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Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. ex Kurz Apocynaceae
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Rauvolfia serpentina is a cosmopolitan in tropical habitats with more concentration in the
tropics of Africa, Asia and America. Higher diversity has been recorded from the Indian
Sub-continent region, especially around the gangetic plain areas. In Nepal, its distribution
stretches from East to West up to an altitude of 900 m asl. Genetic resources are currently facing tremendous threats due to increased anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, habitat alteration and unsustainable harvesting for trade. A forest gene bank concept in which large range of gene sources is purposely put together is adapted to conserve genetic resources of the Rauvolfia serpentina plant. To enrich our knowledge regarding the natural habitat of the species, literature review, visit to the herbarium centre and field visits were preformed. All accumulated data was subjected to DIVA GIS to plot a predictive map of the plant habitat based on climate and altitude. The map depicts western Terai to be a safe zone for this species. Sinks and source area for the gene conservation concept revealed Bishnupur (Bardiya District) and Vajni (Kailali District) sites to be the sink areas, while other 34 sites as the source areas.
Keywords: conservation, germplasm, gene pool, policies, economic importance
Rauvolfia spp., also known as devil peppers, are a group of evergreen shrubs and trees. Among the ~ 76 various species, Rauvolfia serpentina is the most important one as it finds its use as an important medicinal plant. It is commonly known as the Indian snakeroot plant or Sarpagandha. The plant is rich in multiple secondary metabolites. Some of the well-known secondary metabolites are reserpine, ajmaline, ajmalicine, serpentine, yohimbine, etc. Alkaloids are also found in all parts of the plant but the richest sources are the roots. Since ancient times, roots (mainly due to reserpine) have been utilized in various Ayurvedic and Unani medicinal preparations for the treatment of diseases like hypertension, anxiety, insomnia and schizophrenia. Apart from this, there are many other pharmacological and ethnobotanical uses of this plant. There are a number of published reports regarding tissue culture techniques on Rauvolfia spp. The current review mainly illustrates and discusses the various in vitro biotechnological aspects such as direct regeneration, indirect regeneration via callus formation, somatic embryogenesis, synthetic seed production, hairy root culture, polyploidy induction and secondary metabolite estimation, which provides significant ideas regarding the ongoing research activities and future prospects related to the genetic improvement of this genus.
A comprehensive compilation is provided of the medicinal plants of the Southeast Asian country of Myanmar (formerly Burma). This contribution, containing 123 families, 367 genera, and 472 species, was compiled from earlier treatments, monographs, books, and pamphlets, with some medicinal uses and preparations translated from Burmese to English. The entry for each species includes the Latin binomial, author(s), common Myanmar and English names, range, medicinal uses and preparations, and additional notes. Of the 472 species, 63 or 13% of them have been assessed for conservation status and are listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN 2017). Two species are listed as Extinct in the Wild, four as Threatened (two Endangered, two Vulnerable), two as Near Threatened, 48 Least Concerned, and seven Data Deficient. Botanic gardens worldwide hold 444 species (94%) within their living collections, while 28 species (6%) are not found any botanic garden. Preserving the traditional knowledge of Myanmar healers contributes to Target 13 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation.
Background:
Traditional knowledge on ethnomedicinal plant is slowly eroding. The exploration, identification and documentation on utilization of ethnobotanic resources are essential for restoration and preservation of ethnomedicinal knowledge about the plants and conservation of these species for greater interest of human society.
Methods:
The study was conducted at fringe areas of Chilapatta Reserve Forest in the foothills of the eastern sub-Himalayan mountain belts of West Bengal, India, from December 2014 to May 2016. Purposive sampling method was used for selection of area. From this area which is inhabited by aboriginal community of Indo-Mongoloid origin, 400 respondents including traditional medicinal practitioners were selected randomly for personal interview schedule through open-ended questionnaire. The questionnaire covered aspects like plant species used as ethnomedicines, plant parts used, procedure for dosage and therapy.
Results:
A total number of 140 ethnomedicinal species was documented, in which the tree species (55) dominated the lists followed by herbs (39) and shrubs (30). Among these total planted species used for ethnomedicinal purposes, 52 species were planted, 62 species growing wild or collected from the forest for use and 26 species were both wild and planted. The present study documented 61 more planted species as compared to 17 planted species documented in an ethnomedicinal study a decade ago. The documented species were used to treat 58 human diseases/ailments including nine species used to eight diseases/ailments of domestic animals. Stomach-related problems were treated by maximum number of plants (40 species) followed by cuts and wounds with 27 plant species and least with one species each for 17 diseases or ailments. Maximum number of 12 diseases/ailments was cured by Melia azedarach followed by Centella asiatica and Rauvolfia serpentina which were used to cure 11 diseases/ailments each.
Conclusions:
The list of 140 plant species indicates that the Chilapatta Reserve Forest and its fringe areas are rich in biodiversity of ethnobotanical plant species. Rauvolfia serpentina were the most valuable species in terms of its maximal use with higher use value. The documentation of 78 species maintained in the home gardens indicates the community consciousness on the conservation values of these ethnobotanical species. The communities should be encouraged with improved cultivation techniques of commercially viable ethnobotanical species through capacity building, timely policy intervention along with strong market linkage. This will ensure income generation and livelihood improvement and ultimate conservation of these species.
Rauwolfia serpentina is reported in an Ayurvedic medicinal system for centuries, for the treatment of various ailments such as snakebites, insomnia, hypertension, and insanity. Scientific evaluation of these documents can be valuable for finding new potential use in neurological disorders. The work presents the brief overview of R. serpentina including a description of the plant, its active chemical constituents and pharmacological properties with the major emphasis on cardiovascular and central nervous system disorders. This review compiles information available in the scientific literature from databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, India bioscience.org, Herbs - Medicinal plant usage and Identification Database, Database on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda and Siddha, Missouri Botanical Garden, National Medicinal Plants Board, and the International Plant Names Index. Information gathered from the literature has shown that the alkaloids are the major constituents of the plant imparting various pharmacological properties. Reserpine, the Indole alkaloid, is the most active compound of R. serpentine. The plant is known to possess antidiarrheal, antimicrobial activity apart from using it for the treatment of circulatory disorders, rheumatism, hypertension, insanity, epilepsy, and leaves are used in the removal of opacities of the cornea. Research shows that R. serpentine is a potential source of compounds pertaining medicinal applications. It provides an interesting subject in the search for new drugs of natural origin.
Plants are commonly known by their local names in every part of the world. These local names play a very important role in ethnobotanical study of a specific tribe or region. Local names given to plants by indigenous people in their local dialects often reflect a broad spectrum of information on their understanding of plants. Most often, the local names are given based on some salient features, e.g. appearance, shape, size, habit, habitat, smell, taste, colour, utility, and other peculiar character, etc of the plants. These practical, meaningful, easily understandable and rememberable local names are disappearing rapidly along with the culture and tradition of the tribal group of our country. Therefore, it must be recorded, preserved and documented before lost forever. In the paper, about 100 plants of Garhwal, Kumaun and Bhoxar area of Uttarakhand have been given in alphabetical order with their family followed by local names including their meaning in English along with detail reason / basis for the naming of the plants.
Bangladesh is a deltaic country with about 150 large and small rivers flowing through various sections of the country. Due to absence or lack of access to modern medical facilities, the people residing in villages adjoining the river banks rely mostly on folk medicinal practitioners for their primary health-care needs. We conducted an ethnomedicinal survey among the folk medicinal practitioners (Kavirajes) of Rahmatpur village (beside the Ghaghot river, Rangpur district), Narshe, Koobtola, Fakhirpara, Mazipara, Kothubpoor, Bethdangha, Chondhonpara, and Mothurapara villages (beside the Bangali river, Bogra district) and the villages of Narayanpur, Kalidaskhali, Durduria, Khayarhat, Alaipur, and Bagha (beside the Padma river, Rajshahi district). The objective of the study was to analyze whether differences exist in the use of medicinal plants for treatment of various ailments among the Kavirajes of villages adjoining the three different rivers. Interviews were conducted with the help of a semi-structured questionnaire and the guided-field walk method. Plant specimens were identified at the Bangladesh National Herbarium. We did not find any appreciable differences in the total number of medicinal plants used in the three areas of survey. The Kavirajes by the Ghaghot river used 48 medicinal plants distributed into 33 families, which is nearly the same with 50 medicinal plants distributed into 33 families used by the Kavirajes of Bangali river villages, and 54 plants distributed into 40 families used by the Kavirajes of Padma river villages. However, considerable differences existed in the selection and use of plants for treatment of various ailments. Out of a total of 125 plant species obtained from the three survey areas, only two plants - Heliotropium indicum and Piper longum were commonly used by Kavirajes in all three survey areas, and even then they were used to treat different ailments. The use of plant parts also differed considerably between the three survey areas. Whole plants accounted for 10.3% of total use at Ghaghat versus 25.9% at Bangali and 7.9% use at Padma river adjoining villages. Use of stems of medicinal plants comprised 17.2% of total use at Ghaghot, while at Bangali and Padma river adjoining villages, the figures were, respectively, 6.2% and 0. The ailments treated also varied considerably, with more plants being used for ethnoveterinary purposes observed in Bangali river adjoining villages. The considerable differences between use of plants cannot be attributed to climate conditions and absence of any given plant species in any given area. All 125 plant species noted in the present survey were present in all three survey areas. Interviews conducted with the Kavirajes indicated that the observed variations in plant use may result from an individual Kavirajes' experimentation with plants and then confining the experimentally gained knowledge to himself, which is closely guarded and only passed from generation to generation within the immediate family.
Rauvofia serpentina Benth. ex Kurz (Apocynaceae) is a highly important medicinal plant growing in the terai belts of Nepal. This plant is facing a high threat from various kinds of poachers in the wild due to improper ways of collection as well as almost no conservation strategy. In the present study, we have identified the way for rapid in vitro multiplication of this species using tissue culture technique as an effective tool for ex situ conservation. In this study, MS medium along with BAP and NAA alone or in combinations at different concentrations have given successful results in producing callus, multiple adventitious shoots both from callus and nodes and multiple roots from both callus as well as nodes. The in vitro as well as ex vitro rooting of the micro shoots have been achieved. The rooted seedlings have been successfully acclimatized. The best media for shoot multiplication from the node and callus cultures have been identified as MS + NAA 0.5 + BAP 0.5 ppm and MS + BAP 2.0 ppm, respectively. For rooting in and ex vitro, NAA has been found to be the best among auxins. For callus induction all the auxins specially NAA 1.0 ppm and 2,4-D 2.0 ppm have been found to be the best.
Keywords: Micropropagation; Rauvolfia serpentina; In vitro rooting; Pulse treatment and acclimatization.
DOI: 10.3126/sw.v6i6.2635
Scientific World, Vol. 6, No. 6, July 2008 58-62
Nearly 80 % of the global population still depends upon the herbal drugs for their health care. There has been an increase demand for the pharmaceutical products of Ayurveda in all over the world because of fact that the allopathic drugs have a side effect. In the present context the Ayurvedic system of medicine is widely accepted and practiced by peoples no only in India but also in the developed countries-such as Europe, USA, Japan, China, Canada etc. Plant based therapy are marked due to its low cost, easy availability based on generation to generation knowledge. However, over commercial exploitation of these plant products and frequent degradation of natural resources are reported to be major threats to medicinal plants in India. The aim of the present review is to understand the knowledge of plants used for Ayurvedic preparations in relation to their use as therapeutic agents, pharmacological properties, medicinal plants being imported; medicinal plant parts being exported, endangered medicinal plants and availability of medicinal plants in different bio-geographical zones of India so that the data and information of this review could be utilized in drawing strategies for rational and more scientific use of medicinal plants in a way that can be extended for future scientific investigation in different aspects. The development of this traditional Indian system of medicines with perspectives of safety, efficacy and quality will help not only to preserve this traditional heritage but also to rationalize the use of natural products in health care without side effects.
For propagule development 15 cm cuttings from different regions of 1.5-2 years old plants of Rauvolfia serpentina Benth. were used. Root formation and successful propagule development from cuttings of root, stem and root-stem junction were 62, 42 and 78%, respectively. IBA, NAA and 2,4-D at low concentrations stimulated root formation and propagule development from stem cuttings. 2,4-D at 5 ppm had the highest positive impact on root formation and propagule development (100%), followed by IBA (83% at 50 ppm) and NAA (66% at 10 ppm). IBA and NAA in combination had little positive effect on rootings. R. serpentina revealed better growth activities under double or triple doses NPK, especially under increased N nutrition. Crude alkaloid contents of the roots increased significantly only under the increased N level. Increase of N, P and K all at a time, however, had little impact on alkaloid contents of roots.
The communication deals with ethno-medicinally important plants of Meche community, residing in Jhapa district, Eastern Nepal. 64 species belonging to 29 dicots, 3-monocot families including 1 fern have been found to be used.
The present ethnobotanical investigation has been carried out into the Mandi ethnic communities of 32 villages of seven upazillas of Dhaka and Sylhet Divisions in Bangladesh. A total of 109 plant species belonging to 59 plant families were found to be used by the communities to treat 38 common human diseases, in ethnoveterinary practices, for pest control, as food, and also to perform rituals, taboos and hunting. Key words: Ethnobotany, Ethnic community, Mandi, Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjpt.v14i2.532 Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 14(2): 129-145, 2007 (December)
Nepal Himalayas have been known as a rich source for valuable medicinal plants since Vedic periods. Present work is the documentation of indigenous knowledge on plant utilization as natural remedy by the inhabitants of terai forest in Western Nepal.
Study was conducted during 2010-2011 following standard ethnobotanical methods. Data about medicinal uses of plants were collected by questionnaire, personal interview and group discussion with pre identified informants. Voucher specimens were collected with the help of informants, processed into herbarium following standard methods, identified with the help of pertinent floras and taxonomic experts, and submitted in Department of Botany, Butwal Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal for future references.
During the present study 66 medicinal plant species belonging to 37 families and 60 genera has been documented. These plants were used to treat various diseases and ailments grouped under 11 disease categories, with the highest number of species (41) being used for gastro-intestinal disorders, followed by dermatological disorders (34). In the study area the informants' consensus about usages of medicinal plants ranges from 0.93 to 0.97 with an average value of 0.94. Herbs (53%) were the primary source of medicine, followed by trees (23%). Curcuma longa (84%) and Azadirachta indica (76%) are the most frequently and popularly used medicinal plant species in the study area. Acacia catechu, Bacopa monnieri, Bombax ceiba, Drymaria diandra, Rauvolfia serpentina, and Tribulus terrestris are threatened species which needs to be conserved for future use.
The high degree of consensus among the informants suggests that current use and knowledge are still strong, and thus the preservation of today's knowledge shows good foresight in acting before much has been lost. The connections between plant use and conservation are also important ones, especially as the authors note that neither the local inhabitants nor the government is addressing the potential loss of valuable species in this region.
A sensitive and reproducible reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method using photodiode array detection is established for the simultaneous quantitation of important root alkaloids of Rauvolfia serpentina, namely, reserpine, ajmaline, and ajmalicine. A Chromolith Performance RP-18e column (100 x 4.6-mm i.d.) and a binary gradient mobile phase composed of 0.01 M (pH 3.5) phosphate buffer (NaH(2)PO(4)) containing 0.5% glacial acetic acid and acetonitrile are used. Analysis is run at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with the detector operated at a wavelength of 254 nm. The calibration curves are linear over a concentration range of 1-20 microg/mL (r = 1.000) for all the alkaloids. The various other aspects of analysis (i.e., peak purity, similarity, recovery, and repeatability) are also validated. For the three components, the recoveries are found to be 98.27%, 97.03%, and 98.38%, respectively. The limits of detection are 6, 4, and 8 microg/mL for ajmaline, ajmalicine, and reserpine, respectively, and the limits of quantitation are 19, 12, and 23 microg/mL for ajmaline, ajmalicine, and reserpine, respectively. The developed method is simple, reproducible, and easy to operate. It is useful for the evaluation of R. serpentina.
Rauwolfia serpentina is an Indian medicinal plant and is a safe and effective treatment for poisonous reptiles. The plant was used by many physicians throughout India in the 1940s and then was used throughout the world in the 1950, including in the United States and Canada. It fell out of popularity when adverse side effects, including depression and cancer, become associated with it. In this review we focus on the use of Rauwolfia and treatment for many diseases, its botany, chemistry and mode of action with special emphasis on the plants role in treating high blood pressure and hypertension, and also critically examining its adverse side effects, toxicology and carcinogenicity.
Rauwolfia serpentina (Apocynaceae) is used among rural Indian communities to treat arthritis, skin cancer, burns, eczema, psoriasis, digestive problems, high blood pressure, sedative and diabetes, despite very little supporting scientific evidence. Due to increased interest by both the scientific community and industry regarding the medicinal uses of this plant species, we identified, quantified and compared the phytochemical contents and antioxidant capacities of extracts of Rauwolfia serpentina. Apart from extensively characterizing this medicinal plant with regards to its organic acid, polyphenols/phenolic acid, alcohol, aldehyde, ketone, alkane, pyrimidine, indole, alkaloid, phytosterol, fatty acid and dicarboxylic acid contents and antioxidant capacities, we describe a modified extraction procedure for the purpose of general phytochemical characterization, and compare this to a aqueous ethanol extraction technique. From the results it is clear that Rauwolfia serpentina contains a variety of compounds with confirmed antioxidant capacity and other putative health benefits relating to the prevention or treatment of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer and hypertension. The results also indicate that separate extractions of the Leaf extracts, better serve for general phytochemical characterization purposes, hence justifying its use for biological in vivo efficacy studies.
Alstonine, serpentine and sempervirine, when used at appropriate concentrations cure a relatively important proportion of BALB/C mice inoculated with transplantable YC8 lymphoma ascites cells, as well as Swiss mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. The development of some solid tumors was only partially prevented. However, when one alkaloid was administered in association with either 5-FU, daunorubicin, 1-(2-chloroethyl) nitrosourea (CCNU) or cyclophospahmide (CP) to mice bearing either ascites carcinoma cells or solid tumors, a high rate of cure was obtained without toxicity. The role of the three alkaloids in the curing of mice and prevention of carcinogenesis is discussed.Copyright © 1986 S. Karger AG, Basel
The root of the Rauwolfia serpentina Benth (N. O. Apocyanaciae) has been in use in India for hundreds of years for a host of unrelated ailments. Since 1949, after the English publication of a clinical report by the author on Rauwolfia serpentina therapy in fifty cases of essential hypertension, the plant has gained universal acclamation as a useful therapeutic weapon in high blood pressure states. The whole subject of Rauwolfia serpentina therapy in hypertension has been reviewed up to the present time, including discussions on the history of the plant, its various species and types, nomenclature, geographic distribution, chemistry, pharmacologic actions and clinical studies, reported on the subject from all over the world.
Rauvolfia serpentina (L). Benth. ex Kurz. (Apocynaceae) has long being used in India for the treatment of snakebites and mental illness. It also controls hypertension and reduces blood pressure. The present review deals with the enormous amount of studies undertaken in different aspects of this plant in the areas of tissue culture, phytochemistry, pharmacology, molecular biology, chromosomal constituents, morpho-taxonomy, medicine and ethnobotany.
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