A First Course in Structural Equation Modeling
... The LGCM approach is based on structural equation modeling methodology [38]. As LGCM describes the trajectory of change free from measurement error, it can improve reliability in estimating the change patterns as well as their relationships to predictors of growth or decline [38,39]. LGCM helps estimate the sample's mean change curve as well as the individual deviations (i.e., the variability) from it. ...
... Both linear and nonlinear change models were fitted and estimated in this step. The slope factor's loadings were appropriately fixed at all time points in the respective models [39]. We assessed then whether a linear or nonlinear model represented a tenable means of data description and explanation. ...
... There were significant individual differences (variances) in each of the intercept, slope, and quadratic curvature factors (change patterns) (see significant variance estimates in Table 4). The reported p-value for the variance of the quadratic curvature factor (p = 0.08) becomes significant after the suggested adjustment (p = 0.04): it is recommended to halve the p-value for variance testing [39]. These individual differences are explained by the predictors used next. ...
Purpose
The present study aimed to examine (a) how fatigue severity changes during the course of chemotherapy in patients with hematologic cancer and (b) whether cytokines (IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6) are associated with fatigue change after controlling for demographic and clinical factors (e.g., hemoglobin/hematocrit, medications, comorbid conditions).
Methods
This observational cohort study used data from 148 hematological cancer patients four times: prior to chemotherapy, on the last day of chemotherapy, 1 week after the chemotherapy completion, and 1 month after baseline assessment. Latent growth curve modeling was used to examine the longitudinal association of fatigue severity with cytokines and hemoglobin.
Results
A quadratic growth curve model fit the data well, indicating model tenability, and explained a large amount of variance in fatigue across measurement time points. Fatigue slightly increased toward the end of chemotherapy and decreased with time after chemotherapy completion. The influence of IL-6 on fatigue was significant at all time points except at the last assessment occasion (i.e., 1 month after the baseline assessment). The influence of IL-6 on fatigue was independent (unique) from the impact of hemoglobin level. Age and chemotherapy given for the first line of treatment significantly influenced the rate of fatigue change over time. Age also influenced the change pattern’s shape.
Conclusions
Fatigue severity changes across the course of chemotherapy within the context of IL-6 activity, not the hemoglobin level. The influence of IL-6 may be limited during and shortly after chemotherapy. These findings inform the development of new symptom management strategies.
... The Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), which defines the degree of statistical likelihood and the level of fit of the model hypotheses (Hoyle, 2015;Raykov & Marcoulides, 2006;Ullman, 2006), resulted in 8 items for HET, 3 items for SET, and 9 for PIN. Specifically, several PIN items related to SBJ were deleted due to their minor statistical consistencies. ...
... Currently, composite reliability (CR) demonstrated significance, surpassing the 0.7 criterion (CR > 0.7). These findings collectively affirm the presence of an acceptable measurement model, as illustrated in Table 3 (Fornell & Larcker, 1981;Raykov & Marcoulides, 2006). The SEM showed adequate indicators of goodness of fit that are presented in Table 4. Table 5 presents the regressions for each relationship. ...
This study explores consumer ethnocentrism (CET), distinguishing between Hard Ethnocentrism (HET) and Soft
Ethnocentrism (SET), and their impact on Purchase Intentions (PIN), with gender as a moderating variable. Data
from 372 Latin American native consumers were collected via an electronic survey, and a Structural Equation
Model (SEM) and Multigroup Analysis were conducted to test the hypotheses. The findings reveal that HET does
not significantly influence PIN, while SET positively impacts it. Additionally, gender differences in ethnocentrism
levels were identified. This study is the first to examine consumers who stay in their native countries rather than
emigrate, offering novel insights into international marketing strategies. By aligning with the Theory of Planned
Behavior (TPB), marketers can foster positive perceptions, eliminate perceived barriers, and create impactful,
gender-sensitive campaigns that resonate, particularly with female audiences.
... In association with this, a contradicting view has been obtained from the literature. It is because, GSCM poses intense financial consequences that are intensely influential on the performance of the organizations [21][22][23][24][25]. For example, [23] determined in their study that adaptation of GSCM requires an upgradation of all the measures involved in the traditional supply chain. ...
... The factor loadings have been used to explore the relevancy of each factor to the variables considered in this study [25]. Furthermore, path analysis technique has also been adopted by the researcher to detect the direct and moderating dependencies between different variables of the study. ...
Purpose: This research paper has analysed the role of green supply chain management practices on organisational performance in the manufacturing sector of Malaysia. The moderating role of supply chain traceability and institutional pressure are considered as the moderators. Method: Primary data was collected via Likert scale based survey questionnaire. The sample of this study was considered to be 369 employees and managers from Malaysian manufacturing companies. SEM has been used as the data analysis technique in this paper to assess the role of moderators in the model. Findings: The results have indicated that institutional pressures moderates the relationship of green purchasing and organisational performance and there is also a direct impact of internal environment management on organisational performance. However, the results have also indicated that traceability is not as efficient moderator in the model as in its presence none of the predictors have a significant impact on organisational performance. Limitations: This paper is centric on the manufacturing firms only. Therefore, other sectors of business are not entertained in this study. Consequently, the outcome of this study cannot be implemented in any sector other than manufacturing. Secondly, this study has emphasized on Malaysia as the core geographical domain of investigation
... Mean VIF was 1.95 suggesting that too high multicollinearity did not exist (values < 5 usually considered acceptable). We considered SEM as a suitable method to analyse CA, as applications of SEM allowed us to operationalize and to test CA theory against empirical data (confirmatory mode), as well as to contribute to theory development of CA through testing potential relationships between variables (exploratory mode) (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2006). Fit indices of the models were interpreted based on recommendations from previous research (e.g. ...
... Consequently, specific hypotheses derived from the theory to be tested were thus quite generic. SEM has still been proposed as a valid method to develop "not well-defined hypothetical constructs" (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2006), and allowed us to develop our analysis during the research. The model developed in the study demonstrated an innovation to operationalize and test the theoretical model of CA empirically and subjectively. ...
Capability Approach (CA) extends our understanding of wellbeing by underlining the importance of freedoms. There is a need to operationalize CA components for empirical measurement in different settings and population groups. This study investigated the conversion process from perceived resources to perceived capabilities by investigating the role of perceived conversion factors (personal and contextual) among a particular population group of Finnish long-term unemployed persons (N = 511, year 2016), aged 20–64 years, not receiving activation services, recruited through a service system and registers (random sampling). We used the label “perceived” to highlight that our approach was subjective, meaning that we measured respondents’ own perceptions of their commodities, conversion factors and capabilities. Data were collected in the PROMEQ project using a structured, self-employed questionnaire. Perceived capabilities were measured on a 7 + 1 item scale of self-reported capabilities. The main statistical methods applied were crosstabs with chi² tests, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Long-term unemployed perceived poorer capabilities compared to the general Finnish population. Long-term unemployed men perceived poorer capabilities compared to long-term unemployed women. CFA indicated the data fit with the CA. The SEM model supported the theoretical assumptions of CA: perceived commodities associated with perceived capabilities strongly but indirectly through perceived social and environmental conversion factors. Group analysis (SEM) demonstrated, that between genders the CA-models were slightly differentiated. The results indicate the need for more effective capability promotion, and for targeted practices acknowledging variety of circumstances of the long-term unemployed. CA could offer a comprehensive tool for this task.
... For this analysis, the following tests were used: Chi-square or CMIN (minimum discrepancy), which defines the degree of statistical likelihood and the level of fit of the model's hypothesis test (Hoyle 2015;Raykov and Marcoulides 2006), CMIN/DF (Byrne 2010) and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). The RMSEA sought to explain how well the model could fit the population covariance matrix, indicating the average residual correlation, which should be less than 0.080 to be acceptable and less than 0.050 to identify a good fit (Hoyle 2015). ...
... Additionally, the indices relative fit index (RFI), normative fit index (NFI), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) and goodness-of-fit index (GFI) for goodness of fit were used. GFI explains the level of variance and covariance adjustment of the matrices, independent of the sample size (Raykov and Marcoulides 2006), and the comparative fit index (CFI), which determines if the model's hypothesis adequately defines the sample data. These two indicators have a recommended minimum level of 0.90 (Hoyle 2015). ...
This study analyses the relationship between Industry 4.0, human values and job insecurity in Colombia against significant
technological changes and global economic challenges. It aims to understand how human values mediate the relationship between
Industry 4.0’s technological advances and the perception of job security in the current era of economic and social uncertainty.
Utilising a Likert scale, the study gathered 714 survey responses from employees in medium and large Colombian companies.
The study used a multistage multivariate analysis approach, starting with unidimensionality analysis, followed by reliability and
validity analysis to measure accuracy. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were subsequently
employed to test the underlying factor structures of the data. Finally, structural equation modelling integrated the findings, forming
a model that sheds light on the relationships among the studied variables. The analysis revealed strong human values such as
commitment, collaboration, tolerance, honesty and loyalty in the workplace. Interestingly, participants had a low perception of job
insecurity, indicating a more complex relationship between technological advancements and job security perceptions. This study
offers valuable insights into how human values shape the workforce’s response to the rapid changes of Industry 4.0, particularly
in an emerging economy like Colombia.
... Confirmatory factor analysis is a part of structural equation modeling. CFA is used to examine model-data fit when the factors to which the observed variables belong are known (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2006). In other words, since the structure being measured and the items' relationships with specific factors are already known, the data set is examined to determine whether it fits the model. ...
... Using path analysis instead of regression analysis to test the effect of the mediating role provides more reliable results (Meydan and Şeşen, 2011). In structural equation modeling, the cause-effect relationships of variables included in integrated hypotheses can be explained, theoretical models can be tested as a whole, and direct or indirect effects between variables can be determined (Kline, 2005;Raykov and Marcoulides, 2006). One of the important assumptions of SEM analysis is the testing of measurement models (Çokluk et al., 2016). ...
Introduction
Leadership and mobbing can be the prominent antecedents of quiet quitting behaviours of teachers, which is also linked with their well-being. This relational study examines whether mobbing has a mediating role between teachers’ perceived leadership style and quiet quitting.
Methods
This study employed structural equation modelling to analyse the questionnaire data from 411 teachers working in public schools in Turkey. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to determine whether the factor structures of the scales used in the study constituted a valid model, and SEM-based mediation tests were conducted to determine the relationships between the variables.
Results
Autocratic leadership has a positive association with mobbing and quiet quitting while democratic leadership has a negative correlation with them. The structural equation modelling revealed that the level of mobbing perceived by teachers has a partial mediating role between the leadership style of school administrators and teachers’ quiet quitting behaviours.
Discussion
These findings have theoretical and practical implications for leadership studies, organizational behaviour and educational management. It contributes to educational leadership theories by demonstrating that autocratic and democratic leadership styles influence teacher engagement not only directly but also through workplace mobbing.
... The GFI value of .980 means that the model explains 98% of the variance and reflects a good fit to the model (83). The AGFI shows a good fit with .969. ...
Objective
Findings from depression research increasingly suggest a gender-dependent clinical appearance of relevant symptoms. At the same time, there is a lack of gender-sensitive screening procedures in clinical practice to better identify hidden depression in men. The present study examines the factor structure and psychometric characteristics of the translated version of the Gender Inclusive Depression Scale (GIDS) based on two large German-speaking mixed-sex samples, and assess sex and age effects.
Methods
The preliminary exploratory validation of the German GIDS version was initially carried out using exploratory factor analysis with an online recruited non-clinical sample (N = 1173). The established factor structure was replicated with confirmatory factor analysis in a separate sample (participants of an alcohol prevention study; N = 418). Psychometric properties were calculated.
Results
The exploratory factor analysis resulted in a 5-factor solution, and was confirmed in the second analysis. A screening version comprises 15 items. Overall, psychometric properties are satisfactory, with only two subscales (aggressiveness, substance use) with critical values. The majority of sex effects could be established.
Conclusions
The GIDS-15 is a solid, multidimensional depression screening instrument that should be complemented by a gender assessment tool. There is further evidence that the inclusion of additional criteria alters the gender ratio in depression screening. After further studies to validate the GIDS-15, implementation in primary care could be indicated. Gender beyond the binary should be analysed in further studies.
... After thorough review, 375 complete and relevant responses were retained for analysis. To ensure an adequate sample size, the rule of thumb suggests that the sample size should be at least ten times the number of free parameters in the model (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2006). In this study, 31 items were employed, implying that 310 observations would suffice. ...
As climate change has become a severe threat to society, the need to adopt pro-environmental practices is more crucial than ever. In this context, employee recycling behaviour (ERB), a critical aspect of green human resource management (GHRM), is one such practice that holds the potential to significantly reduce the environmental footprint of organizations. Using the social exchange (SET) and self-determination theory (SDT), the present study aims to assess the role of inclusive leadership (IL) in promoting employee recycling behaviour (ERB) through the direct and mediating effects of perceived organizational support (POS) and psychological empowerment experience (PE) by employees at the workplace. Data has been collected from 375 IT sector employees in India through a web-based survey by administering standardized questionnaires. Relevant statistical analyses, including partial least square-structure equation modelling (PLS-SEM) through SmartPLS4.0 software, have been conducted to establish the hypothesized relationship. The findings supported the hypothesized relationship and have established a partial complementary mediating role of POS and PE in the IL-ERB relationship. The findings suggest that by demonstrating inclusive behaviours, leaders can foster a sense of perceived organizational support among employees, which in turn motivates them to engage in recycling behaviours as an expression of gratitude. This contributes to reduced resource consumption and fosters sustainability at the individual and organizational levels. Similarly, when leaders exhibit inclusive behaviour, employees feel psychologically empowered, resulting in higher degrees of autonomy at work, which is further reflected in their workplace behaviour in the form of various environmentally friendly behaviours such as recycling behaviour.
... Бұл нәтижелерге ұқсас Mussina (2018) жүргізген зерттеуде Қазақстанға саяхаттау үшін негізгі мотивациялар іскерлік, мәдени және экокологиялық туризмі ретінде көрсетілген. Басқа зерттеуде болса, Қазақстанға саяхаттауға келген туристердің гастрономиялық өнімдерге қатысты қызметкерлердің біліктілігіне, мекеменің сапасына және бағаға көбірек көңіл бөлетіні айтылған [31]. ...
This study aims to explore the impact of demographic factors on the gastronomy image, gastronome experience, gastronomy satisfaction, destination satisfaction, and destination loyalty among foreign tourists visiting Kazakhstan. The universe of the quantitative research consisted of foreign tourists who visited the city of Almaty in Kazakhstan and experienced Kazakh cuisine. Data were collected through convenience sampling from 392 foreign tourists within this universe. A combination of face-to-face and online survey methods was employed to gather the data. Factor and difference analyses were conducted to test the hypotheses during the data analysis. The results revealed that tourists primarily visited Kazakhstan for business purposes, with most traveling three or more times, staying for four or more days, and residing in rented accommodations. Tourists who viewed promotional videos about Kazakh cuisine exhibited a positive image of Kazakh culinary offerings, demonstrated loyalty to Kazakh dishes, and expressed satisfaction with the quality of the destination. Additionally, as the number of tourists visiting Kazakhstan increased, both levels of gastronomic satisfaction and overall destination satisfaction decreased.
... DFA'da model uyumunun değerlendirilmesi için bir dizi uyum indeksi incelenmeli ve raporlanmalıdır (Byrne, 2010;Schermelleh-Engel vd., 2003). Bu uyum indeksleri, tahmin edilen kovaryans matrisi ile gözlenen kovaryans matrisi arasındaki uyumu ölçer ve böylece modelin yapısının doğruluğu hakkında bilgi sağlar (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2006). Çalışmalarda en sık raporlanan uyum indeksleri arasında CMIN/df (Chi-Square Goodness Of Fit/df), RMSEA (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation), RMR (Root Mean Square Residual), GFI (Goodness-of-Fit Index), AGFI (Adjustment Goodness Of Fit Index), NFI (Normed Fit Index), CFI (Comparative Fit Index), NNFI (Non-Normed Fit Index), IFI (Incremental Fit Index), (Incremental Fit Index), PNFI (Parsimony Goodness-of-Fit Index), PCFI (Parsimony Comparative Fit Index) ve PGFI (Parsimony Normed Fit Index) bulunmaktadır. ...
Öğretmenlerin öznel iyi oluş düzeylerinin belirlenmesi önemsenmektedir. Bu doğrultuda bu araştırmada, öğretmenlerin öznel iyi oluş düzeylerini belirlemek amacıyla geçerli ve güvenilir bir “Öğretmen Öznel İyi Oluş Ölçeği” geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç çerçevesinde çalışmada, ölçeğin yapı geçerliği kapsamında gerçekleştirilen Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) için kamu okullarında çalışan 343 öğretmen, Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) için 250 öğretmen, ölçüt bağıntılı geçerlik için ise 214 öğretmenden oluşan üç farklı çalışma grubu ile çalışılmıştır. Ölçeğin yapı geçerliği için AFA, DFA, yakınsama geçerliği ve ölçüt bağıntılı geçerlik analizleri; güvenirliği için ise Cronbach Alpha katsayısı, birleşik güvenirlik değeri, madde-toplam puan korelasyon katsayıları, Ferguson Delta katsayısının hesaplanması ile test yarılama yöntemi ve alt-üst %27’lik grup yöntemi kullanılmıştır. AFA sonucunda toplam varyansın %67.04’ünü açıklayan 13 madde ve “okul bağlılığı” ve “mesleki doyum” olmak üzere 2 boyuttan oluşan bir ölçek elde edilmiştir. DFA sonucunda model uyum indeks değerleri χ2/df=1.50, RMSEA=.04, RMR=.05, CFI=.95, IFI=.95, GFI=.93, AGFI=.90, TLI(NNFI)=.94, PNFI=.68, PCFI=.74, PGFI=.62 olarak tespit edilmiş ve bu uyum değerleri yapının iyi uyum değerlerine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ölçüt bağıntılı geçerlik analizi için Renshaw vd. (2015)’ın geliştirdiği öğretmen öznel iyi oluş ölçeği kullanılmış, iki ölçek arasındaki korelasyon katsayısı r=.82 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Bu kapsamda ölçekler arasında yüksek düzeyde anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu ve geliştirilen ölçeğin ölçüt-bağıntılı geçerliğe sahip olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Ölçeğin Cronbach Alfa katsayısı .90, bileşik güvenirlik katsayısı .98 ve Ferguson Delta katsayısı .92 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ölçeğe ilişkin madde-toplam korelasyon değerlerinin .69-.84 arasında olduğu ve bu kapsamda her bir ölçek maddesinin ölçeğin tamamı ile ilişkili olduğu belirlenmiştir. Test yarılama yöntemi sonucunda katılımcıların ölçeğin iki yarısına verdikleri cevaplar arasındaki ilişkinin r=.92 olduğu; alt-üst %27’lik grup yöntemi sonucunda ise iki grup arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olduğu (t=-30.42; p
... SEM merupakan metodologi statistic yang cukup banyak digunakan dalam penelitian-penelitian di bidang psikologi, pendidikan dan ilmu sosial. Salah satu keunggulan SEM sehingga banyak digunakan dalam penelitian adalah SEM menyediakan metode komprehensif untuk menguji model hipotesis (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2006). Adapun dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan SEM dengan pendekatan dua langkah. ...
The overuse of the internet is known as internet addiction. People who are addicted to the internet frequently require assistance in controlling their usage, which causes them to lose track of time and prefer the virtual world to the actual one. The purpose of this study is to look at how self-control affects college students' internet addiction. 352 students, aged between 18 and 24 (M = 20.46, SD = 1.31), living in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi, made up the sample. There were 69 male students and 283 female students. Purposive sampling, a non-probability technique, was employed. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is used in the construct validity assessment process. The structural equation modeling method is employed to test hypotheses. The results showed that data with an RMSEA value of 0.074 supported the fit model. In addition, there is a significant influence of self-control on internet addiction in students with an opposing direction of influence. The R-square of 40.2% obtains the amount of influence.
... The presence of multicollinearity in regression analysis means redundant information in the model that will cause an unstable estimation of the regression coefficient for the study. According to RayKov and Marcoulides (2006) and Anderson et al. (2009), the existence of multicollinearity would not affect how the regression is performed but instead affect the interpretation of the interpretation result. In statistics, the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) and the tolerance level are the indices used to detect multicollinearity challenges among the independent variables. ...
This study examines the effect of sustainability reporting on firm value, using panel ARDL to distinguish between short-run and long-run effects. The study extracted secondary data from 15 listed firms on the Ghana Stock Exchange from 2003 to 2022. The panel ARDL model helped to clarify research gaps on the effect of sustainability in terms of short and long-run effects. The findings show that the economic, social, and environmental performance disclosures have a positive and significant effect on the firm's value in the long run, while economic and environmental performance disclosures have an insignificant effect on the firm's value in the short run, with the exception of social performance disclosure. This suggests that sustainability reporting takes time to manifest in firm value. Again, the results indicate that the model restores the short-run relationship to the dynamic long-term equilibrium with an adjustment speed of 51.3%. These findings help managers identify which aspects of sustainability reporting impact firm value immediately and in the long run, guiding resource allocation and stakeholder communication. The study recommends that regulators should make the sustainability frameworks in Ghana mandatory and encourage firms to comply fully with the Global Reporting Initiative to enhance the quality of sustainability reporting. ARTICLE HISTORY
... Zero-order correlation coefficients among TPB variables, and one-month MVPA were calculated. Prior to using structural equation modeling for main analyses, assumptions of multivariate normality was carried out by calculating the Mardia coefficient, which is used to verify normality postulates in the context of multivariate analyses (Mardia, 1980;Raykov & Marcoulides, 2006). Preliminary analyses reveal violation of multivariate normality (M kurtosis = 49.62, ...
Background
Physical activity (PA) provides maternal and fetal health benefits, but only 27.5% of Canadian pregnant women meet PA recommendations. Theory-based interventions like the theory of planned behavior (TPB) are useful in explaining what drives behavior. The first objective of this study was to validate the TPB model to predict prenatal moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), including testing of the novel interaction between intention and perceived behavioral control (PBC). The second objective was to identify which specific beliefs predict intention toward prenatal MVPA to support intervention.
Method
We used a prospective correlational design. Healthy pregnant women completed two electronic questionnaires: at baseline, to assess TPB constructs, and one month later, to assess MVPA practice. Structural equation modeling was conducted with Latent Moderated Structural Equations. The interaction was interpreted with the pick-a-point method and the Johnson-Neyman graphical method.
Results
The sample consists of 193 women (Mage = 31.2±3.6). Results indicate that prenatal MVPA at one month was marginally predicted by intention (β = 0.149; p < 0.10) and PBC (β = 0.322; p < 0.05, MVPA R2 = 20%), but when their interaction was added to the model, MVPA R² increased to 44%. Specifically, the relationship between intention and MVPA is stronger when PBC is high (0.5 standard deviation over the mean). In the full model including the interaction, attitude (β = 0.59; p < 0.001), subjective norm (β = 0.20; p < 0.01) and PBC (β = 0.26; p < 0.05) all made a significant contribution to predicting MVPA intention (R2 = 88%). Finally, the following beliefs displayed significant indirect paths toward the intention of being physically active: behavioral beliefs: unlikely to be more tired and likely feel better mentally; normative beliefs: approval from friends and from mother/father; and control beliefs: being tired and missing social support.
Conclusion
Interventions aiming to promote regular MVPA during pregnancy should prioritized the six significant beliefs identified to significantly predict intention toward prenatal MVPA.
... Accordingly, the goodness of fit indexes is determined by χ2/df, CFI, NFI, RMSEA, and sRMR. Value ranges of these indexes were used for Kline (2011), Baumgartner and Homburg (1996), Bentler (1980), Bentler and Bonett (1980), Marsh et al. (2006), Browne and Cudeck (1993), Hair et al., (1998), Raykov and Marcoulides (2006) and presented in Table 4 with the goodness of fit values. GFI and AGFI index values are 0.84 and 0.80, respectively. ...
With the advancement of technology, traditional classroom environments have been increasingly replaced by technology-driven learning settings. This transition has been further accelerated by global crises such as wars, health emergencies, and economic instability, pushing education beyond conventional boundaries. Among these settings, e-learning has significantly enhanced the accessibility and availability of education. This study aimed to examine the relationships between perceived satisfaction, learning outcomes, course structure, course content, instructor role, instructor feedback, and technology quality in e-learning. It also investigated the factors influencing university students' perceived satisfaction in both asynchronous and synchronous e-learning settings. The study involved 247 university students (47 males and 200 females) who participated in a one-year distance education program in science education. After attending synchronous and asynchronous courses for 14 weeks, data was collected. The findings revealed that students did not perceive distance education as more effective than face-to-face instruction. However, with an explained variance of 77%, the proposed model demonstrated that learning outcomes, course structure, course content, instructor role, instructor feedback, and technology quality significantly influenced perceived satisfaction. Among these, learning outcomes, course content, and technology quality had a direct impact. These findings highlight the need for educational institutions to enhance the quality of course content, technology infrastructure, and learning outcomes in e-learning environments to improve student satisfaction and engagement.
... It allows researchers to test hypotheses about how different variables are related, both directly and indirectly, through path diagrams and associated equations. SEM is widely used in fields like social sciences, economics, marketing, psychology, and medical research to validate and confirm theories (Byrne, 2013;Raykov & Marcoulides, 2012). ...
... IBM SPSS Statistics v. 29.0.1. These Proprietary tools have long been standard in industries requiring rigorous statistical analysis [44]. Our conversational agent is deployed on a web page and accessible to participants from the virtual machine. ...
The rapid proliferation of data science forced different groups of individuals with different backgrounds to adapt to statistical analysis. We hypothesize that conversational agents are better suited for statistical analysis than traditional graphical user interfaces (GUI). In this work, we propose a novel conversational agent, StatZ, for statistical analysis. We evaluate the efficacy of StatZ relative to established statistical software:SPSS, SAS, Stata, and JMP in terms of accuracy, task completion time, user experience, and user satisfaction. We combined the proposed analysis question from state-of-the-art language models with suggestions from statistical analysis experts and tested with 51 participants from diverse backgrounds. Our experimental design assessed each participant's ability to perform statistical analysis tasks using traditional statistical analysis tools with GUI and our conversational agent. Results indicate that the proposed conversational agents significantly outperform GUI statistical software in all assessed metrics, including quantitative (task completion time, accuracy, and user experience), and qualitative (user satisfaction) metrics. Our findings underscore the potential of using conversational agents to enhance statistical analysis processes, reducing cognitive load and learning curves and thereby proliferating data analysis capabilities, to individuals with limited knowledge of statistics.
... La suma del efecto directo y el efecto indirecto de una variable sobre otra se denomina "efecto total". Este concepto se traduce en una formulación matemática que considera el impacto global de una variable en otra, tomando en cuenta tanto las relaciones directas como aquellas que se producen a través de mediadores (Civelek, 2018;Raykov y Marcoulides, 2012). ...
Aspirar a tener un trabajo estable y que genere ingresos suficientes para satisfacer las necesidades propias y las de la familia es un sueño compartido por muchas personas en todo el mundo. Sin embargo, alcanzar la estabilidad económica no es suficiente si no se tienen los conocimientos sobre el manejo adecuado del dinero. La salud financiera en padres de familia es fundamental para garantizar el bienestar económico de la familia y el apoyo adecuado a los hijos, especialmente en momentos como la educación universitaria. Por lo anterior, el termino de salud financiera, toma especial relevancia, principalmente porque las finanzas son un aspecto fundamental en la vida de cualquier familia. En México, conforme a lo descrito en la Política Nacional de Inclusión Financiera, la salud financiera se muestra precaria a causa de la exclusión financiera ( Gobierno de México, 2020).
... All standardized load factor values exceed 0.7, indicating that the measured variables sufficiently meet the factor load requirements. Additionally, the sufficient variance explanation rate was confirmed, demonstrating a robust correlation between the observed variables and their respective latent constructs, thereby verifying that each variable is accurately mapped to its designated factor [37]. ...
This study employs structural equation modeling (SEM) to assess how cultural identity and values influence purchase intentions for cultural creative products in Luoyang. Analyzing data collected via questionnaires from 374 tourists between June and August 2024, we hypothesize that cultural identity directly impacts purchase intentions, while cultural values mediate the relationships among perceived product quality, social value, and travel experience. The findings confirm the direct impact of cultural identity on consumer decisions and the mediating role of cultural values, offering strategic insights for enhancing consumer interest and purchasing behavior towards cultural products. This research enriches the theoretical discourse on consumer behavior within cultural contexts and informs sustainable tourism and product strategies in historical cities.
... Residual values, which show the difference between the observed and estimated covariances, were evaluated. Large standardized residuals (e.g., |> 3.0|) suggest a possible local model misfit (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2012). The interpretability of parameter estimates was also examined. ...
The Pediatric Symptom Checklist-17 (PSC-17) is a screening instrument designed to measure children’s behavioral and emotional problems. This study investigated the factor structure of the PSC-17 and the uniform differential item functioning (DIF) of the PSC-17 item scores as a function of school children’s gender, grade level, and racial/ethnic groups. Parent ratings of 1,305 children from pre-K to Grade 1 were used. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the scale’s factor structure indicated that parent ratings of PSC-17 were composed of three subscales: Externalizing Problems, Internalizing Problems, and Attention Problems. A multiple indicators multiple causes (MIMIC) analysis results showed that four of the PSC-17 items exhibited statistically uniform DIF as a function of race/ethnicity but not as a function of gender or grade level. Uniform DIF had little impact on latent mean differences of Internalizing, Attention, and Externalizing Problems among gender, race/ethnicity, and grade-level groups. This study’s results implied that teachers or schools should be cautious with comparing racial/ethnic groups at the item level. However, they can compare children’s subscale scores across gender, race/ethnicity, and grade levels with parent ratings of the PSC-17.
... We tested the unconditional LGCM model to view the trajectory of functioning in WHODAS 2.0 as a first step and comprised all the variables into another LGCM model to determine the impact of these variables on the baseline and slope of functioning in WHODAS 2.0. The goodnessof-fit reached chi-square (χ 2 ) (p ≤.05; root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] < 0.08, comparative fit index [CFI] > 0.9), Tucker-Lewis index [TLI] > 0.9, and standardized root mean square residual [SRMR] < 0.08; [16]. The analyses was conducted using Mplus Version 7 and IBM SPSS statistics 25; significance was set at 0.05. ...
Background
Humans experience functioning difficulties in daily life, which are dependent on the interaction between health conditions and barriers in life. In general, functioning is an umbrella term and a dynamic concept. Thus, identifying the factors associated with long-term functioning would be beneficial to the development of specific health policies and quality of life for people with disabilities. However, previous studies are mainly cross-sectional ones, and fewer studies focus on the long-term effect of changes in functioning for people with disabilities. The current study aims to examine functioning performance trajectory and the associated factors for people with disabilities.
Methods
A longitudinal study was conducted over four years, for which data were retrieved from the National Disability Eligibility Determination System in Taiwan. The assessment methods used are as follows: activity and participation rated using the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (with high scores indicating increased limitations in daily life), personal factors, body function and structure, and environmental factors. Statistical analysis was conducted using latent growth curve models.
Results
We recruited 3,720 people with disabilities. We found that females, people with moderate and severe disability level, and those who were employed were associated with rapid increases in functioning scores every year. Conversely, improved social participation was linked to relatively slow increases in functioning scores regardless of the type of disability (p <.05).
Conclusions
Determining the factors associated with long-term functioning can serve as a reference for the development of health policies and improvement of quality of life for people with disabilities.
... Each of these conceptual measures underwent principal axis factor analysis using promax rotation in order to assess scale item measurement validity. Common factor methods such as principal axis are favored over principal components analyses as they do not rely upon the assumptions that variance is common and perfectly reliable (Pett, Lackey, & Sullivan, 2003;Raykov & Marcoulides, 2000). This factor method was also selected due to its ability to accommodate ordinal variables and because it makes no distributional suppositions (Baglin, 2014;Fabrigar, Wegener, MacCallum, & Strahan, 1999). ...
This study explored whether potential relationships existed between secondary traumatic stress exposure and various mental and behavioral health outcomes among a nationally representative sample of New Zealand high school students. Secondary data collected as part of the Youth'12 National Youth and Well-Being Survey conducted by the Adolescent Health Research Group of the University of Auckland were used for all analyses (Clark et al., 2013). Univariate, bivariate, and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression estimates were used to examine the relationships between exposure to traumatic events of close friends/family members and mental and behavioral health. Approximately 28% of students reported learning of a serious/traumatic event affecting close family or friends. There were significant correlations (p Ͻ .01) between the predictor variable (trauma experienced by close friends/family members) and emotional well-being, depression, emotional problems, conduct problems, and hyperactivity. OLS regression model estimates supported bivariate output. Findings suggest that there is a relationship between exposure to trauma from close family/friends and mental and behavioral outcomes among sampled youth. Therapists working with youth who are experiencing emotional or behavioral symptoms should investigate the role secondary trauma might have in these symptoms.
... 5. Scales containing multiple items underwent principal-axis factor analysis using promax rotation. Common factor methods such as principal axis are favored over principal components analyses as they do not rely upon the assumptions that variance is common and perfectly reliable (Pett, Lackey, & Sullivan, 2003;Raykov & Marcoulides, 2000). This factor method was also selected due to its ability to accommodate ordinal and binary variables and because it makes no distributional suppositions (Fabrigar, Wegener, MacCallum, & Strahan, 1999). ...
... • GFI (Goodness of Fit Index): GFI, önerilen model tarafından açıklanan varyans ve kovaryansın miktarının bir indeksidir. Bu nedenle regresyondaki R2 gibi düşünülebilir (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2006). Model uyumunun örneklem büyüklüğünden bağımsız olarak testini sağlar. ...
Deneyimsel Değer, İlaç Sektörü, Sosyal Medya Pazarlaması
... Then, bivariate correlation analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between vigilance and each of the independent variables. Furthermore, structural equation modeling (SEM), a versatile analytic tool that allows for confirmatory factor analysis, structural regression, and path analysis (Raykov and Marcoulides 2006;Schumacker and Lomax 2004), was employed. Two SEM models were developed to address measurement errors and empirically examine the determinants of vigilance as well as the direct and indirect relationships between the variables. ...
This research examines how employees’ awareness of information security affects vigilance behaviors in the cultural context of South Korea. In particular, how organizational information security culture shapes employees’ perceptions and actions is investigated based on D’Arcy and Greene’s (Inform Manag Comput Secur 22(5):474–489, 2014) dimensions of information security. An online survey was administered to a sample of South Korean graduate students who were full-time employees of businesses of various sizes and sectors. Structural equation modeling was employed to assess how the dimensions of information security culture differentially affected employees’ awareness and vigilance. Findings indicated that awareness was the strongest predictor of vigilance while communication, commitment, feedback, and monitoring increased employees’ awareness. Additionally, communication was shown to impact vigilance directly as well. Policy implications and future research directions are discussed based on the findings.
... In this study, SEM was used to evaluate and validate the proposed theoretical model. SEM is a statistical approach that explains the cause-and-effect relationship between observed and latent variables within hypotheses and can determine direct and indirect effects and standard errors between variables (Raykov and Marcoulides, 2000). The following steps were followed in the structural equation modeling method (Dursun & Kocagöz, 2010): ...
Recent rapid advances in artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have brought to the agenda how to encourage the use of these technologies in education. Teachers' acceptance of artificial intelligence technologies has an important place in this context. This study, based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), investigates the factors affecting teachers' acceptance of artificial intelligence technologies. For this purpose, a five-structure structural model for AI technology was proposed by adding Self-Efficacy and Anxiety to TAM. Data were obtained from teachers working in Turkey. A trial form consisting of 21 items was prepared for EFA. 18 items were confirmed by CFA. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data. In the proposed model, 7 hypotheses related to Self-Efficacy (SE), Artificial Intelligence Anxiety (AIA), Perceived Ease of Use (PEU), Perceived Utility (PU) and Behavioral Intention (BI) were tested. Six of the seven proposed hypotheses were confirmed while one was not. There was a significant negative effect of teachers' SE on their AIA, AIA on their PEU, and AIA on their BI (H1, H2, H7). In addition, a significant positive effect of teachers' PEU on their PU, SE on their BI and PU on their BI was found (H3, H4, H6). However, the hypothesis (H5) that teachers' PEU has a significant positive effect on their BI was not supported. In the study, it was found that teachers' acceptance of using AI technologies in teaching is predictable by teachers' self-efficacy towards AI, AI anxiety and perceived usefulness. The results of this study contributed to the extension of TAM. In addition, the results of the study can help future educational planning in the use of educational technologies.
... A total of 222 questionnaires were collected, a sample size that fulfills the statistical criteria of having a sample size of at least 200 respondents to run structural equation modeling (SEM) (Kline, 2005(Kline, , 2011Weston & Gore, 2006). Furthermore, other researchers posit that sample sizes for SEM should be minimum ten (10) times the number of the estimated parameters (Kline, 1998;Raykov & Marcoulides, 2000). The estimated parameters for the present study were 19, leading to the accepted sample of minimum 190 respondents. ...
... Pairwise correlations between the variables were then calculated. Following this, a path analysis, a component of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) (Raykov and Marcoulides 2006), was employed to assess the direct and indirect relationships among resilience, courage, selfcompassion, and prosocial behavior tendencies. Data screening and cleaning processes were conducted using SPSS 25, while model fit indices and path coefficients for the proposed model were analyzed using STATA 16. ...
This study examined the direct and indirect relationships among resilience, its individual-level protective factors (i.e., courage and self-compassion), and its positive outcomes (i.e., prosocial behavior tendencies) in a sample of adolescents from low socioeconomic backgrounds in Türkiye (Turkey). Quantitative data were collected through surveys from 1030 adolescents across seven Anatolian High Schools, which were selected using cluster sampling. A path analysis, which is a specific form of structural equation modeling, was used to test the proposed model and investigate the direct and indirect relationships. Results revealed positive associations between courage, self-compassion, and resilience. Resilience was positively linked with all subscales of prosocial behavior tendencies. Moreover, courage demonstrated both direct associations with self-compassion and indirect associations with prosocial behavior tendencies through self-compassion and resilience. Unexpectedly, self-compassion was negatively linked to all subscales of prosocial behavior tendencies. These findings demonstrated that the interplay among resilience, its predictors, and outcomes is complex and not always straightforward.
... Model fitness was assessed using various indicators, including root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI), and comparative fit index (CFI). The model meets the cut-off values for these indicators (see Table 2) (RMSEA = 0.053; TLI = 0.950; CFI = 0.961), indicating a satisfactory fit (Byrne, 2010;Hu & Bentler, 1999;Raykov & Marcoulides, 2006). ...
This study explores the realm of authentic leadership theory to examine how female teenagers can enhance relational authenticity and develop authentic leadership skills through a specialized program. Employing multigroup Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), we assess the impact of this leadership intervention on female teenagers, comparing pre- and post-intervention results. Additionally, we contrasted the outcomes of program participants with those of same-aged, non-participating students from similar backgrounds. The analysis revealed a significant increase in the scores for the four constructs of authentic leadership among the program’s participants. Notably, their academic grades also improved post-intervention. Focusing on high school females aged 16 years and above, the study addresses a critical age for developing self-perception of competence and confidence. The persistent underrepresentation of females in leadership roles underscores the necessity for early interventions like this one. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how a leadership program can positively influence the development of authentic leadership skills among participants, while also observing enhancements in academic achievement following this particular intervention
... The results for the original models showed an unacceptable model fit for employee engagement. Acceptable values of 0.897 for the TLI and 0.912 for the CFI were found given the threshold of 0.9 (Raykov & Marcoulides, 2006). However, the RMSEA was 0.094, which was above the acceptable threshold of 0.08, and the CMIN/df was 5.408, which was also above the acceptable value of 3 (Schreiber et al., 2006). ...
Measuring employee engagement is a popular means for contemporary organisations to assess employee commitment and engagement. It is evident from literature that a strong relationship exists between improved employee engagement levels and positive business outcomes. However, globally and in South Africa, employees tend not to be engaged, with non-managerial employees showing lower engagement compared to their managerial counterparts. From this perspective, disengagement, resulting in untapped employee potential, has significant financial implications. Traditional employee engagement models list a positive communication climate as one of many job resources that contribute to improved engagement, alongside resources such as performance feedback, employee autonomy and opportunities for learning and development. Against this background, this research argues that a positive communication climate could possibly play a more expanded role in driving non-managerial employee engagement than is currently recognised. Survey data were collected from four short-term insurance organisations in the South African financial sector. Data analysis was done using factor analysis and structural equation modeling. The results show a reasonable fit and support the notion that a positive communication climate may have an impact on all job resources, which could lead to higher levels of employee engagement among non-managerial staff. The results show that communication climate may possibly be the foundation of job resource effectiveness. As such, management can address communication climate when seeking to improve engagement levels of non-managerial employees.
Wide agreement exists about the value and power of learning in social contexts, and social influences on learning have been studied from multiple perspectives. However, before this study, no known measure of the value of learning that happens in social spaces had been developed. This study introduces a scale to measure value created through participation in social learning spaces as theorized by Wenger-Trayner and Wenger-Trayner (2020). Data were collected from 18 distinct ECHO® education and health learning communities in New Mexico, Oklahoma, India, and Nigeria. These ECHO® communities align with the conceptualization of social learning spaces. Findings resulted in a parsimonious survey that represents the distinct cycles of value creation. The results of the CFA support the validation of this scale and suggest that the instrument accurately represents the value cycles in Wenger-Trayner and Wenger-Trayner’s (2020) framework. This protocol has utility across educational institutions, organizations, and agencies.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of emotion control in the relationship between parent and peer attachment with adolescents' social anxiety. The current investigation employed a descriptive-correlationalmethodology that was implemented with regard to its objectives. The statistical population consisted of 236,000 secondary school adolescents in Tehranwho were studying in the 2020-21 academic year. The study samples were composed of 568 students (303 girls and 265 boys) who were selected using a multi-stage cluster sampling procedure. Each student completed the inventory of parent and peer attachment (IPPA), emotion control questionnaire (ECQ2), and social phobia inventory (SPIN). Ultimately, the data was analyzed using AMOS 24 software and a structural equation modeling procedure. Results indicated there was a negative and significant relationship (P<0.01) between parent and peer attachment with social anxiety in adolescents. Additionally, the relationship between emotion control and social anxiety was positive and significant (P <0.01), and adolescents' emotion control was significantly mediated by parent and peer attachment with respect to social anxiety (P <0.01). The results of this investigation underscore the significance of supportive relationships with parents and peers as sources of encouragement that can significantly mitigate social anxiety among adolescents.
There is a continued need to understand family factors that can promote child well‐being and reduce their risks for mental health problems. Drawing from research on family dynamics and using a cross‐sectional design, this study examined the association between relationship hope, couple satisfaction, and family functioning using the actor–partner interdependence model (APIM) on dyadic data collected from 537 opposi‐gender, ethnically diverse, low‐income couples. Results indicated that, while accounting for couple satisfaction as a covariate, women's relationship hope was positively associated with their own perceptions of parental teamwork and family relationship. Men's relationship hope was positively linked with their own perceptions of parental teamwork and parent–child relationships. Additionally, men's level of relationship hope positively influenced women's perceptions of family relationships. Findings highlight the systemic nature of relationship hope and its relationship to enhanced family functioning. Implications for clinical practice focus on the importance of fostering relationship hope within couples to promote positive parenting practices and family stability.
The financial system of any country plays a very important role in the health, growth and success of the country. During the last few years, with the increase in inflation in the economy, the issue of stability and banking risks have become doubly important. The main provision and allocation of credits in Iran's economy is done by the banking system. The central bank implements monetary policies by granting credits in the form of various contracts (PARTNERSHIP, EXCHANGE, QARZ AL-HASANE, DIRECT INVESTMENT). The present study has investigated the effect of credit risk and liquidity of QARZ AL-HASANE facilities on the stability of Iran's banking system using the econometrics model of structural equation and the data of 24 banks, from 1390 to 1397. For this purpose, two indices, Merton distance to default and Z-score, have been used. In the analysis of banking stability, the effect of all variables except the inefficiency ratio variable is significant on the stability indicators, which the inefficiency ratio variable is shown with a red arrow. Using the Merton index, the credit risk variable has the greatest impact and the asset growth has the least positive impact on bank stability. Also, using the Z-score index, the QARZ AL HASANE facility variable has the greatest impact and the asset growth variable has the least positive impact on IRAN'S banking stability.
Bu araştırmada öğretmenlerin örgütsel kariyer desteğine ilişkin algılarını ölçmeye yönelik geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma, 2023-2024 eğitim öğretim yılında Türkiye’de resmi okullarda görev yapan basit tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemiyle belirlenen toplam 809 öğretmenden oluşan üç farklı örneklem grubu ile yürütülmüştür. Araştırma kapsamında oluşturulan madde havuzunun kapsam ve yüzey geçerliğinin test edilmesiyle oluşturulan taslak ölçeğin yapı geçerliği için AFA, DFA, yakınsama geçerliği ve ölçüt bağıntılı geçerlik analizleri; güvenirliği için ise Cronbach Alpha katsayısının, birleşik güvenirlik değerinin, madde-toplam puan korelasyon katsayılarının ve Ferguson Delta katsayısının hesaplanması ile test yarılama yöntemi ve alt-üst %27’lik grup yöntemi kullanılmıştır. AFA sonucunda toplam varyansın %76.952’sini açıklayan 10 madde ve tek boyuttan oluşan bir ölçek elde edilmiştir. DFA sonuçlarına göre yapının iyi uyum değerlerine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ölçüt bağıntılı geçerlik analizi sonucunda ölçeğin ölçüt-bağıntılı geçerliğe sahip olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Ölçeğin Cronbach Alfa katsayısı .97, bileşik güvenirlik katsayısı .98 ve Ferguson Delta katsayısı .98 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ölçeğe ilişkin madde-toplam korelasyon değerlerinin incelenmesiyle her bir ölçek maddesinin ölçeğin tamamı ile ilişkili olduğu, aynı yapıyı ölçtüğü ve aynı zamanda ayırt ediciliğe sahip olduğu anlaşılmıştır. AVE değerinin .81 ve CR değerinin ve Cronbach Alfa katsayısının AVE değerinden büyük olduğu tespit edildiğinden ölçeğin yakınsak geçerliği sağladığı belirlenmiştir. Test yarılama yöntemi sonucunda katılımcıların ölçeğin iki yarısına verdikleri cevaplar arasında pozitif yönde güçlü bir ilişkinin olduğu; alt-üst %27’lik grup yöntemi sonucunda ise ölçeğin ve her bir maddesinin ayırt ediciliğinin yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, öğretmenlerin örgütsel kariyer desteğine ilişkin algılarını ölçmeye yönelik geliştirilen “Algılanan Örgütsel Kariyer Desteği Ölçeği”nin geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.
Identifying a “core deficit” is essential for early detection and intervention in developmental disorders among children. However, the presence of a core deficit within autism spectrum disorder (ASD) continues to be unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the possibility of the core deficit in autism spectrum disorders. This study evaluated 543 children diagnosed with ASD by using Chinese version of the Psychoeducational Profile-Third Edition (CPEP-3). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to construct single-factor models (assuming the presence of a core deficit) and a multi-factor model (assuming the absence of core deficits) based on the assessed data, and then to compare the fit of the two types of models. Assessments revealed developmental delays and adaptive challenges among the children with ASD. The single-factor model assuming the “motor” domain as the “core deficit” showed a superior fit (CFI = 0.86, AIC = 356.47, ECVI = 0.66) than other single-factor models. The multi-factor model, which assumes no core deficit, provided a better fit and greater predictive accuracy (CFI = 0.87, AIC = 351.94, ECVI = 0.65) than all single-factor models. ASD is characterized by widespread developmental delays and adaptive challenges. While motor impairment may serve as an effective predictor of these issues, it does not fully account for the diverse and complex symptomatology observed in children with ASD. The symptoms in these children likely arise from multiple factors, which are not adequately explained by a single core deficit model.
Background/Objectives: General Self-Efficacy (GSE) refers to an individual’s belief in their overall ability to perform effectively across various situations. Research shows that GSE is a key predictor of multiple outcomes, including psychological resilience, better health, and improved overall well-being across different populations and environments. Numerous tools have been developed to measure GSE, enhancing our understanding of self-efficacy and its broader implications. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the New General Self-Efficacy Scale (NGSES) in a community sample of adults recruited through social media platforms. Methods: The NGSES was adapted into Italian following the back-translation procedure. A total of 811 participants (mean = 43.18; 68.8% females) completed the scale. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to examine the factorial structure of the questionnaire. Adjusted item-total correlations and internal consistency were assessed using McDonald’s omega. Additionally, multi-group CFA was used to test factorial invariance across gender. Results: The trimmed model exhibited a strong fit to the data: RMSEA = 0.068, CFI = 0.994, SRMR = 0.043. An omega coefficient of 0.872 confirmed the scale’s strong reliability. Convergent validity was established by a moderate and significant correlation with the NGSES. Configural, metric, scalar, and latent means invariance across genders were all confirmed. Conclusions: The NGSES was found to be a valid and reliable tool, suitable for both clinical and research applications in the Italian context. It can also inform the development of educational and therapeutic interventions aimed at enhancing GSE in the general population.
With the rise of AI in digital consumer experiences, one of the key challenges for businesses is predicting and influencing consumers’ behavioral and purchase intentions in AI-driven interactions. In this regard, there appears to be a knowledge gap in the literature that cannot be determined regarding the effect of technology readiness on behavioral and purchasing intentions and, accordingly, the mediating role of attitude toward AI technology and the AI-driven consumer chatbot experience. Therefore, this research aims to determine the relationships among technology readiness, attitude toward AI technology, AI-driven consumer chatbot experience, behavioral intentions, and purchase intentions. The primary focus of the study is to evaluate the impact of Turkish consumers' technology readiness on behavioral and purchase intentions through the serial multiple mediating roles of attitude toward AI technology and the AI-driven customer chatbot experience. A questionnaire designed in line with the purpose of the research was applied to 423 respondents using AI-driven chatbots during the digital shopping experience. Although technology readiness does not directly affect behavioral and purchase intentions, attitude toward AI technology and the AI-driven consumer chatbot experience play a serial multiple mediating role in the relationship between motivations for technology readiness and purchase intention.
As a country significantly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, Turkey made an ambitious climate change commitment by ratifying the Paris Agreement in October 2021 and set a target of net zero emissions by 2053. Both climate change and the targets set by our country in this context make the issue important in terms of sectors and entrepreneurship. In this study, the effect of climate change on entrepreneurial intention was examined. The study aims to analyze the perceptions of active and potential entrepreneurs about climate change concerns and reveal the effects of the said concern on entrepreneurial intention. The study surveyed active and potential entrepreneurs of different ages, genders, and sector groups to measure the participants' attitudes toward climate change concerns and entrepreneurial intentions. The scale was applied online to a total of 103 entrepreneurs, 56 of whom were female (54%) and 47 of whom were male (46%), with potential and existing enterprises in Izmir province. During the study, the participants administered a 10-question "climate change concern scale" consisting of anxiety and helplessness dimensions and a 6-question "entrepreneurial intention scale" consisting of a single dimension. The study revealed that the data were normally distributed, and the internal consistency (Cronbach's Alpha) coefficient was more significant than 0.70 in reliability tests. The study's main finding is that climate change concern affects female participants more than males.
Yenilikçilik (inovasyon), yeni fikirlerin veya ürünlerin benimsenmesi veya uygulanması olarak tanımlanır ve beceri gelişiminive sürekli öğrenmeyi teşvik eder. Aynı zamanda, yeni teknolojiler ve iş uygulamalarının entegrasyonunu içerirken, teknolojikgelişmeler ürün ve süreçlerin oluşturulmasını ve iyileştirilmesini sağlamaktadır. Artan rekabet ortamında sosyal ve ekonomikalanlarda teknolojik yeniliğin ve girişimciliğin önemi giderek artmakta ve toplumların hızlı bilimsel gelişmelere uyum sağlamasıgerekmektedir. Bu bağlamda, bireylerin ve toplumların bilgi edinme, girişimcilik ve yaratıcılık özellikleri de sosyoekonomikilerlemede merkezi bir role sahip olup, pek çok sektörü etkileyerek bir yenilikçilik kültürünü teşvik etmektedir. Girişimciler yenifikirler ve ürünler geliştirebildikleri için girişimcilik, ekonomik ilerlemenin anahtar itici gücü olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Yaratıcılık,kurumsal etkinlikte ve rekabetçi ortamlara uyum sağlamada önemli bir rol oynayarak yenilikçiliği beslemekte ve değişkenortamlara uyum sağlayarak performansı artırmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, yenilikçilik anlamında en çok potansiyele sahip üniversiteöğrencilerinin yenilikçilik kapasiteleri ile teknolojik yenilik eğilimleri arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. 836 öğrenciden temin edilenveriler yapısal eşitlik modeli ile analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, yaratıcılığın inovasyon eğilimini en çok etkileyen faktör olduğunu, riskalma eğiliminin ise en az öneme sahip faktör olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu doğrultuda, öğrencilerin girişimcilik ve yenilikçilikkapasiteleri ile risk alabilme tutumlarını değiştirip geliştirebilmek için erken yaşlardan itibaren eğitimde hem bilgilendirici hemde teşvik edici pratik uygulamalara yer verecek politikalar geliştirilmelidir. Böylelikle ülkenin sosyo-ekonomik ve teknolojikgelişimine önemli katkılar sağlanabilecektir.
(PDF) Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Yenilikçilik Kapasitelerinin Teknolojik Yenilikçilik Eğilimlerine Etkisini Ölçmeye Yönelik Bir Model Önerisi. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/387435444_Universite_Ogrencilerinin_Yenilikcilik_Kapasitelerinin_Teknolojik_Yenilikcilik_Egilimlerine_Etkisini_Olcmeye_Yonelik_Bir_Model_Onerisi [accessed Feb 04 2025].
Leaders hold significant influence on employees and organizations. This study primarily focused to examine the relationship between ethical leadership and employees' work engagement and job satisfaction, and it aimed to examine the differences in ethical leadership-work engagement-job satisfaction relations by gender. Multiple-group analysis was used to investigate gender-based differences. The findings revealed a significant relationship between ethical leadership and both job satisfaction and work engagement. Ethical leadership and job satisfaction and work engagement positively related. The model predicted for the entire data set was also estimated for the male and female groups. While all pathways were statistically significant in the male group however the direct relationship between ethical leadership and job satisfaction was statistically insignificant in the female group. The results of the current study emphasize the importance of ethical leadership in shaping employee engagement and job satisfaction, while also revealing differences among female and male employees.
Innovative technologies are significant for the textile and fashion industry. In this context, this research study focuses on understanding the impact of augmented reality (AR) technologies on Gen-Z fashion consumers’ behavioral intention by using a specific AR app. As a methodology, the present study utilized a questionnaire based on the UTAUT2 model, which was modified to incorporate a 5-point Likert Scale to gather essential research data. The questionnaire comprised twenty-three questions distributed across seven constructs. Using a sample of 310 male and female Gen-Z consumers, the findings indicate that perceived value (PV) positively influences their behavioral intention to use AR technology for fashion shopping. Findings indicate that the research model explained 75% of behavioral intention. All research results confirm the unified theory of acceptance and the use of the technology 2 model (UTAUT2) with its six dimensions. The perceived value (PV) dimension, added to the UTAUT2, has improved the model. In terms of its originality, this recent research study defines augmented reality technology's impacts on the behavioral intention of Gen-Z consumers by focusing on this specific group of users through an advanced AR application.
This study aims to develop and validate the Information, Media, and Technology Skills Self-Efficacy Scale (IMTS-SES) based on the P21 framework. The data were collected in a three-stage process in Türkiye/Amasya, specifically from schools affiliated with the Ministry of National Education (MoNE). The scale was first distributed to 481 students to perform exploratory factor analysis. Secondly, the emerged model was tested through confirmatory factor analysis with the data from a different group of 230 students. Finally, the data were collected from 41 students for the test–retest reliability and the analysis demonstrated the stability of the scale. The validated scale consists of three factors and 17 items: technology literacy skill self-efficacy, information literacy skill self-efficacy, and media literacy skill self-efficacy. The required psychometric analyses indicated that the developed scale is a valid and reliable instrument, capable of measuring information, media, and technology skills self-efficacy of the middle school students according to the P21 framework.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of English Medium Instruction (EMI), the need for comprehensive research methodologies has never been more pronounced. This pioneering guide offers an in-depth exploration into quantitative research methods tailored specifically for EMI. Going beyond the surface, the volume bridges the cultural divides of East and West, ensuring that insights are inclusive of diverse educational levels, settings, and backgrounds. Whether you're an academic researcher, a policy-maker, or an educator in the field, this book serves as an invaluable resource. Not only does it fill a notable gap in the literature, it also presents readers with practical, adaptable research strategies that can be employed globally, and is illustrated with a range of case studies that bring the methods to life. Understand the nuances of EMI across different contexts, and equip yourself with the tools needed to contribute meaningfully to the discourse on global EMI practices, challenges, and solutions.
Bireylerin kendileri hakkındaki öznel değerlendirmelerini diğer bireylere yansıtırken oluşturmak istedikleri izlenimleri, benlik sunumu aracılığıyla inşa edilmektedir. Bireylerin sosyal medyayı kullanmasının altında yatan önemli etkenlerden birisi, bu platformların benlikleri sunmak amacıyla da kullanılabilmesidir. Sosyal medya kullanıcılarının benlik sunumlarına ilişkin seçimleri, onların amaçlarına, mevcut ve potansiyel hitap ettikleri takipçilerine veya sosyo-psikolojik bağlamlarına göre değişebilmektedir. Sosyal medya benlik sunumu, bireylerin çevrim içi ortamlarda idealize ederek sundukları sahte benlikleri veya gerçekte olduğu gibi sergiledikleri benlikleri ile kendilerini başkalarına nasıl sunduklarını ifade etmektedir. Sosyal Medya Benlik Sunumu Ölçeği (SMBSÖ), Michikyan, Dennis & Subrahmanyam (2015) tarafından yapılan çalışmadan Türkçeye uyarlanmıştır. Ölçeğin faktör yapısını ortaya çıkarmak için yapılan açıklayıcı faktör analizinde, ölçek 12 maddeye indirgenmiş ve 2 alt boyutta (Sahte Benlik ve Gerçek Benlik) toplanmıştır. Bu faktörler toplam varyansın %52.5’ini açıklamaktadır. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi bulgularında da bu iki faktörlü yapının daha iyi uyum gösterdiği görülmüştür. SMBSÖ genel iç tutarlılığı 0.76 ve genel test-tekrar test güvenirliği ise 0.79 olarak bulunmuştur. Araştırmanın bulguları SMBSÖ’nün Türkiye’de yeterli düzeyde geçerliği ve güvenirliği sınanmış bir ölçek olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.
In a time where new research methods are constantly being developed and science is evolving, researchers must continually educate themselves on cutting-edge methods and best practices related to their field. The second of three volumes, this Handbook provides comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of a variety of issues important in developing, designing, and collecting data to produce high-quality research efforts. First, leading scholars from around the world provide an in depth explanation of various advanced methodological techniques. In section two, chapters cover general important methodological considerations across all types of data collection. In the third section, the chapters cover self-report and behavioral measures and their considerations for use. In the fourth section, various psychological measures are covered. The final section of the handbook covers issues that directly concern qualitative data collection approaches. Throughout the book, examples and real-world research efforts from dozens of different disciplines are discussed.
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