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Internet of Robotic Things: Current Technologies, Applications, Challenges and Future Directions
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Abstract
Nowadays, the Internet of Things (IoT) concept is gaining more and more notoriety bringing the number of connected devices to reach the order of billion units. Its smart technology is influencing the research and developments of advanced solutions in many areas. This paper focuses on the merger between the IoT and robotics named the Internet of Robotic Things (IoRT). Allowing robotic systems to communicate over the internet at a minimal cost is an important technological opportunity. Robots can use the cloud to improve the overall performance and for offloading demanding tasks. Since communicating to the cloud results in latency, data loss, and energy loss, finding efficient techniques is a concern that can be addressed with current machine learning methodologies. Moreover, the use of robotic generates ethical and regulation questions that should be answered for a proper coexistence between humans and robots. This paper aims at providing a better understanding of the new concept of IoRT with its benefits and limitations, as well as guidelines and directions for future research and studies.
... • Amazon AWS IoT Core: Ayuda a conectar diversos dispositivos a la nube, permitiendo la comunicación entre dispositivos y aplicaciones en la nube. Proporciona soporte para MQTT y HTTP, puede procesar una gran cantidad de mensajes, es una plataforma confiable y segura para enrutar mensajes, puede rastrear aplicaciones y comunicarse incluso sin conexión, y permite un acceso seguro para dispositivos (Villa et al., 2021). ...
Introducción: Este artículo abordará los conceptos fundamentales del IoT, describiendo las metodologías clave para el desarrollo de aplicaciones, así como las estrategias de implementación más efectivas. Se explorarán además las plataformas y tecnologías que están dando forma al futuro del IoT, los requerimientos técnicos necesarios para un despliegue exitoso. Metodología: Para este proceso se realizo una revisión bibliográfica de los principales elementos del Internet de las Cosas, las metodologías de desarrollo más utilizadas para lograr plantear una metodología general que englobe y desarrollo todos estos componentes. Resultados: El resultado obtenido fue una metodología de cuatro fases que permite desde la idea inicial llegar a la solución final de la aplicación en el entorno de IoT. Discusión: En esta apartado se logro una sintesis de la información de las secciones anteriores para resaltar los hallazgos más relevantes y que permiten lograr un despliegue con las condiciones de calidad necesarios para una aplicación de IoT. Conclusiones: El desarrollo exitoso de aplicaciones IoT requiere un enfoque integral que considere aspectos metodológicos, estratégicos y tecnológicos. Esto incluye garantizar la seguridad y privacidad desde el inicio, asegurar la integración con sistemas existentes, gestionar el ciclo de vida de los componentes y aprovechar los datos para tomar decisiones informadas.
Today’s robotic systems are increasingly turning to computationally expensive models such as deep neural networks (DNNs) for tasks like localization, perception, planning, and object detection. However, resource-constrained robots, like low-power drones, often have insufficient on-board compute resources or power reserves to scalably run the most accurate, state-of-the art neural network compute models. Cloud robotics allows mobile robots the benefit of offloading compute to centralized servers if they are uncertain locally or want to run more accurate, compute-intensive models. However, cloud robotics comes with a key, often understated cost: communicating with the cloud over congested wireless networks may result in latency or loss of data. In fact, sending high data-rate video or LIDAR from multiple robots over congested networks can lead to prohibitive delay for real-time applications, which we measure experimentally. In this paper, we formulate a novel Robot Offloading Problem—how and when should robots offload sensing tasks, especially if they are uncertain, to improve accuracy while minimizing the cost of cloud communication? We formulate offloading as a sequential decision making problem for robots, and propose a solution using deep reinforcement learning. In both simulations and hardware experiments using state-of-the art vision DNNs, our offloading strategy improves vision task performance by between 1.3 and 2.3 of benchmark offloading strategies, allowing robots the potential to significantly transcend their on-board sensing accuracy but with limited cost of cloud communication.
The modern era is Robotic and IoT era. Robots
are reducing human works. Robots are broadly using in
Restaurants, Farming, Hospitals and various fields now a days.
This work results a low cost IoT Robot that can work like a
waiter in a restaurant. The developed robot can follow line and
avoid obstacles. The robot can take and serve orders to the
customers. It reads RFID from tables to recognize particular
orders from customers. The collected data will be saved in a
cloud database. Taken orders by robots will automatically go
to the chefs. Each order bill will also be generated on the robot.
The robot will be able to take the bills also. The full system is
made in very low cost than previously made systems. It will not
increase unemployment problem too.
With the advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, Internet of Things (IoT) and robotic systems are closely cooperating, reshaping their relations and managing to develop new-generation devices. Such disruptive technology corresponds to the backbone of the so-called Industry 4.0. The integration of robotic agents and IoT leads to the concept of the Internet of Robotic Things, in which innovation in digital systems is drawing new possibilities in both industrial and research fields, covering several domains such as manufacturing, agriculture, health, surveillance, and education, to name but a few. In this manuscript, the state-of-the-art of IoRT applications is outlined, aiming to mark their impact on several research fields, and focusing on the main open challenges of the integration of robotic technologies into smart spaces. IoRT technologies and applications are also discussed to underline their influence in everyday life, inducing the need for more research into remote and automated applications.
This work aims to put forward the utilization of onshore Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) infrastructure for tracking of containers transported by marine cargo vessels while operating near the coastline. We introduce and evaluate three connectivity strategies, including direct sensor-to-onshore base station (BS) transmission as well as two relay-aided schemes using dedicated vessel-BS or unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-mounted BS as intermediate nodes. To assess and compare the proposed schemes in terms of the message loss and delay metrics as well as sensor lifetimes, we first employ stochastic geometry to characterize the connectivity process with the onshore deployment and then resort to system-level simulations. Our results indicate that the direct access option suffers from the poorest performance. The relay-based alternatives allow to dramatically improve the system operation by effectively distributing the transmission requests over time at the relay side and thus mitigating contention. Further gains enabled with UAV relaying are due to extended coverage that increases the available BS density. The considered relaying operation may help tolerate intermittent connectivity across a broad range of system parameters.
Safe operation control systems are the most important aspect of medical device development apart from the machine’s function itself. Due to the fact that machines are used on people, how people can protect themselves from intelligent/programmed automatic or semiautomatic operating systems is an unavoidable problem. The Massage Robot application is based on its medical potential, lightweight nature and underlying Internet of Things (IoT) device properties. Massage robots are currently going into development in clinical trials. Handheld system interruption equipment and the robot’s physical characteristics can help people achieve harmless use. In this paper, we systematically test the safety of a massage robot in an entirely real-world setting. This paper focusses on safe control operations in order to keep exploring the most reasonable safe operating modes and interrupt modes for medical devices, as well as the security interrupt priority.
Internet of Things (IoT) provides a strong platform to connect objects to the Internet for facilitating Machine to Machine (M2M) communication and transferring data using standard network protocols like TCP/IP. IoT is gaining rapidly day by day and till date, billions of devices are already connected and in the coming few years, the number can even touch trillions. With consistent advancements, lots of areas like Military, Agriculture, Industry, Healthcare, Robotics, Nanotechnology are adapting IoT for advanced solutions. The research paper proposes a comprehensive view of the new concept of IoT especially proposed for robotics i.e. Internet of Robotic Things (IoRT). IoRT is a mix of diverse technologies like Cloud Computing, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning and Internet of Things (IoT). The paper also discusses architecture which plays a significant role in design of Multi-Role Robotic Systems for IoRT. In addition to this, enlists technologies behind IoRT, applications of IoRT and existing robotic systems based on Humanoid, Mobile, Flying and Swarm envisaged for future IoRT systems. The paper provides a strong base for researchers to envision the concept of IoRT and enable them to think out-of-the-box to design and implement IoRT based robotic systems in real-world applications.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging classical model, envisioned as a system of billions of small interconnected devices for posing state-of-the-art findings to real world glitches. Over the last decade, there has been an increasing research concentration in the IoT as an essential design of the constant convergence between human behaviors and theirs images on the Information Technology. With the development of technologies, the IoT drives the deployment of across-the-board and self-organizing wireless networks. The IoT model is progressing towards the notion of a cyber-physical world where things can be originated, driven, intermixed, and modernized to facilitate the emergence of any feasible association. This paper provides a summary of the existing IoT research that underline enabling technologies, such as fog computing, wireless sensor networks (WSNs), data mining, context awareness, real-time analytics, virtual reality, and cellular communications. Also, we present the lessons learned after acquiring a thorough representation of the subject. Thus, by identifying numerous open research challenges, it is presumed to drag more consideration into this novel paradigm.
Cloud robotics has recently emerged as a collaborative technology between cloud computing and service robotics enabled through progress in wireless networking, large scale
storage and communication technologies, and the ubiquitous presence of Internet resources
over the recent years. Cloud computing empowers robots by offering them faster and more
powerful computational capabilities through massively parallel computation and higher data
storage facilities. It also offers access to open-source, big datasets and software, cooperative learning capabilities through knowledge sharing, and human knowledge through crowdsourcing. The recent progress in cloud robotics has led to active research in this area spanning from the development of cloud robotics architectures to its varied applications in different domains. In this survey paper, we review the recent works in the area of cloud robotics technologies as well as its applications. We draw insights about the current trends in cloud robotics and discuss the challenges and limitations in the current literature, open research questions and future research directions.
LPWAN are actually the most popular low cost, long battery lifetime, and long range communication technology for IoT applications. This paper presents a comprehensive and comparative study on three actually leading LPWAN technologies called Sigfox, LoRaWAN, and NB-IoT. We show that Sigfox and LoRaWAN excel on network capacity, devices lifetime, and cost. Whereas, NB-IoT excels on quality of service and latency. In addition, we consider application scenarios and explain which technology fits best to guide future researchers and industrials.
The Internet of Robotic Things is an emerging vision that brings together pervasive sensors and objects with robotic and autonomous systems. This survey examines how the merger of robotic and Internet of Things technologies will advance the abilities of both the current Internet of Things and the current robotic systems, thus enabling the creation of new, potentially disruptive services. We discuss some of the new technological challenges created by this merger and conclude that a truly holistic view is needed but currently lacking.
Integrating the various embedded devices and systems in our environment enables an Internet of Things (IoT) for a smart city. The IoT will generate tremendous amount of data that can be leveraged for safety, efficiency and infotainment applications, and services for city residents. The management of this voluminous data through its lifecycle is fundamental to the realization of smart cities. Therefore, in contrast to existing surveys on smart cities we provide a data-centric perspective, describing the fundamental data management techniques employed to ensure consistency, interoperability, granularity and re-usability of the data generated by the underlying IoT for smart cities. Essentially, the data lifecycle in a smart city is dependent on tightly coupled data management with cross-cutting layers of data security and privacy, and supporting infrastructure. Therefore, we further identify techniques employed for data security and privacy, and discuss the networking and computing technologies that enable smart cities. We highlight the achievements in realizing various aspects of smart cities, present the lessons learnt and identify limitations and research challenges.
The Internet of Things makes possible to connect each everyday object to the Internet, making computing pervasive like never before. From a security and privacy perspective, this tsunami of connec-tivity represents a disaster, which makes each object remotely hackable. We claim that, in order to tackle this issue, we need to address a new challenge in security: education.
In this paper, we consider the potential of data-transmission in a system with a massive number of radiating and sensing elements, thought of as a contiguous surface of electromagnetically active material. We refer to this as a large intelligent surface (LIS). The "LIS" is a newly proposed concept, which conceptually goes beyond contemporary massive MIMO technology, that arises from our vision of a future where man-made structures are electronically active with integrated electronics and wireless communication making the entire environment "intelligent". We consider capacities of single-antenna autonomous terminals communicating to the LIS where the entire surface is used as a receiving antenna array. Under the condition that the surface-area is sufficiently large, the received signal after a matched-filtering (MF) operation can be closely approximated by a sinc-function-like intersymbol interference (ISI) channel. We analyze the capacity per square meter (m^2) deployed surface, \hat{C}, that is achievable for a fixed transmit power per volume-unit, \hat{P}. Moreover, we also show that the number of independent signal dimensions per m deployed surface is 2/\lambda for one-dimensional terminal-deployment, and \pi/\lambda^2 per m^2 for two and three dimensional terminal-deployments. Lastly, we consider implementations of the LIS in the form of a grid of conventional antenna elements and show that, the sampling lattice that minimizes the surface-area of the LIS and simultaneously obtains one signal space dimension for every spent antenna is the hexagonal lattice. We extensively discuss the design of the state-of-the-art low-complexity channel shortening (CS) demodulator for data-transmission with the LIS.
The integration of social networking concepts into the Internet of things has led to the Social Internet of Things (SIoT) paradigm, according to which objects are capable of establishing social relationships in an autonomous way with respect to their owners with the benefits of improving the network scalability in information/service discovery. Within this scenario, we focus on the problem of understanding how the information provided by members of the social IoT has to be processed so as to build a reliable system on the basis of the behavior of the objects. We define two models for trustworthiness management starting from the solutions proposed for P2P and social networks. In the subjective model each node computes the trustworthiness of its friends on the basis of its own experience and on the opinion of the friends in common with the potential service providers. In the objective model, the information about each node is distributed and stored making use of a distributed hash table structure so that any node can make use of the same information. Simulations show how the proposed models can effectively isolate almost any malicious nodes in the network at the expenses of an increase in the network traffic for feedback exchange.
The purpose of this study is to treat aspects that are related to the sensitivity of data, information and knowledge
transmitted through Internet of Things, helping all people interested in these new ICT technologies to become aware of
some ethical issues. In this new media, which is no more in its infancy, the vulnerabilities and attacks are various,
caused by technological advances and proliferated through lack of users’ awareness. This warning message is needed
because of data, information and knowledge transfer from virtual to physical devices that are connected to wireless
networks of different sizes and importance. The transfer is augmented by the extended use of new technologies as RFID,
NFC, sensors, 3G and 4G and brings along the adjustment of the traditional information security threats to this new
environment, as well as the emergence of new characteristic dangers. The problems treated here are of interest both for
each of us, as individuals, and for the organizations managers – especially in a world in which the borderline between
the physical and virtual life is becoming more and more difficult to draw.
Summary Networked robotic systems consist of a collection of interconnected components (being multiple robots working together or robots working with external systems such as wireless sensor networks or servers). These components require cooperation and collaboration to achieve a common goal. However application development for such collaborative distributed systems composed of many robots with sensors, embedded computers, and human users is very difficult. Therefore, middleware services can provide advanced approaches offering many possibilities and drastically enhancing the development process and the overall functionalities needed for networked robotic systems. This paper provides an overview study of networked robot middleware in this domain. It discusses middleware roles in networked robotic systems, provides different criteria for evaluating networked robot middleware, and presents some representative middleware solutions specifically designed for networked robots. Open issues in that domain are also discussed.
The paper discusses dynamics in human-robot interaction. Firstly, we propose a terminology for classifying robot-human interaction dynamics of increasing complexity. Secondly, we address the role of human-robot interaction in a particular application area, namely rehabilitation. Specifically, we discuss the area of autism and how mobile robots can play a therapeutic role in the rehabilitation of children with autism (investigated in the project AURORA). Problems and challenges of this work in progress aiming at `getting the interaction dynamics right' are discussed. 1. Introduction: Building Interactive Robotic Systems In recent years, the concept of believability and believable characters has attracted a lot of attention in the field of autonomous agents ((Bates, 1994), (Dautenhahn, 1998), (Porter and Susman, 2000)). Increasingly, researchers are exploiting techniques which have been originally developed in Arts and animation in order to allow a `suspension of disbelief'....
Robotics and Internet of Things (IoT) are two hot
topics in the research area. There are studies in the literature that
combine these two topics. In this study, robotics and IoT are used
for the agricultural fields. Because, with the technology becoming
more available on agriculture; food security, crop yield will be
increased and the environmental hazards will be decreased. But
this can be achieved by strictly monitoring the agricultural fields
and greenhouses. For these purposes, static sensors or sensor
networks, and mobile agents are used. IoT forms the backbone of
such systems because there are too many units in different places
and a lot of data is coming out from these units. Also, processing
this data reveals the big data problem. Purpose of this work is
integrating the mobile robot platform to gather data from the
agricultural fields or greenhouses and then post this gathered data
to the web application. So that, data can be stored, processed, and
classified on the web application or cloud. This study proposes a
design scheme for the mobile internet of things concept where the
client or the agent is the mobile robot whether it is autonomous or
not. Furthermore, the design structure is not limited to the mobile
ground vehicle. Any type of unmanned vehicle or static sensor can
be integrated into the system. Internet connection is not limited to
only Wi-Fi, there is also a cellular connection in the system. With
this study, mobile data acquisition and transferring this acquired
data to the web application can be done. Also, the infrastructure
of the mobile agent-based internet of things system is shown. On
the robot side, autonomy can be added to the system.
Science fiction movies sometimes depict scenes of urban spaces with robots amidst humans as if this was normal. The Internet of Things continues to be explored in many domains, and with things getting "smarter", as they become embedded with autonomous decision-making and AI, we envision the rise of the Internet of robotic things. The humanoid robot is only just one view of robots - the Internet of robotic things in public could give rise to robots in public spaces in forms that are more subtle and pervasive. This paper first highlights the issues and considerations arising from robotic things in public and suggests the need for regulations and cyber-institutions for such robotic things in public. The paper also outlines a notion of layers of behaviour and then introduces the notion of favour networks for robotic things.
This chapter presents a new paradigm that limits and protects information flows to internal and subcontracted factory floor devices to complement perimeter security as essential first steps to secure manufacturing as it embraces Industry 4.0.
The Cloud infrastructure and its extensive set of Internet-accessible resources has potential to provide significant benefits to robots and automation systems. We consider robots and automation systems that rely on data or code from a network to support their operation, i.e., where not all sensing, computation, and memory is integrated into a standalone system. This survey is organized around four potential benefits of the Cloud: 1) Big Data: access to libraries of images, maps, trajectories, and descriptive data; 2) Cloud Computing: access to parallel grid computing on demand for statistical analysis, learning, and motion planning; 3) Collective Robot Learning: robots sharing trajectories, control policies, and outcomes; and 4) Human Computation: use of crowdsourcing to tap human skills for analyzing images and video, classification, learning, and error recovery. The Cloud can also improve robots and automation systems by providing access to: a) datasets, publications, models, benchmarks, and simulation tools; b) open competitions for designs and systems; and c) open-source software. This survey includes over 150 references on results and open challenges. A website with new developments and updates is available at: http://goldberg.berkeley.edu/cloud-robotics/
Using Asimov’s “Bicentennial Man” as a springboard, a number of metaethical issues concerning the emerging field of machine
ethics are discussed. Although the ultimate goal of machine ethics is to create autonomous ethical machines, this presents
a number of challenges. A good way to begin the task of making ethics computable is to create a program that enables a machine
to act an ethical advisor to human beings. This project, unlike creating an autonomous ethical machine, will not require that
we make a judgment about the ethical status of the machine itself, a judgment that will be particularly difficult to make.
Finally, it is argued that Asimov’s “three laws of robotics” are an unsatisfactory basis for machine ethics, regardless of
the status of the machine.
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