![Various layers of green roof Based on vegetation and substrate layer two types of green roofs exist-intensive as well as extensive. Intensive green roofs have substrate depth >15-20 cm, more plant varieties, water retention capacity, capital costs, heavy weight and installed at the slope of nearly 10 0 , whereas extensive roofs shows a shallow depth with substrate layer <15 cm of low capital cost and low weight. Extensive roofs are more common compare to intensive roofs [26]. Extensive roofs are best mean to control air pollution and managing air flow and heat passage in high story buildings and should be promoted by the government [27]. However, when these two roofs are compared with conventional roof, it was reported that growth medium plays a significant role in energy reduction and thermal conductivity [28]. The plant selection in response to local climate is an important step for green roofing as it maintain the environment with its healthy and clean look [29]. Some of the Vegetation based on soil depth of 0-5 cm includes Sedum album, Sedum lineare, Sedum kamtschaticum, Portulaca grandiflora, Aptenia cordifolia, Polytrichum commune (acrocarpous moss), Cladonia spp. (lichen), Danthonia spicata (bunchgrass) and Euphorbia antisyphilitica; ornamentals such as Rudbeckia, Helictotrichon and Dianthus. The vegetation suitable for 5-10 cm depth are wildflower meadows, drought resistant plants like Abelia, Ceanothus, Euphorbia characias, grasses, alpines, perennials, and small bulbs like Allium pulchellum, A. flavum; and that suited for 10-20 cm depth includes, bulbs, wild flowers, grasses, annuals, low or medium perennials of dry habitats [26]. The extensive green roof system planted with Sedum species stores high amount of carbon compare to aboveground biomass [30]. The life cycle assessment (LCA), life cycle CO2 (LCCO2), life cycle cost (LCC), energy, air purification and thermal performance of green roof reveals that sedum species and grasses, artificial soil and grasses were considered better in LCCO2 and LCC in terms of investment and maintenance costs [31]. The roofs covered with dry clay soil and clay soil with 40% moisture having thickness up to 900mm, along with average foliage height of 505 mm shows a significant decrease in roof thermal transfer value (RTTV) and daily thermal flux in warm months compare to bare roofs, respectively [32]. Thick soil substrate, less dense soil and moisture content are important factors increasing energy saving potential of green roofs [33]. The functioning of green roofs requires an understanding of growth media, soil biota, plant selection, and community-ecosystem interaction [34]. Along with these the construction materials, are also a major constraint in managing temperature in hot and cold seasons for green roofing [35]. The roof underlined with reactive material Polonite prepared from calciferous bedrock opoka containing CaO has potentiality in reducing phosphorus outflow from green roof substrate thus saving roofs from deterioration [36]. A waterproofing elastomeric polymer membrane mixed with bitumen, plastomeric or even elastoplastomeric membranes, an anti-root barrier, a protection layer made of geotextiles and geogrids or polystyrene, a drainage layer, a filter layer containing granular material in form of pozzolana, lapilli, pumice, pearlite, expanded clay, slate, and broken bricks, substrate with mineral materials like zeolite,](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sandeep-Pandey-8/publication/348606771/figure/fig1/AS:981766718365696@1611082834454/Fig-1-Various-layers-of-green-roof-Based-on-vegetation-and-substrate-layer-two-types-of_Q320.jpg)
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SIGNIFICANCE OF GREEN ROOFS IN THE CHANGING
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
Sandeep Pandey*1, Archana Kushwaha*2, Hema Pandey*3,
Arpita Patel*4, Priya Gupta*5
*1Center for Botany, SEB, APS University, Rewa (M.P.)-486003
*2,3,4,5 M.Phil Scholar, Center for Botany, SEB, APS University, Rewa (M.P.)-486003
Corresponding author: Sandeep Pandey
ABSTRACT
Green roofs have emerged as an alternative in mitigating outdoor thermal environment, reducing air
pollution, minimizing noise and enhancing green stock of the nature. The technology is beneficial as it
helps in the proper regulation of carbon cycle and managing greenhouse gases, slowing down energy
consumptions, along with light and thermal defects in the environment. Besides, these structure also
contribute in managing stormwater runoff and increasing lifespan of roof membranes. The installation of
green roof for minimizing the impact of urbanization is based on historical climatology, and geographical
conditions of the region. This paper emphasizes new innovations and researches on green roofing
technology, mainly its designing and management, along with improvement and exploring new concepts
for a safer environment and public health.
Keywords- green innovation, green roofs, energy conservation, carbon management.
I. INTRODUCTION
Anthropogenic activities are causing deleterious impact on environmental components and functioning
resulting depletion of natural resources, air and water pollution. The increasing complexities and
problems are deteriorating our Earth’s natural systems [1]. The land degradation is resulting biodiversity
loss and declining the well-being of human population [2]. The urban system and their interrelation with
the changing environment need special focus regarding structuring and reshaping of society and
environment [3]. In order to achieve sustainable wilderness the conservation technique requires new
innovation and strategies [4]. The carbon accounting analyses, GHG emission along with ecological
monitoring are more relevant in assessing the impacts of climate changes [5, 6]. The green property
project including passive designing like low E-window, wall insulation and solar heating appliances has
also emerged as a potential option for the changing environment [7]. Estimating carbon footprints,
carbon sequestration [8, 9], domestication, certification, REED schemes for regenerating wilderness [10]
and strategies to enhance carbon stocks [11] should be wisely adopted to resolve environmental
complexities. However, to restore sustainable ecosystem and carbon stock the emphasis should be on
new green innovations and techniques.
In past few decade, the popularity of green buildings as environmental restoration techniques has
increased in urban areas to mitigate climate deterioration [12]. The Buildings portion consumes 40% of
global energy and the roofs considered as ‘building envelope’ helps in maintaining indoor temperature,
mainly in summer and winter season [13].The green roof technology has emerged as a better solution to
combat urbanization providing aesthetical and environmental benefits [14]. They not only minimize
energy consumption of buildings but also provide thermal comfort [15] along with ehancing ecological
and landscape value of the community [16] and countering the adversity of urbanization and
industrialization [17]. These structure are well suited for energy efficient urban areas to control CO2
emissions, noise pollution, regulate building temperature, maintenance and energy costs, and improving
building life [18].
Practice of Green roofs dates back thousands of years. According to available evidences the mausoleums
of Augustus and Hadrian were the first to adopt these practices [19]. Ziggurats of ancient Mesopotamia
were the oldest roof garden, built in 4th millennium [20]. The Romans use to plant trees on top of the
buildings. The city of Genoa earned fame for steeply terraced green roof gardens during Renaissance. In
17th century Kremlin city in Russia, favors hanging gardens and up to20thcentury, green roofs were
established in many countries [19]. Various studies emphasized on documenting, safeguarding and
tracking these historical structures as an important elements of the sustainable development and
preserving its natural value for countering climate changes in the urban areas [21,22,23]. The technology
interrelated to natural science and engineering requires many more research especially in drier regions
of the world [24].
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II. DESIGNING GREEN ROOFS
Green roofs technology mainly aimed for stress free environment maintaining summer heat and
warmness in winter. The plant species selection and in some cases the horticultural crops are highly
preferred however, avoiding use of toxic chemicals, over irrigation and nutrient enriched runoff water are
also advisable for these structures [25].
Fig.-1: Various layers of green roof
Based on vegetation and substrate layer two types of green roofs exist- intensive as well as extensive.
Intensive green roofs have substrate depth >15–20 cm, more plant varieties, water retention capacity,
capital costs, heavy weight and installed at the slope of nearly 100, whereas extensive roofs shows a
shallow depth with substrate layer <15 cm of low capital cost and low weight. Extensive roofs are more
common compare to intensive roofs [26]. Extensive roofs are best mean to control air pollution and
managing air flow and heat passage in high story buildings and should be promoted by the government
[27]. However, when these two roofs are compared with conventional roof, it was reported that growth
medium plays a significant role in energy reduction and thermal conductivity [28].
The plant selection in response to local climate is an important step for green roofing as it maintain the
environment with its healthy and clean look [29]. Some of the Vegetation based on soil depth of 0–5 cm
includes Sedum album, Sedum lineare, Sedum kamtschaticum, Portulaca grandiflora, Aptenia cordifolia,
Polytrichum commune (acrocarpous moss), Cladonia spp. (lichen), Danthonia spicata (bunchgrass) and
Euphorbia antisyphilitica; ornamentals such as Rudbeckia, Helictotrichon and Dianthus. The vegetation
suitable for 5-10 cm depth are wildflower meadows, drought resistant plants like Abelia, Ceanothus,
Euphorbia characias, grasses, alpines, perennials, and small bulbs like Allium pulchellum, A. flavum; and
that suited for 10–20 cm depth includes, bulbs, wild flowers, grasses, annuals, low or medium perennials
of dry habitats [26]. The extensive green roof system planted with Sedum species stores high amount of
carbon compare to aboveground biomass [30]. The life cycle assessment (LCA), life cycle CO2 (LCCO2),
life cycle cost (LCC), energy, air purification and thermal performance of green roof reveals that sedum
species and grasses, artificial soil and grasses were considered better in LCCO2 and LCC in terms of
investment and maintenance costs [31].
The roofs covered with dry clay soil and clay soil with 40% moisture having thickness up to 900mm,
along with average foliage height of 505 mm shows a significant decrease in roof thermal transfer value
(RTTV) and daily thermal flux in warm months compare to bare roofs, respectively [32]. Thick soil
substrate, less dense soil and moisture content are important factors increasing energy saving potential
of green roofs [33].
The functioning of green roofs requires an understanding of growth media, soil biota, plant selection, and
community-ecosystem interaction [34]. Along with these the construction materials, are also a major
constraint in managing temperature in hot and cold seasons for green roofing [35]. The roof underlined
with reactive material Polonite prepared from calciferous bedrock opoka containing CaO has potentiality
in reducing phosphorus outflow from green roof substrate thus saving roofs from deterioration [36]. A
waterproofing elastomeric polymer membrane mixed with bitumen, plastomeric or even elasto-
plastomeric membranes, an anti-root barrier, a protection layer made of geotextiles and geogrids or
polystyrene, a drainage layer, a filter layer containing granular material in form of pozzolana, lapilli,
pumice, pearlite, expanded clay, slate, and broken bricks, substrate with mineral materials like zeolite,
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[645]
vermiculite, peat and broken bricks that show slow density, higher porosity and draining capacity and
good root ventilations should be preferred [26].
III. BENEFITS OF GREEN ROOFS
Green roof helps in reduction of nearly half of the temperature during hot seasons in sub-tropics [35].
They are sustainable alternative of conventional roof providing benefits in their functional phase [37].
The structure helps in management and retention of storm generated from rainfall runoff water. It was
reported that roofs with green vegetation have more potential in retaining rainwater compare to gravel.
The roof slope and media depth helps in minimizing runoff quantity by increasing time duration than
actual rainfall [38].Green roof shows energy efficiency reducing cooling load and heating load of the
buildings in summer and winter season respectively [16]. Green roofs affects thermal performance
minimizing heat flow and heat energy of the buildings especially in winter season [39]. It keeps indoor air
cool, enhances air quality and helps in noise conservation [40]. Green roofs are best sources of passive
cooling controlling solar radiation and reducing winter heating. Thus before designing these roofs cost-
effectiveness should be assessed properly [41]. Beside these the technology is beneficial for urban
agriculture as it generate formal space, water use and ground-level resources for the growers [42].
It has been reported that extensive green roofs acts as sinks for C, N, P but temporally source of C and P
and also act as sinks for heavy metals. They play a little role in managing runoff pollution [43].The utility
of vegetative rooftops investigated by urban canopy and ARW model reported mitigation of global
warming and increasing urban sprawl by enhancing albedo and evapotranspiration, along with
decreasing urban temperatures. This result changes in the lake-breeze circulation, decreasing pollutants
and natural cooling in the urban areas during warmest hours [44]. The roof vegetation absorbs dust and
smog, helps in carbon sequestration, Oxygen and food production, providing natural habitat for plants
and animals. They regulate photosynthesis by sequestering carbon in plants and soils, decreasing ambient
carbon dioxide concentrations and indirectly reducing CO2 emission from furnaces and power plants,
causing heating and cooling, with prolonged environmental benefits [45]. The green roofs help to mitigate
the rise in temperature in cities due to heat island phenomenon and climatic change and reduces
temperature up to 0.3 to 3 K [46].
Various computer model have been developed for designing green roofs. The Energy Plus program
designed for analyzing impact of roof surface on energy consumption of the building, suggest that energy
performance increases with increasing soil depth and vegetation density [47]. Computer simulation study
for investigating AC loads in building made of green roof slabs and cement fiber sheets, observed that a
low cooling load is better reducing life cycle expenses of a building [48]. The computer model like storm
water management, HYDRUS SWMS-2D, soil water atmosphere and plant also described the working and
benefits of green roofs [49]. The base case model using Design Builder software justifies that green roof
helps in saving 24- 35% energy in hot humid climate and depends on economical conditions and life cycle
of the buildings [50]. Nash cascade model has potentiality in predicting rainfall-runoff production of
green roof system [51].
IV. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the green roofs as a passive energy conservation technique and should be preferred in
urban areas with high concentration of air pollution. They keep the environment clean and are the best
sources of carbon sequestration. The substrate, soil type, water drainage, anti-root barrier, filter layer and
most importantly the selection of vegetation are decisive factors for a successful designing of green roofs.
However, before their designing the building strength and expenses of installation should be assessed
properly. Thus there is a need of more advanced research in designing and exploring benefits of these
ecofriendly structures.
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