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WODC - State of the Art Crisisbeheersing Fase 2
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In deze bijdrage staat een analyse van het crisismanagement tijdens de tramaanslag in Utrecht op 18 maart 2019 centraal. Direct na de schietpartij komt een grote multidisciplinaire hulp- verleningsoperatie op gang en start de politie met de Manhunt op de gevluchte dader(s). Om deze operaties te onderzoeken zijn 24 respondenten geïnterviewd die deel hebben uitgemaakt van 11 verschillende crisisteams, zowel binnen de politie, als bij de geneeskundige diensten en de brandweer. De analyse zoomt in op vijf sleutelmomenten die laten zien waarom en op welke punten de betekenisgeving uiteenloopt en waar er verschillende vormen van commandovoering conflicteren. Met deze analyse komt een scherper zicht op de kracht en beperkingen van proce- dures voor terrorismegevolgbestrijding. De analyse laat ook zien dat ondanks deze problemen, de operaties veelal robuust zijn verlopen doordat veelvuldig is gezocht naar pragmatische oplossingen. Met de inzichten uit dit artikel wordt een bijdrage geleverd aan het versterken van crisismanagement bij grootschalig (politie)operaties.
A key challenge in crisis management is maintaining an adequate information position to support coherent decision-making between a range of actors. Such distributed decision-making is often supported by a common operational picture that not only conveys factual information but also attempts to codify a dynamic and vibrant crisis management process. In this paper, we explain why it is so difficult to move from information sharing towards support for distributed decision-making. We argue that two key processes need to be considered: supporting both the translation of mean- ing and the transformation of interests between those on the front line and those in the remote response network. Our analysis compares the information-sharing processes in three large-scale emergency response operations in the Netherlands. Results indicate that on several occasions the collaborative decision-making process was hampered because actors limited themselves to factual information exchange. The decision-making process only succeeds when actors take steps to resolve their varying interpretations and interests. This insight offers important lessons for im- proving information management doctrines and for supporting distributed decision- making processes.
This research aims to build a Mandarin named entity recognition (NER) module using transfer learning to facilitate damage information gathering and analysis in disaster management. The hybrid NER approach proposed in this research includes three modules: (1) data augmentation, which constructs a concise data set for disaster management; (2) reference model, which utilizes the bidirectional long short-term memory–conditional random field framework to implement NER; and (3) the augmented model built by integrating the first two modules via cross-domain transfer with disparate label sets. Through the combination of established rules and learned sentence patterns, the hybrid approach performs well in NER tasks for disaster management and recognizes unfamiliar words successfully. This research applied the proposed NER module to disaster management. In the application, we favorably handled the NER tasks of our related work and achieved our desired outcomes. Through proper transfer, the results of this work can be extended to other fields and consequently bring valuable advantages in diverse applications.
This study explores the role of accounting system and its output on government’s and donors’ responses to disasters across the world. It discusses potential contribution and limitation of accounting in the disaster relief and recovery process. To do so, a literature review of 22 papers on accounting and disaster is performed. The review papers were search and gathered from reputable journals indexed in Scopus database. This study discovers that accounting can play a more extensive role, rather than dealing merely with financial loss calculation and budget preparation for disaster recovery and relief program. Accounting has a broader role and this extended role has not been sufficiently covered in several previous studies. The role of accounting in responding to disasters is beyond the calculative function and passive recording of events. Accounting can support the establishment of exceptional governance, facilitate dialogue and create mutual understanding between stakeholders through financial information. In addition, accounting can assist the projects monitoring and evaluation and its outputs (budget, unit cost calculation, and storage bookkeeping) can be used by researchers to understand what really happens and how society responses to disasters.
Infectious diseases remain a threat to public health in today's interconnected world. There is an ongoing debate on how responses to threats of infectious diseases can best be coordinated, and the field remains nascent in understanding which specific structural governance arrangement will perform best. The present paper contributes to this discussion by demonstrating that it is possible to develop working hypotheses specifying the relationship between the type of infectious disease crisis and type of response to the crisis. For type of crises and type of response mechanisms there is still a lack of research, but the hypothesis combining these two provide a perspective for a future research and action agenda. It certainly prevents us from choosing between schism or hypes when it comes to crisis response. It provides instruments to realize that no single type of response is the most effective and that not all responses are equally effective in a concrete case. 传染性疾病在当今全球互联互通的情况下仍然是公共卫生的一大威胁。越来越多的辩论有关于传染性疾病威胁响应一事如何能受到最好的协调, 同时, 该领域对“具体哪一种结构性治理安排的表现最佳”的认识还处于初期阶段。本文通过证明, 有可能存在可行的假设以确定传染性疾病危机类型和危机响应类型之间的关系, 从而促进了这方面的探讨。就危机类型和响应机制类型而言, 还缺乏足够研究, 然而将这二者合并研究的假设却能为今后研究和行动议程提供一个视角。该假设能防止在有关灾害响应的分歧或言过其实的宣传之间做出选择。该假设提供相关工具, 以证明没有一个响应类型是最有效的, 也并不是所有响应类型都在一个具体案例中具备相同的有效性。 Las enfermedades infecciosas siguen siendo una amenaza para la salud pública en el mundo interconectado de hoy. Existe un debate en curso sobre cómo se pueden coordinar mejor las respuestas a las amenazas de enfermedades infecciosas, y el campo sigue sigue estando en su infancia en términos de su comprención de qué sistema de gobernanza estructural específico funcionará mejor. El presente documento contribuye a esta discusión al demostrar que es posible desarrollar hipótesis de trabajo que especifiquen la relación entre el tipo de crisis de enfermedades infecciosas y el tipo de respuesta a la crisis. Para el tipo de crisis y el tipo de mecanismos de respuesta todavía hay una falta de investigación, pero la hipótesis que combina estos dos proporciona una perspectiva para una futura investigación y una agenda de acción. Sin duda, nos impide elegir entre cisma o exageración cuando se trata de la respuesta a la crisis. Proporciona instrumentos para darse cuenta de que ningún tipo de respuesta es el más efectivo y que no todas las respuestas son igualmente efectivas en un caso concreto.
In this chapter we describe four key challenges of crisis management: cognition, communication, coordination, and control. The crash of Turkish Airlines at Schiphol functions as the case to introduce the challenges. We end by discussing an agenda for future research, which addresses ad-hoc teaming, command tactics, and information management.
The fast and explosive growth of digital data in social media and World Wide Web has led to numerous opportunities and research activities in multimedia big data. Among them, disaster management applications have attracted a lot of attention in recent years due to its impacts on society and government. This study targets content analysis and mining for disaster management. Specifically, a multimedia big data framework based on the advanced deep learning techniques is proposed. First, a video dataset of natural disasters is collected from YouTube. Then, two separate deep networks including a temporal audio model and a spatio-temporal visual model are presented to analyze the audio-visual modalities in video clips effectively. Thereafter, the results of both models are integrated using the proposed fusion model based on the Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) algorithm which considers the correlations between data modalities and final classes. The proposed multimodal framework is evaluated on the collected disaster dataset and compared with several state-of-the-art single modality and fusion techniques. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of both visual model and fusion model compared to the baseline approaches. Specifically, the accuracy of the final multi-class classification using the proposed MCA-based fusion reaches to 73% on this challenging dataset.
The cause of a crisis may have to be reidentified when, during the aftermath of the crisis, new insights come to light in the accident reports. The possible reassignment of responsibility for a crisis complicates the suitable choice of an appropriate crisis response strategy that is ultimately intended to optimize reputational protection. This article describes how this phenomenon should be taken into account and suggests an 'acknowledge and await' response strategy for situations in which organizations prefer to respond with care and not jump to conclusions before the outcomes of an investigation are known.
Resilience has become an important concept in the fields of emergency and disaster management. Despite the increased use of resilience in the academic and public policy arenas, the intellectual topography of this subject as it relates to emergency and disaster management contexts remains under-investigated. This article provides a snapshot of the intellectual structure of resilience studies. Using bibliometric data collected from 20 emergency and disaster management journals, this article argues that the interdisciplinary nature of resilience research comes from its historical roots. The findings also demonstrate that resilience research in the emergency and disaster management fields is organised into three primary clusters: environmental and ecological issues, emergency and disaster management, and public policy and administration. The article concludes with implications for policymakers, as well as recommendations for future research.
Frontline command is based on the cognitive ability of the individual commander, but it is also a relational activity. In this article, the performativity of the body as a notion is applied to frontline command as a means of understanding how the body communicates in the midst of action. To this end, the performativity of eight frontline commanders was studied through the use of helmet‐mounted action cameras worn during real incidents. The empirical findings suggest that bodily performativity such as gearing‐up and gearing‐down affects the frontline commander's ability to command, sometimes unconsciously. The study also shows that the performativity of the commander's body plays an active role in frontline command, as it both aids and hinders decision‐making processes.