Home and the extended-self: Exploring associations between clutter and wellbeing

Abstract

Research on clutter in non-clinical populations is scarce. Existing research typically examines clutter’s negative effect on quality of life. Assertions from self-help books and lifestyle media that living with less clutter has beneficial health and psychological outcomes have received limited scientific attention. This study aimed to address a significant gap in the literature by exploring the associations between home self-extension variables (subjective clutter, objective clutter, home self-expression and declutter habit) and wellbeing (measured through the PERMA model).
A general population sample of 1,111 adults (mostly women) participated in this cross-sectional correlational study. Correlation and regression results revealed that home self-extension variables, particularly subjective clutter and psychological home, account for substantial variance of wellbeing. The subjective-objective nature of clutter is discussed and a refined definition of clutter embracing its subjective nature is proposed. We conclude that home self-extension, and clutter in particular, are significant predictors of wellbeing.

Full text

UNCORRECTED PROOF
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:Previously at UEL School of Psychology University of East London Water Lane, London, E15 4LZ, UKEmail Tel: 44-7957-425-435
;Previously at UEL School of Psychology University of East London Water Lane, London, E15 4LZ, UKEmail: Tel: 44-7980-709-821 ORCID –0000-0001-8290-3120
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Keywords
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1. Home and the extended-self: Exploring associations between
clutter and wellbeing
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2. Literature review
2.1. Home's importance for wellbeing
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UNCORRECTED PROOF
C.J. Rogers and D.R. Hart Journal of Environmental Psychology xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
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1.2. Clutter and its impact
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H? =>;BEBM:MBG@ =:BER IK:<MB<>L EBD> LE>>IBG@ <HHDBG@ :G= AR@B>G> :G=
<:G ;><HF> : L:?>MR KBLD #KHLM  0M>D>M>> 
LL>LLBG@ MA> MBIIBG@ IHBGM MA:M =B??>K>GMB:M>L GHKF:MBO> <ENMM>K ?KHF
AH:K=BG@ =BLHK=>K BL <HFIE>Q -HMML  ,G> BG=B<:MHK BL MA> ENMM>K
&F:@> /:MBG@ 0<:E> #KHLM 0M>D>M>> 1HEBG  />G:N=  1ABL
IB<MHKB:E MHHE LAHPBG@ L>KB>L H? MA> L:F> KHHFL PBMA BG<K>:LBG@ E>O>EL H?
<ENMM>K :EEH<:M>L L<HK>L H?  NG<ENMM>K>= MH  ?NEE ?HK >:<A KHHF 
F>:G L<HK> H?  HK AB@A>K BL : K><HFF>G=>= <NMH\ BG=B<:MBG@ “<ENMM>K
K>JNBKBG@ <EBGB<:E :MM>GMBHG”#KHLM >M :E  I 
4BMABG MA> AH:K=BG@ EBM>K:MNK> MA> BFI:<M H? <ENMM>K HG F>GM:E A>:EMA
JN:EBMR H? EB?> :G= HMA>K =HF:BGL H? EB?> BL >OB=>GM HFHK;B=BMB>L H?
AH:K=BG@ BG<EN=> :GQB>MR :G= =>IK>LLBHG G >M :E  KBLD MH
I>KLHG:E :G= ILR<AHEH@B<:E L:?>MR L>E?G>@E><M BG<K>:L>= XG:G<B:E ;NK
=>G :G= GHM LNLM:BGBG@ >FIEHRF>GM %HEF>L 4AHFLE>R  (>EE>MM
1HEBG #KHLM 0M>D>M>> $K:R  #BM<A  4B=>K ;NK
=>G HK <HLM ?:EEL HG ?:FBEB>L G>B@A;HNKL EH<:E L>KOB<>L :G= <HFFNGB
MB>L /H:G> ):G=>KL 0A>KK:MM  4BELHG  &=>GMBX>= ?:<MHKL
PBMABG AH:K=BG@ =BLHK=>K :K> =>@K>>L H? =BLBGAB;BMBHG PA>G :<JNBKBG@
IHLL>LLBHGL BG<K>:L>= :MM:<AF>GM MH :G= :GMAKHIHFHKIABLBG@ H? IHLL>L
LBHGL IKH<K:LMBG:MBHG I>K?><MBHGBLF :G= BG=><BLBHG !HSB>K  R>KL
(BG@L *HNE=BG@  (GB@AM 
ENMM>K K>L>:K<A BG GHG<EBGB<:E IHINE:MBHGL BL EBFBM>= @>G>K:EER ?H
<NLLBG@ HG BML =>MKBF>GM MH JN:EBMR H? EB?> :G= P>EE;>BG@ 1ABL ;H=R H?
K>L>:K<A LN@@>LML MA:M MA> BFI:<M H? <ENMM>K HG GHG<EBGB<:E IHINE:MBHGL
A:L I:K:EE>E NILAHML MH MAHL> PBMA AH:K=BG@ =BLHK=>K MAHN@A BML E>LL L>
O>K> "OB=>G<> H? MA> IK>O:E>G<> H? <ENMM>K BG GHG<EBGB<:E IHINE:MBHGL BG
<EN=>L 0<AHKL  LMN=R LAHPBG@ MA:M F>KB<:GL HPG MPB<> :L F:GR
IHLL>LLBHGL <HFI:K>= MH  R>:KL IK>OBHNL :G= KGHE= :G= ):G@’L
 LMN=R XG=BG@ )HL G@>E>L K>LB=>GML MH ;> <HFFHGER LMHKBG@ L>E
=HFNL>= IHLL>LLBHGL BG @:K:@>L E>:OBG@ GH KHHF ?HK <:KL :EHG@LB=> >Q
:<>K;:M>= LMK>LL :G= =>;M
&G L:FIE>L F:BGER <HGLBLMBG@ H? LMN=>GML <HF;BG>= PBMA LF:EE <HF
FNGBMR L:FIE>L IKH<K:LMBG:MBHG BL IKHIHL>= :L : <:NL:E IK>=B<MBO> ?:<
MHK H? <ENMM>K :<<NFNE:MBHG :G= OB<> O>KL: #>KK:KB  /HLM>K 
#>KK:KB /HLM>K KNF  -:K=H  &G=><BLBHG BGAB;BML IHLL>L
LBHG =BLIHL:E :G= BL <HGG><M>= PBMA EHP>K ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> :G=
P>EE;>BG@ #>KK:KB KNF  -:K=H  &G :GHMA>K LMN=R MA> K>
L>:K<A>KL ?HNG= MA:M NG=>K@K:=N:M>L F:D> E>LL A>:EMAR >:MBG@ <AHB<>L
BG ‘<A:HMB<’DBM<A>GL <HFI:K>= MH ‘LM:G=:K=’DBM<A>GL 3:KM:GB:G (>K
G:G  4:GLBGD  !B:KB>L AHF>MHNK K><HK=BG@L :G= <HKMBLHE
F>:LNK>L K>O>:E FHK> =>IK>LL>= E:G@N:@> :G= FHH= PA>G AHF>L :K>
>QI>KB>G<>= :L <ENMM>K>= 0:Q;>  />I>MMB 
ABE=K>G ?KHF <HFI:K:MBO>ER >GOBKHGF>GM:EER <A:HMB< AHF>L I>K
?HKF <H@GBMBO> M:LDL E>LL P>EE :G= =>FHGLMK:M> ;>A:OBHNK:E <A:EE>G@>L
!NF:L >M :E $HNQ  *:NKBG  )HP>K K>:=BG@ :<
<HFIEBLAF>GM P:L :ELH ?HNG= BG :=HE>L<>GML ?KHF AHF>L @:N@>= :L
IARLB<:EER IKH;E>F:MB< PAB<A BG<EN=>L ;NM BL GHM EBFBM>= MH <ENMM>K
:G= MABL P:L LNIIHKM>= ;R >OB=>G<> H? MABGG>K IK>?KHGM:E


UNCORRECTED PROOF
C.J. Rogers and D.R. Hart Journal of Environmental Psychology xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
<HKMB<>L BG ;K:BG L<:GL 2R $HE=>G;>K@ 1:LACB:G !H  $:EOTG

/HLM>K >M :E  <A:EE>G@> MA> ‘AHF> BL PA>K> MA> A>:KM BL’EBM
>K:MNK> :G= K>IHKM>= MA:M <ENMM>K G>@:MBO>ER BFI:<ML ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF>
:G= P>EE;>BG@ 1A> K>L>:K<A>KL AHP>O>K K><H@GBL>= MA:M MA>BK  K>
LIHG=>GML P>K> LN;L<KB;>KL MH MA> &GLMBMNM> ?HK A:EE>G@BG@ !BLHK@:GBL:
MBHG :G= MA>K>?HK> B=>GMBX>= :L BG=BOB=N:EL PBMA “<ENMM>K BLLN>L”/HL
M>K >M :E  I  E>:OBG@ K>:=>KL JN>LMBHGBG@ PA:M :LLH<B:MBHGL
FB@AM >QBLM BG : @>G>K:E IHINE:MBHG #NKMA>K K>L>:K<A <HFI:KBG@ /HL
M>K >M :E‘L  =:M: PBMA RHNG@>K L:FIE>L GHM LN;L<KB;>KL H? <ENMM>K
A>EI P>;LBM>L ?HNG= MA:M <ENMM>K :??><ML MA> P>EE;>BG@ H? HE=>K IHINE:
MBHGL FHK> MA:G RHNG@>K I:KMB<BI:GML #>KK:KB  /HLM>K  &M BL
NG<E>:K PA>MA>K MABL K>E:MBHGLABI BL =N> MH :@> HK L:FIEBG@ ;B:L #NKMA>K
:G:ERLBL H? MA> L:F> =:M:L>M K>O>:E>= <NEMNK:E =B??>K>G<>L BG <ENMM>K :L
L>LLF>GML :G= BFI:<M  KNF  #>KK:KB  LN@@>LMBG@ MA:M ?NKMA>K
L<KNMBGR BGMH MA> LN;C><MBO>H;C><MBO> <ENMM>K >QI>KB>G<> BL P:KK:GM>=
/HLM>K >M :E  K><HFF>G= MA> NL> H? H;C><MBO> <ENMM>K F>:LNK>L
MH :=O:G<> L<AHE:KL NG=>KLM:G=BG@ H? MA> <HFIE>Q K>E:MBHGLABIL ;>MP>>G
<ENMM>K :G= P>EE;>BG@ PAB<A <:G BG?HKF LMK:M>@B>L ?HK <ENMM>K K>=N<MBHG
&G GHG<EBGB<:E IHINE:MBHGL >O>KR :LI><M H? 0>:FHGL 
“:MAHF>G>LL”I  ;><HF>L <HFIKHFBL>= PA>G MA> A:;BM H? :<<N
FNE:MBG@ IHLL>LLBHGL >QIK>LLBG@ L>E?B=>GMBMR K>LNEML BG MA> HO>KPA>EF
=>L<KB;>= :;HO> !H MAHL> PAH <AHHL> :G= F:D> >??HKM MH EBO> PBMA :
LN;C><MBO>ER :G=HK H;C><MBO>ER F:G:@>:;E> <ENMM>K >QI>KB>G<> >GA:G<>=
P>EE;>BG@ &? LH PA:M :LI><ML H? P>EE;>BG@ :K> :??><M>= ,G> P:R MH BG
?HKF <ENMM>K K>=N<MBHG LMK:M>@B>L BL MH >Q:FBG> BML :LLH<B:MBHG PBMA P>EE
;>BG@ BG : FHK> GN:G<>= P:R
1.3. Decluttering
A>KKB>K :G= >ED  =>L<KB;> =><ENMM>KBG@ :L MA> IKH<>LL H?
<K>:MBG@ HK=>KER >GOBKHGF>GML ;R <HGLB=>KBG@ HK@:GBLBG@ :G= =BL<:K=
BG@ IHLL>LLBHGL &G AH:K=BG@ =><ENMM>KBG@ BL :G BGM>KO>GMBHG =>EBO>K>=
:EHG@LB=> <EBGB<:E A>EI %HEF>L >M :E  &G GHG<EBGB<:E IHINE:
MBHGL =><ENMM>KBG@ <:G ;> =HG> LBG@E>A:G=>=ER HK PBMA :LLBLM:G<> H? :
IKH?>LLBHG:E HK@:GBL>K >ED >M :E /HLM>K  !><ENMM>KBG@
BL : LDBEE :G= <:G ;> E>:KG>= &G HG> LMN=R I:KMB<BI:GML :M KBLD H? AH:K=
BG@ P>K> MK:BG>= MH ‘K>=N<> HK@:GBL> K>OB>P :G= F:BGM:BG’LH 5:
F:HD: +>FHMH +:@:GNF:  0:BMH  I  1A> ?HEEHP NI
F>:LNK>F>GM L>O>G FHGMAL :?M>K MA> MK:BGBG@ K>O>:E>= MA:M I:KMB<BI:GML
<HGMBGN>= MH =><ENMM>K :G= F:GB?>LM>= AB@A>K L>E?>LM>>F MA:G ;>?HK> MA>
MKB:E LH LH >M :E  -LR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> :G= P>EE;>BG@
P>K> GHM F>:LNK>= ;NM LH  <HG<EN=>L MA:M =><ENMM>KBG@ MK:BGBG@
<:G “BFIKHO> JN:EBMR H? EB?>”I 
0HF> >OB=>G<> H? =><ENMM>KBG@L IHLBMBO> >??><M >F>K@>= ?KHF
1A:<A>K ,GRI>K :G= 1NMABEEL  I:I>K BG PAB<A MA> K>LNEM H?
AB>K:K<AB<:E K>@K>LLBHG K>O>:E>= MA:M =><ENMM>KBG@ IK>=B<M>= BFIKHO>=
LE>>I BG LN;L<KB;>KL MH : AHNL>D>>IBG@ P>;LBM> ==BMBHG:E >OB=>G<>
>F>K@>= ?KHF : IA>GHF>GHEH@B<:E LMN=R )>>  PA>K> I:KMB<B
I:GML =>L<KB;>= MA>BK =><ENMM>KBG@ IKH<>LL :L “NIEB?MBG@ :G= K>?K>LABG@”
K>IHKMBG@ “: A:IIB>K E>LL LMK>LL?NE EB?>”I – #NKMA>K JN:EBM:MBO>
K>L>:K<A PBMABG GHG<EBGB<:E IHINE:MBHGL IKHOB=>= BGLB@AM MA:M BG=BOB=N:E
K>E:MBHGLABIL PBMA <ENMM>K O:KR <HGLB=>K:;ER :L =H <HG<>IMBHGL H? PA:M BL
:<<>IM:;E> NG:<<>IM:;E> HK HK@:GBL>= !BHG >M :E 0P:G 1:R
EHK  %:KI>K  1A>L> O:KB:MBHGL :K> BG?HKF>= ;R AHP MA> <HG
LMKN<M H? IHLL>LLBHG :MM:<AF>GM :G= IHLL>LLBHG F>:GBG@ :K> <HG<>IMN
:EBL>= >ED (E>BG> (E>BG>  EE>G 
1.4. Wellbeing
0BG<> MA> >QBLMBG@ K>L>:K<A A:L <HF> ?KHF MA> IHLBMBHG H? JN>LMBHGBG@
<ENMM>KL G>@:MBO> >??><M F>:LNK>L H? P>EE;>BG@ BG LMN=B>L MH =:M> A:O>
MRIB<:EER F>:LNK>= P>EE;>BG@ :L MA> E:<D H? HK EHP LRFIMHFL H? =>IK>L
LBHG HK :GQB>MR B> G >M :E  HK F:=> NL> H? !B>G>K "F
FHGL ):KL>G :G= $KBZGL  0:MBL?:<MBHG 4BMA )B?> 0<:E> :L :
F>:GL H? :IIKHQBF:MBG@ P>EE;>BG@ B> KNF  #>KK:KB #>KK:KB
 /HLM>K /HLM>K >M :E 
-HLBMBO> -LR<AHEH@R :L MA> L<B>G<> H? P>EE;>BG@ H??>KL : @KHPBG@ ;H=R
H? K>L>:K<A PAB<A <E:BFL MA:M P>EE;>BG@ BL MH LHF> =>@K>> BG I>HIE>L
<HGMKHE :G= MA:M M:DBG@ LI><BX< :<MBHGL :G= =>O>EHIBG@ <HGLMKN<MBO>
A:;BML <:G IKHFHM> P>EE;>BG@ 0BG  )RN;HFBKLDR  4ABE> =BL
<NLLBHGL <HGMBGN> :KHNG= PA>MA>K P>EE;>BG@ BL : LM:M> HK : L>M H? LMK:M>
@B>L :G= PA:M :K> BML D>R <HFIHG>GML IHLBMBO> ILR<AHEH@R H??>KL : O:
KB>MR H? P>EE;>BG@ MA>HK>MB<:E FH=>EL :G= F>:LNK>L PAB<A BG<HKIHK:M>
A>=HGB< ?>>EBG@ @HH= :G= >N=>FHGB< ?NG<MBHGBG@ P>EE >E>F>GML &F
IHKM:GMER MA>L> F>:LNK>L BG=B<:M> MA:M P>EE;>BG@ BL FHK> MA:G MA> :;
L>G<> H? =BLHK=>K :G= MA>K>?HK> :BF MH =BK><MER F>:LNK> MA> <HFIHG>GML
H? P>EE;>BG@ 0>EB@F:GL  -"/* FH=>E ?HK >Q:FIE> <:M>@HKBL>L
P>EE;>BG@ :L : <HGLMKN<M MA:M A:L  KHNM>L MH P>EE;>BG@ Positive emo-
tions CHR A:IIBG>LL Engagement BGM>K>LM BGOHEO>F>GM :G= YHP Rela-
tionships IHLBMBO> <HGG><MBHGL PBMA HMA>KL <HFFNGBMB>L :G= LH<B>MB>L
Meaning BG EB?> :G= Accomplishment A:OBG@ F>:GBG@?NE @H:EL :G= PHKD
BG@ MH :<AB>O> MA>F
1A> IK>L>GM LMN=R :BF>= MH NL> : <KHLLL><MBHG:E <HKK>E:MBHG:E =>LB@G
MH >QIEHK> MA> :LLH<B:MBHGL ;>MP>>G AHF> L>E?>QM>GLBHG ?:<MHKL LN;
C><MBO> <ENMM>K H;C><MBO> <ENMM>K ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> :G= =><ENMM>KBG@
A:;BML :G= P>EE;>BG@ BG : @>G>K:E IHINE:MBHG L:FIE> 1A> ARIHMA>LBL
P:L MA:M AHF> <ENMM>K =><ENMM>KBG@ A:;BML :G= ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> PBEE
;> LMKHG@ IK>=B<MHKL H? I:KMB<BI:GML’P>EE;>BG@
3. Method
3.1. Participants
HGO>GB>G<> :G= LGHP;:EE L:FIEBG@ P>K> NL>= MH BGOBM> I:KMB<BI:GML
 LAHKM 5HN1N;> XEF IE:<>= HG LH<B:E F>=B: IE:M?HKFL )BGD>=&G 1PBM
M>K :G= #:<>;HHD P>E<HF>= I:KMB<BI:MBHG 1A> HGER I:KMB<BI:GM BG<EN
LBHG <KBM>KBHG P:L : K>JNBK>F>GM MH ;>  HK HO>K 1A> XKLM :NMAHK LA:K>=
MA> 5HN1N;> XEF PBMA :EE A>K G>MPHKDL B> G>B@A;HNKAHH= <HFFN
GBMR @KHNIL :G= <EN;L NGBO>KLBMR :G= :<:=>FB< <BK<E>L *>F;>KL H? MA>
2( LLH<B:MBHG H? -KH?>LLBHG:E !><ENMM>KL :G= ,K@:GBL>KL H? PAB<A MA>
XKLM :NMAHK BL : F>F;>K P>K> :ELH BGOBM>= MH I:KMB<BI:M> :G= LA:K> MA>
5HN1N;> XEF PBMA MA>BK I>KLHG:E G>MPHKDL 1A> HGER K>P:K= H??>K>= P:L
MA> HIIHKMNGBMR MH <HGMKB;NM> MH DGHPE>=@>
,?  K>LIHGL>L  =B= GHM IKHOB=> <HGL>GM HK FBLL>= >Q<>LLBO>
=:M: :G= P>K> >EBFBG:M>= "B@AM>>G <:L>L P>K> :LL>LL>= :L >QMK>F> HNM
EB>KL L>> ;>EHP :G= K>FHO>= 1H K>IHKM <HGX=>G<> BGM>KO:EL :G= I>K
?HKF K>@K>LLBHGL  <:L>L PAH =B= GHM K>LIHG= MH :EE ?HNK BG=>I>G=>GM
O:KB:;E>L P>K> :ELH K>FHO>= ,? MA> XG:E  K>LIHG=>GML FHLM P>K>
?>F:E>  G   :G= >=N<:M>= ;>RHG= AB@A L<AHHE 
G   1A> F:CHKBMR P>K> 2( ;:L>=  G   1A> K>LM P>K>
;:L>= BG MA> 20 G   HMA>K I:KML H? "NKHI> G   NLMK:E:LB:
G   ?KB<: G   :G= LB: G   @> K:G@>= ?KHF  MH 
:O>K:@BG@ :M 
3.2. Materials
 <KHLLL><MBHG:E <HKK>E:MBHG:E =>LB@G LNKO>R P:L NL>= :G= F:=>
:O:BE:;E> HGEBG> MAKHN@A MA> .N:EMKB<L IE:M?HKF BG LNFF>K  "MA
B<:E :IIKHO:E P:L @K:GM>= ;R MA> :NMAHKL’NGBO>KLBMR >MAB<L ;H:K=


UNCORRECTED PROOF
C.J. Rogers and D.R. Hart Journal of Environmental Psychology xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
-BEHM M>LMBG@ @>G>K:M>= ?>>=;:<D K>LNEMBG@ BG >=BML :N@F>GMBG@ <E:KBMR
:G= >:L> H? <HFIE>MBHG :G= BG=B<:M>= – FBG <HFIE>MBHG MBF> 1A>
@>G>K:E MHG> H? MA> LNKO>R P:L ;HMA ?KB>G=ER :G= MA:GD?NE 1A> HGER
?HK<>= :GLP>KL P>K> <HGL>GM ?HKF :G= :@> >EB@B;BEBMR
3.3Four survey instruments were used
The PERMA-pro?ler NME>K  (>KG  BL : BM>F L<:E> K:G@
BG@ HG : – )BD>KM L<:E> PA>K>  BL not at all :G=  BL completely 1A>
L<:E> A:L  LN;L<:E>L MA>  -"/* <HFIHG>GML IHLBMBO> >FHMBHG >G
@:@>F>GM K>E:MBHGLABIL F>:GBG@ :G= :<<HFIEBLAF>GM :G= BG :==BMBHG
: A>:EMA LN;L<:E> G>@:MBO> >FHMBHGL :G= EHG>EBG>LL 1A> -"/*IKH
XE>K IKHOB=>L : FNEMB=BF>GLBHG:E F>:LNK> H? P>EE;>BG@ :G= MA> =>O>E
HI>KL NME>K :G= (>KG  PAH M>LM>= BM PBMA HO>K  BG=BOB=
N:EL PHKE=PB=> K>IHKM : LMKHG@ <HGO>K@>GM :G= =BO>K@>GM O:EB=BMR :G=
@HH= K>EB:;BEBMR &G MA> <NKK>GM LMN=R -"/* HO>K:EE P>EE;>BG@ A:= :
KHG;:<AL :EIA: H?  0:FIE> BM>FL BG<EN=> &G @>G>K:E AHP H?M>G =H
RHN ?>>E CHR?NE -HLBMBO> "FHMBHG %HP H?M>G =H RHN ;><HF> :;LHK;>=
BG PA:M RHN :K> =HBG@ "G@:@>F>GM 1H PA:M >QM>GM =H RHN ?>>E EHO>=
/>E:MBHGLABIL &G @>G>K:E MH PA:M >QM>GM =H RHN E>:= : INKIHL>?NE :G=
F>:GBG@?NE EB?> *>:GBG@ %HP FN<A H? MA> MBF> =H RHN ?>>E RHN :K>
F:DBG@ IKH@K>LL MHP:K=L :<<HFIEBLABG@ RHNK @H:EL <<HFIEBLAF>GM
&G @>G>K:E AHP H?M>G =H RHN ?>>E :GQBHNL +>@:MBO> "FHMBHG 1H OB>P
MA> >GMBK> L<:E> L>> NME>K :G= (>KG 
The Clutter Image Rating Scale (CIRS) #KHLM >M :E  F>:LNK>L
objective clutter E>O>EL 1AK>> L>ML H?  BF:@>L LAHP B=>GMB<:E KHHFL :
DBM<A>G ;>=KHHF :G= ;:MAKHHF ;><HFBG@ IKH@K>LLBO>ER ?NEE>K 0<HK>L
<:E<NE:M>= :L : F>:G K:G@> ?KHF  ?HK MA> XKLM BF:@>L LAHPBG@ EBMME> HK
GH <ENMM>K MH  ?HK <HFIE>M>ER ?NEE KHHFL 1A> L<:E>L IB<MHKB:E IKHI>KMR
>EBFBG:M>L LN;C><MBO> >QI>KB>G<>L H? <ENMM>K I:KMB<BI:GML <AHHL> PAB<A
IB<MNK>L FHLM K>IK>L>GM MA>BK AHF> )HP L<HK>L BG=B<:M>= E>LL H;C><MBO>
<ENMM>K  <NM H\ IHBGM H?  :G= :;HO> BG=B<:M>L LB@GB?B<:GM <ENMM>K M>G
=>G<B>L MA:M K>JNBK> clinical attention &G MA> L><MBHGL MA:M ?HEEHP P>
=K>P HG MABL <NMH\ IHBGM MH =B??>K>GMB:M> ;>MP>>G ‘<EBGB<:E IHINE:MBHG’
I>HIE> PBMA clutter E>O>EL MA:M K>JNBK> clinical LNIIHKM):G= ‘GHG<EBG
B<:E IHINE:MBHG’ &/0 A:L =>FHGLMK:M>= <HGLBLM>G<R :G= K>EB:;BEBMR PBMA
KHG;:<A :EIA:L :;HO>  :<KHLL :@> @KHNIL !HSB>K  R>KL 
1ABL LMN=R K>MNKG>= : KHG;:<AL :EIA: H?  1H OB>P MA> BF:@>L HG
1A> ENMM>K &F:@> /:MBG@ 0<:E> L>> MA> &/0 :II HLMHG 2GBO>KLBMR

The Clutter Quality of Life Scale CQLS & ! G= :G BM>F L<HK>=
HG : – )BD>KM L<:E> PA>K>  BL strongly disagree :G=  BL strongly
agree &M F>:LNK>L MA> Lubjective experience of clutter at home K>@:K=
E>LL H? MA> H;C><MBO> E>O>E 0<HK>L :K> <:E<NE:M>= :L : MHM:E H? MA> )BD
>KM O:EN>L EHP>K L<HK>L – BG=B<:M>= : IHLBMBO> LN;C><MBO> >QI>KB
>G<> H? <ENMM>K F>=BNF L<HK>L – BG=B<:M> LHF> BFI:<M H? <ENM
M>K HG JN:EBMR H? EB?> :G= AB@A>K L<HK>L  :G= :;HO> BG=B<:M>= G>@:
MBO> LN;C><MBO> >QI>KB>G<> 1A> L<:E> BL NG=>K@HBG@ O:EB=:MBHG ;R MA> :N
MAHKL 1ABL LMN=R K>MNKG>= : KHG;:<AL :EIA: H?  0:FIE> BM>FL BG
<EN=> &F <HG<>KG>= :;HNM PA:M HMA>KL FB@AM MABGD H? F> B? MA>R DG>P
:;HNM MA> <ENMM>K BG FR AHF> & A:O> MH FHO> MABG@L BG HK=>K MH :<
<HFIEBLA M:LDL BG FR AHF> & H?M>G ;NR MABG@L & :EK>:=R A:O> ;><:NL> &
=HGM DGHP PA>K> MABG@L :K> BG FR AHF> 1A> <ENMM>K BG FR AHF> NIL>ML
F> :G= & :OHB= A:OBG@ I>HIE> <HF> MH FR AHF> ;><:NL> H? MA> <ENMM>K
L>> AMMILPPP<A:EE>G@BG@=BLHK@:GBS:MBHGHK@<ENMM>KJN:EBMRH?EB?>
L<:E><JEL?HKIHL ?HK =>M:BEL H? :EE L<:E> BM>FL
The Psychological Home Scale PH 0B@FHG >M :E  :G BM>F
L<HK>= HG : )BD>KM L<:E> ;>MP>>G  :G=  PA>K>  BL strongly dis-
agree :G=  BL strongly agree &M F>:LNK>L ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> 0<HK>L
P>K> <:E<NE:M>= :L : MHM:E H? MA> )BD>KM O:EN>L PBMA AB@A L<HK>L BG
=B<:MBG@ AB@A ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> 1ABL LMN=R K>MNKG>= : KHG;:<AL
:EIA: H?  0:FIE> BM>FL BG<EN=> & A:O> @KHPG :MM:<A>= MH
F:GR H? MA> IE:<>L & A:O> EBO>= & INM : EHM H? MBF> :G= >??HKM BGMH F:DBG@
: IE:<> FR HPG & ?>>E FHK> K>E:Q>= PA>G &F :M AHF> & LNKKHNG= FRL>E?
PBMA MABG@L MA:M AB@AEB@AM FR I>KLHG:EBMR :G= & @>M : L>GL> H? L><NKBMR
?KHF A:OBG@ : IE:<> H? FR HPG L>> 0B@FHG >M :E  ?HK =>M:BEL H?
:EE L<:E> BM>FL
!>FH@K:IAB< JN>LMBHGL BG<EN=BG@ : JN>LMBHG HG =><ENMM>KBG@ A:;BM
P>K> IK>L>GM>= :M MA> >G= H? MA> JN>LMBHGG:BK> 1ABL BM>F P:L <H=>= :<
<HK=BG@ MH ?K>JN>G<R H? =><ENMM>KBG@  never – daily %B@A L<HK>L BG
=B<:M>= FHK> ?K>JN>GM =><ENMM>KBG@
1A> LBFBE:KBMR H? MA> )BD>KM K:MBG@L PBMABG BG=BOB=N:E JN>LMBHGG:BK>L
>:L>= <H@GBMBO> EH:= <K>:MBG@ <HGLBLM>G<R ,K=>K >??><ML P>K> :OHB=>=
;R L>MMBG@ MA> L<:E>L MH :II>:K BG K:G=HF HK=>K 1H IK>O>GM IHM>GMB:E K>
LIHGL> M>G=>G<R ;B:L :KG>MM> 0<AKB>LA>BF  %BEE  MA>
L<:E>L =B??>K>= BG :II>:K:G<> PBMA LHF> K>JNBKBG@ I:KMB<BI:GML MH MB<D
: ;HQ :G= HMA>KL K>JNBKBG@ L>E><MBG@ :G BF:@> ==BMBHG:EER K>O>KL>=
BM>FL :K> BG<EN=>= BG -"/* :G= MA> AHF> L>E?>QM>GLBHG O:KB:;E>L O:K
B>= BG MA> F>:GBG@ H? MA> AB@A )BD>KM O:EN>L BG MA> ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF>
L<:E> :L<KB;BG@ AB@A )BD>KM O:EN>L K>Y><ML : IHLBMBO> LM:M> PABE> BG MA>
LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K L<:E> AB@A )BD>KM O:EN>L K>Y><M : G>@:MBO> LM:@>
&G AHF:@> MH >ED’L  L>FBG:E I:I>K HG IHLL>LLBHGL ;>BG@ ‘>Q
M>GLBHGL H? MA> L>E?’ P> NL>= MA> M>KF home self-extension MH >G<:ILNE:M>
The Clutter Image Rating Scale  &/0 A>K>:?M>K K>?>KK>= MH :L H;C><MBO>
<ENMM>K The Clutter Quality of Life Scale  .)0 A>K>:?M>K K>?>KK>= MH :L
LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K The Psychological Home Scale -% A>K>:?M>K K>?>KK>=
MH :L ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> :G= Decluttering Habit !% K>IK>L>GMBG@ MA>
?K>JN>G<R H? =><ENMM>KBG@
3.4. Procedure
1H >G<HNK:@> : @>G>K:E IHINE:MBHG HO>K MAHL> PBMA <ENMM>K IKH;E>FL
MA> LMN=R P:L IN;EB<BL>= ;R P>E<HFBG@ I:KMB<BI:GML PBMA ‘GH <ENMM>K
EH:=L H? <NMM>K HK :GRPA>K> BG ;>MP>>G’  ;KB>?BG@ I:@> =>L<KB;>= MA>
LMN=R :G= IHM>GMB:E BGOHEO>F>GM HGX=>GMB:EBMR :G= :GHGRFBMR P>K>
:LLNK>= -KH<>=NK> ?HK =:M: PBMA=K:P:E P:L >QIE:BG>= :L P>EE :L MK>:M
F>GM H? =:M: :M <EHLNK>
1AHL> HIMBG@ MH I:KMB<BI:M> <HGXKF>= :@> >EB@B;BEBMR :G= LB@G>=
: <HGL>GM ?HKF %:OBG@ LN;FBMM>= LNKO>R K>LIHGL>L I:KMB<BI:GML P>K>
MA:GD>= IKHOB=>= : =>;KB>? LB@GIHLMBG@ MH ?NKMA>K BG?HKF:MBHG HG <ENM
M>K AH:K=BG@ :G= A>EI 1A> K>L>:K<A>KL K><>BO>= GH PBMA=K:P:E K>
JN>LML
3.5. Data analysis
1A> =:M: P:L :G:ERL>= NLBG@ &* 0-00 0M:MBLMB<L  :L>L FBLL
BG@ >Q<>LLBO> =:M: P>K> =>E>M>= G   +H F>:G LN;LMBMNMBHGL P>K>
F:=> ?HK FBLLBG@ =:M: :L MABL A:L ;>>G ?HNG= MH >E>O:M> <HKK>E:MBHG:E K>
LNEML -:K>GM 
0BG<> MA> BGM>GMBHG H? MA> LMN=R P:L MH >Q:FBG> : GHG<EBGB<:E L:F
IE> :EE >QMK>F> HNMEB>KL P>K> K>FHO>= #HK MABL INKIHL> ;HQIEHML P>K>
IKH=N<>= PAB<A BG=B<:M>=  >QMK>F> HNMEB>KL  ,;C><MBO> <ENM
M>K  ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF>   -"/* 1A>L> <:L>L P>K>
=>E>M>= 1A> =>E>MBHGL :ELH E>?M NL FHK> <HGX=>GM H? K>F:BGBG@ I:KMB<
BI:GML K>IK>L>GMBG@ : @>G>K:E IHINE:MBHG ,L;HKG>  />EB:;BEBMR
E>O>EL P>K> K><:E<NE:M>= BG=B<:MBG@ MA:M :EE KHG;:<A :EIA: E>O>EL K>
F:BG :;HO>  BG=B<:MBG@ @HH= K>EB:;BEBMR ?HK ?NKMA>K :G:ERLBL #B>E=

+HKF:EBMR M>LML ?HEEHPBG@ MA> =>E>MBHGL H? HNMEB>KL BG=B<:M>= MA:M :EE
O:KB:;E>L P>K> GHKF:EER =BLMKB;NM>= PAB<A CNLMBX>= I:K:F>MKB< M>LMBG@
#B>E= 
#BKLM LM:@> H? :G:ERLBL P:L ->:KLHGL <HKK>E:MBHGL M>LMBG@ E>O>EL H?
LA:K>= O:KB:G<> ;>MP>>G AHF> L>E?>QM>GLBHG O:KB:;E>L +>QM GBG> FNE
MBIE> EBG>:K K>@K>LLBHGL P>K> <HG=N<M>= MH :L<>KM:BG MA> =>@K>> MH PAB<A
MA> BG=>I>G=>GM AHF> L>E?>QM>GLBHG O:KB:;E>L :<<HNGM>= ?HK


UNCORRECTED PROOF
C.J. Rogers and D.R. Hart Journal of Environmental Psychology xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
O:KB:;BEBMR BG MA> -"/* P>EE;>BG@ F>:LNK> :G= BML LN;L<:E>L G:ERL>L
P>K> <HG=N<M>= MH >GLNK> L:MBL?:<MBHG H? MA> :LLNFIMBHGL H? GHKF:EBMR
EBG>:KBMR :G= AHFHL<>=:LMB<BMR 1A> IHLLB;BEBMR H? FNEMB<HEEBG>:KBMR P:L
:ELH :LL>LL>= :G= LBG<> :EE MHE>K:G<> O:EN>L P>K> @K>:M>K MA:G  :EE
O:EN>L ?HK 3&# P>K> EHP>K MA:G  BM P:L <HGLB=>K>= MA:M FNEMB<HEEBG>:K
BMR P:L GHM EBD>ER MH ;> : IKH;E>F
4. Results
1:;E>  LAHPL MA> =>L<KBIMBO> LM:MBLMB<L ?HK :EE L<:E>L
&GM>K>LMBG@ER MA> =BLMKB;NMBHG H? I:KMB<BI:GML :EHG@ MA> objective clut-
ter L<:E> K>O>:E>= MA:M  H? MA> I:KMB<BI:GML G   L<HK>= ;>
EHP MA> <NM H\ IHBGM ?HK <ENMM>K K>JNBKBG@ <EBGB<:E :MM>GMBHG  PBMA
G>:KER A:E? L<HKBG@ MA> EHP>LM IHLLB;E> L<HK>  ,GER  H? I:KMB<
BI:GML G   L<HK>= BG MA> <EBGB<:E K:G@> – PBMA  ;>BG@
MA> AB@A>LM L<HK> BG MABL LMN=R MA> L<:E> :EEHPL ?HK AB@A>LM L<HK> H? 
1ABL <HGXKFL HNK :LL>KMBHG MA:M MA> F:CHKBMR H? MA> I:KMB<BI:GML :K> BG
MA> A>:EMAR <ENMM>K E>O>E K:G@>
0BFBE:KER HG MA> subjective clutter L<:E>  H? I:KMB<BI:GML BG=B
<:M>= MA:M <ENMM>K A:= GH BFI:<M HG MA>BK JN:EBMR H? EB?> L<HK>L ;>EHP
  L<HK>= BG MA> F>=BNF K:G@> BG=B<:MBG@ LHF> BFI:<M L<HK>L
;>MP>>G  :G=  :G=  BG=B<:M>= : AB@A BFI:<M H? <ENMM>K HG
MA>BK JN:EBMR H? EB?> L<HK>L ;>MP>>G  :G= 
1:;E>  IK>L>GML ->:KLHGL <HKK>E:MBHGL ?HK MA> AHF> L>E?>QM>GLBHG
O:KB:;E>L :G= -"/* LN;L<:E>L B:L <HKK><M>= :G= :<<>E>K:M>= ;HHM
LMK:I  &L :K> K>IHKM>= BG ;K:<D>ML
EE pO:EN>L P>K>  PBMA MA> >Q<>IMBHG H? MA> =><ENMM>KBG@ A:;BM
O:KB:;E> PAB<A LAHP>= P>:D <HKK>E:MBHGL    PBMA :EE HMA>K
O:KB:;E>L :G= pO:EN>L O:KRBG@ ?KHF  MH  
,;C><MBO> <ENMM>K LAHP>= : LMKHG@ IHLBMBO> <HKK>E:MBHG PBMA LN;C><MBO>
<ENMM>K :G= FH=>K:M> G>@:MBO> <HKK>E:MBHGL PBMA ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF>
:G= =><ENMM>KBG@ A:;BM
#NKMA>K >QIEHK:MBHG H? MA> :LLH<B:MBHG ;>MP>>G MA> H;C><MBO> :G= LN;
C><MBO> F>:LNK>L H? <ENMM>K LAHP>= BGMKB@NBG@ XG=BG@L FHG@ MAHL>
PAH P>K> BG MA> <EBGB<:E K:G@> :<<HK=BG@ MH MA> H;C><MBO> <ENMM>K L<:E>
 :ELH A:= : AB@A LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K L<HK> :G=  P>K> BG MA>
FB==E> K:G@> BG=B<:M>= MA:M <ENMM>K A:L BG=>>= BFI:<M>= MA>BK JN:EBMR H?
EB?> ,GER  H? MABL @KHNI K>IHKM>= GH BFI:<M H? <ENMM>K HG MA>BK JN:E
BMR H? EB?>
%HP>O>K ?HK MAHL> BG MA> A>:EMAR K:G@> H? <ENMM>K :<<HK=BG@ MH MA>
H;C><MBO> <ENMM>K L<:E> MA> =BLMKB;NMBHG HG MA>BK LN;C><MBO> L<:E> P:L
FHK> O:KB>=  ?>EM MA:M <ENMM>K =B= GHM BFI:<M MA>BK JN:EBMR H?
Table 1
!>L<KBIMBO> LM:MBLMB<L
* 0! *BGL<HK> *:QL<HK>
 &/0,;C><MBO><ENMM>K    
 .)00N;C><MBO><ENMM>K    
-%-LR<AHEH@B<:EAHF>    
!%!><ENMM>KBG@A:;BM    
-"/*-HLBMBO>>FHMBHG    
-"/*"G@:@>F>GM    
-"/*/>E:MBHGLABIL    
-"/**>:GBG@    
-"/*<<HFIEBLAF>GM    
-"/*+>@:MBO>>FHMBHG    
-"/*%>:EMA    
-"/*)HG>EBG>LL    
-"/*,O>K:EEP>EE;>BG@    
+HM> +   !%  !><ENMM>KBG@ %:;BM K>Y><ML MA> ?K>JN>G<R H? =><ENMM>KBG@
  never MH   daily
Table 2
BO:KB:M> ->:KLHG <HKK>E:MBHGL ;>MP>>G AHF> L>E?>QM>GLBHG O:KB:;E>L :G= -"/* P>EE;>
BG@ <HFIHG>GML
   
 &/0,;C><MBO>
<ENMM>K
 .)00N;C><MBO>
<ENMM>K


-%-LR<AHEH@B<:E
AHF>




!%!><ENMM>KBG@
A:;BM






-"/*-HLBMBO>
>FHMBHG








-"/*
"G@:@>F>GM








-"/*
/>E:MBHGLABIL








-"/**>:GBG@ 







-"/*
<<HFIEBLAF>GM








-"/*
+>@:MBO>>FHMBHG








-"/*%>:EMA 







-"/*
)HG>EBG>LL








-"/*,O>K:EE
P>EE;>BG@








+HM> +   I I   I   <HGX=>G<> BGM>KO:EL BG ;K:<D>ML
) 2
EB?> ;NM  K>IHKM>= : F>=BNF E>O>E H? BFI:<M :G=  K>IHKM>=
MA:M <ENMM>K A:= : LMKHG@ BFI:<M HG MA>BK JN:EBMR H? EB?>
4>:D MH FH=>K:M> G>@:MBO> <HKK>E:MBHGL P>K> ?HNG= ;>MP>>G H;
C><MBO> <ENMM>K :G= HO>K:EE P>EE;>BG@ :G= MA> XO> -"/*>E>F>GM :G=
A>:EMA LN;L<:E>L 4>:D MH FH=>K:M> IHLBMBO> <HKK>E:MBHGL P>K> ?HNG= ;>
MP>>G H;C><MBO> <ENMM>K :G= EHG>EBG>LL :G= G>@:MBO> >FHMBHG LN;L<:E>L
0N;C><MBO> <ENMM>K LAHP>= MA> L:F> I:MM>KG H? <HKK>E:MBHGL :L H;C><
MBO> <ENMM>K ;NM PBMA LMKHG@>K <H>?X<B>GML K  − ?HK HO>K:EE P>EE;>
BG@ :G= LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K <HFI:K>= MH K  − ?HK HO>K:EE P>EE;>BG@
:G= H;C><MBO> <ENMM>K
*H=>K:M> G>@:MBO> <HKK>E:MBHGL P>K> ?HNG= ?HK ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF>
PBMA ;HMA H;C><MBO> <ENMM>K :G= LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K 1A> <HKK>E:MBHG ;>
MP>>G ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> :G= =><ENMM>KBG@ A:;BM P:L BG MA> >QI><M>=
IHLBMBO> =BK><MBHG R>M P>:D>K MA:G :GMB<BI:M>= -LR<AHEH@B<:E AHF>
LAHP>= FH=>K:M> IHLBMBO> <HKK>E:MBHGL PBMA HO>K:EE P>EE;>BG@ :G= MA>
XO> -"/*>E>F>GM LN;L<:E>L :G= : <HFI:K:MBO>ER P>:D>K G>@:MBO>
<HKK>E:MBHG PBMA MA> A>:EMA LN;L<:E> 1A> LMKHG@>LM K>E:MBHGLABIL :I
I>:K>= ?HK ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> PBMA MA> F>:GBG@ :G= :<<HFIEBLAF>GM
-"/* LN;L<:E>L HKK>E:MBHGL ?HK ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> PBMA G>@:MBO>
>FHMBHG :G= EHG>EBG>LL P>K> ;HMA G>@:MBO> :G= P>:D
+BG> >GM>K F>MAH= FNEMBIE> K>@K>LLBHGL P>K> >Q><NM>= MH BGO>LMB@:M>
MA> :;BEBMR H? AHF> L>E?>QM>GLBHG O:KB:;E>L H;C><MBO> <ENMM>K  &/0
LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K  .)0 ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> -% =><ENMM>KBG@ A:;BM
MH IK>=B<M MA> -"/* >E>F>GML BG<EN=BG@ G>@:MBO> >FHMBHG A>:EMA
EHG>EBG>LL :G= HO>K:EE P>EE;>BG@ 3BLN:E >Q:FBG:MBHG H? IKH;:;BEBMR
IEHML <HGXKF>= MA> EBG>:K K>E:MBHGLABIL ;>MP>>G IK>=B<MHKL :G= HNM<HF>
O:KB:;E>L EE !NK;BG4:MLHG LM:MBLMB<L ?HK >:<A FH=>E P>K> <EHL> MH 
BG=B<:MBG@ BG=>I>G=>G<> H? K>LB=N:EL HHDL !BLM:G<> O:EN>L P>K> E>LL
MA:G  BFIERBG@ AHFHL<>=:LMB<BMR #B>E= 


UNCORRECTED PROOF
C.J. Rogers and D.R. Hart Journal of Environmental Psychology xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
4.1. Positive emotion
1A> FH=>E PBMA MA> ?HNK AHF> L>E?>QM>GLBHG IK>=B<MHKL H;C><MBO>
<ENMM>K LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> =><ENMM>KBG@ A:;BM
K>:<A>= LB@GB?B<:G<> :<<HNGMBG@ ?HK  H? MA> O:KB:G<> BG
IHLBMBO> >FHMBHG /  #    I   1:;E>
LAHPL LB@GB?B<:GM <HGMKB;NMBHGL :M p  ?KHF LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K
β− :G= ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> β  K>LI><MBO>ER BG=B<:M
BG@ MA:M IHLBMBO> >FHMBHG P:L IK>=B<M>= ;R LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K :G= ILR
<AHEH@B<:E AHF> +>BMA>K H;C><MBO> <ENMM>K β 
Table 3
0NFF:KR H? >GM>K F>MAH= FNEMBIE> K>@K>LLBHG :G:ERL>L ?HK AHF> L>E?>QM>GLBHG IK>=B<MHKL H? -"/* >E>F>GML :G= HO>K:EE P>EE;>BG@
*H=>E  0" β) 2
-"/*  HGLM:GM    
-HLBMBO> &/0 ,;C<ENMM>K     
"FHMBHGL .)0 0N;C<ENMM>K     
-% -LR<AAHF>     
!% !><ENMM>KA:;BM     
/
-"/*  HGLM:GM    
"G@:@>F>GM &/0 ,;C<ENMM>K     
.)0 0N;C<ENMM>K     
-% -LR<AAHF>     
!% !><ENMM>KA:;BM     
/
-"/*  HGLM:GM    
/>E:MBHGLABIL &/0 ,;C<ENMM>K     
.)0 0N;C<ENMM>K     
-% -LR<AAHF>     
!% !><ENMM>KA:;BM     
/
-"/*  HGLM:GM    
*>:GBG@ &/0 ,;C<ENMM>K     
.)0 0N;C<ENMM>K     
-% -LR<AAHF>     
!% !><ENMM>KA:;BM     
/
-"/*  HGLM:GM    
<<HFIEBLAF>GM &/0 ,;C<ENMM>K     
.)0 0N;C<ENMM>K     
-% -LR<AAHF>     
!% !><ENMM>KA:;BM     
/
-"/*  HGLM:GM    
+>@:MBO> &/0 ,;C<ENMM>K     
>FHMBHGL .)0 0N;C<ENMM>K     
-% -LR<AAHF>     
!% !><ENMM>KA:;BM     
/
-"/*  HGLM:GM    
%>:EMA &/0 ,;C<ENMM>K     
.)0 0N;C<ENMM>K     
-% -LR<AAHF>     
!% !><ENMM>KA:;BM     
/
-"/*  HGLM:GM    
)HG>EBG>LL &/0 ,;C<ENMM>K     
.)0 0N;C<ENMM>K     
-% -LR<AAHF>     
!% !><ENMM>KA:;BM     
/
-"/*  HGLM:GM    
,O>K:EE &/0 ,;C<ENMM>K     
P>EE;>BG@ .)0 0N;C<ENMM>K     
-% -LR<AAHF>     
!% !><ENMM>KA:;BM     
/
+HM> +   2GLM:G=:K=BS>= <H>?X<B>GML 0"0M:G=:K= >KKHK β 0M:G=:K=BS>= <H>?X<B>GML I I   I   &   HGX=>G<> BGM>KO:E ?HK 
)  )HP>K ;HNG= 22II>K ;HNG=


UNCORRECTED PROOF
C.J. Rogers and D.R. Hart Journal of Environmental Psychology xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
I   GHK =><ENMM>KBG@ A:;BM β  I   F:=> : LB@GB?B
<:GM <HGMKB;NMBHG
4.2. Engagement
1A> FH=>E K>:<A>= LB@GB?B<:G<> :<<HNGMBG@ ?HK  H? MA> O:KB
:G<> BG >G@:@>F>GM /  #    I   0B@
GB?B<:GM <HGMKB;NMBHGL :M p  ?KHF LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K β−
ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> β  :G= H;C><MBO> <ENMM>K :M I  
β  LN@@>LM >G@:@>F>GM P:L IK>=B<M>= ;R LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K :G=
ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> PBMA H;C><MBO> <ENMM>K F:DBG@ : K>E:MBO>ER LF:EE>K
NG>QI><M>= <HGMKB;NMBHG !><ENMM>KBG@ A:;BM β− I  
F:=> GH LB@GB?B<:GM <HGMKB;NMBHG
4.3. Relationships
1A> FH=>E K>:<A>= LB@GB?B<:G<> :<<HNGMBG@ ?HK  H? MA> O:KB
:G<> BG K>E:MBHGLABIL /  #    I   0B@
GB?B<:GM <HGMKB;NMBHGL :M p  ?KHF LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K β−
:G= ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> β  BG=B<:M> K>E:MBHGLABIL P:L IK>=B<M>=
;R LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K :G= ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> K>LI><MBO>ER +>BMA>K H;
C><MBO> <ENMM>K β− I   GHK =><ENMM>KBG@ A:;BM β 
I   F:=> : LB@GB?B<:GM <HGMKB;NMBHG
4.4. Meaning
1A> FH=>E K>:<A>= LB@GB?B<:G<> :<<HNGMBG@ ?HK  H? MA> O:KB
:G<> BG F>:GBG@ /  #    I   0B@GB?
B<:GM <HGMKB;NMBHGL :M p  ?KHF LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K β−
:G= ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> β  LN@@>LM F>:GBG@ P:L IK>=B<M>= ;R
LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K :G= ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> K>LI><MBO>ER +>BMA>K H;C><
MBO> <ENMM>K β  I   GHK =><ENMM>KBG@ A:;BM β 
I   F:=> : LB@GB?B<:GM <HGMKB;NMBHG
4.5. Accomplishment
1A> FH=>E K>:<A>= LB@GB?B<:G<> :<<HNGMBG@ ?HK  H? MA> O:KB
:G<> BG :<<HFIEBLAF>GM /  #    I  
0B@GB?B<:GM <HGMKB;NMBHGL :M p  ?KHF LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K
β− ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> β  :G= =><ENMM>KBG@ A:;BM :M
I   β  LN@@>LM :<<HFIEBLAF>GM P:L IK>=B<M>= ;R LN;C><MBO>
<ENMM>K :G= ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> K>LI><MBO>ER PBMA : LF:EE>K <HGMKB;NMBHG
?KHF =><ENMM>KBG@ A:;BM ,;C><MBO> <ENMM>K β− I   F:=>
GH LB@GB?B<:GM <HGMKB;NMBHG
4.6. Negative emotion
1A> FH=>E K>:<A>= LB@GB?B<:G<> :<<HNGMBG@ ?HK  H? MA> O:KB
:G<> BG G>@:MBO> >FHMBHG /  #    I  
1A> HGER LB@GB?B<:GM <HGMKB;NMBHG P:L :M p  ?KHF LN;C><MBO> <ENM
M>K β  MA> IHLBMBO> βBG MABL BGLM:G<> BG=B<:MBG@ AB@A>K LN;
C><MBO> <ENMM>K L<HK>L IK>=B<M G>@:MBO> >FHMBHG -LR<AHEH@B<:E AHF>
β− I   H;C><MBO> <ENMM>K β− I   :G= =>
<ENMM>KBG@ A:;BM β− I   F:=> GH LB@GB?B<:GM <HGMKB;N
MBHG
4.7. Health
1A> FH=>E K>:<A>= LB@GB?B<:G<> :<<HNGMBG@ ?HK  H? MA> O:KB
:G<> BG A>:EMA /  #    I   0B@GB?
B<:GM <HGMKB;NMBHGL :M p  ?KHF LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K β−
:G= :M I   ?KHF ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> β  BG=B<:M> A>:EMA
P:L IK>=B<M>= ;R LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K :G= ILR<AHEH@B<:E
AHF> K>LI><MBO>ER +>BMA>K H;C><MBO> <ENMM>K β− I   GHK
=><ENMM>KBG@ A:;BM β− I   F:=> : LB@GB?B<:GM <HGMKB;N
MBHG
4.8. Loneliness
1A> FH=>E K>:<A>= LB@GB?B<:G<> :<<HNGMBG@ ?HK  H? MA> O:KB
:G<> BG EHG>EBG>LL /  #    I   0B@GB?
B<:GM <HGMKB;NMBHGL :M p  ?KHF LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K β  :G=
:M I   ?KHF ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> β− LN@@>LM EHG>EBG>LL P:L
IK>=B<M>= ;R LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K :G= ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> K>LI><MBO>ER
+>BMA>K H;C><MBO> <ENMM>K β− I   GHK =><ENMM>KBG@ A:;BM
β  I   F:=> : LB@GB?B<:GM <HGMKB;NMBHG
4.9. Overall wellbeing
1A> FH=>E K>:<A>= LB@GB?B<:G<> :<<HNGMBG@ ?HK  H? MA> O:KB
:G<> BG HO>K:EE P>EE;>BG@ /  #    I  
0B@GB?B<:GM <HGMKB;NMBHGL :M p  ?KHF LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K
β− :G= ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> β  BG=B<:M> HO>K:EE P>EE
;>BG@ P:L IK>=B<M>= ;R LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K :G= ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> K>
LI><MBO>ER +>BMA>K H;C><MBO> <ENMM>K β  I   GHK =><ENMM>K
BG@ A:;BM β  I   F:=> : LB@GB?B<:GM <HGMKB;NMBHG
1H LNFF:KBL> MA> K>LNEML LAHP MA:M AHF> L>E?>QM>GLBHG O:KB:;E>L
>QIE:BG>= : LN;LM:GMB:E :FHNGM H? MA> O:KB:G<> BG :EE  >E>F>GML H? MA>
-"/* IKHXE>K :L P>EE :L HO>K:EE P>EE;>BG@ 0N;C><MBO> <ENMM>K BL MA>
LMKHG@>LM <HGM>G=>K EHP>K L<HK>L BG LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K IHLBMBO> LN;C><
MBO> >QI>KB>G<> H? <ENMM>K IK>=B<M>= AB@A>K L<HK>L BG IHLBMBO> >FHMBHG
>G@:@>F>GM K>E:MBHGLABIL F>:GBG@ :<<HFIEBLAF>GM HO>K:EE P>EE;>BG@
:G= A>:EMA 0N;C><MBO> <ENMM>K IHLBMBO>ER IK>=B<M>= G>@:MBO> >FHMBHG :G=
EHG>EBG>LL ;NM E>LL LMKHG@ER MA:G MA> HMA>K >E>F>GML &G <HGMK:LM H;C><
MBO> <ENMM>K HGER F:=> : LB@GB?B<:GM :G= NG>QI><M>=ER IHLBMBO> <HGMKB
;NMBHG MH MA> >G@:@>F>GM LN;L<:E> -LR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> LB@GB?B<:GMER :<
<HNGM>= ?HK O:KB:G<> MH :EE MA> >E>F>GML >Q<>IM G>@:MBO> >FHMBHGL !>
<ENMM>KBG@ A:;BM HGER LB@GB?B<:GMER :<<HNGM>= ?HK O:KB:G<> MH :<<HFIEBLA
F>GM
1A> ARIHMA>LBL MA:M <HF;BG>= AHF> L>E?>QM>GLBHG O:KB:;E>L IK>=B<M
P>EE;>BG@ P:L E:K@>ER LNIIHKM>= ;R MA> K>LNEML HF;BG>= O:KB:G<> :<
<HNGM>= ?HK ;R AHF> L>E?>QM>GLBHG IK>=B<MHKL BL LMKHG@>LM ?HK :<<HF
IEBLAF>GM ?HEEHP>= K>LI><MBO>ER ;R IHLBMBO> >FHMBHG F>:GBG@ K>E:MBHG
LABIL A>:EMA G>@:MBO> >FHMBHG >G@:@>F>GM :G= EHG>EBG>LL
5. Discussion
1ABL LMN=R :BF>= MH >QIEHK> MA> =>@K>> MH PAB<A AHF> L>E?>QM>GLBHG
?:<MHKL LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K H;C><MBO> <ENMM>K ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> :G=
=><ENMM>KBG@ A:;BM <:G IK>=B<M P>EE;>BG@ :G= BML <HFIHG>GML :L F>:
LNK>= MAKHN@A MA> -"/* IKHXE>K >GM:BEBG@ IHLBMBO> >FHMBHGL >G@:@>
F>GM K>E:MBHGLABIL F>:GBG@ BG EB?> :<<HFIEBLAF>GM G>@:MBO> >FH
MBHGL EHG>EBG>LL :G= A>:EMA 1A> D>R XG=BG@ H? MABL LMN=R P:L MA:M
AHF> L>E?>QM>GLBHG O:KB:;E>L I:KMB<NE:KER LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K :G= ILR
<AHEH@B<:E AHF> IK>=B<M>= :EE -"/* >E>F>GML :<<HNGMBG@ ?HK G>:KER :
JN:KM>K H? I:KMB<BI:GML’O:KB:G<> BG P>EE;>BG@
1A> I:I>K :==K>LL>L : LB@GB?B<:GM @:I BG MA> EBM>K:MNK> PAB<A MRI
B<:EER >QIEHK>L <ENMM>KL G>@:MBO> NILAHML BG IHINE:MBHGL IK>=HFBG:GMER
PBMA :LLNF>= <ENMM>K BLLN>L #>KK:KB  /HLM>K /HLM>K >M :E
 ;R >QIEHKBG@ GHG<EBGB<:E IHINE:MBHGL PAHL> AHF> <BK<NF
LM:G<>L :G= <:I:<BMR MH F:G:@> <ENMM>K :K> <HGLB=>K>= <HGO>GMBHG:E =
=BMBHG:EER MH HNK DGHPE>=@> MABL BL MA> XKLM LMN=R BG PAB<A F>:LNK>L H?
LN;C><MBO> :G= H;C><MBO> <ENMM>K A:O> ;>>G M:D>G LBFNEM:G>HNLER


UNCORRECTED PROOF
C.J. Rogers and D.R. Hart Journal of Environmental Psychology xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
G BFIHKM:GM XG=BG@ MA:M >F>K@>= ?KHF MA> :G:ERLBL P:L MA:M :E
MAHN@A MA> <HKK>E:MBHG ;>MP>>G H;C><MBO> :G= LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K P:L
LMKHG@  H? MAHL> PAH L<HK>= BG MA> healthy range H? <ENMM>K HG
MA> H;C><MBO> <NMM>K L<:E> K>IHKM>= MA:M <ENMM>K A:L G>@:MBO>ER BFI:<M>=
MA>BK JN:EBMR H? EB?> HGO>KL>ER :FHG@ MAHL> PAH P>K> BG MA> <EBGB<:E
K:G@>  BG=B<:M>= MA:M <ENMM>K A:L G>@:MBO>ER BFI:<M>= MA>BK JN:EBMR
H? EB?> 1ABL LN@@>LML MA:M >O>G PA>G I>HIE> F:G:@> <ENMM>K K>:LHG:;ER
P>EE BM <:G BFI:<M MA>BK JN:EBMR H? EB?>
*HK> BGMKB@NBG@ER K>@:K=E>LL H? I>HIE>L H;C><MBO> <ENMM>K E>O>EL MA>BK
LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K L<HK>L <HGLBLM>GMER IK>=B<M>= MA>BK P>EE;>BG@ PABE>
MA>BK H;C><MBO> <ENMM>K E>O>E A:= EBMME> IK>=B<MBO> IHP>K 1ABL BL =>LIBM>
LAHPBG@ FH=>K:M> :LLH<B:MBHGL PBMA :EE -"/* >E>F>GML 1ABL <HNE= ;>
BGM>KIK>M>= BG MPH P:RL
#BKLMER MA> ENMM>K &F:@> /:MBG@ 0<:E>  &/0 #KHLM >M :E 
MAKHN@A PAB<A H;C><MBO> <ENMM>K P:L F>:LNK>= P:L =>O>EHI>= MH @:N@>
AH:K=BG@ E>O>EL BG <EBGB<:E IHINE:MBHGL F:R GHM :=>JN:M>ER =>M>KFBG>
<ENMM>K OHENF> BG @>G>K:E IHINE:MBHGL 1A> L<:E> F>:LNK>L <ENMM>K BG
MAK>> KHHFL HGER LAHPBG@ BM>FL MA:M MRIB<:EER :F:LL BG AH:K=>= AHF>L
PAB<A F:R GHM ?>:MNK> BG GHGAH:K=>= AHF>L ==BMBHG:EER MA> L<:E>
MB>L MH@>MA>K L>O>K:E <A:K:<M>KBLMB<L H? : LI:<> BG<EN=BG@ <ENMM>K ?NEEG>LL
F>LLBG>LL :G= =BKMBG>LL &? : I>KLHG B=>GMBX>L PBMA : ?>P ;NM GHM :EE H?
MA>L> <KBM>KB: MA>R F:R GHM ;> :;E> MH L<HK> MA>FL>EO>L :<<NK:M>ER HG
MABL L<:E> 1A> L<:E> :ELH =H>L GHM <:IMNK> =B@BM:E <ENMM>K &G MA> <HG
M>QM H? AH:K=BG@ :LL>LLBG@ MA> <HGM>GM H? FHK> MA:G MAK>> KHHFL “F:R
GHM :== FN<A F>:GBG@?NE BG?HKF:MBHG”#KHLM >M :E  I 
AHP>O>K PBMABG : @>G>K:E IHINE:MBHG MA> EBM>K:MNK> K>IHKML HG @:K:@>L
LI:K> KHHFL LA>=L :G= K>GM>= LMHK:@> LI:<>L :L <HFFHG ;NK@>HGBG@
K>IHLBMHKB>L ?HK NGNL>= IHLL>LLBHGL KGHE=  ):G@ >ED >M :E
 P>KG>K  *>M<:E?> )V?@K>G  1A>K>?HK> PABELM
LHF> AHF> :K>:L F:R A:O> :<<>IM:;E> <ENMM>K OHENF>L <ENMM>K F:R :<
<NFNE:M> BG :K>:L GHM <:IMNK>= ;R MA> L<:E> &M BL PHKMA F>GMBHGBG@ MA:M
MA> &/0 :II HLMHG 2GBO>KLBMR  H??>KL HIMBHGL MH K:M> HMA>K
:K>:L BG<EN=BG@ <:KL :MMB<L :G= A:EEP:RL
GHMA>K >QIE:G:MBHG BL MA:M P>EE;>BG@ BL IK>=B<M>= not by objective
clutter volume, but by people's subjective experience of it EMAHN@A <ENMM>K
EBM>K:MNK> :FHG@ @>G>K:E IHINE:MBHGL BL L<:K<> JN:EBM:MBO> LMN=B>L L>>F
MH LNIIHKM MABL I>KLI><MBO> &G=BOB=N:E =B??>K>G<>L :K> =>L<KB;>= PBMABG
:G= ;>MP>>G AHNL>AHE=L K>LNEMBG@ BG K><NKK>GM G>@HMB:MBHGL :G= LAB?MBG@
H? LHF>MBF>L NGPKBMM>G KNE>L :G= O:KB>= CN=@>F>GML K>@:K=BG@ :<<>IM
:;E>NG:<<>IM:;E> P:RL MH F:G:@> IHLL>LLBHGL L :G >Q:FIE> BG HG>
-:KBLB:G AHF> ‘MHRL’P:L : <:M>@HKR &G :GHMA>K MHR <:M>@HKBLBG@ P:L
FHK> IK><BL> =BGHL:NKL P>K> L>I:K:M>= ?KHF -E:RFH;BE !BHG >M :E
 &G :GHMA>K LMN=R 0P:G >M :E  =BLMBG<M <ENMM>K <HGM:BG
F>GM IK:<MB<>L P>K> H;L>KO>= BG )HG=HG ?:FBEB>L -:KMB<BI:GML BG ;HMA
LMN=B>L =>L<KB;>= :K>:L BG MA>BK AHF>L MA:M HMA>KL FB@AM <HGLB=>K <ENM
M>K>= R>M MA>R =>>F IE>:LBG@ 1B=BG>LL P:L =BLMBG<MBO>ER =>XG>= :G=
=>FHGLMK:M>= MAKHN@A :=A>K>G<> MH AHNL> KNE>L PABE> ‘F>LLR’:K>:L
K>IK>L>GM>= :G BG?KBG@>F>GM HK :;L>G<> H? AHNL> KNE>L !BHG >M :E
 #NKMA>K >OB=>G<> MA:M MA> L:F> AHF> <BK<NFLM:G<>L <:G ;> >Q
I>KB>G<>= =B??>K>GMER P>K> K>IHKM>= ;R 0:Q;> :G= />I>MMB  1A>
:NMAHKL ?HNG= MA:M PBO>L ?KHF AHF>L >QI>KB>G<>= :L <ENMM>K>= =>L<KB;>=
MA>BK AHF>L NLBG@ FHK> =>IK>LL>= E:G@N:@> :G= LAHP>= Y:MM>K =BNKG:E
<HKMBLHE LEHI>L 1A>BK ANL;:G=L EBOBG@ PBMA B=>GMB<:E <ENMM>K OHENF> =B=
GHM
GHMA>K D>R XG=BG@ BL MA:M PA>G AHF> <BK<NFLM:G<>L :K> :<<>IM:;E>
:G= I>HIE> ?>>E MA:M MA>R :K> F:G:@BG@ MA>BK <ENMM>K K>:LHG:;ER :<<HF
IEBLAF>GM :G= IHLBMBO> >FHMBHG :K> FHK> LMKHG@ER IK>=B<M>= MA:G HMA>K
P>EE;>BG@ >E>F>GML 1ABL LN@@>LML MA:M PA>G MA> AHF> BL >QI>KB>G<>= :L
MB=R :G= HK=>K>= MA> FBG= BL ?K>> MH ?H<NL HG FHK> BFIHKM:GM MABG@L
LN<A :L @H:E :<AB>O>F>GM L>E?K>@NE:MBHG :G= I>K?HKF:G<>
!><ENMM>KBG@ <:G >EB<BM A>=HGB< ?>>EBG@L H? CHR K>E>:L> :G= A:IIBG>LL
)>>  1ABG@L ;>BG@ BG IE:<> IHLBMBO>ER :??><ML FHH= :G= I>HIE>
K>IHKM ?>>EBG@ ;>MM>K :L : K>LNEM !BHG >M :E 
 LNKIKBLBG@ XG=BG@ H? MABL LMN=R P:L MA:M AB@A>K <ENMM>K OHENF> pos-
itively IK>=B<M>= >G@:@>F>GM ;>RHG= MA> LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K 1ABL P:L MA>
HGER MBF> MA> H;C><MBO> F>:LNK> H? <ENMM>K <HGMKB;NM>= MH MA> K>@K>L
LBHG FH=>E :E;>BM P>:DER 0>O>K:E K>L>:K<A>KL JN>LMBHG>= MA> -"/*
>G@:@>F>GM LN;L<:E>L KH;NLMG>LL BK<A /B;R  *<$:GG 
PAB<A FB@AM :<<HNGM ?HK MABL XG=BG@ EM>KG:MBO>ER MABL XG=BG@ F:R
;> EBGD>= MH MA> >G@:@>F>GM MA:M I>HIE> F:R >QI>KB>G<> PA>G F:G:@
BG@ MA>BK IHLL>LLBHGL <E>:GBG@ LHKMBG@ :KK:G@BG@ :G= MA> EBD> PAB<A
<HNE= IHM>GMB:EER BG=N<> YHP +HK=LE>MM>G >M :E 0MNFI? >M
:E  1ABL H??>KL :G BG=B<:MBHG MA:M GHM :EE <ENMM>K BL F:E:=:IMBO>
:G= MA:M IHLL>LLBHG F:G:@>F>GM <:G ;> >G@:@BG@ LI>:DBG@ MH <ENMM>KL
LN;C><MBO> G:MNK>
GHMA>K BGM>K>LMBG@ XG=BG@ BL MA:M =><ENMM>KBG@ ?K>JN>G<R A:L LAHPG
: G>@:MBO> FH=>K:M> <HKK>E:MBHG PBMA <ENMM>K ;HMA LN;C><MBO> :G= H;C><
MBO> : EHP IHLBMBO> <HKK>E:MBHG PBMA ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> :L P>EE :L EHP
IHLBMBO> <HKK>E:MBHGL PBMA P>EE;>BG@ %HP>O>K BM =B= GHM IK>=B<M :GR H?
MA> P>EE;>BG@ <HFIHG>GML 1ABL LN@@>LML MA:M I>HIE> PAH =><ENMM>K ?K>
JN>GMER L>> E>LL <ENMM>K BG MA>BK AHF>L :G= >QI>KB>G<> : LMKHG@>K L>GL>
H? AHF> :G= AB@A>K E>O>EL H? P>EE;>BG@ 1A> E:<D H? IK>=B<MBO> IHP>K
<:G :EEN=> MH MA> ?:<M MA:M MA> ?K>JN>G<R H? MA> =><ENMM>KBG@ =H>L GHM BF
IBG@> HG P>EE;>BG@ :L FN<A :L MA> HNM<HF> :<AB>O>= MA> L>GL> H? AHF>
:G= MA> LN;C><MBO> L>GL> H? <ENMM>K PAB<A LMKHG@ER IK>=B<M P>EE;>BG@
):LMER :G BGMKB@NBG@ JN>LMBHG BL PAR LH F:GR I>HIE> MHHD I:KM BG
MABL LMN=R 4> LI><NE:M> MA:M MA> ANG=K>=L H? I>HIE> PAH OHENGM>>K>=
– FBG MH <HFIE>M> HNK LNKO>R =B= LH ;><:NL> <ENMM>K BL : <>GMK:E K>E
>O:GM :G= BG=>>= BFIHKM:GM MHIB< MH F:GR
,NK LMN=R LN;LM:GMB:M>L /HLM>K >M :E‘L  XG=BG@L MA:M ILR
<AHEH@B<:E AHF> :G= LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K IK>=B<M P>EE;>BG@ &M :ELH <HG
XKFL 0B@FHG >M :E‘L  K>IHKM>= :LLH<B:MBHGL ;>MP>>G ILR<AHEH@B
<:E AHF> :G= P>EE;>BG@ <HG<EN=BG@ MA:M BGO>LMF>GM BG AHF> BL : =>LBK
:;E> F>:GBG@?NE :<MBOBMR MA:M <HGMKB;NM>L MH P>EE;>BG@
5.1Theoretical contribution
1A> LMN=R XG=BG@L <HGMKB;NM> MH MA>HKB>L H? AHF> :G= ILR<AHEH@B<:E
AHF> ;HELM>KBG@ >EDL  IHLL>LLBHG L>E?>QM>GLBHG MA>HKR 1A> D>R
INKIHL> H? ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> BL MH IKHFHM> : @K>:M>K L>GL> H? P>EE;>
BG@ 0B@FHG >M :E  :G= HNK XG=BG@L LAHP MA:M LN;C><MBO> <ENMM>K
:G= ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> F:D> : <HGLB=>K:;E> <HGMKB;NMBHG MH P>EE;>BG@
!K:PBG@ HG MA>L> XG=BG@L P> IKHIHL> MA:M MA> <HGG><MBHG ;>MP>>G ILR
<AHEH@B<:E AHF> :G= IHLL>LLBHG L>E?>QM>GLBHG F:R GHM ;> PAHEER =N>
MH MA> LBGBLM>K O:E>G<> MRIB<:EER :MMKB;NM>= MH <ENMM>K ;NM K:MA>K MH MA>
L>E?>QM>GLBHG H? IHLL>LLBHGL >QIE:BG>= ;R >ED 
-HLL>LLBHGL AHNL>= BG AHF>L A:O> F>:GBG@L :G= ;BH@K:IAB>L MA:M
=>GR :G= =><KR MA>BK F:M>KB:E G:MNK> :G= O:EN> %HP>O>K MA>R :ELH A:O>
: M>FIHK:E G:MNK> /HLM>K  PA>K>;R MA> LN;C><MBO> K>E:MBHGLABIL
PBMA IHLL>LLBHGL :EM>KL :G= MK:GL?HKFL HO>K MBF> 4> LN@@>LM MA:M MA>
F>:GBG@ :LLB@G>= MH IHLL>LLBHGL :G= <ENMM>K :G= I>HIE>L <:I:<BMR MH >Q
IK>LL MA>FL>EO>L MAKHN@A MA>BK AHF> >GOBKHGF>GM BFIBG@>L HG P>EE
;>BG@ MAKHN@A MA> :;BEBMR MH LMKBD> : ;:E:G<> ;>MP>>G LN;C><MBO> :G=
H;C><MBO> <ENMM>K :G= MH GHMB<> MA> IHBGM :M PAB<A IHLL>LLBHGL <HGO>KM
?KHF : MK>:LNK>= BM>FL MH <ENMM>K :G= :<M :<<HK=BG@ER 1A>L> K>I>:M>=
:<MBHGL <HGMBGN:EER <NK:M> AHF> :L :G >QIK>LLBHG H? L>E?B=>GMBMR “AHF>
:<JNBK>L BML F>:GBG@ MAKHN@A FNG=:G> =:BER IK:<MB<>L”!BHG >M :E
 I 
4> MA>K>?HK> @>GMER <A:EE>G@> >QM:GM MA>HKB>L MA:M <ENMM>K BL F:E
:=:IMBO> =K:PBG@ :MM>GMBHG MH MA> subjective >QI>KB>G<> H? BM>FL ;>
BG@ BG HK HNM H? IE:<> :M AHF> :EB@GBG@ HK GHM PBMA L>E?B=>GMBMR :
?:<MHK HO>KEHHD>= BG <ENMM>K =>?BGBMBHGL MH =:M> 4> IKHIHL> MA> ?HE


UNCORRECTED PROOF
C.J. Rogers and D.R. Hart Journal of Environmental Psychology xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
EHPBG@ K>XG>= =>?BGBMBHG H? <ENMM>K “ ENMM>K BL : LN;C><MBO> >QI>KB>G<> H?
IHLL>LLBHGL F:M>KB:E HK HMA>K MA:M BGAB;BM MA> <NK:MBHG H? L>E?B=>GMBMR
:M AHF>”
5.2Practical contribution
,NK XG=BG@L A:O> IK:<MB<:E NL> ?HK IKH?>LLBHG:E HK@:GBL>KL :G= ?HK
BG=BOB=N:EL P:GMBG@ MH M:<DE> <ENMM>K MA:M BL =>MK:<MBG@ ?KHF MA>BK JN:E
BMR H? EB?> $BO>G MA> >FIA:LBL HG LN;C><MBOBMR MABL LMN=R AB@AEB@AML MA>
BFIHKM:G<> H? GHGCN=@>F>GM:E I>KLHG<>GMK>= :IIKH:<A>L ?KHF IKH?>L
LBHG:E HK@:GBL>KL ,NK K>LNEML NG=>KEBG> MA> BFIHKM:G<> H? <NEMBO:MBG@ NG
=>KLM:G=BG@ H? <EB>GM O:EN>L :G= ?:FBEB:KBLBG@ MA>FL>EO>L PBMA AHNL>
AHE= <NEMNK> :G= GHKFL ;>?HK> >F;:KDBG@ HG <ENMM>K K>=N<MBHG LMK:M>
@B>L L>> /HLM>K  ?HK :G >Q<>EE>GM LNFF:KR H? I>KLHGIHLL>LLBHG
=BLIHL:E LMK:M>@B>L
$BO>G MA:M MA> P>EE;>BG@ :<<HFIEBLAF>GM ?:<MHK P:L FHLM LMKHG@ER
IK>=B<M>= ;R AHF> L>E?>QM>GLBHG =BF>GLBHGL MABL BG=B<:M>L MA:M :<<HF
IEBLAF>GM BGM>KO>GMBHGL <HNE= ;> NL>?NE PBMABG <ENMM>K K>=N<MBHG LMK:M>
@B>L "LM:;EBLABG@ <E>:K :<AB>O:;E> I>KLHGLI><BX< @H:EL MH <K>:M> AHF>
L>E?B=>GMBMR <:G @:EO:GBL> MAHL> LMKN@@EBG@ PBMA <ENMM>K MH M:<DE> BM
/><H@GBLBG@ MA> BFIHKM:GM I:KM IHLBMBO> >FHMBHGL IE:R BG AHF>
L>E?>QM>GLBHG <:G A>EI HK@:GBL>KL FHMBO:M> <EB>GML MH NG=>KM:D> PA:M
FB@AM ?>>E EBD> : F:FFHMA M:LD  XKLM LM>I PBMA :G HO>KPA>EF>= <EB>GM
FB@AM ;> MH LN@@>LM BGM>KO>GMBHGL MA:M IKHFHM> IHLBMBO> >FHMBHG L>> 0BG
 )RN;HFBKLDR  BFIKHOBG@ K>LBEB>G<> MH <HG?KHGM MA> M:LD
5.3Limitations and research recommendations
,NK L:FIE> :EMAHN@A LN?X<B>GMER E:K@> MH K>MNKG LM:MBLMB<:EER LB@GB?
B<:GM K>LNEML P:L IK>=HFBG:GMER ?>F:E> K>LMKB<MBG@ HIIHKMNGBMR MH >Q
IEHK> @>G=>K =B??>K>G<>L 1ABL K>L>:K<A LM:G=L HG MA> LAHNE=>KL H? HMA>KL
PBMA FHLMER HK :EE ?>F:E> I:KMB<BI:GML !BHG >M :E )>> 
/HLM>K >M :E  E>:=BG@ NL MH CHBG MA>BK <:EE ?HK ?NMNK> K>L>:K<A
BGMH <ENMM>K AHF> :G= @>G=>K ==BMBHG:EER MA> <HKK>E:MBHGL :G= K>@K>L
LBHGL K>IHKM>= BG MABL LMN=R F:R ;> L:FIE> LI><BX< HNK <HGO>GB>G<>
:G= LGHP;:EE L:FIEBG@ K>LMKB<M MA> :;BEBMR MH @>G>K:EBL> ?KHF MABL L:FIE>
MH E:K@>K IHINE:MBHGL #B>E=  :G= LBG<> GH K:<> HK >MAGB< HKB@BG
=:M: P:L <HEE><M>= <HFI:KBLHGL <:GGHM ;> F:=> 1ABL HO>KLB@AM BL =BL
:IIHBGMBG@ =N> MH BG=B<:MBHGL MA:M P>EE;>BG@ :G= <ENMM>K :K> >QI>KB>G<>=
=B??>K>GMER BG =B??>K>GM <NEMNK>L BK<A >M :E  KNF  #>KK:KB

,NK ‘=><ENMM>KBG@ A:;BM’O:KB:;E> P:L : LBG@E> BM>F NGM>LM>= ?HK K>EB
:;BEBMR HK O:EB=BMR 4> :ELH GHM>= MA:M LHF> I:KMB<BI:GML F:R A:O> ?HNG=
MA> K>LIHGL> O:EN>L <HG?NLBG@ F>:GBG@ MA:M BG?>K>G<>L ?KHF MABL BM>F
<HNE= ;> NGK>EB:;E> 1A>K>?HK> BML LF:EE KHE> BG HNK XG=BG@L –EHP MH
FH=>K:M> :LLH<B:MBHGL PBMA -"/* >E>F>GML FNLM ;> BGM>KIK>M>= <:N
MBHNLER
1A> LMN=RL BGM>GMBHG MH IK>O>GM IHM>GMB:E K>LIHGL> M>G=>G<R ;B:L
<HNE= ;> BFIKHO>= ;R :==BG@ L<:E>L MA:M :LL>LL K:MBG@ ;B:L B> LH<B:E
=>LBK:;BEBMR :G=HK :<JNB>L<>GM K>LIHG=BG@ &? <HGMKHEEBG@ ?HK MA>L> ;B
:L>L A:= GH LB@GB?B<:GM BFI:<M HG LM:MBLMB<:E :G:ERLBL BM PHNE= A:O> K>
BG?HK<>= MA> LMN=RL XG=BG@L (K>BM<AF:GG ;:= -HGLH=: +B>MH 
*HKBEEH 
 ?KNBM?NE :K>: ?HK ?NKMA>K K>L>:K<A FB@AM ;> MH ?H<NL HG =><ENM
M>KBG@ BGM>KO>GMBHGL MH =>XG> BM :L :G :<MBHG HKB>GM:M>= BGM>KO>GMBHG
:G= M>LM BML BFI:<M HG P>EE;>BG@ BG :G >QI>KBF>GM:E K>L>:K<A =>LB@G
4> LN@@>LM MA:M PBMABG =><ENMM>KBG@ <H:<ABG@ HK MK:BGBG@ MAHL> HO>K
PA>EF>= ;R <ENMM>K F:R ;>G>XM ?KHF NG=>KLM:G=BG@ MA> >QM>G=>=L>E?
MA>HKR #HK BGLM:G<> >ED  M:EDL H? ‘<HGM:@BHG’ IHLL>LLBHGL
I>KF>:MBG@ >LL>G<> H? MA>BK HPG>KL  PAB<A BL PAR KBMN:EL MH <E>:GL>
:G= G>NMK:EBL> <:G ;> ;>G>X<B:E BG =BLIHLL>LLBHG 2G=>KLM:G=BG@ MA>
GHKF:E<R H? L>>FBG@ER BEEH@B<:E ?>>EBG@L :;HNM IHLL>L
LBHGL <HNE= HI>G MA> FBG= MH MA> M>FIHK:E G:MNK> H? IHLL>LLBHG L>E?>Q
M>GLBHG KMB<NE:MBG@ PA>MA>K : IHLL>LLBHG BL ‘LMBEE F>’<:G ;> <A:EE>G@
BG@ ;NM MA> MKBNFIA :G= K>EB>? BG =HBG@ LH BL EB;>K:MBG@ ):LMHOB<D: 
#>KG:G=>S )>> 
6Conclusion
&G @>G>K:E IHINE:MBHGL <ENMM>K <HGLB=>K:MBHGL :K> G>BMA>K FNG=:G>
GHK MKBOB:E ;NM <>GMK:E :G= BFIHKM:GM MH P>EE;>BG@ ENMM>K K>@:K=E>LL
H? BML OHENF> BL : LN;C><MBO> <HGLMKN<M BG=BOB=N:EER =>XG>= :G= >QI>KB
>G<>= 4> H??>K : K>XG>= <ENMM>K =>?BGBMBHG >G<HFI:LLBG@ I>HIE>L LN;
C><MBO> >QI>KB>G<> :G= BGM>KIK>M:MBHG H? <ENMM>K
&G MA> <NKK>GM LMN=R <ENMM>K :G= ILR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> O:KB:;E>L
LMKHG@ER IK>=B<M>= P>EE;>BG@ O:KB:G<> 4BMABG MA> -"/* >E>F>GML H?
P>EE;>BG@ :<<HFIEBLAF>GM :G= IHLBMBO> >FHMBHG P>K> FHLM LMKHG@ER
IK>=B<M>= ;R AHF> >QM>GLBHG O:KB:;E>L 1A> XG=BG@L :ELH LN@@>LM>= MA:M
<ENMM>K BL GHM >Q<ENLBO>ER F:E:=:IMBO> –PA>G MABG@L :K> BG MA>BK IE:<>
PA>K>O>K MA:M FB@AM ;> :G= AHF> >QIK>LL>L L>E?B=>GMBMR P>EE;>BG@ BL
FHK> EBD>ER MH ;> IK>L>GM
1A>K> :K> P:RL BG=BOB=N:EL :G= IKH?>LLBHG:E HK@:GBL>KL <:G :IIER HNK
XG=BG@L ;HMA MH FHMBO:M> <EB>GML :G= >FIEHR :L I:KM H? <ENMM>K K>=N<MBHG
LMK:M>@B>L MH IKHFHM> AHF>L K>Y><MBG@ <EB>GML’L>E?B=>GMBMR ->KLHGLI>
<BX< BGM>KO>GMBHGL ?:<BEBM:MBG@ @H:E L>MMBG@ :G= K:BLBG@ IHLBMBO> >FHMBHG
<:G A>EI I>HIE> @>M MH @KBIL PBMA <ENMM>K HO>KPA>EF
1A> LMN=R <HGMKB;NM>L MH MHIB<L H? <ENMM>K :G= AHF> &M LN;LM:GMB:M>L
MA:M AHF> BL : IE:M?HKF ?HK P>EE;>BG@
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Caroline J. Rogers: HG<>IMN:EBS:MBHG *>MAH=HEH@R 3:EB=:
MBHG #HKF:E :G:ERLBL &GO>LMB@:MBHG />LHNK<>L !:M: <NK:MBHG 4KBMBG@ –
HKB@BG:E =K:?M 4KBMBG@ –K>OB>P  >=BMBG@ 3BLN:EBS:MBHG -KHC><M :=FBG
BLMK:MBHG Dr Rona Hart: HG<>IMN:EBS:MBHG *>MAH=HEH@R #HKF:E
:G:ERLBL 4KBMBG@ –HKB@BG:E =K:?M 4KBMBG@ –K>OB>P  >=BMBG@ 0NI>KOB
LBHG
Declarations of competing interest
:KHEBG> /H@>KL PHKDL :L : IKH?>LLBHG:E HK@:GBL>K :G= BL : F>F;>K
H? MA> LLH<B:MBHG H? -KH?>LLBHG:E !><ENMM>K>KL :G= ,K@:GBL>KL
Acknowledgements
1H MAHL> H? RHN PAH F:=> MBF> MH <HFIE>M> MA> K>L>:K<A LNKO>R :G=
LA:K> BM PBMA HMA>KL MA:M P:L : DBG=G>LL :G= <HGMKB;NMBHG MH MABL PHKD
FHK> MA:G P> <:G L:R 1A:GD RHN
References
F>KB<:G -LR<AB:MKB< LLH<B:MBHG  Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorders !0* 4:LABG@MHG !  F>KB<:G -LR<AB:MKB< LLH<B:MBHG
G 0( *:M:BQ HEL ! ):PK>G<> +0 4HH=>KLHG 0 $B:FIB>MKH 3  0I><D>GL 
>M :E  1H =BL<:K= HK GHM MH =BL<:K= 1A> G>NK:E ;:LBL H? AH:K=BG@ LRFIMHFL BG
H;L>LLBO><HFINELBO> =BLHK=>K *HE><NE:K -LR<AB:MKR  – =HB
LCFI
GMHG "  ):PK>G<>   %HF> BL PA>K> MA> A>:KM BL 1A> >\><M H? IE:<>
H? K>LB=>G<> HG IE:<> :MM:<AF>GM :G= <HFFNGBMR I:KMB<BI:MBHG 'HNKG:E H?
"GOBKHGF>GM:E -LR<AHEH@R  – =HBCC>GOI
KGHE= '"  ):G@ 2  A:G@BG@ F>KB<:G AHF> EB?> 1K>G=L BG =HF>LMB<
E>BLNK> :G= LMHK:@> :FHG@ FB==E><E:LL ?:FBEB>L 'HNKG:E H? #:FBER :G= "<HGHFB<
&LLN>L  – =HBL
LH 5  G >=N<:MBHG:E IKH@K:F ?HK RHNG@ I>HIE> PAH A:O> =BZ<NEMR =><ENMM>KBG@
:G= HK@:GBSBG@ 1A> "NKHI>:G 'HNKG:E H? -N;EB< %>:EMA 0NIIE>F>GM  
LH 5 5:F:HD: ( +>FHMH  +:@:GNF: 5  0:BMH *  "\><MBO>G>LL H?
:“PHKDLAHI HG =><ENMM>KBG@ :G= HK@:GBLBG@”IKH@K:FF> ?HK M>>GL :G= FB==E>:@>=
:=NEML PBMA =BZ<NEMR =><ENMM>KBG@  LMN=R IKHMH<HE H? :G HI>GE:;>E K:G=HFBL>=
I:K:EE>E@KHNI LNI>KBHKBMR MKB:E BG ':I:G *' ,I>G  – =HB
;FCHI>G
:KG>MM> ''  "\><ML H? LM>F :G= )BD>KM K>LIHGL> HIMBHG K>O>KL:EL HG LNKO>R
BGM>KG:E <HGLBLM>G<R &? RHN ?>>E MA> G>>= MA>K> BL : ;>MM>K :EM>KG:MBO> MH NLBG@


UNCORRECTED PROOF
C.J. Rogers and D.R. Hart Journal of Environmental Psychology xxx (xxxx) xxx-xxx
MAHL> G>@:MBO>ER PHK=>= LM>FL "=N<:MBHG:E :G= -LR<AHEH@B<:E *>:LNK>F>GM 
– =HB
>ED /4  -HLL>LLBHGL :G= MA> >QM>G=>= L>E? 'HNKG:E H? HGLNF>K />L>:K<A
 – =HB
>ED /4  "QM>G=>= L>E? BG : =B@BM:E PHKE= 'HNKG:E H? HGLNF>K />L>:K<A 
– =HB
>ED /4 0>H '5  )B "  !BKMR EBMME> L><K>M %HF> <A:HL :G= IKH?>LLBHG:E
HK@:GBS>KL HGLNFIMBHG *:KD>ML :G= NEMNK>  – =HB

BK<A % /B;R )*  *<$:GG !  ->K?><MBHGBLF :G= -"/* 1A> ;>G>XML
H? HMA>K HKB>GM>= I>K?><MBHGBLF &GM>KG:MBHG:E 'HNKG:E H? 4>EE;>BG@  –
=HBBCPOB
HLMHG 2GBO>KLBMR ENMM>K BF:@> K:MBG@ 3>KLBHG  7*H;BE> :IIEB<:MBHG LH?MP:K>8AMMIL
:IIL:IIE><HFNL:II<ENMM>KBF:@>K:MBG@B=
NME>K '  (>KG *)  1A> -"/*IKHXE>K  ;KB>? FNEMB=BF>GLBHG:E F>:LNK> H?
YHNKBLABG@ &GM>KG:MBHG:E 'HNKG:E H? 4>EE;>BG@  – =HBBCPOB
A>KKB>K %  >ED /  !><ENMM>KBG@ &G HHD !1  /R:G '* "=L 1A> PBE>R
;E:<DP>EE >G<R<EHI>=B: H? <HGLNFIMBHG :G= <HGLNF>K LMN=B>L II – %H;HD>G +'
'HAG 4BE>R  0HGL =HBP;><<L
B<H@G:GB "  -LR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> :G= P>EE ;>BG@ /:LL>@G: =B -LB<HEH@B:
–
KBLMH?HK>MMB  $>GG:B #  /H=>L<ABGB $  %HF> LP>>M AHF> 1A> >FHMBHG:E
<HGLMKN<MBHG H? IE:<>L 'HNKG:E H? @BG@ 0MN=B>L  – =HB
CC:@BG@
KNF (-  #>KK:KB '/  -LR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> <ENMM>K :G= IE:<> :MM:<AF>GM HG
EB?> L:MBL?:<MBHG :FHG@ PHF>G H? <HEHK %HF> BL ;>RHG= IARLB<:E LI:<> 'HNKG:E H?
HGM>FIHK:KR />L>:K<A BG MA> 0H<B:E 0<B>G<>L  –
P>KG>K 0  *>M<:E?>   0MHK:@> :G= <ENMM>K !BL<HNKL>L :G= IK:<MB<>L H? HK=>K
BG MA> =HF>LMB< PHKE= 'HNKG:E H? !>LB@G %BLMHKR  –
!B>G>K " "FFHGL / ):KL>G /'  $KBZG 0  1A> L:MBL?:<MBHG PBMA EB?> L<:E>
'HNKG:E H? ->KLHG:EBMR LL>LLF>GM  – =HBLCI:9
!BHG ! 0:;KB ,  $NBEE:K= 3  %HF> LP>>M F>LLR AHF> *:G:@BG@ LRF;HEB<
IHEENMBHG 'HNKG:E H? HGLNF>K />L>:K<A  – =HB
!HSB>K *"  R>KL /  3:EB=:MBHG H? MA> <ENMM>K BF:@> K:MBG@ BG HE=>K :=NEML
PBMA AH:K=BG@ =BLHK=>K &GM>KG:MBHG:E -LR<AH@>KB:MKB<L  – =HB
0
!HSB>K *"  R>KL /  1A> >MBHEH@R H? AH:K=BG@ =BLHK=>K  K>OB>P
-LR<AHI:MAHEH@R  – =HB
!NF:L '" +BLLE>R ' +HK=LMKHF  0FBMA "- -KBGS /'  )>OBG> !4 
%HF> <A:HL 0H<BH=>FH@K:IAB< I:K>GMBG@ BGM>K:<MBHG:E :G= <ABE= <HKK>E:M>L 'HNKG:E
H? EBGB<:E ABE= :G= =HE>L<>GM -LR<AHEH@R  –
#>KK:KB '/ KNF (-  -:K=H * : !><BLBHG:E IKH<K:LMBG:MBHG LL>LLBG@
<A:K:<M>KHEH@B<:E :G= <HGM>QMN:E O:KB:;E>L :KHNG= BG=><BLBHG NKK>GM -LR<AHEH@R 
– =HBLQ
#>KK:KB '/  /HLM>K   !>E:RBG@ =BLIHLBG@ "Q:FBGBG@ MA> K>E:MBHGLABI
;>MP>>G IKH<K:LMBG:MBHG :G= <ENMM>K :<KHLL @>G>K:MBHGL NKK>GM -LR<AHEH@R 
– =HBL
#>KK:KB '/ /HLM>K  KNF (-  -:K=H * ; -KH<K:LMBG:MHKL :G= <ENMM>K
G ><HEH@B<:E OB>P H? EBOBG@ PBMA >Q<>LLBO> “LMN\ NKK>GM -LR<AHEH@R  –
=HBL
#B>E=   !BL<HO>KBG@ LM:MBLMB<L NLBG@ &* 0-00 LM:MBLMB<L )HG=HG 0:@> -N;EB<:MBHGL
)M=
#KHLM /,  0M>D>M>> $  0MN\ HFINELBO> AH:K=BG@ :G= MA> F>:GBG@ H? MABG@L
+>P 5HKD %HN@AMHG *B[BG %:K<HNKM
#KHLM /, 0M>D>M>> $ 1HEBG !#  />G:N= 0  !>O>EHIF>GM :G= O:EB=:MBHG
H? MA> <ENMM>K BF:@> K:MBG@ 'HNKG:E H? -LR<AHI:MAHEH@R :G= >A:OBHK:E LL>LLF>GM
 – =HBL
$BGL;>K@ /  *>=B:MBHGL HG AHF>E>LLG>LL :G= ;>BG@ :M AHF> &G MA> ?HKF H?
: =B:EH@N> &G ;;:KGH $'* "= 1A> >MAB<L H? AHF>E>LLG>LL -ABEHLHIAB<:E
I>KLI><MBO>L 3HE  II – FLM>K=:F /H=HIB
$HLEBG@ 0!  0GHHI 4A:M RHNK LMN\ L:RL :;HNM RHN )HG=HG -KHXE> HHDL )M=
$HLEBG@ 0! (H 0' *:GG:K>EEB 1  *HKKBL *"   KHHF PBMA : <N>
->KLHG:EBMR CN=@F>GML ;:L>= HG HZ<>L :G= ;>=KHHFL 'HNKG:E H? ->KLHG:EBMR :G=
0H<B:E -LR<AHEH@R  – =HB
$HNQ !  *:NKBG "  1A> >\><M H? HO>K<KHP=>= AHNLBG@ HG <ABE=K>G’L
I>K?HKF:G<> :M L<AHHE 'HNKG:E H? -N;EB< "<HGHFB<L  –
%HEF>L 0 4AHFLE>R 0  (>EE>MM 0   ILR<AHEH@B<:E I>KLI><MBO> HG AH:K=BG@
! - $HH= -K:<MB<> $NB=>EBG>L )HG=HG 1A> KBMBLA -LR<AHEH@B<:E 0H<B>MR
1A> & ! ENMM>K .N:EBMR H? )B?> 0<:E> ?HK -KH?>LLBHG:E ,K@:GBS>KL />MKB>O>= ?KHF AMMIL
PPP<A:EE>G@BG@=BLHK@:GBS:MBHGHK@<ENMM>KJN:EBMRH?EB?>L<:E>
':<H;L (  *:EI:L '  *:M>KB:E H;C><ML B=>GMBMR :G= MA> AHF> 1HP:K=L :
K>E:MBHG:E AHNLBG@ K>L>:K<A :@>G=: %HNLBG@ 1A>HKR :G= 0H<B>MR  –
=HB
(BG@L  *HNE=BG@ /  (GB@AM 1  5HN :K> PA:M RHN HPG />OB>PBG@ MA> EBGD
;>MP>>G IHLL>LLBHGL >FHMBHG:E :MM:<AF>GM :G= MA> L>E?<HG<>IM BG AH:K=BG@ =BLHK=>K
'HNKG:E H? ,;L>LLBO> HFINELBO> :G= />E:M>= !BLHK=>KL  – =HB
CCH<K=
(E>BG> 00 (E>BG> /"  EE>G 1  %HP BL : IHLL>LLBHG “F>”HK “GHM F>”
A:K:<M>KBSBG@ MRI>L :G= :G :GM><>=>GM H? F:M>KB:E IHLL>LLBHG :MM:<AF>GM 'HNKG:E H?
HGLNF>K />L>:K<A !><>F;>K –
(K>BM<AF:GG /0 ;:= #' -HGLH=: 3 +B>MH *!  *HKBEEH !  HGMKHEEBG@
?HK K>LIHGL> ;B:L>L BG L>E?K>IHKM L<:E>L #HK<>=<AHB<> OL ILR<AHF>MKB< FH=>EBG@ H?
)BD>KM BM>FL #KHGMB>KL BG -LR<AHEH@R  =HB?ILR@ –
):LMHOB<D: ')  #>KG:G=>S (3  1AK>> I:MAL MH =BLIHLBMBHG 1A> FHO>F>GM H?
F>:GBG@?NE IHLL>LLBHGL MH LMK:G@>KL 'HNKG:E H? HGLNF>K />L>:K<A  –
=HB
)>> %%*  &G INKLNBM H? A:IIBG>LL -A>GHF>GHEH@B<:E LMN=R H? MA> (HG*:KB
=><ENMM>KBG@ F>MAH= =O:G<>L BG HGLNF>K />L>:K<A  –
)>BMA (%  %HF> BL PA>K> MA> A>:KM BL …HK BL BM ” IA>GHF>GHEH@B<:E
>QIEHK:MBHG H? MA> F>:GBG@ H? AHF> ?HK HE=>K PHF>G BG <HG@K>@:M> AHNLBG@ 'HNKG:E
H? @BG@ 0MN=B>L  – =HBCC:@BG@
)V?@K>G ,  *>LL ,G =HF>LMB< HO>KYHPL HGLNFIMBHG *:KD>ML :G= NEMNK>
 – =HB
*:EE>MM 0  2G=>KLM:G=BG@ AHF>  <KBMB<:E K>OB>P H? MA> EBM>K:MNK> 0H<BHEH@B<:E
/>OB>P  –
*< :KMAR   ENMM>K :G= <EH==>K 0H<B:E 1>QM  – =HB

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1A> ?>:MNK>L =B\>K>GMB:MBG@ AH:K=BG@ =BLHK=>K ?KHF GHKF:MBO> <HEE><MBG@
HFIK>A>GLBO> -LR<AB:MKR  – =HBC<HFIILR<A
,F:K ", "G=NM "  0:KNPHGH *  ->KLHG:EBL:MBHG H? MA> AHF> -KH<>=B: 
0H<B:E :G= >A:OBHK:E 0<B>G<>L  – =HBCL;LIKH
,L;HKG> '4  !:M: <E>:GBG@ ;:LB<L >LM IK:<MB<>L BG =>:EBG@ PBMA >QMK>F> 0<HK>L
+>P;HKG :G= &G?:GM +NKLBG@ />OB>PL  – =HB
CG:BGK
-:K>GM *   %:G=EBG@ BM>FE>O>E FBLLBG@ =:M: 0BFIE>K BL CNLM :L @HH= 1A>
HNGL>EBG@ -LR<AHEH@BLM  – =HB
->KUS)HIUS / K:@HGUL '&  FUKB@H *  1ABG LEB<>L H? <HFI>M>G<> :G=
P:KFMA OB: I>KLHG:EBS>= IKBF:KR LI:<>L -LR><HEH@R  –
-HMML 1  1B=R AHNL> MB=R FBG= +HGANF:G :@>G<R BG MA> AH:K=BG@ LBMN:MBHG
0N;C><MBOBMR  – =HBLN;
/H:G> !* ):G=>KL  0A>KK:MM '  4BELHG $0  %H:K=BG@ BG MA> >E=>KER
 <KBMB<:E K>OB>P H? MA> K><>GM EBM>K:MNK> &GM>KG:MBHG:E -LR<AH@>KB:MKB<L 
– =HB0
/H@>KL    MA>HKR H? MA>K:IR I>KLHG:EBMR :G= BGM>KI>KLHG:E K>E:MBHGLABIL :L
=>O>EHI>= BG MA> <EB>GM<>GM>K>= ?K:F>PHKD &G (H<A 0 "= -LR<AHEH@R  LMN=R H?
: L<B>G<> 3HE  +>P 5HKD *<$K:P %BEE #HKFNE:MBHGL H? MA> I>KLHG :G= MA> LH<B:E
<HGM>QM
/HLM>K   “%>EI & A:O> MHH FN<A LMN\” "QMK>F> IHLL>LLBHG :MM:<AF>GM :G=
-KH?>LLBHG:E ,K@:GBS>KL 'HNKG:E H? HGLNF>K \:BKL  – =HB
CH<:
/HLM>K  #>KK:KB '/  'NKD:M *-  1A> =:KD LB=> H? AHF> LL>LLBG@
IHLL>LLBHG “<ENMM>K”HG LN;C><MBO> P>EE;>BG@ 'HNKG:E H? "GOBKHGF>GM:E -LR<AHEH@R
 – =HBCC>GOI
0:Q;> !"  />I>MMB /)  +H IE:<> EBD> AHF> %HF> MHNKL <HKK>E:M> PBMA =:BER
I:MM>KGL H? FHH= :G= <HKMBLHE ->KLHG:EBMR :G= 0H<B:E -LR<AHEH@R NEE>MBG 
–
0<:GG>EE )  $B\HK= /  !>XGBG@ IE:<> :MM:<AF>GM  MKBI:KMBM> HK@:GBSBG@
?K:F>PHKD 'HNKG:E H? "GOBKHGF>GM:E -LR<AHEH@R  – =HB
CC>GOI
0<AHK '  1A> HO>KPHKD>= F>KB<:G 1A> NG>QI><M>= =><EBG> H? E>BLNK> +>P
5HKD :LB<HHDL
0<AKB>LA>BF   %BEE (!  HGMKHEEBG@ :<JNB>L<>G<> K>LIHGL> ;B:L ;R BM>F
K>O>KL:EL 1A> >\><M HG JN>LMBHGG:BK> O:EB=BMR "=N<:MBHG:E :G= -LR<AHEH@B<:E
*>:LNK>F>GM  – =HB
0>:FHG !   @>H@K:IAR H? MA> EB?>PHKE= *HO>F>GM K>LM :G= >G<HNGM>K )HG=HG
KHHF %>EF
0>EB@F:G *"-  #EHNKBLA  OBLBHG:KR G>P NG=>KLM:G=BG@ H? A:IIBG>LL :G=
P>EE;>BG@ +>P 5HKD 0BFHG  0<ANLM>K
0A>GD ! (NP:A:K: (  6:;EHMLDR !  ,E=>K PHF>G’L :MM:<AF>GML MH MA>BK
AHF> :G= IHLL>LLBHGL 'HNKG:E H? @BG@ 0MN=B>L  – =HB
CC:@BG@
0B@FHG 01 4ABM<HF; 0/  0GR=>K /  -LR<AHEH@B<:E AHF> &G #BLA>K
1 0HGG    BLAHI ' "=L -LR<AHEH@B<:E L>GL> H? <HFFNGBMR />L>:K<A
:IIEB<:MBHGL :G= BFIEB<:MBHGL II – +>P 5HKD -E>GNF -N;EBLA>KL
0BG +)  )RN;HFBKLDR 0  "GA:G<BG@ P>EE;>BG@ :G= :EE>OB:MBG@ =>IK>LLBO>
LRFIMHFL PBMA IHLBMBO> ILR<AHEH@R BGM>KO>GMBHGL  IK:<MB<>?KB>G=ER F>M::G:ERLBL
'HNKG:E H? EBGB<:E -LR<AHEH@R  – =HBC<EI
0MNFI? - %:K:   /H<A: #)  %H:K=BG@ =BLHK=>K  K>OB>P $>KB:MKB<L
$>KHGMHEH@R :G= @BG@  – =HB6
0P:G ) 1:REHK 0  %:KI>K /  *:DBG@ IE:<> ?HK <ENMM>K :G= HMA>K B=>:L H?
AHF>  * 1K:GL:<MBHGL HG HFINM>K%NF:G &GM>K:<MBHG  – =HB

1A:<A>K - ,GRI>K 0  1NMABEE '  !><ENMM>KBG@ MA> ;>=KHHF :L : IHLLB;E> LE>>I
AR@B>G> LM>I MH BFIKHO> LE>>I JN:EBMR 0E>>I LNIIE9 – =HB
LE>>ICSLQ
1HEBG !# #KHLM /, 0M>D>M>> $ $K:R (!  #BM<A ("  1A> ><HGHFB< :G=
LH<B:E ;NK=>G H? <HFINELBO> AH:K=BG@ -LR<AB:MKR />L>:K<A  –
2R '- $HE=>G;>K@ ! 1:LACB:G 0* !H (1  $:EOTG   -ARLB<:E AHF>
>GOBKHGF>GM BL :LLH<B:M>= PBMA IK>?KHGM:E <HKMB<:E MAB<DG>LL BG :=HE>L<>GML
!>O>EHIF>GM:E 0<B>G<>  – =HB=>L<
3:KM:GB:G )/ (>KG:G (*  4:GLBGD   ENMM>K <A:HL :G= HO>K<HGLNFIMBHG
"GOBKHGF>GM :G= >A:OBHK  – =HB
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