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Facebook Cartographies and the Mapping of Local History
Abstract
This volume argues that the mapping of stories, movement and change should not be understood as an innovation of contemporary cartography, but rather as an important aspect of human cartography with a longer history than might be assumed. The authors in this collection reflect upon the main characteristics and evolutions of story and motion mapping, from the figurative news and history maps that were mass-produced in early modern Europe, through the nineteenth- and twentieth-century flow maps that appeared in various atlases, up to the digital and interactive motion and personalised maps that are created today. Rather than presenting a clear and homogeneous history from the past up until the present, this book offers a toolbox for understanding and interpreting the complex interplays and links between narrative, motion and maps.
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This article offers a comparative analysis of six applications for mapping narratives on the Internet. Based on the life story of a Rwandan refugee, three main families of cartographic applications were identified: simple applications that allow the user to map stories in a standard format (ex: Tripline and Google Tour Builder); more sophisticated applications directly linked to the world of GIS), which allow the user to tell various stories using maps but which also use maps as tools for spatial and temporal analyses (ex.: ESRI Story Maps, MapStory); finally, applications that are more research oriented using narratives as databases whose analyses can help us better understand the places, their personal and intimate geographies, and the structures of the narratives that refer to them (ex.: Atlascine et Neatline).
This article offers a comparative analysis of six applications for mapping narratives on the Internet. Based on the life story of a Rwandan refugee, three main families of cartographic applications were identified : simple applications that allow the user to map stories in a standard format (ex : Tripline and Google Tour Builder) ; more sophisticated applications directly linked to the world of GIS), which allow the user to tell various stories using maps but which also use maps as tools for spatial and temporal analyses (ex. : ESRI Story Maps, MapStory) ; finally, applications that are more research oriented using narratives as databases whose analyses can help us better understand the places, their personal and intimate geographies, and the structures of the narratives that refer to them (ex. : Atlascine et Neatline).
This paper provides an overview of the multiple ways of envisioning the relationships between maps and narratives. This is approached from a map making perspective. Throughout the process of editing this special issue, we have identified two main types of relationships. Firstly, maps have been used to represent the spatio-temporal structures of stories and their relationships with places. Oral, written and audio-visual stories have been mapped extensively. They raise some common cartographic challenges, such as improving the spatial expression of time, emotions, ambiguity, connotation, as well as the mixing of personal and global scales, real and fictional places, dream and reality, joy and pain. Secondly, the potential of maps as narratives and the importance of connecting the map with the complete mapping process through narratives is addressed. Although the potential of maps to tell stories has already been widely acknowledged, we emphasize the increasing recognition of the importance of developing narratives that critically describe the cartographic process and context in which maps unfold - the core idea of post-representational cartography. Telling the story about how maps are created and how they come to life in a broad social context and in the hands of their users has become a new challenge for mapmakers.
This paper brings together two previously disengaged literatures on affect and place in order to investigate the importance of embodiment in transforming spaces into places. This brings into sharp relief the mismatch between policy rhetoric on the importance of sense of place and the outputs of regeneration schemes which often seem deliberately to efface these affective connections. The paper outlines the idea of ‘rescue geography’ as a technique for capturing the embodied relationship between communities and urban spaces prior to redevelopment. A case study using walked interviews in Birmingham’s Eastside district is discussed. It is concluded that capturing existing place associations can help to create more authentic regeneration schemes which respond sympathetically to landscapes already soaked in affective connections.
This paper provides a brief introduction to critical cartography. We define critical cartography as a one-two punch of new mapping practices and theoretical critique. Critical cartography challenges academic cartography by linking geographic knowledge with power, and thus is political. Although contemporary critical cartography rose to prominence in the 1990s, we argue that it can only be understood in the historical context of the development of the cartographic discipline more generally. We sketch some of the history of this development, and show that critiques have continually accompanied the discipline. In the post-war period cartography underwent a significant solidification as a science, while at the same time other mapping practices (particularly artistic experimentation with spatial representation) were occurring. Coupled with the resurgence of theoretical critiques during the 1990s, these developments serve to question the relevance of
Maps are good at representing geographic space, but texts have a stronger affordance of telling a story than maps. Telling stories is, however, important to make information more personal and to arrest the map user's attention. This paper contrasts the map and the text media in order to understand why texts are good at telling a story but conventional maps are not. We demonstrate that, by a modification of maps, appropriate structural features of the text media can be transferred to maps, which makes them more suitable for telling stories. This new concept for map design can lead to new interaction possibilities and provide insights into how maps can be used more effectively.
Editors' overviewReferencesFurther readingSee also
The long superficial engagement of literary scholars with the cartographic lexicon (under the label of literary 'spatial turn') has led to a need for a 'recartographization' of the field. This tendency, however, still remains primarily embedded within analytical ('cartography of literature') or critical ('critical literary cartography') approaches, and fails to engage the recent development of post-representational rethinking of maps. Literary criticism, with its creative use of mapping words, and, above all, literary texts, with their involvement of practising maps, should be reconsidered as relevant sources for cartographic theorization and mapping research.
Cartographers have an opportunity now to make fundamental changes in the direction and scope of academic cartography. As a catalyst for change, J.B.Harley's proposal for a "postmodern' cartography is important for text-based societies like ours, but it will restrict our studies unnecessarily if taken alone. I provide a critique of postmodernist thought as applied to cartography, focusing especially on its inability to account for mapping in non-textual, non-Cartesian cultures where action and process are often crucial. Consequently, I propose a process approach to cartography as an additional basis for reorienting the field. Finally, I couple this approach with map deconstruction to interpret recent Inuit (Eskimo) toponymic mapping as part of a lengthy cross-cultural dialogue about Arctic North America. -Author
The cartographic representation of historical sources, epitomised in H. C. Darby's Domesday Geography and becoming a classic hallmark of British historical geography, remains a largely unexamined aspect of our discourse. This essay links the emphasis on maps to a perception of their objectivity shared by academic cartography. It proposes that we treat such maps as a text rather than as a mirror of reality so that we can understand how their rhetoric has narrowed the practice of historical geography. Such a deconstruction opens the way to reintegrate cartography more fully as part of a humanistic historical geography.
Samuel de Champlain's travels through what would become New France have been extensively documented and mapped by geographers and historians today. As conventional cartographic depictions of the routes of a European explorer and colonizer, these maps portray the locational details of Champlain's journeys but omit the emotional geographies and the sense of place evoked in his journals, as well as the Indigenous geographies interwoven with Champlain's story. This article suggests techniques for restoring multiple experiences and multiple voices to the historical cartography of Champlain's travels, including the expressive use of colour and type, the blending of spatial and temporal scales in sequential insets, the incorporation of mental maps and dream geographies, and the representation of Native voices through place names and imagined dialogue. In so doing, the authors reimagine historical cartography for the representation of place rather than space by taking a narrative approach to cartographic language.
"The authors write authoritatively and crisply . . . . How to use maps in teaching is spelled out carefully, but the authors also manage to sketch in the background of American mapping so the book is both a manual and a history. Commentaries are sprinkled with stimulating new ideas, for instance on how to use bird's-eye views and country atlases in the classroom, and there are didactic discussions on maps showing the walking city and the impact of the street car. "An extraordinarily wide range of maps is depicted, which makes for good browsing, pondering and close study. . . . This is a very good, highly attractive, and worthwhile book; it will have great impact on the use of old (and new!) maps in teaching. As well, this is a tantalizing survey of mapping the United States and will whet the appetites of students and encourage them to learn more about maps and their origins."âJohn Warketin, Cartographica
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