Plato Etc: Problems of Philosophy and their Resolution
... 137-8). The morphogenetic approach's SAC framework is metatheoretical, grounded in Roy Bhaskar's (2008Bhaskar's ( , 2015 philosophy of transcendental realism. Bhaskar employed transcendental arguments, which concern the conditions that make something possible or intelligible. ...
... Bhaskar's (2016) stratified ontology is crucial for understanding the morphogenetic process of 'back to the future', as it emphasises the importance of examining underlying social and cultural emergent properties and powers that condition the present and shape the future. Equally, the morphogenetic approach incorporates Bhaskar's (2015) three ontological limits on applying his philosophy of natural science: social structures, unlike natural structures, are ever activity-dependent, concept-linked, and only relatively enduring. We can explain emergent social structures by analogy with the example of water discussed above. ...
... For example, Tortia's (2024) critical realist critique of the World Economic Forum's 'Great Reset' model, proposed in response to the Covid-19 pandemic in 2022, highlights the importance of grounding utopian visions in explanations of underlying forces to ensure that they are realistic and sustainable. Similarly, building on Bhaskar's (2010) concept of concrete utopianism, which highlights the "real, but non-actualized possibilities inherent in a situation" (p. 84), Archer (2019) argues that concrete utopias allow for novelty -such as de-growth -offering hope for reshaping global society. ...
The aim of this article is to extend the explanatory power of Martin Thrupp’s legacy within the framework of critical realism. Specifically, it argues that critical realism’s methodological complement, the morphogenetic approach, provides a metatheoretical toolkit that can deepen and expand Thrupp’s realist analysis of school contexts. The article elaborates on how the morphogenetic approach offers a stratified, temporally phased view of causality that integrates structure, agency, and culture (SAC). By foregrounding SAC, it argues for a layered and nuanced understanding of context in education policy analysis, refining Thrupp’s conceptualisation of the constraints and opportunities available to school leaders. The article also delineates how the morphogenetic approach offers greater analytical precision in examining how emergent socio-cultural configurations condition agency and change within global educational systems, particularly through its positing of ‘situational logics’ that predispose agents towards specific courses of action. The final section outlines the potential of the morphogenetic approach for theorising the impact of globalised neoliberalism and managerialism on education, ultimately complementing and sharpening Thrupp’s realist contextualism. The article concludes that Thrupp’s contextual approach can be ‘rebranded’ through the morphogenetic framework, enhancing his realist analysis with a stratified understanding of how global neoliberal forces shape local educational contexts while offering strategies to resist managerialism and promote social justice.
... In his development of CR, Bhaskar (1994) explained the relationship between structure and agency as follows (emphasis in the original): ...
... The critical realist view of agencythat agency is something that human actors possesswas more helpful in this context, but was not unproblematic. Bhaskar (1994) suggests that agency concerns the capacity of humans to transform situations and themselves through reflexivity. He suggests that human beings are characterized by a 'capacity for intentional agency and for reflexive awareness and organisation of such agency and by a thoroughly social existence' (Bhaskar 1998, p. 411). ...
... It is argued, therefore that 'agency' (choosing to act purposefully) does not necessarily have to be the result of measured prior deliberation (reflexivity), although of course it can be. Bhaskar (1994Bhaskar ( , 1998 links human agency to a 'thoroughly social existence'. This is consistent with alternative views of agency which focus on interaction, discourse and participation, rather than on individual reflexivity (Lave andWenger 1991, Lipponen andKumpulainen 2011). ...
This paper describes how critical realism was operationalized to provide an explanatory framework for a small-scale qualitative study in the field of teacher education in a sub-Saharan African context. Critical realism combines a realist ontology (there is something to find out about) with a relativistic epistemology (different people will come to know different things in different ways). An attraction of this approach is that it seeks to explain observed phenomena through processes of inference, thus providing the opportunity to make changes for the better in the situation under investigation. The stratified view of reality provided a framework for the analysis of data, which led to the identification of two underlying causal mechanisms and new understandings of teacher education in sub-Saharan Africa. The approach is not without challenges, including the potentially intrusive nature of the enquiry and the positioning of the researchers. Despite these challenges, the evidence from this study is that the approach has the potential to provide new insights which have informed ongoing international development projects in teacher education in sub-Saharan Africa. ARTICLE HISTORY
... Critical realism (CR), whilst most associated with Bhaskar (2008Bhaskar ( , 2013Collier, 1994) and further developments by Archer (Archer et al., 1998) represents a broad amalgam of theorists recognising a realist approach that understands economic, social and political factors independently of our knowledge (Ash, 2022). In this respect, this paper seeks to challenge some of the theoretical assumptions regarding markets where people are 'free to choose or free to lose' (Sayer, 1997: 479) by positioning markets in terms of hyperexploitation and adverse incorporation. ...
... In this respect, the synthesis of ontological and epistemological dimensions positions CR as 'an emancipatory project; as such, it should be able to offer a coherent stance on an An Ontology of Social and Economic Reproduction issue such as [modern] slavery' (Ash, 2022: 3). For this reason, Bhaskar (1994) played a pivotal role in developing CR as a means of developing a critical theorisation of 'emancipation' through recognising the synthesis of evidence and morals. Consequently, at the core of 'critical realism is a continuing, spiral movement from knowledge of manifest (empirical) phenomena to knowledge of the underlying structures and causal mechanisms that generate them. ...
This paper argues that commodification of housing plays a key role in the reproduction of social and economic relations and contributes to debates by, firstly, recognising modern slavery as a fundamental intersection of economic and social vulnerability intimately connected to experiences of housing. Secondly, rather than understanding modern slavery in terms of exclusion, it should be understood as a form of adverse incorporation in the labour market and housing. Awareness, therefore, of critical realism as an analytical framework usefully takes debates beyond exploring relations between housing supply and housing experience to also include political economy and ideology. From this broader ontology of housing, it is possible to emphasise housing within reproduction of social and economic relations and consider ways in which this relates to modern slavery.
... The argument about universalism in sociolinguistics in this paper specifically relies on the distinction between three layers of reality: the empirical, the actual, and the real. Roy Bhaskar (1994Bhaskar ( , 2008, a central figure in critical realism, explains that the empirical includes whatever human beings can perceive through the sense and/ or through data gathering instruments. For sociolinguists, empirical evidence can be apprehended through surveys, interviews, and field notes, for example. ...
... The argument about universalism in sociolinguistics in this paper specifically relies on the distinction between three layers of reality: the empirical, the actual, and the real. Roy Bhaskar (1994Bhaskar ( , 2008, a central figure in critical realism, explains that the empirical includes whatever human beings can perceive through the sense and/ or through data gathering instruments. For sociolinguists, empirical evidence can be apprehended through surveys, interviews, and field notes, for example. ...
The discourse on linguistic diversity, relativity and pluralism is currently dominant in sociolinguistics. By extension, arguments for universalism are currently unfashionable in the field, particularly within its interpretivist strand. This paper claims that interpretivist sociolinguistics promotes conflicting, often lukewarm, and at times antagonistic views on universalism as a core emancipatory value. In response, the argument is made that appreciating universalism requires a layered social ontology afforded by critical realism. To build this critique, the paper first surveys how universalism has been neglected by prominent interpretivist sociolinguists to date. It then provides a conceptual account of critical realism’s layered social ontology and its relation to sociolinguistics. A discussion on the nature and importance of values in social science and sociolinguistics follows. Finally, the paper discusses universalism as a core emancipatory value, its critique, and its relation to sociolinguistics.
... The specific theoretical approach of this article is based on dialectic critical realism (DCR) (Bhaskar, 2008(Bhaskar, , 2009, providing a contemporary dialectic perspective for business marketing. While the contribution of this article builds upon an extensive critical realist (CR) literature in business marketing (Easton, 2010;Peters et al., 2013;Ryan et al., 2012;Easton, 2002;Peters, 2016;Vanharanta and Wong, 2022;Ehret, 2013), none of the CR theories has been previously applied to customer portfolio management. ...
... DCR is a contemporary dialectic theory based on the work of Roy Bhaskar (2008Bhaskar ( , 2009, with the stated objective of revitalizing dialectical thinking rooted in CR ontological principles (Norrie, 2007, p. 2). The importance of ontological theorizing, such as DCR, is well-established in the business marketing literature (Easton, 2002;Peters et al., 2013;Andersen et al., 2020;Ojansivu et al., 2022;Ojansivu et al., 2020). ...
Purpose
This study aims to contribute to the field of customer portfolio management by proposing a novel approach rooted in dialectic critical realism (DCR). DCR, as an ontological theory, enables a fundamental reimagining of customer portfolio management as a dialectic process. The conceptualized dialectic portfolio management is motivated by the concept of “absence”, akin to Hegelian “antithesis”, which highlights limitations, problems and tensions in portfolio management. In essence, “absence” serves as a diagnostic tool that directs portfolio actions towards resolving problems by pursuing a more comprehensive “totality”, similar to the Hegelian notion of “synthesis”.
Design/methodology/approach
This conceptual paper theorizes DCR in business marketing and customer portfolio management.
Findings
DCR conceptualizes customer portfolios as relational structures characterized by omissions and tensions. These issues are addressed through a dialectic synthesis aimed at achieving a more comprehensive “totality”. Consequently, DCR guides portfolio management to continually re-think the connections and distinctions that define a portfolio within its network context. This dialectic process is facilitated by a novel vocabulary that enhances the understanding of network and portfolio relations, incorporating concepts such as “intrapermeations”, “existential constitutions”, “intra-connections” and “intensive” and “extensive” portfolio practices.
Originality/value
This study aims to foster a fresh and process-oriented perspective on portfolio management, drawing inspiration from the growing demand for enriched dialectic theorizing within the realm of business marketing. The adoption of a dialectic process orientation based on DCR revolutionizes the comprehension of portfolio management by fundamentally reimagining the underlying ontological assumptions that underpin the existing body of literature on customer portfolios. Moreover, DCR asserts that ethical considerations are inextricably linked to human experiences and associated practices, emphasizing ethics as an integral component of customer portfolio management.
... In 1994, with Plato Etc: The problems of philosophy and their resolution, Roy critically analysed two and a half thousand years of Western philosophy, and he proposed alternatives (Bhaskar, 1994(Bhaskar, /2010. In 1993, Roy published Dialectic: The pulse of freedom. ...
... In 1994, with Plato Etc: The problems of philosophy and their resolution, Roy critically analysed two and a half thousand years of Western philosophy, and he proposed alternatives (Bhaskar, 1994(Bhaskar, /2010. In 1993, Roy published Dialectic: The pulse of freedom. ...
Exchanges between the great range of disciplines and experts within IOE (Institute of
Education), UCL’s Faculty of Education and Society (University College London, UK), can
be very productive. This article celebrates two professors who, in markedly different ways,
have transformed interdisciplinary understanding of their chosen specialties. Some of
their ideas are summarised here to encourage readers who could benefit from their
publications and are not yet familiar with them to be keen to study and gain from them.
Berry Mayall and Roy Bhaskar might seem too dissimilar to fit into one article. Berry
worked here for nearly fifty years, Roy for only seven. One was a sociologist, working
mainly on empirical research, the other a philosopher developing extremely advanced
theories. Yet they both developed critical new ideas and were under-recognised within
IOE despite their international influence. Roy is such a prestigious philosopher, many
may wonder why a whole article is not dedicated to him. My aims include recording some
benefits of the interdisciplinary thinking he promoted. This article briefly considers some
of the ideas that each developed and why these are important; their collaborative work;
memories from colleagues they have influenced; and their contribution to IOE’s history
and, potentially, to its future.
... According to Roy Bhaskar (2010), this conflation of epistemology and ontology is a prevalent tendency in modern thought, especially since Kant, and he dubs the logical misstep 'the epistemic fallacy ' (2008: 36-45). We encounter this fallacy whenever questions about reality are treated as questions about human knowledge about reality. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the most dramatic events in recent history. In the course of a few months, tiny coronaviruses managed to draw virtually the entire globe’s population into a common reference point. In this article, I question whether predominant anthropological perspectives, especially those that critique dualism, are capable of accounting for viruses’ reality – their unquestionable existence and efficacy. Claiming that anti-dualist approaches tend to result in forms of epistemological monism that shroud ontic verities, I argue for a refurbished realist dualism that fully recognises the viruses’ mind-independent character. I suggest, moreover, that a mind/ world binary rooted in the ontological distinction between transitive and intransitive realities could inform anthropological analyses beyond the pandemic.
Résumé: a pandémie COVID-19 est parmi les événements les plus dramatiques de l’histoire récente. En quelques mois, les petits coronavirus ont réussi à rassembler la population du monde entier autour d’un point commun. Dans cet article nous nous posons la question suivante : les perspectives anthropologiques prédominantes, et surtout celles qui critiquent le dualisme, sont-elles capables d’expliquer la réalité, l’efficacité et l’existence incontestable des virus En affirmons que les approches anti-dualistes nous amènent souvent vers des formes de monisme épistémologique, qui cachent des vérités ontiques, nous promouvons un dualisme réaliste et rénové qui admet pleinement le caractère indépendant-esprit du virus. De plus, nous suggérons que le binaire esprit/monde ancré dans la distinction ontologique entre des réalités transitives et intransitives pourraient guider les analyses anthropologiques au-delà de la pandémie.
... Bhaskar's passage in his Plato Etc. (Bhaskar [1994] 2010) makes the issue of criteria for rationality within an overarching epistemic relativity even more pointed: ...
There are two overarching questions that guide this paper: Whatare some potential issues with the criterion for judgementalrationality as developed by Bhaskar? How can critical realismitself be justified without foundationalist assumptions or aninfinite regress of justification? The paper considers how Bhaskar’scriterion for theory choice – developed in the natural sciences –can also be applied in the social sciences, how a criteriondeveloped within epistemic relativity can be applied to overcomejudgemental relativity, and explores justification of critical realismand of research inspired by this philosophy of science. It will beargued that a fractal form of justification can be an importantapproach to justify critical realist philosophy and its meta-philosophy (or ‘the philosophy of philosophy’). I also seek todemonstrate that such fractal justification, and insights fromother fractally coherent philosophies, can be helpful to provideanswers to several of the issues with Bhaskar’s criterion forjudgemental rationality that are presented.
... The increasing call for interdisciplinary science underscores this concern (Hulme and Toye 2006). Many of these divisions lie in the tendency to prioritize epistemology over ontology (Bhaskar 1994), emphasizing how we gain valid knowledge, over the reality that underpins it. As a result, we have veered either toward the hyper-analytic, hyperspecialized, fragmented gaze of late modernity or the sliding scale of postmodern relativism and its antipathy to integrated knowledge and obsession with texts, discourses, and social practice (Stein 2016). ...
Marketing systems, while being pivotal to contemporary progress, have been linked to multifaceted global challenges, notably increasing inequalities and accelerated climate change. These challenges are not natural phenomena, but rather, human-induced crises, emerging predominantly from flawed systems of perception and action. Unfortunately, these flawed perspectives are also embedded within research and theoretical practices, leading to overly simplistic and disjointed results. This paper champions the introduction and application of corrective metatheories, specifically targeting these tendencies of reductionism, to bring coherence to the various domains of existence – be they subjective, intersubjective, interobjective, or objective. Using Roy Bhaskar's philosophy of critical realism as its linchpin, this paper elucidates how this particular metatheoretical approach can address the complexities inherent to global systems. Through Critical Realism, the paper aims to challenge reductionist narratives, critique societal shortcomings, and promotes both individual and collective potentials to support overall flourishing.
... This suppresses the subtlety of both essentialism and constructionism, but further reduces critical realism to a caricature of itself. Critical Realism (CR) emerged as a philosophy (Bhaskar 1975(Bhaskar , 1979(Bhaskar , 1986(Bhaskar , 1989(Bhaskar , 1993(Bhaskar , 1994 that has developed and been debated for over 40 years creating many varieties and versions of realism that are not entirely consistent with one another (Archer and Archer 1996, Archer 1995, Keat and Urry 1975. Critical realism parses the difference between ontology and epistemology, whereas positivism and social constructivism conflate 31 the two (Johnson and Duberley 2003). ...
... This suppresses the subtlety of both essentialism and constructionism, but further reduces critical realism to a caricature of itself. Critical Realism (CR) emerged as a philosophy (Bhaskar 1975(Bhaskar , 1979(Bhaskar , 1986(Bhaskar , 1989(Bhaskar , 1993(Bhaskar , 1994 that has developed and been debated for over 40 years creating many varieties and versions of realism that are not entirely consistent with one another (Archer and Archer 1996, Archer 1995, Keat and Urry 1975. Critical realism parses the difference between ontology and epistemology, whereas positivism and social constructivism conflate 31 the two (Johnson and Duberley 2003). ...
... This suppresses the subtlety of both essentialism and constructionism, but further reduces critical realism to a caricature of itself. Critical Realism (CR) emerged as a philosophy (Bhaskar 1975(Bhaskar , 1979(Bhaskar , 1986(Bhaskar , 1989(Bhaskar , 1993(Bhaskar , 1994 that has developed and been debated for over 40 years creating many varieties and versions of realism that are not entirely consistent with one another (Archer and Archer 1996, Archer 1995, Keat and Urry 1975. Critical realism parses the difference between ontology and epistemology, whereas positivism and social constructivism conflate 31 the two (Johnson and Duberley 2003). ...
The purpose of the research was to establish by what mechanisms and in what contexts does the methodology called Locally Identified Solutions and Practices (LISP) applied to neighbourhood policing work as a socially innovative community engagement process in neighbourhood policing?’
The research used a critical realist & systems analysis approach, utilising Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) to investigate 8 projects implementing the Handbook to construct context-mechanism-outcome (CMO) chains to demonstrate what mechanisms contribute to what outcomes in which contexts.
Twenty-seven mechanisms were found to be active, 6 unique to this study, which provide a high-resolution insight into the processes of social innovation, removed from the personal characteristics of the social innovator. This establishes that there are clear, consistent and repeatable processes at play in social innovation, which suggests that the currently hegemonic postmodernist concept of ‘social bricolage’ requires further revision or rejection.
This study has demonstrated that the LISP Handbook is effective in neighbourhood policing for engaging with high risk vulnerable neighbourhoods. Moreover, the Handbook, allied to an understanding of the underlying mechanisms, has been demonstrated to be an effective, consistent and repeatable methodology for engaging intensively in vulnerable communities affected by severe crime.
The study has demonstrated the use of SSM as a method of case study analysis and comparison, and to create new insights within a CMO analysis. The research is the first to use SSM or CMO analyses in social innovation research or practice. Police officers & researchers will be interested in the LISP Handbook and how the projects were implemented. Social innovation practitioners and theorists will be interested in the CMO framework, and how mechanisms can guide the design, and implementation, of social innovations.
... In the following, I explicate the limits of this tripartite scheme and develop it further by drawing on ideas from critical realist philosophical dialectics (Bhaskar, 1993(Bhaskar, , 1994, political theory and global political economy. Critical realist dialectics enables complicating and enriching the scheme of potential transformations. ...
The idea of double movement (Polanyi) suggests questions such as: given the socially and ecologically disruptive consequences of uneven growth and globalisation, should we anticipate a global “protective response”, paving the way for global Keynesian institutions? I criticise the pendulum metaphor and the simple dialectical thesis-antithesis-synthesis scheme. Yet, although processes can be subject to regression, entropy, and roll-back, it would be a mistake to conclude that there is no rational tendential direction to world history—perhaps enabling new syntheses concerning the market/social nexus and processes of de/commodification. Holoreflexivity involves comprehension of the mechanisms, structures, and processes of the planetary whole. Holoreflexivity is a condition for the rise of transformative agency promoting more functional and legitimate common institutions to overcome contradictions and resolve social conflicts.
... Se bland annatBhaskar (1978) ochBhaskar (1994).4 Danermark et al. 1997: 23. ...
Full-text: https://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/20882/local_20882.pdf
... There are three major periods in Bhaskar's development of CR: (1) original or basic critical realism (OCR), in which Bhaskar established transcendental realism and critical naturalism, which were later combined to form the term 'critical realism' (Bhaskar 1975(Bhaskar , 1986(Bhaskar , 1998b(Bhaskar , 2010; (2) dialectical critical realism (DCR), which builds on and adds additional tools to OCR (Bhaskar 2008(Bhaskar , 2009); and (3) transcendental dialectical critical realism (TDCR) or metaReality (e.g., Bhaskar 2013Bhaskar , 2015, which is sometimes considered to be Bhaskar's 'spiritual turn' (Collier 2013). 5 As such, TDCR may be less useful for qualitative researchers than the first two periods, especially OCR. ...
Qualitative researchers wishing to circumnavigate the limitations of positivism, on the one hand, and strong constructionism, on the other, tend to be attracted to critical realism (CR), which offers a middle ground between the two: CR combines ontological realism and epistemological relativism. As a philosophical position for qualitative research, CR has been adopted by researchers utilising diverse data collection and analytic methods. However, there are at least two distinct approaches claiming the CR name: one developed by Joseph Maxwell, with qualitative research specifically in mind, and one developed by Roy Bhaskar and colleagues, as a general philosophy of natural and social sciences. In this paper I compare these two forms of CR on four dimensions, which on the surface they appear to share: (1) what does ‘critical’ mean; (2) epistemological relativism; (3) ontological realism; (4) causality. It is obvious that, below the surface when the details are examined, the two approaches to CR differ considerably on at least the last three dimensions, if not all four. I propose four reasons for preferring Bhaskar’s CR over Maxwell’s CR, arguing the former is more appropriate for qualitative research in psychology.
... In this article, we consider a subset of the assumptions of Roy Bhaskar's (1993Bhaskar's ( , 1994) Dialectical Critical Realism (DCR), which we use to consider the ability of organizations to truly bring about transformational change that the environment would seem to require and Agile approaches mean to offer. Our point here is not to argue for the suitability of using DCR for studying organizations generally or provide a comprehensive coverage of its concepts. ...
Complexity, paradox, tension, and contradiction are increasingly seen as permeating all aspects of organizational life. Yet despite ongoing advancement, both our understanding of the nature of complexity and how to use this increased appreciation of it in practice are still developing. In this spirit, this article considers organizational agility and how to achieve it. Here, current discussions of organizational agility have failed to sufficiently address the fundamental tensions inherent in learning stemming from conflicting goals and incentives, evident in an ongoing discussion of theory-informed approaches for bringing about organizational agility. In this article, we claim that incorporating a dialectical perspective of learning would provide a means of understanding the successes and failures of practices aimed at bringing about agility. We consider the maligned dialectic, four fallacious ways of thinking that hinder agility, and the extent to which these can be overcome. As evidence, we present a case of Agile implementation in which one of the authors acted as a consultant and involving a large-scale social change. Considering this from a dialectical perspective, we discuss ways that dysfunction in achieving agility might be reduced through disruptive interventions, such as Agile.
... We critical realists all believe in truth and its determination but with differences. I agree with Bhaskar (2009) that we speak of truth in multiple senses but also agree with Groff (2000) that at its core, truth means the correspondence of what we say or believe with ontologically objective reality. Sayer (1999) demurs here in favor of what he calls practical adequacy. ...
... In the face of crisis, this fact has become more apparent with the calls for inter-, multi-, cross trans-disciplinarity science (Hulme and Toye 2006). However, less purposively acknowledged is a problem of reductionism that exists in the privileged position of epistemology, our theory of knowledge and constructions, over ontology -what reality is and how it works (Bhaskar 1994). The central issue lies in privileging the question of 'how can we know about the world' over asking 'what must the world be like' (Bhaskar 2008). ...
Marketing systems are a burgeoning area of study that focuses on the pervasive systems of exchange that characterise modernity. These systems are both central to development but also consistently implicated in the production and reproduction of troubling reductionism in the ‘overarching systems of meaning-making that to a substantial extent inform how humans interpret, enact, and co-create reality’ in both praxis and research. This paper argues that we need corrective metatheories which counter inappropriate oversimplification and reductionism while searching for unity in the subjective, intersubjective, interobjective and objective domains of being, providing a regulative function for discourse and research. In response to this problem, the paper offers an integrative approach based on the critical realism and philosophy of Roy Bhaskar. The work of Bhaskar and the subsequent intertwinement of systemic approaches focuses on encompassing the complexity of our socio-ecological existence and providing a basis for a critique of pathology, injustice and ineffectiveness to help us redress the spectrum of crisis.
本発表の目的は、〈メタバース〉という新たな概念を、我々の時代と将来の技術社会的苦境、特に人類に対する人工の脅威に対する人間の長年にわたる不安に光を当てる方法で概念化することである。
これを達成するために、メタバースを「人工環境」の歴史に位置付け、それを小原秀雄とNoah Yuval Harariに参照した人間、世界、〈ユニバース〉との関連で考察する。ユニバースとは、人間に先行する背景環境であり、人間はそこに位置しているが、人間の意図によって制御できない。この強力な環境で生き残るために、人間は、人工的なものを作り出し、ユニバースによって課された生存の課題に対して、我々の「ハビタット」、すなわち我々が住むことができる〈世界〉を構築し、守り、維持する。こう見ると、世界は最初から人工的なものである。
しかし、我々が住む世界は、主にギリシャ・ローマとユダヤ・キリスト伝統から進化した特殊な人工性、すなわち〈現代人工性〉に支配される。上柿崇英の〈自己完結社会論〉に参照すれば、現代人工性の独特の特徴は、〈意のままになる〉解放を求めることで、多面的なパラドクスを引き起こしている。現代人工性の物事を制御する力を通じて、意のままになる解放を求めれば求めるほど、逆に状況が制御できなくなるだけでなく、人間そのものはより脆弱になり、現代人工性によって制御されるようになる。
上記とビッグデータ、AI、IoT、Code is Law（コードは法である）などの新興技術の出現を踏まえ、次の仮説を提案する。ある時点で、現代人工性は最終的に人間の制御から独立し、我々が置かれている新しい背景環境を形成するかもしれない。この環境は、物質的にユニバースに依存し、ユニバースの影響を受けることができるが、ユニバースの「自然法則」ではなく、この新たな背景環境自身の法則に支配されているため、ユニバースに還元することはできない。新たに独立した〈新現代人工性〉は、もはや我々が自由に利用できる「手段」とはならず、完全に把握することができず、常に人間が「意のままに」働くわけでもない太陽、海、大気のようになる。言い換えると、過去には、我々は生き残るために制御不能なユニバースに対処する必要があっただけであったが、新たな未来には、我々の世界がその存在を継続するために、ユニバースに加えてメタバースと呼ぶ新近代人工性によって形成された新しい制御不能な環境にも適応しなければならない。
この仮説は、人工性に直面したときの我々の実存的不安を、それに「適応」するための生存と進化の圧力として、新たな説明を提供するものであると主張する。つまり、人工性の脅威は、AI意識の生まれ、テクノ失業、または人類を絶滅させる力から生じる必要はなく、単に、絶えず変動するユニバースと制御・予測不可能なメタバースに直面して生存し適応する手段をますます失う「二重背景環境に絞られている」事態によって十分に生じられるからである。
There is increasing recognition of the imperative for the synthesis of procedural and propositional knowledge in effective TVET, which is widely reflected in the various chapters of this book. One important dimension is how these forms of knowledge - 'knowing how' and 'knowing that' - are learnt. This chapter adopts a history-of-ideas approach in examining the five most influential psychological theories of learning, namely behaviourism, cognitivism, constructivism, socioculturalism and embodied cognition theory, that have implications for vocational and craft learning. An account is provided of each of these theories and its attendant understanding of learning in TVET. It is suggested that five big ideas drawn from across these theories might be synthesised to assist TVET lecturers in their workshops and lecture venues.
総合人間学会第17回大会シンポ〈近代的「知」のあり方を問い直す〉へのコメンタリー「近代的知に迫られる主体性とそれを超克する可能性ーー〈総合人間学〉的な問題提起の試みーー」に基づいた、『総合人間学』第18号で掲載される予定のエッセイです。
This paper argues that in the search for explanatory power, critical realist research has neglected, trivialized, or dismissed prescriptive power, the capacity for an explanation to offer insights for informing practical ameliorative action. In addition to explanatory power and multitheoretic-linguality, the effective exercise of judgmental rationality also requires a consideration of prescriptive power, else it fails to realize its emancipatory commitment. Building on previous discussions of the criteria for judgmental rationality, the paper considers a prescriptive fallacy in critical realist research that conflates explanatory and prescriptive power, and that instead researchers have a prescriptive commitment which can be realized in part through reflective questioning. The paper hopes to stimulate reflection and debate on the role of prescriptive power throughout the research process, and thereby support increased impact in research.
Human beings are religious by nature. In the discussion on African traditional spirituality, it provides the proofs on how Africans were and are notoriously religious even before the advent of Christianity. This article provides an overview of the influence of African traditional spirituality on Christian Practices in Africa. It is noted in this article that African traditional spirituality is a diverse and complex set of beliefs and practices that reflect the cultural and spiritual beliefs of the people of Africa. It encompasses a wide range of practices, including ancestor veneration, divination, healing practices, music and dance, and community building. Christianity was introduced to Africa in the 1st century AD, but it was not until the arrival of European colonizers in the 16th century that Christianity began to spread more widely throughout Africa. Today, Christianity is one of the most widespread religions in Africa, with over 541 million adherents on the continent. Christianity in Africa is diverse and complex, encompassing a range of denominations, including Catholicism, Protestantism, and various indigenous African churches. This article explores the ways in which African spirituality has influenced Christianity in Africa, and how this has shaped the religious and cultural landscape of the continent.
In the immediate aftermath and decades following WWII, the world economy grew exponentially and thousands of new international agreements and organisations were established to coordinate and regulate the world economy and its underpinnings. In the subsequent era, the concepts of globalisation and global governance became established, providing the context for the rise of global civil society and the quest to democratise global governance. Here I discuss the problems of Held’s well-known model of cosmopolitan democracy, focussing on spatio-temporal assumptions and then laying out a processual alternative to it. The spatio-temporal assumptions of the model of cosmopolitan democracy have problematic implications concerning self-other relations and political organisation. The alternative is a vision of an open-ended process of global democratisation realised by context-bound and context-breaking relational actors.
Independently of how dominant the layer of world statehood becomes, that layer will require political support, authorisation, and validation in a complex and pluralistic world. By focusing on legitimacy, we can analyse the feasibility of paths towards global-scale integration and the potential for conflicts, divisions, and subsequent disintegration. The standard security-military and functionalist arguments for unification may work to a point, but they are insufficient and can become counterproductive. There must be a widespread belief in normative legitimacy, the basis of which I discuss in terms of civilising process and stages of ethical-political learning. Finally, I outline scenarios about processes that could lead towards a partial disintegration or collapse of a world community. Such scenarios are meant to be self-defeating prophecies.
The Cold War as we know it was only a contingent episode within a much wider process. The planetary-nuclear era would have come about sooner or later anyway, independently of the leading ideologies or location of shifting centres. Moreover, the meaning of the Cold War 1947–91 remains open. As is evident in the 2020s, whether the destructive powers of nuclear weapons will be released remains contingent. Here I make also an argument about time and temporality, arguing that the futurised nature of the present is changing. Through reflexive self-regulation of systems, the future can be increasingly co-determined by normative discourse, informed by adequate and plausible scenarios about possible and likely futures. This is how we can foresee, reflexively, the rational end of the cold war.
World history is part of the cosmic story of increasing complexity and emerging powers. This chapter focusses on the industrial revolution and its consequences, arguing that modern Europe is merely a possible manifestation and moment in a process that is best understood as global history of humanity. The key to understanding this transformation lies in harnessing new sources of energy, enabling the huge expansion of humanity and the world economy. While criticising all forms of centrism, I develop the idea of stages: stages may co-exist, overlap, and form various constellations in context-bound ways. In the universal history of humanity, the industrial revolution was bound to happen and change also the meaning of war, which has subsequently become an existential question to humanity as a whole.
Critical cosmopolitan orientation has usually been embedded in a non-geocentric physical (NGP), providing a contrast to the underpinnings of centric cosmologies, which see the world as revolving around a particular observer, theorist, or identity. NGP cosmology makes it plausible to envisage all humans as part of the same species. The connection works also through homology and analogy. An astronomic theory can be isomorphic with a political theory. However, the normative implications of the NGP cosmology are ambiguous. Various reactions have encouraged territorial nationalism and geopolitics. I suggest that critical cosmopolitical orientation should now be grounded on the notion of cosmic evolution, which is not only contextual, historical, pluralist, and open-ended but also suggests that humanity is not a mere accident of the cosmos.
This paper explores the metaphysics of time and its relevance to Africa from a cultural and philosophical perspective. The paper argues that the Western concept of time, which is based on linear and objective concepts, is not the only way to explain time and temporal experience to all cultures and civilizations. By examining traditional African perspectives on time, the paper demonstrates the importance of considering cultural and philosophical differences in the study of time and temporal experience. The paper concludes that the Western concept of time must be supplemented with an understanding of the diverse and complex ways in which time is experienced and understood in Africa
This Chapter investigates the forms of education that are provided in juvenile justice systems specifically in Australia. The educational responsibility for children and young people in detention, who are held accountable to the same standards as their public school peers, is tied to state responsibilities. We explore the various elements associated with this responsibility. Very little is known about schooling and the types of programs, instructional strategies and curricula used in juvenile justice systems. This chapter responds to this gap by identifying best practices and instructional strategies for educating young detainees.
In this study, it is argued that the main failure of mainstream economics is its inability to establish a social ontology and Thorstein Veblen, the founder of the Institutional Economics school, has an important role in establishing this social ontology. Considering the social and economic reality as a closed system, which mainstream economics presupposes in the analysis, is the main reason behind its failure to produce solutions to real world problems. The necessity of an open system ontology is a common issue for heterodox schools of economics that opposes the mainstream. It will be argued that Veblen’s analysis has the ideas that form the basis of this concept. First, the basic elements of the open system approach will be discussed. Then, it will be argued that the elements of the evolutionist approach, the relationship between structure-agent, the rejection of positivism and the cumulative causality in Veblen’s analysis are consistent with the open system approach.
The aim of this article is to compare and contrast the ideas of Friedrich von Hayek and Joseph Alois Schumpeter, who both adopted an indeterminist approach in their economic analyses, through a discussion of their relative strengths and weaknesses. The analysis makes extensive references the ideas of Karl Popper and Roy Bhaskar because of their profound impact on philosophical as well as economic thought. The article examines the indeterminism that marks the theories of Hayek and Schumpeter from an ontological and epistemological standpoint. More specifically, it addresses Popper and Hayek on the side of epistemological indeterminism as they theorized indeterminacy on the basis of the uncertainty of the future, and temporality in general, as well as the ever-changing and always incomplete nature of knowledge, whereas it analyzes Bhaskar and Schumpeter as ontological indeterminists who saw indeterminacy as resulting from the nature of economic and social systems. The article?s conclusion is that epistemological approaches to the study of indeterminacy are bound to remain within a static framework and that an ontological reasoning is needed for a transition to a dynamic framework. In other words, the reasons lying behind discontinuity in economic systems can be found only within the inherent characteristics of those systems. Therefore, any economic analysis should start with a careful assessment of the social reality?s nature, because faulty assumptions about it will inevitably lead to disconnect between theory and practice.
This book focuses on comparison in anthropology, turning an ethnographic lens onto the diversity of comparative practice. It seeks to understand how, why and with what consequences diversely situated groups of people – many of whom operate on radically different premises to professional anthropologists – make comparisons, above all, between themselves and real or imagined others. What motivates people to compare, what techniques or logics do they employ, and what are the most likely outcomes – both intended and unintended? How do comparative practices reflect, reinforce or refuse uneven relations of power? And finally, what can a rejuvenated comparative anthropology learn from the anthropology of comparison? The volume develops a dialogue between scholars with long- term ethnographic engagement in a variety of contexts around the world and is particularly valuable reading for those interested in anthropological methodology and theory.
Ukraine’s European integration aspirations, granting our state the status of a candidate for EU membership, as well as the need for financial, technological, managerial, and other assistance from the EU, in particular in the post-war restoration of the field of research and innovation, actualize the task of accelerating its integration into European Research Area (ERA). The article aims to analyze the current stage of development of the European Research Area in the context of the new strategic goals of the EU and, considering this and the war conflict in Ukraine, to identify opportunities for expanding cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in the field of research and innovation, deepening its integration into the ERA as a source of post-war reconstruction, stabilization and advanced innovative development of the national economy. It is shown that the war unleashed by the Russian Federation against Ukraine led to the formation of a new normal in international scientific cooperation and served as a trigger for the development of a self-sufficient pan-European innovation ecosystem that would more closely connect science and industry and be able to solve global challenges. The essence of a new European Innovation Agenda is highlighted, in the implementation of which the central place is given to the European Research Area. An idea of the ERA and the main results of its implementation in the EU over twenty years are revealed. The features of the current stage of development of the ERA and its priorities in the context of the new strategic agenda of the EU are defined. An analysis was made of the fundamental documents that should guide the EU member states in the field of research and innovation – a Pact for research and innovation and the ERA policy agenda for the period 2022-2024. The key features of the current program period of the EU development are identified. The article focuses on the main tools and initiatives aimed at bringing the EU closer to its strategic goals: smart specialisation strategies, mission-oriented innovation policy, Partnerships for regional innovations. According to the results of summarizing the initiatives in support of Ukrainian scientists and innovative entrepreneurs, introduced by the European Commission in response to the military aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, taking into account the new strategic plans and goals of the EU in the context of global geopolitical changes, opportunities were identified and proposals were made to expand cooperation between Ukraine and the EU in research and innovation during the war and post-war periods. Their implementation will make it possible to increase Ukrainian presence in the ERA as a condition for ensuring its post-war innovative growth and prosperity for the long term.
The article contains concepts of development for Ukrainian economy in the form of development explanatory basis. Such basis is important for defining development character, formalizing aims and principles of development, choosing its vectors and methods that implement such vectors into reality, building institutional support of development and effective employment of necessary resources. Using the general concepts of development studies, the content of notion “economic development” is specified. Difference between notions “economic development” and “economic growth” is considered. Via the qualitative features of general types of development, the character of development for Ukraine is suggested taking into account existing conditions and expected changes in Ukraine and abroad. It is shown that by the dynamics of changes development of the Ukrainian economy has to be revolutionary, by the vector – intensive one (aimed to the emergence of qualitative changes with a stable character due to implementing new technologies and renewing the production assortment of national producers), by the source (or the primary reason) – both exogenous and endogenous, by the view of development subject about changes over time – projective one, by the element of economic system that is mostly changed – structural (because the modern structure of Ukrainian economy causes some negative processes in it), by the development mechanism — bifurcational, by the measure of controllability – weakly managed, by the relationship between subject and object – both subject-object (subject of development is simultaneously an object of development), multi-vector and holistic. There are defined conditions of Ukrainian economy development regardless of its character (defined or any other): decrease of the administrative pressure under entrepreneurship (deregulation of the economy), increasing of an entrepreneur’s social role and his/hers comprehensive support. Defined character of the national economy development and conditions under which such development will exist should be taken into account in the development model. This will provide model adequacy to the modern conditions in Ukraine, model validity and its practical usability, ability to formulate particularly development tasks for every of its subjects.
Critical theory, a multidisciplinary and multifaceted approach, was put forward to reconstruct dominant ideology by the critical task of explaining and criticizing. Contextualizing this new approach, the chapter is designed to focus on the development of social thought and its application in social research grounding on the critical theory. The discussion, drawing from many kinds of literature, depicts that critical theory as a perspective of social praxis unveils the critical reality through a detailed analysis of leading texts, pervasive conversations, social interactions, and persistent social practices. Thereby, critical theory provides insight to form ‘Critical paradigm’ and ‘Critical Realist Paradigm’ that generates ‘Ideology critique’, ‘Critical action research’, and ‘Critical Discourse Analysis’ (CDA) as the dynamic research methods. With those, researchers can explain the relationship between theory and practice linking language, ideas and social actions. By highlighting the basic characteristics of critical theory, this chapter analyses its application in the field of social research focusing on when and in which context critical theory is applied. Finally, the chapter attempts to ascertain the emancipatory function of this new approach by providing some examples of research output in connection to perpetual social problems in modern social settings.KeywordCritical theoryCritical research paradigmCritical research methodsSocial research
ABSTRACT
This study explores the experiences of trauma and transition into adulthood of African refugee and asylum-seeking care leavers in the UK. It aims to help practitioners better understand the impact of trauma on these young people and give them voice. Giving voice generates better research and develops the confidence of refugees (Temple and Moran, 2006).
These young people make perilous journeys to the UK and battle traumatic experiences with the challenges of transitioning in a hostile environment. Supporting them is a challenge for local authorities. Despite these issues, there is little previous research interest about the experiences of trauma and transition into adulthood of African refugee and asylum-seeking care leavers in the UK.
Psychoanalytically informed Free Association Narrative Interviews (FANI) were used to explore six young people’s unconscious processes. Cross-case analysis identified similarities in their stories but there were divergences and complexities in their trajectories.
The young people felt relieved for telling their stories. Their mental health issues can be difficult to detect and transition into adulthood could deteriorate if faced with restrictions and barriers. Immigration status could impact their trajectories. Pre- migratory trauma, separation from family and adapting to a new system could exacerbate their trauma. They rated emotional support highly and felt that trauma could make them stronger. Their closeness or openness to the researcher is non- linear.
The study concluded that the young people’s experience is complex. Practitioners need to be attentive to their inner world and external circumstances to better understand and support them. A more open practice and development of a psychosocial approach is recommended. Also, opportunities for the young people to tell their stories and be treated as individuals. It recommends future comparative study of the experiences and trajectories of young people coming to Western Europe from Africa with those from other continents and between those from British and non- British colonies.
Background: Moral injury is defined as the strong emotional and cognitive reactions following events which clash with someone’s moral code, values or expectations. During the COVID-19 pandemic, increased exposure to Potentially Morally Injurious Events (PMIEs) has placed healthcare workers (HCWs) at risk of moral injury. Yet little is known about the lived experience of cumulative PMIE exposure and how NHS staff respond to this.
Objective: We sought to rectify this knowledge gap by qualitatively exploring the lived experiences and perspectives of clinical frontline NHS staff who responded to COVID-19.
Methods: We recruited a diverse sample of 30 clinical frontline HCWs from the NHS CHECK study cohort, for single time point qualitative interviews. All participants endorsed at least one item on the 9-item Moral Injury Events Scale (MIES) [Nash et al., 2013. Psychometric evaluation of the moral injury events scale. Military Medicine, 178(6), 646–652] at six month follow up. Interviews followed a semi-structured guide and were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.
Results: HCWs described being routinely exposed to ethical conflicts, created by exacerbations of pre-existing systemic issues including inadequate staffing and resourcing. We found that HCWs experienced a range of mental health symptoms primarily related to perceptions of institutional betrayal as well as feeling unable to fulfil their duty of care towards patients.
Conclusion: These results suggest that a multi-facetted organisational strategy is warranted to prepare for PMIE exposure, promote opportunities for resolution of symptoms associated with moral injury and prevent organisational disengagement.
HIGHLIGHTS
• Clinical frontline healthcare workers (HCWs) have been exposed to an accumulation of potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, including feeling betrayed by both government and NHS leaders as well as feeling unable to provide duty of care to patients.
• HCWs described the significant adverse impact of this exposure on their mental health, including increased anxiety and depression symptoms and sleep disturbance.
• Most HCWs interviewed believed that organisational change within the NHS was necessary to prevent excess PMIE exposure and promote resolution of moral distress.
This study argues that New Economy Sociology is insufficient in conceptualising social structure. In the new economic sociology, the social structure is defined through social networks, which are perceived as interpersonal relations. Since this explanation ignores the layered and stratified nature of social reality, its analysis is limited to the empirical level and remains a reductionist analysis. In The Critical Realist approach, social structures constitute a profound dimension of reality where there are mechanisms that produce social phenomena. Social structures generate social relations and norms but cannot be reduced to what it has created. This non-reductionism proves that social structures are not identical to interpersonal social ties or social networks. Social structures make individual actions possible, and these individual actions can transform the social structures. The study argues that the Critical Realist approach conceptualises the social structure necessary for economic and social theory.
After presenting Apostel's views on scientific realism, I present definitions of the concepts of ontology and metaphysics. I then proceed to develop Apostel's basic ontology and his metaphysics. Apostel proposed a particular understanding of existence based on his views on causation. He also developed a view of the universe as a causal self-explaining system. I discuss and illustrate three kinds of what he calls 'metaphysical deductions' that aim to deliver such a view of the universe. The most important one is the Leibnizian variational method, that should allow us to deduce the existing universe as the 'best' of all possible worlds.
Energy transitions in the global South have evolved over time and space. Climate emergency has pushed countries towards renewables, and energy transitions have been part of the international political discourse coupled with climate commitments. Exploring the complex and diverse interactions between energy transitions and climate change mitigation is essential, especially to the global South, where on the one hand, it is seen as part of the development discourse and on the other as honouring the international climate commitments. There is a growing need to identify and analyse potential social and economic disruption arising from energy transition, taking into account policies and strategies to ensure equitable energy systems and minimise if not pre-empt disruption. Examining the patterns of the energy transition, dynamics of transition from a justice perspective in the overall socio-political and economic contexts will outline the emerging frontiers of the energy transition. This chapter looks at the challenges of escaping the carbon lock-in using an analytical framework where the interplay between agents and the nexus—climate commitments, energy security and justice—is analysed with the socio-politico-economic considerations to understand the trajectories of energy transitions. The framework brings fresh insights into understanding the carbon lock-out pathways in the global South context through the case study from Sri Lanka. It is argued that a holistic policy framework for energy transitions must incorporate democratic concerns from below to create pathways for just energy transition.
It is not uncommon in educational research and social science in general either to eschew the word truth or to put it in scare quotes in order to signify scepticism about it. After the initial wave of relativism in the philosophy of natural science, a second wave has developed in social science with the rise of postmodernism and poststructur-alism. The tendency here is to relativise truth or to bracket out questions of truth. In contradistinction, this paper revindicates the metaphysical nature of truth. Truth is a transcendental precondition of educational inquiry and is best understood as a formal, regulative norm. Realism about truth enjoins a defence of the correspondence theory, which is provided here. At the same time, however, the development of realism in the social sciences has ironically followed the postmodernists in its scepticism about truth and its rejection of the correspondence theory. This paper critically appraises such recent developments, since all research is un-intelligible without realism about the social world and whether our substantive knowledge-claims correspond with it.
Idea całości pojawia się w każdym rodzaju i gatunku myśli społecznej. Jej pojęcia ustanawiają myślenie społeczne i myśl społeczną pierwej, zanim doczeka się ona jakiejś teorii siebie samej. Gdy się jej dorobi, zasady sprecyzowane w procedurach metodologicznego i teoretycznego holizmu mają ugruntowanie w intuicjach i pojęciach ogólnych, jeśli tylko dają się one wysłowić w językach naturalnych. Pojęcia całości społecznej fundowały podstawy socjologii i pytania o ontologię rzeczywistości, którą opisują. W szczególności miały one i nadal mają udział w kształtowaniu dyskursu teoretycznego nauk społecznych. Od początku ich samowiedzy teoretycznej, od czasu dyskusji z przełomu XIX i XX wieku o statusie naukowym socjologii, uzasadnienie wiedzy socjologicznej domagało się przygotowania filozoficznego, odpowiedzi na pytanie, czym jest jej przedmiot jako struktura ontologiczna. Artykuł przedstawia te odpowiedzi w wybranych konfiguracjach dyskursu o narodzie na przełomie XIX i XX wieku w Polsce.
z Fransız filozof Jacques Rancière (1940-) son elli yılda eğitim, tarih, siyaset, estetik, sinema, ede-biyat gibi farklı alanlarda önemli düşünsel ürünler vermiştir. 1968 Mayıs olayları ve neo-liberal küreselleşmenin yükselişi çalışmalarının sosyo-politik arka planını oluşturmaktadır. Rancière kendi özgün nitelikteki felsefi-politik projesini ise Althussercilik, Ortodoks Marksizm, tarihin sonu, müzakereci demokrasi, konsensüs demokrasisi tartışmaları ve post-yapısalcılık ile girdiği polemiklerle ile şekillendirmiştir. Bu çalışmanın sorunsalı, Rancière'in siyasal düşüncesinde eği-tim ve siyasal arasında kurmuş olduğu ilişkinin niteliğidir. Temel argüman, Rancière'in düşünce sisteminin içsel mantığı uyarınca eğitim ve siyasetin paradoksal bir şekilde birbiri içinde mevcut olarak tasarlanmış olduğudur. Rancière'in siyasal eleştirisi özü itibariyle pedagojiktir ve radikal pedagojisi de büyük oranda siyaset ve siyasal olana dair kavrayışı üzerinde temellenmektedir. Pedagojisi, zekâların eşitliği aksiyomuna ve siyasal olana dair yaklaşımı da öznelliklerin eşitliği varsayımına dayalıdır. Buna göre, hoca-öğrenci, entelektüel-halk, Parti-proletarya arasındaki hiyerarşilerin eşitlik varsayımı ile ortadan kaldırılması özgürleşimin yolunu açacaktır. Çalışma bu bağlantıları gösterebilmek için Rancière'in özellikle eğitim ve siyasal olana dair düşüncelerini geliştirmiş olduğu eserlerinin çözümlenmesine odaklanmıştır. Abstract French philosopher Jacques Rancière (1940-) has produced crucial intellectual products in different fields such as education, history, politics, aesthetics, cinema and literature in the last fifty years. The events of May 1968 and the rise of neo-liberal globalization form the socio-political background of his work. Rancière, on the other hand, has shaped his own philosophical-political project with his polemics with Althusserianism, Orthodox Marxism, the end of history, delibera-tive democracy, consensus democracy and post-structuralism. The problematic of this study is the quality of the relationship that Rancière has established between education and politics in
Esta tese tem como objetivo uma análise da ontologia do realismo crítico que recorre à obra de Karl Marx e às intervenções de György Lukács. A análise se divide em quatro momentos: (i) a exposição dos princípios fundamentais do realismo crítico; (ii) os vínculos entre os princípios ontológicos do realismo crítico com o pensamento de Marx; (iii) a contribuição de Lukács para o estudo da ontologia (iv) as bases ontológicas do método de Marx. O argumento defendido afirma o papel decisivo da ontologia apreendida na obra de Marx para a atividade científica e para a crítica social.
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