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Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International
32(43): 1-8, 2020; Article no.JPRI.64487
ISSN: 2456-9119
(Past name: British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, Past ISSN: 2231-2919,
NLM ID: 101631759)
Curcumin: Natural Antimicrobial and Anti
Inflammatory Agent
Pehlivanović Belma
1*
, Čaklovica Kenan
2
, Lagumdžija Dina
1
, Omerović Naida
1
,
Žiga Smajić Nermina
1
, Škrbo Selma
1
and Bečić Fahir
1
1
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and
Herzegovina.
2
Department of Food Safety, Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Authors’ contributions
This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author PB designed the study,
performed the experiment and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Author ČK manage the analyses
of the study. Authors LD, ON, ŽSN, ŠS and BF manage the literature searches and wrote the first
draft of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Article Information
DOI: 10.9734/JPRI/2020/v32i4331060
Editor(s):
(1)
Dr. Rafik Karaman, Al-Quds University, Palestine.
Reviewers:
(1)
M. Sakthi Priya, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India.
(2)
Nishant Kumar Gupta, India.
Complete Peer review History:
http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/64487
Received 01 November 2020
Accepted 06 January 2021
Published 23 January 2021
ABSTRACT
The pursuance of novel antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents has been expanding due to a
significant need for more efficient pharmacotherapy of various infections and chronic diseases.
During the last decade, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and pharmacological properties of
curcumin have been extensively studied. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the
antibacterial activity of curcumin against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as
its antifungal activity by using in vitro agar well diffusion assay. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory
activity of curcumin was determined with in vitro assay of inhibition of protein denaturation. Results
demonstrated wide antimicrobial activity of curcumin upon all of the test bacteria and fungi. The
strongest activity of curcumin was observed at a concentration of 0.50 mg/ml against S. aureus, L.
monocytogenes, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and C. albicans, resulting in a maximum zone of inhibition of
14.7 mm, 14.3 mm, 13.7 mm, 10.7 mm and 10.7 mm, respectively. Findings suggested that the
Original Research Article
antimicrobial activity of curcuminis
demonstrated high effectiveness of curcumin compared to standard acetylsalicylic acid in inhibiting
heat-
induced protein denaturation, which activity is also depended upon the concentrations. The
pre
sent study emphasises the potential application of curcumin as a natural antimicrobial and anti
inflammatory agent. However, findings of this study are restricted to
consideration should be given to conducting a study involving wider do
well as including further research on
Keywords:
Curcumin; in vitro; antimicrobial agent; anti
1. INTRODUCTION
Rational
phytotherapy implies the use of natural
products,
which therapeutic efficiency and safety
are based on scientific evidence
natural products and phytochemicals have been
investigated for different pharmacological
properties in order to serve as a
potential source
for novel medicines [2]. Lately, due to the
continuing increase of infections and chronic
diseases worldwide, the detection of potential
agents is of crucial importance [3]. The
pursuance of novel antimicrobial and anti
inflammatory age
nts has been expanding due to
a
significant need for more efficient
pharmacotherapy of various infections and
chronic diseases. Numerous
in vitro
studies have shown that phytochemicals possess
a wide range of pharmacological activity
including
antimicrobial and anti
activity [4-
6]. Investigation of phytochemicals with
potential antimicrobial and anti
activity is rapidly growing and therefore leads to
more frequent substitutions of synthetic
medicines due to the developm
ent of resistance
and risk of side effects [7].
Curcumin or diferuloylmethane
(1
(4-hydroxy-3-
methoxyphenyl) hepta
3,5-
dione)] is bioactive phytochemical present in
the rhizomes of plant
Curcuma
Fig. 1. Curcumin
Pehlivanović et al.; JPRI, 32(43): 1-8, 2020
; Article no.JPRI
2
antimicrobial activity of curcuminis
dependent upon the concentrations. Furthermore, results
demonstrated high effectiveness of curcumin compared to standard acetylsalicylic acid in inhibiting
induced protein denaturation, which activity is also depended upon the concentrations. The
sent study emphasises the potential application of curcumin as a natural antimicrobial and anti
inflammatory agent. However, findings of this study are restricted to
in vitro
consideration should be given to conducting a study involving wider dose range test substances as
well as including further research on
in vivo models.
Curcumin; in vitro; antimicrobial agent; anti
-inflammatory agent.
phytotherapy implies the use of natural
which therapeutic efficiency and safety
are based on scientific evidence
[1]. Various
natural products and phytochemicals have been
investigated for different pharmacological
potential source
for novel medicines [2]. Lately, due to the
continuing increase of infections and chronic
diseases worldwide, the detection of potential
agents is of crucial importance [3]. The
pursuance of novel antimicrobial and anti
-
nts has been expanding due to
significant need for more efficient
pharmacotherapy of various infections and
in vitro
and in vivo
studies have shown that phytochemicals possess
a wide range of pharmacological activity
antimicrobial and anti
-inflammatory
6]. Investigation of phytochemicals with
potential antimicrobial and anti
-inflammatory
activity is rapidly growing and therefore leads to
more frequent substitutions of synthetic
ent of resistance
(1
E,6E)-1,7-bis
methoxyphenyl) hepta
-1,6-diene-
dione)] is bioactive phytochemical present in
Curcuma
long L.
Zingiberaceae (Fig.
1).Curcumin belongs to a
group of curcuminoids –
natural phenols
responsible for yellow colour. It has been used
as a spice and traditional medicine in Ayurvedic
medicine [8,9]. During the last decade,
pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics
pharmacological properties of this yellow
polyphenolic compound have been extensively
studied.
Significant antitumor, antioxidant,
antiviral, lipid-
lowering, chemopreventive,
hepatoprotective and neuroprotective properties
of curcumin have been
confirmed [
Recent studies have also confirmed the
pharmacological activity of curcumin as anti
inflammatory and immunomodulatory agent [14].
It is established that mechanism of anti
inflammatory activity of curcumin
occurs through
the inhibition of cyclooxygenase-
2 (COX
lipoxygenases (LOX), and the induction of nitric
oxide synthase (iNOS). Also, it is suggested that
curcumin inhibits the action of inflammatory
cytokines, such as interleukins and chemokines
[1
5,16]. Due to its pronounced anti
activity, curcumin is considered to be a potential
mediator of accelerating the healing process of
acute and chronic wounds and may inhibit the
production of tumor necrosis factor
α) and TNF-α-media
ted cellular signalling
pathway [16]. Antimicrobial potential of curcumin
has been evaluated against a wide range of
microorganism
s, including both Gram
Fig. 1. Curcumin
– structural formula
; Article no.JPRI
.64487
dependent upon the concentrations. Furthermore, results
demonstrated high effectiveness of curcumin compared to standard acetylsalicylic acid in inhibiting
induced protein denaturation, which activity is also depended upon the concentrations. The
sent study emphasises the potential application of curcumin as a natural antimicrobial and anti
-
assays and
se range test substances as
1).Curcumin belongs to a
natural phenols
responsible for yellow colour. It has been used
as a spice and traditional medicine in Ayurvedic
medicine [8,9]. During the last decade,
pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics
and
pharmacological properties of this yellow
-orange
polyphenolic compound have been extensively
Significant antitumor, antioxidant,
lowering, chemopreventive,
hepatoprotective and neuroprotective properties
confirmed [
10-13].
Recent studies have also confirmed the
pharmacological activity of curcumin as anti
-
inflammatory and immunomodulatory agent [14].
It is established that mechanism of anti
-
occurs through
2 (COX
-2) and
lipoxygenases (LOX), and the induction of nitric
oxide synthase (iNOS). Also, it is suggested that
curcumin inhibits the action of inflammatory
cytokines, such as interleukins and chemokines
5,16]. Due to its pronounced anti
-inflammatory
activity, curcumin is considered to be a potential
mediator of accelerating the healing process of
acute and chronic wounds and may inhibit the
production of tumor necrosis factor
-alpha (TNF-
ted cellular signalling
pathway [16]. Antimicrobial potential of curcumin
has been evaluated against a wide range of
s, including both Gram
-positive
Pehlivanović et al.; JPRI, 32(43): 1-8, 2020; Article no.JPRI.64487
3
and Gram-negative bacteria as well as the fungi
[14,17,18]. Curcumin has been described as a
promising antifungal of clinical interest with
stronger antifungal activity than fluconazole [19].
A recent study has suggested a possible
mechanism of antifungal activity of curcumin
through photodynamic technology and oxidative
stress [20]. Still, the mechanisms of antimicrobial
activity of curcumin have not been precisely
determined.Some authors suggested that
antibacterial mechanisms of curcumin are
mediated by inhibition of bacterial cell
proliferation, resulting in blocking Z-ring
formation dynamics [21]. Others implied that its
activity is due to the effects on virulence and
biofilm propagation [22].The mechanisms by
which curcumin exhibits its antimicrobial activity
differ depending on the strain and therefore can
not be generalised [18,23].
The aim of the present study is to evaluate the
antibacterial activity of curcumin against both
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as
well as its antifungal activity by using in vitro agar
well diffusion assay. Moreover, the present study
estimated anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin
with in vitro assay of inhibition of protein
denaturation.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Curcumin was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich
(CAS No: 458-37-7;St.Louis, MO, USA).Ethanol
(puriss. p.a., ≥ 99.8%)was purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich; dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) (99.5%
Ph.Eur.,M=78.13) from Semikem d.o.o. (BiH);
nutrient agar and antibiotic discs were purchased
from Laboratorios Conda S.A. All other
chemicals used were of the highest analytical
grade available. Spectrometer Lambda 25
UV/VIS, Perkin Elmer, was used for measuring
absorbance and incubator Lab-Line Imperial III,
Barnstead, USA, for incubation of Petri plates.
2.1 In vitro Antimicrobial Activity
Antibacterial activity of curcumin was evaluated
with in vitro agar well diffusion assay, against
both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria,
as well as the antifungal activity. The following
strains were obtained from American Type of
Culture Collection (ATCC): S. aureus
(ATCC6538), L. monocytogenes (ATCC 35152),
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 9027), E. coli (ATCC8739)
and C. albicans (ATCC10231). During the
preparation of inoculums, suspensions of
microorganisms were adjusted on approximately
1.5×10
8
CFU/ml and cultured on nutrient agar. In
every Petri plate 4 wells of 6 mm diameter were
created with sterile borer. Curcumin was
dissolved in DMSO and prepared in form of
solutions at the following concentrations: 0.10,
0.25, 0.35 and 0.50 mg/ml. In each well, a total
volume of 100 µl of test curcumin solutions was
applied. The volume of 100 µl of DMSO was
used as negative control and applied into the
wells. Following standard antibiotics were applied
as positive control: Chloramphenicol (30µg/disc),
Ceftizoxime (30µg/disc), Amikacin (30µg/disc)
and Nystatin (100µg/disc).
After application of test substances, Petri plates
containing bacteria were incubated at 37 °C for
18–24h and plates with fungi at 25ºC for 48h.
After the incubation period, the diameter of zone
of inhibition (mm) was measured and recorded
for each plate. The experiment was performed in
triplicate.
2.2 In vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity
Anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin was
evaluated with in vitro assay of heat-induced
inhibition of protein denaturation. Curcumin was
dissolved in DMSO and prepared as test
solutions at the final concentrations: 100, 200,
300, 400 and 500 µg/ml acetylsalicylic acid was
used as positive control and prepared at the
same concentrations as the test curcumin
solutions. The reaction mixture contained 2.0 ml
of the test solution, 2.8 ml of phosphate buffer
saline with adjusted pH 6.4 and 0.2 ml of egg
albumin. Control mixture contained 2.0 ml of
distilled water instead of the test solution. The
mixtures were incubated for 15 min at 37 ± 2°C
and then heated for 5 min at 70°C. After cooling
down at the room temperature, absorbance was
measured at 660 nm [24]. Measurements were
performed in triplicate. Anti-inflammatory activity
was expressed as the percentage of inhibition of
protein denaturation and calculated by using the
following formula:
Inhibition (%) = 100 x (1 – Abs
sample
/Abs
control
)
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 In vitro Antimicrobial Activity
Due to increased development of multidrug-
resistance microorganisms, there is a constant
need for novel antimicrobial agents derived from
different sources [3]. So far, phytochemicals
have remained the leading source for potential
Pehlivanović et al.; JPRI, 32(43): 1-8, 2020; Article no.JPRI.64487
4
antimicrobial agents, whether investigated
independently or in a combination with another
substance [2,25]. Recent studies have
demonstrated a wide range of antimicrobial
properties of curcumin mediated by different
mechanisms, such as alteration of gene
expression, inhibition of bacterial DNA replication
and disruption of the bacterial cell membrane
[26-28].Literature data demonstrate the beneficial
and preventive role of curcumin against various
microorganisms [29-31]. Despite various studies
evaluating the antimicrobial activity of curcumin,
further research is required with different
concentrations against different strains of
microorganisms. In this study, an in vitro agar
well diffusion assay was used to assess the
antimicrobial activity of test curcumin solutions at
different concentrations. Antimicrobial activity of
curcumin solutions was determined by the
presence and size of zones of inhibition against
test strains of bacteria and fungi. Results of the
measurement of diameters of zones of inhibition
(mm) of curcumin solutions are given in Table 1.
For negative control, no zones of inhibitions were
observed while positive control, standard
antibiotics, demonstrated the most efficient
inhibition of microbial growth (Table 2).
Test curcumin solutions showed antimicrobial
activity upon all of the test bacteria, both Gram-
positive and Gram-negative, as well as the fungi.
Compared to the positive control, curcumin
solutions were less efficient in suppressing
microbial growth. However, the strongest activity
of curcumin solutions was observed at a
concentration of 0.50 mg/ml against S. aureus,
L. monocytogenes, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and
C. albicans, resulting in a maximum zone of
inhibition of 14.7 mm, 14.3 mm, 13.7 mm,
10.7mm and 10.7 mm, respectively. Our results
demonstrated a stronger antimicrobial activity of
curcumin solutions against Gram-positive than
Gram-negative bacteria. These findings are in
accordance with a recently published study by
Adamczak et al. [27]. Significantly higher
antimicrobial activity of curcumin against Gram-
positive than Gram-negative bacteria was also
reported by other authors [30,31]. This is
explained with the difference in the structure of
bacterial cell walls as the cells of Gram-positive
bacteria are not surrounded by an outer
membrane. The cells of Gram-negative bacteria
are more resistant due to the presence of an
outer membrane that prevents antimicrobial
agents to reach and damage the inner
membrane of the cell wall [31]. Furthermore,
results of this study implied that the application of
higher concentrations of curcumin solutions
results in a larger diameter of zones of inhibition.
Therefore, antimicrobial activity of curcumin, both
antibacterial and antifungal, is dependent upon
the concentrations. These findings consist of a
recently reported study, which emphasises that
an increase in curcumin dose results in
increased antibacterial activity [32]. Results of
the previous study imply that the antifungal
activity of curcumin against C. albicans generally
increases by increasing the dose [33].However,
investigation of antifungal activity is restricted to
only one positive control and it is mandatory to
conduct further research on a wider range of
fungi. A recent study by Narayanan et al. [34]
revealed the variable antifungal activity of
curcumin against planktonic and biofilm phase of
different Candida species and therefore implied
that curcumin could be considered a therapeutic
alternative to conventional antifungals [34].
3.2 Invitro anti-Inflammatory Activity
Previous studies have reported curcumin as a
potential anti-inflammatory agent, which activity
is mediated via different mechanisms [14-16].
The present study was designed to evaluate the
anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin solutions at
different concentrations by applying in vitro assay
of heat-induced inhibition of protein denaturation
[24]. This in vitro assay is applicable for
preliminary screening of potential anti-
inflammatory drugs derived from plant sources
[32]. Results of this study demonstrated the high
effectiveness of test curcumin solutions
compared to standard acetylsalicylic acid in
inhibiting heat-induced protein denaturation
(Fig. 2).
Test curcumin solutions showed mean inhibition
of egg albumin denaturation of 87.51%, 81.36%,
78.56%, 69.87% and 63.14% at the
concentration of 1.00 mg/ml, 0.75 mg/ml, 0.50
mg/ml, 0.25 mg/ml and 0.10 mg/ml, respectively.
Acetylsalicylic acid, which served as positive
control, showed inhibition of egg albumin
dentauration of 96.84%, 91.27%, 87.59%,
85.12% and 85.03% at the concentration of 1.00
mg/ml, 0.75 mg/ml, 0.50 mg/ml, 0.25 mg/ml and
0.10 mg/ml, respectively. Maximum egg
albumin inhibition was detected at the
concentration of 1.00 mg/ml for both curcumin
and acetylsalicylic acid. Therefore, test curcumin
Pehlivanović et al.; JPRI, 32(43): 1-8, 2020; Article no.JPRI.64487
5
Table 1. Antimicrobial activity of test curcumin solutions
Test
curcumin
solutions
(mg/ml)
The diameter of zone of inhibition (mm)
Escherichia
coli
(ATCC8739)
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
(ATCC9027)
Staphylococcus
aureus
(ATCC6538)
Lysteria
monocytogenes
(ATCC 35152)
Candida
albicans
(ATCC10231)
0.10 10.7 9.7 12.0 12.3 9.0
0.25 11.1 10.0 12.3 12.3 9.3
0.35 12.3 10.3 13.0 14.0 10.7
0.50 13.7 10.7 14.7 14.3 10.7
Table 2. Antimicrobial activity of testpositive and negative controls
Test
controls
The diameter of zone of inhibition (mm)
Escherichia
coli
(ATCC8739)
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
(ATCC9027)
Staphylococcus
aureus
(ATCC6538)
Lysteria
monocytogenes
(ATCC35152)
Candida
albicans
(ATCC10231)
CHL
(30µg/disc)
14.7 8.0 10.0 18.0 NT
ZOX
(30µg/disc)
10.3 ND 10.3 11.0 NT
AMK
(30µg/disc)
10.3 18.3 20.0 18.7 NT
Nystatin(100
µg/disc)
NT NT NT NT 15.7
DMSO ND ND ND ND ND
*CHL=Chloramphenicol; ZOX=Ceftizoxime; AMK=Amikacin; DMSO=Dymethylsulfoxide; ND=not detected;
NT=not tested
Fig. 2. Anti-inflammatory activity of test curcumin solutions
1=0.10 mg/ml; 2=0.25 mg/ml; 3=0.50 mg/ml; 4=0.75 mg/ml; 5=1.00 mg/ml
solutions demonstrated noticeable anti-
inflammatory activity. Furthermore, our results
indicated that an increase in curcumin
concentration, as well as the concentration of
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 2 3 4 5
Inhibition (%)
Concentration (mg/ml)
Acetylsalicylic
acid
Curcumin
Pehlivanović et al.; JPRI, 32(43): 1-8, 2020; Article no.JPRI.64487
6
acetylsalicylic acid, leads to an increase in
percentage of inhibition of protein denaturation.
Therefore, anti-inflammatory activity of
curcumin is dependent upon the concentrations.
Similar findings were reported in previously
published study by Ullah et al. [24].
4. CONCLUSION
Various studies, conducted as in vitro assays,
have revealed different therapeutic applications
of curcumin due to its different molecular
mechanisms. Findings of the present in vitro
study confirmed consideration of curcumin as a
natural antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory
agent. Test curcumin solutions demonstrated
strong antibacterial, antifungal and anti-
inflammatory activity. With an increase of
curcumin concentration antimicrobial and anti-
inflammatory activity increased, which
implied that observed activity is dependent
upon the concentration of curcumin. However,
findings of this study are restricted to in vitro
assays and consideration should be
given to conducting a study involving
wider dose range of test substances, as well as
including further research on in vivo models.
In conclusion, the present study emphasises
the potential application of curcumin as a
natural antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory
agent.
CONSENT
It is not applicable.
ETHICAL APPROVAL
It is not applicable.
COMPETING INTERESTS
Authors have declared that no competing
interests exist.
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© 2020 Pehlivanović et al.; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
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