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SOLVENT BASED PAINT AND ITS IMPACT ON
ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN BEINGS
Padmini Pandey* and U.V Kiran
Department of Human Development & Family Studies
School for Home Sciences, BBA Central University, Lucknow (U.P.)
*Corresponding author: dolly15pandey@gmail.com
ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY
pp: 198-207; Year: 2020
ABSTRACT
Paints generally include pigment (the colour), carried by a resin and/or binder, a solvent to assist the
paint application, and a dryer. Some will include formaldehyde, arsenic, thinners, and foamers. Every
year we wish to paint our home, furniture, etc. for adornment, protection, identification, sanitation,
but we forget the impact of paint on our surroundings. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in paints
are very harmful for the environment and particularly for the painters and paint industry workers who
work with them regularly. The most important environmental impact from paints is that they release
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the drying process after the coating is applied. Virtually
everything but the solids during a typical paint formulation is released to the air. Once in the
atmosphere, VOCs participate within the formation of ozone. This can cause some serious hazardous
effect on our body like headaches, trigger allergies, asthmatic reactions, irritate skin, eyes, and put
increased stress on vital organs such as the heart and not only paint but also its by-products and hence
paints features a dangerous impact on human beings and our surroundings too. Hence this study aims
to explore the effect of solvent based paints and analyse the impact of them on the environment and
painters. This review also covers the chemical as well as the biological concerns about toxicological
profile of solvents used in paint manufacturing systems. Additionally, the challenges and future
prospects of injurious effect are discussed which may provide better understanding and new insights
into ongoing and future research in this field.
Keywords: Sanitation, Vital organs, Allergies.
INTRODUCTION
In the period of development, environmental
pollution is one of the most serious issues due
to which humankind and other life getting
affected. Environmental pollution is defined as
“the contamination of the physical and organic
parts of the earth/atmosphere system to such a
degree that ordinary environmental processes
are adversely influenced” (Muralikrishna &
Manickam, 2017). Any natural substance or
chemical, can be considered sullies when got
abundance nature.
Chief Editor: Dr. A. K. Verma
ISBN: 978-81-931262-3-3
Copyright©Author
Pub.: Government P.G. College Saidabad, Prayagraj (U.P.)
198
SOLVENT BASED PAINT AND ITS IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT.....
199
SOLVENT-BORNE PAINTS
Liquefying agents are the main components of
the solvent based paints, due to which it's also
called oil based paint. Liquefying agents get
evaporated when chemical reaction occurs
with oxygen. Oil based paints, is a composition
of various organic solvents as the diluent,
including aliphatic, aromatics, alcohols,
ketones and white spirit (From Wikipedia,
2020). It contain up to 80% of solid
constituents in the form of binders, pigments
and additives which dispersed in the organic
solvent(Kopeliovich, 2020). Solvent-borne
paints dry fast due to containing a wide range of
binders. The main disadvantages of the
solvent-borne paints are their toxicity and
instability.
COMPONENTS OF SOLVENT-
BORNE PAINTS
1. Binder: Binders are the glue that holds the
pigments together and responsible for good
(i). Aliphatic Hydrocarbon Solvents
Aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents are mixtures of
either immersed, long straight chain (normal-
paraffin) or iso-paraffin or cyclic paraffins.
They do not contain a benzene ring. These
solvents are manufactured by refining of crude
oil by the appropriate boiling point range
fraction, and then are treated to improve shades
and odour (Anonymous, 2020).
(ii) Aromatic hydrocarbons solvents
Aromatic hydrocarbons comprise of closed
rings of carbon atoms. Cellulose thinner is
another name of it, is usually a mixture of
adhesion of the coating to the substrate. The
binder holds the pigment particles distributed
throughout the paint coating. The binder in
solvents based paint is dispersed in organic
solvents. Binders that commonly used in paint
are alkyd resins, acrylic resins, latex, phenolic
resins, polyurethane and epoxy resins etc.
(Kopeliovich, 2020).
2. Solvents:In paints formulation solvents
play important role to dissolve various
components used such as pigments, and also
making itof desired consistency for the
application. After applying the paints, the
solvent evaporates due to its good evaporation
rate and allowing binders and pigment particles
to produce a coat.The use of solvents in paints
provides a variety of effective choices among
durable and decorative coatings and glossy
paints for indoor and outdoor uses.
solvents able to dissolve a number of different
resins or plastics used in modern lacquer.
(iii) Oxygenated hydrocarbon solvents
(a) Ketones:
Commonly the process of oxidation of
hydrocarbons is responsible for the synthesis of
ketones. Ketones have a carbonyl group
bonded to two other carbon atoms. They have
very strong solvency, a high range of
ev ap or ation ra te s an d furthe rm or e an
extremely, strong odour. Acetone, methyl
ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone and
Table 1: Hydrocarbon Solvents used for Solvent Based Paint Formulation.
Hydrocarbon Solvents Commonly used in Paint
Aliphatic compounds Hexanes, Heptane, Naphtha, White spirit.
Aromatic compounds Benzene, Toluene, Mixed xylenes, Ethyl benzene (BTEX).
Oxygenated Solvents Ketones, Esters, Alcohols, Glycol ethers, Glycol ether esters
(Active Solvents)
Padmini Pandey and U.V Kiran
200
isophorone are the usually used ketones in
paints and coatings (Anonymous, 2020).
(b) Esters:
Esters are typically derived from an inorganic
acid or organic acid where there is at least one
hydroxyl (-OH) group replaced by an alkyl
(alkoxy) group and most commonly from
carboxylic acids and alcohols. Esters as
solvents are alkyl acetates and propionates and
glycol ether acetates. Their volatility is
equivalent to ketones. They have strong
solvency however more fragile than ketones of
an equivalent volatility(Anonymous, 2020).
(c) Alcohols:
Alcohol sometimes referred to by the chemical
name ethanol. Alcohol can be utilized as a
thinner for paint material, this gives a little
better control over the glare. On using enamel
or lacquer, any water in the thinner will ruin
paint matters.
(d) Glycol ethers:
Glycol Ethers commonly used in paints and
cleaners, are a group of solvents based on alkyl
ethers of ethylene glycol and they typically
have both ether and alcohol functionality.
These compounds were utilized broadly in
coatings until concerns emerged about their
safety risks. They are being supplanted with
pr op ylene glycol eth ers i n n um erous
applications. These compounds have strong
solvency combined with moderate evaporation
rate and higher boiling points(Anonymous,
2020).
3. Pigments:
Pigments are solid materials that are dispersed
and dissolved in paint solvents to provide
specific quality to the paint, as colour,
durability, strength, and protection of wall
surfaces. Pigments classified into organic
pigments and inorganic pigments.
4. Additives:
Additives are the important components of
paint which is used to impart additional
attribute and features to the paint. It can be
defined as low-level ingredients that provide
specific paint properties such as mildew
inhibiting property, increase the flowing
capacity, improvement in appearance, coating
durability etc. At the time of manufacturing,
paints forms foams and bubbles due to which
paints are not properly mixed, by the use of
additives bubbles can be broken and provide a
smooth and equal texture to the paints.
Fig. 1: Composition of Solvent-borne Paints.
Table 2: Different Colours Used in Paints and its Pigments.
Colours Pigments
White Titanium dioxide, Zinc oxide.
Black Carbon black, Black iron oxide, Aniline black
Brown Iron oxides brown, Benzimidazolone
Yellow Lead chromate, Yellow iron oxide
Red Cadmium red, Red iron oxide, Metallized Azo Red, Perylene
Blue Ferric potassium ferrocyanide, Cobalt blue Copper, Phthalocyanine
Green Chrome green, Chromium oxide, Hydrated chromium oxide, Copper
Phthalocyanine Green
(Youssef et al, 2019)
SOLVENT BASED PAINT AND ITS IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT.....
201
HARMFUL EFFECTS OF PAINTS
On the most basic level, paint is pigment that's
dissolved in a liquid called the solvent. It can
then be applied to walls or other surfaces. We
like to decorate our houses every year to make
it durable by painting our home, furniture, etc.
Paints are used for decoration, protection,
identification and for the sanitation purpose,
but we forget the harmful impact of paint on our
environments and our health.
Paint pollutant can cause serious hazardous
effect on our body like headaches, trigger
allergies, asthmatic reactions, irritate skin,
eyes, and put increased stress on vital organs
which could be temporary or may be
permanents. The oil based paint uses organic
solvents like volatile organic compounds. In
vinyl and acrylic paints they will also include
plastics compounds. Some will include
formaldehyde, arsenic, thinners, and foamers.
On the other hand Lead falls in this category as
it is responsible for lead poisoning and has been
banned since 1976. It has been replaced by
titanium that gives brightness and intensity to
the paints (FPS Public health, 2020). Lead is a
poi son ous me t al , ca n d a ma g e n erv e
connections and cause blood and brain
disorders (From Wikipedia, 2020).
Paint and Coating manufacturing facilities
emit pollutants such as hazardous air pollutants
(HAPs), volatile organic compounds (VOC),
and particle pollution (dust) by which paint
creates are also more dangerous to us and our
environment. These pollutants can contribute
to health problems that may affect facility
employees, their families, and the community
(EPA, 2020).
The World Health Organization (WHO)
estimated that about a quarter of the diseases
faced by mankind today occur due to prolonged
exposure to environmental pollution. The
World Health Organization (WHO) has
reported a 20%-40% increased risk of certain
types of cancer (in particular lung cancer) for
those who come into regular contact with, or
work with paint(Stratford, 2019)
EFFECTS OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS
1). VOLATILE ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS (VOC):
Volatile organic compounds are used mainly in
solvent based paints. When coating is applied
on a wall the drying process starts and during
this period generally paints release the volatile
organic comp ounds (VOCs) . The solid
particles released to the air during paint
formulation and begin participating in the
Table 3: Different Additives and their Applications.
Additives name Application Feature
UNIFLOW-TN-1500 Emulsion paint, water based • Strong Thickening and
paint, emulsion adhesive good levelling
• Good adhesiveness for
elastic paint
UNIFLOW-TN-1009 Emulsion paint, water based • Good thermo-sensitive
paint, emulsion adhesive • Viscosity and pattern can
be controlled
UNIFLOW DAPPO Acryl, Alkyd paint, • Very strong deforming property
SERIES Oil based paint
UNIFLOW DF -504 Acryl, Alkyd paint, Stoving • Very strong defoaming property
paint, Oil based paint • Good adhesiveness for
elastic paint
(J&C Global tech, picture content retrieved on April 12, 2020)
202
formation of ozone by reacting with oxygen in
the presence of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and
sunlight. Ozone, the most toxic component and
it is called secondary pollutant, commonly
known as smog. Ozone attacks lung tissue, and
is very injurious, even in extremely minimum
exposure. Volatile organic compounds are
majorly present in the form of oil distillates,
Chl ori nat e d A l ip hati c H ydro car b on s,
Aromatic hydrocarbons etc.
Oil distillates are hydrocarbon solvents
delivered from raw petroleum. These solvents
incorporate mineral spirits, kerosene, white
spirits, naphtha, and Stoddard solvent. The low
surface pressure of many of these solvents
permits them to penetrate and clean little
spaces. They are usually used at or near room
temperature due to combustible properties.
Additionally they are found as the solvent
portion of some semi aqueous solutions.
Petroleum distillates are volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) and may be regulated in
areas. Toxicity levels are considered low;
however fluctuate with the particular materials
like kerosene. These solvents can be recycled
by distillation.
The process of chlorination of hydrocarbons is
responsible for the production of chlorinated
aliphatic hydrocarbons, by the addition of
chlorine or hydrogen chloride to unsaturated
compounds, by the reaction between hydrogen
chloride or chlorinated lime and alcohols,
aldehydes or ketones, and exceptionally by
chlorination of carbon disulphide (Encyclo-
paedia, 2020). It may cause dizziness,
giddiness, sickness and migraines, irritation to
skin and eyes, and unconsciousness by the
momentary exposure to these solvents. Long-
term impacts include muscular weakness,
obscured vision, headache, exhaustion, and
numbness, damage to lungs and skin, and
neurological issue(Anonymous, 2020).
The Aromatic hydrocarbons solvents benzene,
toluene, mixed xylenes, ethyl benzene, and
aromatic naphtha's are most widely used in
paint. Short-term exposure of Aromatic
hydrocarbons solvents from inhalation can
bring about bothering to the upper respiratory
tract and eyes, also dizziness, exhaustion and
headaches. Long-term impacts may cause
disorders in blood, cardiovascular and kidney
effects, unconsciousness, dysfunction of the
CNS(Anonymous, 2020).
Table 4: Paints Product and their Potential Health Effects.
Product Type Harmful Ingredients Potential Health Hazards
Furniture polish Petroleum distillates (or) Highly ignitable; toxic in nature; carcinogen;
irritate skin, eyes, nose, throat and lungs
Paint thinner Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons Toxic in nature; cause digestive and
urinary system damage
Esters Toxic in nature; irritate eyes, nose and throat
Alcohols Ignitable; cause nervous system
damage; irritate eyes, nose and throat
Ketones Ignitable; toxic in nature; respiratory
system damage
Paints Aromatic hydrocarbon thinners Ignitable; toxic in nature; carcinogenic;
irritates skin, eyes, nose and throat;
respiratory system damage
Mineral spirits Highly ignitable; toxic in nature; irritates skin,
eyes, nose and throat; respiratory system
damage
mineral spirits
(Source: Babu & Reddy, 2014)
Padmini Pandey and U.V Kiran
SOLVENT BASED PAINT AND ITS IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT.....
203
2) NANOPARTICLES:
Nanoparticles are expected to surpass the
current properties of paints such as hardening,
U.V radiation absorption quality etc. because
of their particular structural characteristics
such as size, shape and greater surface area
(Van Broekhuizen et al., 2009). The foremost
pertinent nanomaterials for the paint industry
are titanium oxide, silicon dioxide, and
Nanosilver. Nanoparticles are used as pigment
materials in paints.
According to a studywithin the lungs and
circulatory system, inflammation is the
primary issue in atherothrombosis, asthma,
TOXICITY OF NANOPARTICLES
(a). Titanium Dioxide (TiO ):
2
Among all the nanoparticles, titanium dioxide
(TiO NPs) is one among the foremost highly
2
manufactured and widely used (Shah et al,
2017) pigments accounting for 70% of the
entir e produ ction volume of pi gment s
worldwide. Their large surface area high
embod ie d energ y e missi on s duri ng
manufacture may negatively impact the
environment and therefore human health. TiO2
NPs enter the human body through several
ways, including inhalation, ingestion, through
skin lesions, and medical injections (Migdal et
al, 2010)and may be distributed to different
body organs through cardiovascular system.
The unique characteristic of titanium dioxide
nanoparticles is its small size and therefore the
chronic obstructive lung disease, pulmonary
fibrosis and cancer (Donaldson & Tran 2002)
majorly effected by the particles, so that the
inflammation are often seen as a serious
property of particles. One among the important
findings was nanoparticles have a more
pronounced effect on inflammation, cell
damage and cell stimulation than normal
particles (Donaldson et al. 2000).
Smulders et al, 2012 examined the different
nanoparticles by different physical method
transmission electron microscope analysis
(TEM):
large area. Nanoparticles when enter the
human body they impose potential health risk
on human welfare due to high reactivity of NPs
(Warheit, 2007 and Oberdorster et.al.,, 2005).
TiO particles size is extremely ultrafine which
2
makesthem able to undergo the cell membranes
to nuclear membranes and then create a
disruption within the structure of cell and
damage it (Moss and Wong, 2006, Moller et al,
2002). Linhua et al, 2009, studies confirmed
the toxic proof of the TiO2 NPs. Exposure of it
results in adverse effects in aquatic organisms
(Linhua et al, 2009)
Health Effects: TiO nanoparticles can cause
2
inflammation, pulmonary damage, fibrosis,
and lung tumors and cancer to humans.
Table 4: Nanoparticle Characteristics.
Materials Nanotitanium dioxide Nanosilica dioxide Nanosilver
Function Colour strength Biocide Scratch resistance
Primary particle size and 25 nm (spherical) to
morphology (TEM) 80 – 90 nm (rods) 15nm 19 nm
Shape Some spherical, Spherical Spherical
others rods
(Source: Smulders et al, 2012)
204
b) Silicon Dioxide (SiO )
2
The addition of nanosilicon dioxide to paints
can improve the macro- and micro-hardness,
abrasion, scratch and weather resistance.
Adding nanosilicon dioxide to polymeric
resins creates paints with excellent abrasion
properties. People can experience adverse
effects of silicon dioxide after inhaling the fine
particles. Long-term exposure to silica dust
may pose a significant risk to health.
Health Effects:Nano-SiO by inhalation can
2
devel op p ulmonar y and cardiovasc ular
damage such as pulmonary inflammation,
myocardial ischemic damage, atrio-ventricular
blockag e, and increase s in fib rinogen
concentration and blood viscosity (Chen,
2008).
c) Silver nanoparticle
Silver Nano-particles (SNPs) are one of the
fo rem os t a vai la ble and co mme rc ial ly
distributed nanomaterials round the world.
Although silver nanoparticles are less toxic
than others nanoparticles but the respiratory
and gastrointestinal systems, as well as the
skin, are the main routes of SNPs penetration
into the body. Recent studies have investigated
the consequences of silver nanoparticles
exposure to humans from the increased use of
Ag NP-enhanced products may lead to rise in
toxic levels of environment.At work, it is
exposed which as using wall and spray paints,
paint strippers, adhesives. It is exposed to them
who are working at a manufacturing facility,
solvents and paint industries.
Health Effects: It can cau se l oss of
consciousness, low blood pressure, respiratory
issues and damage to the central nervous
sy st em . Chronic e xposure m ay cause
inflammation of the eye, headaches, insomnia,
stomach problem, visual and dermatitis. Short-
term exposure to cause difficulty breathing,
lack of coordination, blurred vision, dermatitis,
headache, dizziness, insomnia, confusion,
nausea, stomach problems and weakness, leg
cramps. It causes damage to liver, kidney and
eye disorder.
3) Lead
Lead is a toxic metal which is naturally found in
the Earth's crust. It is widely used metal that is
harmful to human health and the environment.
The sources of lead in the environment are lead
pa int s, E w as te- rec ycl in g a nd was te
incineration, smelting mining etc. Lead is used
in paints as additives and the enhancer.
Children and adults are at risk especially
pregnant women and workers in industries that
use lead paint. Lead is particularly dangerous to
children because their growing bodies absorb
4-5 times more lead than adults. Every year
approximately 600000 childre n develop
intellectual disability because of the exposure
to lead because lead poisoning has been shown
to affect various systems but the main that has
been studies most is the central nervous system.
Workers and people may be exposed to lead by
breathing lead dust during renovations or repair
work and also may be due to eating or drinking
food or water contaminated with lead, so the
users are not even aware of what they can be
exposed to. The presence of lead within the
body especially as a result of chronic poisoning
is going to affect the mental ability.
In the manufacturing of paints lead is used at
huge scale to maintain its appearance and
accelerate drying process. According to the
report of WHO, Its widespread use has resulted
in extensive environmental contamination,
human exposure and significant public health
problems in many parts of the world (WHO,
2017). According to WHO lead exposure
accounted for nearly 1.06 million deaths and
24.4 million years of healthy life lost
(disability-adjusted life years (DALYs))
worldwide in 2017 because of long-term
impact on wellbeing (WHO, 2017).
In the interior parts of houses like window
frames, doors, skirting boards, kitchen and
bathroom cupboards, exterior walls, gutters,
metal surfaces lead paint is mostly used. It can
likewise be found on inside walls, roofs and
territories with enamel paint. Pink and red
Padmini Pandey and U.V Kiran
SOLVENT BASED PAINT AND ITS IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT.....
205
primers contain high concentrations of lead
(Porwal.T, 2015).
CONCLUSION
This review article has revealed that painting
and coating are played important role in the
protection and decoration of a building.Paint
composed mainly of four substances, binders
which bind all the paint components, such as;
epoxy, polyurethane, cellulose, and nitro-
cellulose. Solvent isthe second component;
which used to dissolve all components of paint.
Other components used such as pigment which
give the paint its colour and the most important
and the last component is some additives such
as thickeners, dryers, anti-foaming agents,
which can enhanced the property of paints.
This review also revealed about the serious
hazardous impact due to the use of various
toxic solvents, additives (nanomaterials), and
other heavy metals such as lead and chromium
which leads to the chronic and acute impact on
human lives and on environment.Exposure of
the toxic substances, both by inhalation and via
skin contact, occurs specifically in operations
that involve during preparation of the paint,
during thinning, tinting and shading, during
filling operations, and during the filtering of
varnishes.
By taking some precautions we can reduce
some of the toxic effects on human and
environment.
lFor the prevention of such harm water
based products should be used instead of
oil based paint and thinner.
lThe methods for the product synthesis
should be designed to use and generate
which contain little or no toxicity to the
human health and environment.
lLo w vola ti le org an ic com po und s
containing paint which includes latex
(water-paint), recycled latex (water-
based) and acrylic paint should be in use.
lProper care and some prel iminary
pr eca ut ions must be ta ke n w hen
renovating or doing maintenance to avoid
exposing people and surroundings.
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SOLVENT BASED PAINT AND ITS IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT.....
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