in the country. Threshold of Rs. Twenty lakhs is beneficial for small businesses. Goods and Services Tax also has helped widen the tax base, with the number of registrations crossing ten million. International Monetary Fund has projected that the Goods and Services Tax reform in India is projected to drive the medium term economic growth rate to beyond 8 per cent.
The success of any social scheme or program is analysed through its power to transform the
lifestyles and welfare state of human beings and their ability to reduce inequality in the society and
contribute to country’s growth. Our policy makers have deliberated a sequence of taxation to curb
on this problem which we have been facing since independence. GST plan is one of them which
have focused on welfare state of people. This paper is an theoretical comprehension of the impact
of Goods and Services Tax over Indian Tax system. GST is the only indirect tax that directly affects
all sectors and sections of our economy. The concept features and the framework of GST have
been discussed in this paper. A couple of countries implemented this tax system followed by France,
being the first country to introduce GST. India is a federal democratic and therefore the GST was
implemented parallel by the Central and State governments as CGST and SGST respectively.
The present paper focused on explaining the concepts of GST and its evolution in India. Then it
discusses the problems faced by the country with respect to its implementation and how did it
impact the economy at its initial stage.
Background: Swachh Bharat Mission was launched by our Hon. Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi on October 2, 2014 with Mahatma Gandhi as the inspiration, to create a clean India of his dream by 2019, on his 150th birth anniversary. The basic objective is to create sanitation facilities for all and eliminate completely the unhealthy practice of open defecation. This study is conducted to assess knowledge, perception and practices regarding Swachh Bharat Abhiyan among rural people.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 328 subjects of rural area with a pre-tested, semi structured questionnaire in order to assess their knowledge, perception and practices regarding Swachh Bharat Abhiyan. Data collected was analysed using SPSS software.Results: In our study, it was found that 62.2% have heard about SBA and 82.84% of them have identified both the objectives of SBA. 81.8% of the literates felt that people must actively participate in SBA and this was statistically significant. 26.52% were defecating in the open field, 69.81% were using soap and water for hand washing after defecation and 34.75% of the subjects were disposing solid waste in community bins.Conclusions: Though most of the people were having positive perception only 25.98% have participated in SBA activities and main source of information was found to be television and newspaper. The proportion of people disposing solid waste in community bins and using soap and water for hand washing was significantly higher among people who were aware about SBA.
Levying a tax rate throughout the nation involves lots of research and challenges. Induction of GST (Goods and Service Tax) in a country like India faces lots of hue and cry. To make a country economical developed GST is introduced considering great indirect tax reforms. Since after introduction it is observed mixed thoughts amongst companies, dealers, and society. Unlike like VAT that was introduced during 1 st April 200, which bring tax from multiple points on the purchase at every stage avoiding continuous taxation of a particular product. Still, it has issues in its structure at the state and central level. It is observed GST has abolished several taxes like octroi, central sales tax, state sales tax, stamp duty, turnover tax, entry tax, telecom license fees, etc. GST is widely supported by several countries as it helps to increase the GDP of a country. Due to the uniformity in the tax structure, GST will maintain a friendly environment. It is said to be a "Dual GST" as it amalgamates both central and state on a common platform. This paper shows the effect of GST at different levels like service sector, industrial sector and among the consumer.
ABSTRACT: In the wake of tumultuous critical ambiguous situations occur due to changes in Indian tax system, it’s necessary to study
and identify the factors affecting MSME business operators’ awareness on the implementation of Goods and Services Tax (GST) and the
perceived issues and problems come across with the implementation of GST in India. An empirical study conducted to observe the
objective of to study the awareness of GST among Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (business operators) and to find the relationship
between business size, business experience and GST perceived issues and problems from three divisions in Chittoor District. The findings
out of this study are more than 72% of the respondents are aware of the GST mechanism and issues.
Key words: Goods and Service Tax, Micro Small and Medium Enterprises
This study develops a model to study household energy use behavior that can impose common preferences for feasible demand estimation with multiple discrete technology choices and multiple continuous energy consumption uses. The model imposes fixed proportions production and additivity of uses for plausible estimation feasibility while adopting a second-order translog flexible functional form to focus on flexibility in identification of consumer preferences that determine interactions among energy uses and between short-run and long-run choices. Using a unique household-level dataset from California, the model is applied to estimate short-run household demand for electricity and natural gas and the long-run technology choices with respect to clothes washing, water heating, space heating, and clothes drying. The estimation results support commonality of underlying preferences except in one case that is explained by an unavailable variable.
The urbanization process presents enormous challenges to governments, companies, and environmental planners of the megacities. The rapid growth of megacity causes severe social, environmental and economic problems, which are difficult to manage in a sustainable way. Traffic jams, poor air quality, and health risks make life in megacities even more difficult. On the other hand, in developing world, urban impoverished face enormous challenges with inadequate services which become even more challenging. Therefore, resource-efficient systems will be highly needed to tackle the social, economic and environment pressures in a sustainable way for cities. This paper improves the awareness of some resource-efficient technologies and investigates their contributions to tackling environmental and social challenges for megacities of the future. Some sustainability principles are investigated to guide technology development to better deliver social equity, environmental protection, and economic prosperity for cities of the future.
Environmental or ‘ecological’ footprints have been widely used in recent years as partial indicators of sustainability; specifically of resource consumption and waste absorption transformed on the basis of the biologically productive land area required by a defined population. The carbon and environmental footprints of the Unitary Authority of Bath & North East Somerset (Bathnes) in the South West of England (UK) have been determined. It represents an example of sustainability assessment on an urban and bioregional scales from which lessons can be drawn in a wider context of strategic planning for low carbon development. Bathnes covers an area of 352 km², of which two thirds is so-called ‘green belt’ land. The UNESCO World Heritage City of Bath is the principal settlement in the district, but there are also a number of smaller urban communities scattered amongst its surrounding area (‘hinterland’ or bioregion’). The environmental footprint has been computed in terms of global hectares (gha) required per capita. Thus, the overall footprint for Bathnes was estimated to be 3.77 gha per capita (gha/cap), which is well above its biocapacity of 0.67 gha/cap and the ‘Earthshare’ of 1.80 gha per capita. Direct Energy use was found to exhibit the largest footprint component (a 31% share), followed by Materials & Waste (30%), Food & Drink (25%), Transport (10%), Built Land (4%), and then the Water footprint (~0%). Such data provides a baseline against which to assess their planning strategies for future development. Cities and towns require resources from beyond their geographic boundaries, but rural communities also take advantage of the modern infrastructure and services typically provided in an urban setting.
Sustainability is constantly gaining relevance among industrial decision makers, policy makers and scholars. In order to be sustainable, firms need to implement industrial sustainability measures, however there are many barriers to doing this. This work is based on a review of literature on barriers to the areas of occupational health and safety, eco efficiency, energy efficiency and to sustainability and contributes to industrial sustainability research by presenting a novel, integrated theoretical model of barriers to implementation of sustainability measures. The model encompasses previous literature review contributions and is intended to characterize and evaluate barriers to the adoption of industrial sustainability measures in all its areas. We have conducted a preliminary validation of the model investigating eight northern Italian manufacturing firms, looking at its ability to represent barriers to sustainability, usefulness and ease of use. We conducted semi-structured interviews to people responsible of the different areas of industrial sustainability, complemented by questionnaires and secondary materials. Results show a positive overall judgment of the model by all the interviewees. Moreover, the model was able to be applied to issues deriving from different perspectives and different areas of industrial sustainability. The findings can help firms and policy makers overcome barriers and they also provide insight into the different perspectives on the adoption of industrial sustainability measures than can be used to promote their adoption.
Goods and Services Tax popularly known as GST a single tax on the supply of goods and services, right from the manufacturer to the consumer. Credits of input taxes paid at each stage will be available in the subsequent stage of value addition, which makes GST essentially a tax only on value addition at each stage. This research paper highlights the positive and negative impact of the GST in the Indian Tax System.
Banking sector acts as a backbone of modern business. A well organized banking system is necessity for the economic development of a country. In India all commercial banks excluding Regional Rural Banks and Local Area Banks have become Basel II compliant as on March31, 2009. Banks being fundamental components of financial system are the most effective way to generate the credit flow of money in markets. At the same time banking industry like many other financial services face a rapidly changing market, new technologies, economic fears, nasty competition and especially more customers demands. The central objective of the study is to empirically investigate a role of Indian banks in capital formation and economic growth. Research is based upon the secondary data which provide the findings on commercial banks and how it is helpful in economic development. The data analysis of the 47 commercial banks of India revealed increased budget of loans provided every year. It is therefore recommended that efforts should be made by the monetary authorities to effectively manage the banks maximum lending of banks. This policy thrust will most likely result into increased investment activities which will enhance the capital formation in India needed for its real sector investments and industrial growth.
This article highlights the critical need for scaling up concerted efforts to enhance skill development in India, in the context of the country's transition to a knowledge based economy, through the creation of a professional skilled workforce. Governmental efforts, especially in the recent past, in the arena of skill development through various schemes and programmes, management structures and processes, and the challenges encountered within these initiatives are discussed. Further, identifying pathways for countering these challenges and effective implementation of the programmes are examined with a detailed interview with S. Ramadorai, Chairman, National Skill Development Agency, Government of India & National Skill Development Corporation; former CEO, MD and Vice Chairman, Tata Consultancy Services.
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between financial development and economic growth in Indian states using annual data from 1993 to 2012.
Design/methodology/approach
– The stationarity properties are checked by Levin-Lin-Chu and Im-Pesaran-Shin panel unit root tests. The study employed the Pedroni’s panel co-integration test to examine the existence of long-run relationship and the coefficients of co-integration are examined by fully modified ordinary least squares. The short term and long-run causality is checked by panel granger causality.
Findings
– The co-integration test confirms a long-run relationship between financial development and economic growth for Indian states. The results support the supply leading hypothesis and highlight the importance of financial development in economic growth in Indian states. The findings also indicate that bank-centric financial sector of India has the potential of economic growth through credit transmission.
Research limitations/implications
– The present study recommends for appropriate reforms in financial market to attain economic growth in India. The findings will be useful for India’s policymakers in order to maintain the parallel expansion of financial development and economic growth.
Originality/value
– Till date, there is no study that includes all 28 states in analyzing the role of financial development in economic growth for Indian economy by applying latest econometric techniques. Further, the study uses gross domestic state product instead of net domestic state product as proxy for economic growth because of the presence of different depreciation rates.
Swachh Bharat Mission i.e. Clean India Mission, a national level campaign, recently launched by the Government of India is a major step towards the protection of degrading environment. The objectives of the campaign include elimination of open defection, conversion of insanitary toilets to pour flush toilets, eradication of manual scavenging and above all to bring about a behavioural change in people regarding healthy sanitation practices and to ensure public participation in achieving these objectives. Globally, India continues to be the country with highest number of people practising open defection. If Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) is implemented properly with all its stakeholders taking their respective responsibilities, there is no wonder that one day India will become an open defection free country. A brief about this programme, objectives, related health concerns and its role in environmental protection has been discussed in this paper.
The highly competitive nature of the manufacturing environment requires manufacturers to consider the ultimate outcome of their green strategy adoption, focusing on those that are strategic to their environmental and business performance. Based on the Natural-Resource-Based framework, a model is proposed to analyse the total effects of green strategy adoption on competitive benefits within the manufacturing industry. The conceptual model has been formulated by applying structural equation modelling and empirically analysed using a dataset collected from a survey of ISO 14000 certified manufacturers from among the Malaysian industries. The results show that there is a significant relationship between the green strategies, environmental performance and competitive benefits. The results also imply that a clean technology strategy has considerable importance in terms of generating competitive benefits, and yet it received the least attention from the manufacturers.
This paper evaluates the effect of firm sustainability on brand perception, which is key to brand image in brand management and marketing. The paper also reviews the literature in understanding well-established activities of sustainability effecting brand perception of individuals. Branding literature explains the influence of a brand on sustainability-driven opportunities available to a firm for brand image. The objective of this study is to explore how sustainability-based brand image making of managers effective in driving opportunities available to a firm for marketing performance. A conceptual framework grounded in this study is based on the sustainability-based brand image that effects marketing performance of a brand sold through retailers and customers which in turn can create numerous opportunities for marketing. A descriptive qualitative survey exploring sustainability activities of three big brands in home appliances industry in Turkey has been included in the study. The results indicated that the model developed by using existing approaches in the literature, provides supportive findings for further large scale empirical investigations in terms of variables and hypotheses that can be used for both academic and managerial purposes. In future studies, relationship between sustainability and brand image and marketing performance can be evaluated within wider perspectives.
This research paper here to present to examine the adverse effect of dumping of solid waste at disposal site
on ground water quality at various disposal site at Jaipur city, India. This effect on ground water causes due to the
unsystematic or unscientific dumping of solid waste. The water, which already presents in the waste, generates with
the biodegradable waste or due to the infiltration of water by rainfall. This water which generates or occurs due to that
process pours in the soil and causes contamination with ground water. And that contamination causes the water
pollution and changes in the some parameters of the ground water. However, most of the parameters tested fall within
WHO recommendation while some are not. The physical and chemical parameters such as temperature, pH, Hardness,
Electrical Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Suspended Solids were studied using various analytical
techniques. To control the further pollution of ground water the open area dumping of the solid waste should be
prohibited by the municipals authorities.
Green marketing is a new and evolving concept of marketing green and eco-products with well-defined eco-standards—consisting of wide-ranging eco-friendly products, satisfying eco-labelling and eco-footprinting standard norms. The article focuses on the significance of green branding and eco-labelling with stress on eco-innovations with a view to developing a sound and sustainable green marketing strategy. The article examines how green consumerism can be linked to eco-market and to what extent this can be influenced by cross-cultural differences in consumer behaviour. The scope of involving green marketing with corporate ethics and corporate social responsibility (CSR) for inclusive growth of green markets has been explored. The article also examines how the green branding can leverage the eco-market through the mechanism of eco-labelling and eco-footprinting, complimented by green supply chain management practices. Finally, the article studies, at some length, the desirability of considering the aspects of sustainability factor and eco-innovations which can help promote green consumerism.
A social constructionist perspective was taken in the current investigation of 5,329 male and female high school students. Gender differences were investigated in financial knowledge, self-efficacy, and behavior after studying a financial planning curriculum. Females gained more knowledge on credit, auto insurance, and investments, although males had more knowledge entering the course. Females believed that managing money affected their future more than males, but males felt more confident making money decisions. After studying the curriculum content, males reported achieving financial goals more than females, whereas females reported using budgets, comparing prices, and discussing money with family more than males. In sum, male teens reinforced their exist- ing knowledge, whereas female teens learned significantly more about finances in areas in which they were unfamiliar with prior to the curriculum.
Forest dwellers largely depend on NTFPs for their survival and growth. NTFP marketing is a process starts with an NTFP harvest (procure) that can be sold in an organised/unorganized market. It involves all activities which are comprised in the process of meeting the products and/or services from producer to the end users. Simple value additions increase the selling price at primary collector level, some primary collectors are industrious and adding value to their collected NTFPs before they sell off, but lack of market and market information making them to resort on thirsty middlemen to dispose the NTFPs at a throw away price. The primary collectors share in the total amount paid by end user is high (25.9%) for achar and the lowest (11.11%) for siali leaves. The processor who is making substantial efforts to add value (industry) is getting a lion share of the end user price. The traders are also accounted for significant share of the price spread trader (trader II) accounted for 36.36% of the spread for Mahua flower. The distribution network consists of primary collector, village shopkeeper, trader, wholesale NTFP trader at leading market places, manufacturing industry and their agent and also end users.
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been defined as ‘the responsibility of enterprises for their impacts on society’. Is CSR a contradiction in terms? Corporate Social Responsibility: A Very Short Introduction shows that CSR holds much more value than it first appears, and shows how it has come of age in recent years. Illustrating the sorts of CSR investments companies make, the ways in which they practice CSR, and the challenges this brings, it considers how the principles migrated from their US roots to become a global business phenomenon. Exploring the place of CSR in different economic, social, political, and managerial contexts, this VSI considers the many positives that CSR can present.
Award-winning Green Preschools in Bali, Berkeley and Hong Kong were selected to explore the characteristics of Green Schools using measures developed by educators (Environmental Rating Scale for Sustainable Development in Early Childhood (ERS-SDEC)) and architects (simplified Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) development). Classrooms for 4- to 5-year-olds were systematically assessed over a 10-month period. A 35 years’ timeline of the Green School movement was produced. The Bronfenbrenner Ecological Theory has been used to frame and analyse this cross-national study. Results indicated striking similarities from both scales that the Green Preschool in Bali received the highest rating followed by Green Preschool in Berkeley and Hong Kong. Three distinct Green School characteristics were found to be: (a) holistic, (b) building and (c) curriculum. The schools’ green characteristics appeared to be influenced by cultures, city regulations and the external institutions that established the green awards.
Modified BG Prasad socioeconomic scale has been in use for determining the socio-economic status of study subjects in community-based health studies in India since 1961.It is an income-based scale and, therefore, constant update is required to take inflation and depreciation of rupee into account. For industrial workers (IW), the consumer price index (CPI) is used to calculate updated income categories at any given point of time, viz Jan 2018.These details of the calculations involved will help many researchers to calculate specific income categories for their ongoing and prospective research work in current calendar year. On the Department of Labour website (www.labourbureaunew.gov.in), state-specific CPI values are also available and should be used to determine more accurate income categories.The current exercise is a step towards increasing the validity of use of classification with relevance to the current price levels and enabling a real time update for a considerable time in the near future.The health behavior of an individual or a community is interdependent on their socio-economic status. The concept of socio-economic status is widely used in medical sociology. The social standing of an individual or a family in the society can be measured by it. Therefore, is an important factor affecting the health condition of an individual or a family. (1)Socio-economic status has been defined as “The position that an individual or family occupies with reference to the prevailing average standards of cultural and material possessions, income and participation in group activity of the community”. The social status may be inherited, but in modern society it is achieved on the basis of occupation, income, type of housing and neighborhood, membership of the certain associations and organizations, material, possessions, etc. (2)In India, several methods or scales have been developed for classifying different populations based on their socio-economic status, viz. Parikh scale 1964, Shirpurkar scale 1967, Jalota scale 1970, Kulsherestha scale 1972, Srivastava scale 1978, Bharadwaj scale 2001. (3-8)Modified BG Prasad’s classification that is used for both urban and rural areas. Modified Kuppuswamy classification is used in urban and peri urban areas which considers the education of the head of family, occupation of head of the family and per capita monthly income.(9,10) Another classification for rural areas is Uday Pareekh classification which takes into account following characteristics namely caste
The purpose of this chapter is to outline the development of the idea of "stakeholder management" as it has come to be applied in strategic management. We begin by developing a brief history of the concept. We then suggest that traditionally the stakeholder approach to strategic management has several related characteristics that serve as distinguishing features. We review recent work on stakeholder theory and suggest how stakeholder management has affected the practice of management. We end by suggesting further research questions.
Much is happening in the automotive industry and new models are in the market or are expected to be available soon. At the same time, environmental awareness, new regulations for increased fuel efficiency, and the need to diminish greenhouse gas emissions make small vehicles and alternative fuel vehicles more competitive. As a consequence, vehicle characteristics and consumer decisions will change rapidly in the short and medium run. Accounting for the dynamic of the problem is important to correctly forecast green vehicle acceptance and to evaluate eco-friendly policies. This paper proposes a generalized dynamic discrete choice approach that models purchase behavior and forecasts future preferences in a finite time horizon setting. The framework allows one-time purchases, repeated purchases, univariate and multivariate diffusion processes that capture the evolution of vehicle characteristics and dynamics in the market conditions. The models proposed are estimated using stated preference data collected in Maryland. Results show that the formulation with repeated purchases successfully captures changes in the market shares, and that the multivariate diffusion process adopted to model the evolution of fuel prices further improves both model fit and the ability to recover peaks in demand. The estimated coefficients have been applied to test different policy scenarios, including changes in fuel prices, vehicle purchase prices, and improvements of car characteristics. These policies have a high impact on the adoption of electric cars and on their diffusion in the marketplace.
The regulation of environmental externalities via pollution pricing is a mainstay of many environmental economics texts. Internalizing the cost of pollution leads firms to reduce output to the efficient quantity. However, firms often make decisions other than quantity, such as a choice of which technology to use in production, and studying these choices is often mathematically challenging for undergraduates.
One result from this literature is that markets characterized by imperfect competition may not adopt less-polluting production processes – green technology – even when the green technology confers net benefits on society. I present a simple argument to illustrate how a basic monopoly will continue to use a dirty production technology in the presence of a known superior green technology, even when subject to a perfectly internalizing pollution tax, without appealing to further technological or informational market failures.
This study was designed to examine the effect of customer perceived green wash fear on certain critical antecedents that develop green purchase intentions among customers. The major antecedents such as customer perceived eco-literacy, perceived individual benefits, perceived customer effectiveness and perceived customer social responsibility were identified from prior empirical evidence. The skepticism in the minds of the customer about green claims was demonstrated by verifying the moderating role of perceived green wash fear on development of green purchase behaviour. The constructs in this study were conceptualized as reflective or formative based on theoretical considerations. A cross-sectional study was conducted in which perceptions of 188 retail customers from Cochin area in Kerala state of India were collected using a structured questionnaire. Variance-based structural equation modelling was used to analyze the linkage among variables of importance. The study found that, other than perceived customer effectiveness, all other variables significantly developed green purchase intentions. The perceived green wash fear was found to be significantly moderating all significant antecedents in the theoretical framework. The study concluded that for sustainable development, green-wash practices should be curbed effectively and customers should be properly and correctly informed about green properties of the products.
The main purpose of the paper is to examine the impact of green core competencies on green innovation and green image in relation to the automobile industry in India. Data was collected from leading automobile industries. Data was collected through questionnaire method and personal interview method. The questionnaire was divided into five parts; the first part consisted of introduction about the company this introduction was gathered through personal interview method. The second part consisted of the measurement of green core competence, the third part consisted of the measurement of green product innovation, fourth part consisted of the measurement of green process innovation and the last part consisted of measuring green image. Multivariate and univariate tests are used for analysis. The study can be of great use to the industrialists in enhancing their core competencies through green innovation and green image.
Agricultural credit has played a vital role in supporting farm production in India. Though the outreach and amount of agricultural credit have increased over the years, several weaknesses have crept in which have affected the viability and sustainability of these institutions. Following the shifts in consumption and dietary patterns from cereals to non-cereal products, a silent transformation is taking place in rural areas calling for diversification in agricultural production and value addition processes in order to protect employment and incomes of the rural population. In the changed scenario, strong and viable agricultural financial institutions are needed to cater to the requirements of finance for building the necessary institutional and marketing infrastructure. What is needed in agriculture now is a new mission mode akin to what was done in the 1970s with the green revolution. The difference now is that initiatives are needed in a disaggregated manner in many different segments of agriculture and agro-industry: horticulture, aquaculture, pisciculture, dairying, sericulture, poultry, vegetables, meat, food processing, other agro-processing and the like.
Historically. management theory has ignored the constraints imposed by the biophysical (natural) environment. Building upon resource-based theory, this article attempts to fill this void by proposing a natural-resource-based view of the firm-a theory of competitive advantage based upon the firm's relationship to the natural environment. It is composed of three interconnected strategies: pollution prevention, product stewardship, and sustainable development. Propositions are advanced for each of these strategies regarding key resource requirements and their contributions to sustained competitive advantage.
Organizational values and organizational context have been shown to influence the willingness of businesses to voluntarily adopt environmental initiatives. This study explores how these factors support the adoption of an initiative that is not associated with a clear "win-win" outcome for the firm. Using a matched-pair research method to establish a degree of pretest equivalence, the authors compare the organizational values and organizational structural context of firms in Ontario, Canada, that had voluntarily adopted green electricity (e.g., wind, solar, and small hydro) with firms that had not. They find that the firms that had adopted green electricity were more likely to value improved environmental performance as more than a means to earn demonstrable financial gains, more likely to make public their environmental performance metrics, and more likely to integrate formal environmental responsibilities within their organization. In concluding, the authors argue that their evidence supports the efficacy of actualizing espoused proactive environmental values through formalized organizational structures.