No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the author.
The Qırāʼāt and Tafsır Disciplines in The Andalusia Fahrasah Tradition - A Study in the Light of Several Works -
Abstract
“Fahrasah” is the name given to the works in which a scholar records the names of his
instructors and the names of the books that he read under their supervision. Fahrasah
which can also be called with different names such as “barnamaj”, “muʻjam” and
“fihris,” is a genre that is used mostly in North Africa and Andalusia. The writer of a
fahrasa records the names of the instructors under whom he studied, the title of the
books that he read with them, the locations where the instruction taken place, and the
time of the instruction by mentioning the day, month, and year. To this information,
they also add their own observations and evaluations, their place of education and
their position, the beginning and the ending dates of their education.
The most important examples of Fahrasah genre written in Andalusia are as follows;
Ibn ʻAtiyah’s Fihris, al-Qadi ʻIyad's al-Ghunyah, Ibn Khayr al-Ishbili's Fahrasa, Ibn Abi
al-Rabi’s Barnamaj, Al-Gubrini’s Barnamaj, Abu al-Qasim al-Tujibi’s Barnamaj, Ibn Jabir
al-Wadi Ashi's Barnamaj, Abi ʻAbd Allah al-Minturi's Fahrasah, Abi ʻAbd Allah al
Mujari's Barnamaj.
The Fahrasahs are the signs of scientific activities in Andalusia. For example, the names
of about 1040 books that Ibn Khayr mentions in his Fahrasah provides some information
about the religious sciences and the books read in the science of language and
literature in Andalusia in the twelfth century. 131 books which can be categorized
under the science of tafsir and other Quranic sciences were mentioned in Ibn Khayr’s
Fahrasa. Among these, there are tafsirs of Yahya ibn Sallam, ʻAbd al-Razzaq al-Sanʻani,
al-Nasaʼi, al-Tabari, Abu Bakr al-Naqqash.
In this study, will be examine works of Fahrasah genre. In this way, the books that had
been in circulation in Andalusia in the fields of tafsir and qirā’at will come to the light.
Keywords: Bernâmec, Andalusia, fahrasah, qirāʼat, tafsir
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
Oral anticoagulant-associated intracerebral hemorrhage (OAC-ICH) accounts for nearly 20% of all ICH. The number of patients with an indication for oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT) increases with increasing age. OAT became less complicate with the introduction of non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOAC) OAT because of easier handling, favorable risk-benefit profile, reduced rates of ICH compared to vitamin K antagonists and no need for routine coagulation testing. Consequently, despite a better safety profile of NOAC the number of patients with OAC-ICH will increase. The mortality and complication rates of OAC-ICH are high and therefore they are the most feared complication of OAT. Immediate normalization of coagulation is the main goal and therefore knowledge of pharmacodynamics and coagulation status is essential. Laboratory measurements of anticoagulant activity in NOAC patients is challenging as specific tests are not widely available. More accessible tests such as the prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time have important limitations. In dabigatran-associated ICH 5 g Idarucizumab should be administered. In rivaroxaban and apixaban-associated ICHs administration of andexanet alpha should be considered. Prothrombin complex concentrate may be considered if andexanet alpha is not available or in case of an ICH associated with edoxaban.
The direct oral anticoagulant rivaroxaban is useful in various indications that include venous deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis/treatment after knee/hip replacement surgery and prevention of stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Its mechanism of action has been mostly associated with hemorrhage-related adverse effects; thus a number of non-hemorrhage-related adverse effects of the drug have received less attention or go unrecognized. These adverse effects mainly include liver injury, hypersensitivity reactions, leukocytoclastic vasculitis and hair loss. Clinicians should be aware of these rare adverse reactions and advise their patients to contact them as soon as they observe any unexpected clinical response.
In the early 1990s Greece blocked the international recognition of the Republic of Macedonia under that name and is currently blocking accession of this country to NATO and EU demanding name changes, which the government of Skopje refuses to adopt. The Macedonia name dispute is a clash over historical narratives and the right to claim origins of the Macedonian ethnic group and nation today and in the ancient past. For Greece, the key element is winning the argument over the legitimacy of ancient Macedon as a Greek state and not having the name Macedonia used by its northern neighbour. For the Republic, the intricacies of the ancient history are only instrumental to the recognition of the country under its constitutional name and the unblocking of the Euro-Atlantic integration. Consequently, the only way to resolve the seemingly intractable name dispute between Greece and Macedonia is to deal with the historical and identity issues that both sides care most for and ignore those that are not important for the resolution or could be left aside to be disagreed upon without political consequences. A political solution with an agreed international name for the country ‘Republic of Makedonija’ is likely to solve the dispute and improve the relations between the two countries.
Acute symptomatic deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is usually managed by intravenous heparin and oral warfarin. Recently, direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) have been introduced for the treatment of acute DVT. DOAC may be useful for very elderly patients who live in rural areas, where medical resources are limited. An 83-year-old woman presented to our clinic with left leg edema. Contrast enhanced computed tomography showed massive deep vein thrombosis in her left internal iliac vein. We diagnosed her with acute deep vein thrombosis. Since she refused to be hospitalized, we treated her with rivaroxaban as an outpatient. She had a good clinical course without hospitalization or an adverse event. DOAC may be useful for very elderly patients in rural areas.
In this research, the existence of income convergence between NUTS 2 (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics 2nd level) territories was analyzed for 1987-2001 and 2004-2011 terms. For convergence analyses, spatial econometrics methods (SAR, SEM) were used, as well as classical methods. According to classical convergence analyses, territorial income convergence was occurred in high speed between NUTS 2 territories of Turkey during 1987-2001 and 2004-2011 terms; on the other hand according to spatial statistical methods convergence was occurred either quite slow or not occurred. In addition to the conclusions of the study, it was found that there wasn’t a positive effect of territorial public investments on territorial income convergence.
Makedonya, Yunanistan’ın kuzeyinde, İllirya’nın doğusunda, Trakya’nın
batısında ve Balkanların güneyinde yer alan bir bölgedir. Bu bölgenin etnik yapısı
tarih boyunca tartışılmaktadır. Şimdiye kadar birçok yazar, Makedonyalıların kökenini
kendi yollarıyla araştırdılar ve bunun sonucu olarak sıklıkla birbiriyle çelişen
sonuçlara vardılar. Ancak şu bir gerçektir ki, Antik Makedonyalılar, etnik ve kültürel
olarak komşu bölgelerden farklıydı. Makedonyalıların hayat tarzını, kendine has
coğrafik ve tarihi koşulları belirliyordu ve Yunan şehir devletlerinden farklıydı. MÖ 5.
Yüzyılın başlarında, ilk kez Makedonya siyasi tarihine ulaşabilmekteyiz. Makedonya
o zaman I. Alexander tarafından yönetiliyordu ve Makedonya’nın bilinen ilk kralı I.
Alexander’dir.
Bu çalışmada, Makedonya’nın coğrafyası, menşei hakkında bilgi verildikten
sonra, halkı ve kralları konularına değinildi. Makalenin sonunda çalışma
değerlendirilip bir sonuçla özetlendi.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Makedonyalılar, Etnik Yapı, I. Alexander, Yunanistan.
This article attempts an analysis of the Greek foreign policy during the dispute between Greece and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, from its beginnings up until the 1995 interim accord signed between the two countries. It is to a large extent based on the author's personal research in Greek government archives and other unpublished sources, as well as on interviews with leading Greek politicians and diplomats who were immediately involved in the issue. It traces the origins of the controversy and portrays the current dispute as the latest stage in evolution of the Macedonian Question of the past. The diplomatic strategies of the two countries involved are examined for the 1991-1995 period. In addition, the content and significance of the contentious issues of this debate are put under scrutiny.
Finally, the factors which contributed to the diplomatic exacerbation of the issue (causing a failure of both parties to secure a resolution to the dispute that they would consider as "positive") are analysed and the general repercussions for the Balkans' geopolitical status quo are outlined.
Critical youth work is based on a dual focus, on individual psychosocial development on the one hand, and collective critical consciousness and the promotion of social justice on the other. Although in practice, critical youth work is gaining popularity as an alternative to person-centered youth work, the theoretical and empirical literature has not kept pace. This paper proposes a theory based practice model that expands the vocabulary of critical youth work. The model is grounded in the work of an innovative Israeli intervention program for marginalized youth and in poststructuralist theories. The model comprised of a three dimensions: the streets as a physical and political place, the use of counter narrative, and the role the youth workers take as social capital agents.
The dispute between Greece and the Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia (FYROM) is a symbolic struggle concerning legitimate
rights over "Macedonia"--the name, the territory, and the loyalty of
its inhabitants. The dispute was created by two conflicting national
narratives. In the Balkans, nation-building has emphasized
particularistic over universalistic criteria. Local national narratives
were instrumental in establishing the legitimate possession of a
territory by a particular ethnic group. Historically, these narratives
are tied to local nationalisms since their function is to designate a
territory as the exclusive homeland of a particular nation. The
Macedonian narrative views Macedonia as occupied by the
Macedonian nation and suggests the existence of national
minorities in Bulgaria and Greece. The Greek narrative does not
acknowledge the existence of a Macedonian nation and considers
the existence of a Macedonian minority within Greece to be a
manifestation of Macedonian irredentism. The Macedonian narrative
directly questions the Greek narrative's assumption of historical
continuity. The strong Greek reaction against FYROM's declaration
of independence is a response to this implicit threat to modern
Greek identity.
Developed empowerment theory and replicated previous research on citizen participation and perceived control. Few investigators have designed studies that specifically test empowerment theory. This research further extends a theoretical model of psychological empowerment that includes intrapersonal, interactional, and behavioral components, by studying a large randomly selected urban and suburban community sample and examining race differences. Results suggest that one underlying dimension that combines different measures of perceived control may be interpreted as the intrapersonal component of psychological empowerment, because it distinguishes groups defined by their level of participation in community organizations and activities (behavioral component). The association found between the intrapersonal and behavioral components is consistent with empowerment theory. Interaction effects between race groups and participation suggest that participation may be more strongly associated with the intrapersonal component of psychological empowerment for African Americans than for white individuals. Implications for empowerment theory and intervention design are discussed.
Although interest in spatial regression models has surged in recent years, a comprehensive, up-to-date text on these approaches does not exist. Filling this void, Introduction to Spatial Econometrics presents a variety of regression methods used to analyze spatial data samples that violate the traditional assumption of independence between observations. It explores a wide range of alternative topics, including maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimation, various types of spatial regression specifications, and applied modeling situations involving different circumstances. Leaders in this field, the authors clarify the often-mystifying phenomenon of simultaneous spatial dependence. By presenting new methods, they help with the interpretation of spatial regression models, especially ones that include spatial lags of the dependent variable. The authors also examine the relationship between spatiotemporal processes and long-run equilibrium states that are characterized by simultaneous spatial dependence. MATLAB® toolboxes useful for spatial econometric estimation are available on the authors' websites. This work covers spatial econometric modeling as well as numerous applied illustrations of the methods. It encompasses many recent advances in spatial econometric models-including some previously unpublished results.
Objective: To compare the frequencies of factor V Leiden (FVL), prothrombin G20210A (PT G20210A), and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms in patients with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and healthy controls Design: A prospective case control study Setting: Bozok University Hospital, Yozgat province, Turkey Subjects: A total of 220 participants were accepted in the study (126 patients with DVT and 94 healthy blood donors). All participants were questioned regarding their medical history, and the diagnosis of DVT was based upon a physical examination, D-dimer testing, and a bilateral lower limb venous ultrasonographic examination. None of the 94 blood donors (control group) had any evidence of DVT. Intervention: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the amplification refractory mutation system were used to identify the polymorphisms in the blood of the participants Main outcome measures: The relationship between these polymorphisms and DVT was investigated Results: Among the 126 DVT patients, FVL was present in 54 (42.8%), while FVL was found in only 18 (19.1%) of the 94 controls. The PT G20210A mutation was present in 13 patients (10.3%) and in 5 healthy controls (5.3%). The FVL and PT G20210A mutations were present at significantly higher rates in the patient group than in the healthy control group (p < 0.05). However, the MTHFR C677T and MTHFR A1298C polymorphisms were nearly equally distributed between the patients and controls. Conclusion: FVL and PT G20210A polymorphisms contribute to the development of DVT and these may become clinically relevant when associated with other thrombophilic risk factors.
Introduction:
Despite treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) with low molecular weight heparin and warfarin, up to 50% of patients develop post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS). Our aims were to assess whether treatment of DVT with rivaroxaban would reduce the rate of subsequent PTS and improve health-related quality of life (HRQoL) as compared to conventional anticoagulation with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH)/warfarin.
Materials and methods:
Consecutive patients with an objectively confirmed DVT diagnosed between 2011 and 2014 and treated with either rivaroxaban or warfarin were included in this study 24 (±6) months after DVT. PTS was assessed using the Patient Reported Villalta scale. HRQoL was assessed using the EQ-5D-3L and VEINES-QOL/Sym questionnaires.
Results:
Total 309 patients were included, 161 (52%) treated with rivaroxaban and 148 (48%) with warfarin. Rivaroxaban-treated patients had a lower rate of PTS (45%: 95% confidence interval [CI] 37 to 52) compared to those treated with warfarin (59%: 95% CI 51 to 66, absolute risk difference 14%: 95% CI 3 to 25, odds ratio (OR) 0.6, P = .01). The adjusted OR for development of PTS was 0.5 (95% CI: 0.3 to 0.8, P = .01) in patients treated with rivaroxaban. HRQoL was significantly better in the rivaroxaban-treated patients. HRQoL measured by EQ-VAS (P = .002) and VEINES-QOL/Sym (P = .005/P = .003) remained significantly better after adjustment.
Conclusions:
Patients treated with rivaroxaban had lower rate of PTS and better HRQoL after DVT compared to patients treated with warfarin. However, these results should be interpreted with caution due to the limitation imposed by study design.
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a major preventable cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Venous thromboembolism (VTE), which includes DVT and pulmonary embolism (PE), affects an estimated 1 per 1,000 people and contributes to 60,000-100,000 deaths annually. Normal blood physiology hinges on a delicate balance between pro- and anti-coagulant factors. Virchow's Triad distills the multitude of risk factors for DVT into three basic elements favoring thrombus formation: Venous stasis, vascular injury, and hypercoagulability. Clinical, biochemical, and radiological tests are used to increase the sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing DVT. Anticoagulation therapy is essential for the treatment of DVT. With few exceptions, the standard therapy for DVT has been Vitamin K-antagonists (VKAs) such as warfarin with heparin or fractionated heparin bridging. More recently, a number of large-scale clinical trials have validated the use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in place of warfarin in select cases. In this review, we summarize the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and medical management of DVT, with particular emphasis on anticoagulation therapy and the role of DOACs in the current treatment algorithm.
Three studies are reported that describe an initial effort to develop an inte‐grative measure of sociopolitical control. Items were selected from personality, cognitive, and motivational measures of perceived control using empirical and intuitive criteria. A final set of 17 items was factor analyzed across two samples. Two psychometrically sound factors, Leadership Competence and Policy Control, were identified. Validity analyses with measures of alienation and leadership provided initial support for a two‐factor model of sociopolitical control. The scales also distinguished between individuals involved to varying degrees in community organizations and activities for three samples of respondents. Implications for the utility of the Sociopolitical Control Scale for empowerment research and public health interventions are discussed. The limits of the current scales and suggestions for future research are also discussed.
Evidence from the use of traditional therapy (low-molecular-weight heparin/vitamin K antagonists) for venous thromboembolism (VTE) treatment and prevention suggests that extending treatment beyond the acute phase reduces recurrence. More recently, several non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have been approved in the acute setting; accumulating evidence suggests continuing treatment with these agents beyond 12 months offers additional benefits to patients with VTE.
This review examines the evidence for NOAC use in longer-duration anticoagulation treatment, and discusses guidelines from major societies. Clinical data from the phase III extension studies for apixaban, dabigatran and rivaroxaban are presented, and the clinical and economic costs and benefits are examined. Evidence from other therapy areas utilising extended treatment regimens highlights the possible impact of factors relevant to extended anticoagulation therapy. Phase IV studies of NOACs are presented.
US and European guidelines advise long-term therapy in certain instances, taking into account evidence on NOAC use in VTE accumulated recently. They support NOAC use where they have been selected as the initial therapy choice and therapy needs to be extended beyond 3 months. The phase III extension studies demonstrate the benefits of extended NOAC use versus treatment cessation, with reduced recurrence rates versus placebo, although associated with a potential moderate increase in bleeding risk. Phase IV data are also emerging, with the recent XALIA study showing that a broad range of patients with VTE can benefit from continued rivaroxaban treatment; ongoing research will yield data on long-term use of the other NOACs in routine clinical practice.
In this study, we apply non-linear panel unit-root test to assess the hysteresis hypothesis in unemployment for G20 countries. We find that non-linear panel unit-root test has higher power than linear method suggested by Breuer et al. (2001), if the true data generating process of unemployment rate is in fact a stationary non-liner process. We investigated the rate of unemployment from the panel non-linear point of view and provide robust evidence which clearly indicated that hysteresis hypothesis is not supported in nine countries when non-linear panel unit-root test are conducted.
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common disease associated with high risk for recurrences, death, and late sequelae, accounting for substantial health care costs. Anticoagulant agents are the mainstay of treatment for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The recent availability of oral anticoagulant agents that can be administered in fixed doses, without laboratory monitoring and dose adjustment, is a landmark change in the treatment of VTE. In Phase III trials, rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban (antifactor Xa agents), and dabigatran (an antithrombin agent) were noninferior and probably safer than conventional anticoagulation therapy (low-molecular-weight heparin followed by Vitamin K antagonists). These favorable results were confirmed in specific patient subgroups, such as the elderly and fragile. However, some patients, such as those with cancer or with intermediate- to high-risk pulmonary embolism, were underrepresented in the Phase III trials. Further clinical research is required before new oral anticoagulant agents can be considered standard of care for the full spectrum of patients with VTE.
The most comprehensive and up-to-date work available on ancient Macedonian history and material culture, A Companion to Ancient Macedonia is an invaluable reference for students and scholars alike. Features new, specially commissioned essays by leading and up-and-coming scholars in the field. Examines the political, military, social, economic, and cultural history of ancient Macedonia from the Archaic period to the end of Roman period and beyond. Discusses the importance of art, archaeology and architecture. All ancient sources are translated in English. Each chapter includes bibliographical essays for further reading.
This study investigated the association of demographic and socioeconomic variables with food-away-from-home (FAFH) expenditures in Turkish household. The data used in this study were obtained from the Household Budget Survey, conducted by Turkish Statistical Institute in 2009. The two-step decision process for FAFH consumption was examined using Heckman's approach. The first step was a Probit regression to estimate the probability of FAFH participation. The second step was to predict FAFH expenditure using OLS with the inverse Mills ratio for correcting sample selection bias. The results indicated that income, the level of women education, family type and female labor participation are important variables determining food away from home consumption in Turkey.
This study examines the hysteresis hypothesis in unemployment for Taiwan's educational attainment categories. Both nonlinear dynamics and structural breaks in unemployment are applied in our examinations. The empirical results without structural changes show that the unemployment hysteresis hypothesis cannot be rejected in all educational attainment categories. After simultaneously incorporating nonlinear processes and smooth structural changes, we find that only the unemployment rate of junior college graduates reveals a mean reverting to the natural rate in the long-run, whereas all other series still support the hysteresis hypothesis. The results indicate that: i) the shocks have only temporary effects on the unemployment rate of the junior college graduates; ii) the labor or macroeconomic stabilization policies could have long lasting effects on unemployment rates of the other educational attainment categories; iii) the unemployment rates of low-skill labor are susceptible to the changes of economic or fiscal policies; and iv) practical and occupational training mechanisms should be implemented and strengthened in the higher education system to alleviate the increasingly serious problem of unemployment.
Our article tests for hysteresis of unemployment rate for 17 Eurozone countries over the period 2000:1 to 2013:1 through the use of new nonlinear panel unit root tests by adopting the sequential panel selection method (SPSM), proposed by Chortareas and Kapetanios (2009) and a nonlinear panel unit root test developed by Ucar and Omay (2009). The results show that the unemployment rates for 17 Eurozone countries are not stationary and conform to the hysteresis hypothesis for both panel unit root tests of Ucar and Omay (2009) and SPSM without Fourier. We reported the results of the Panel Kapetanios, Shin and Snell (KSS) test with a Fourier function and found that the unemployment rates in 11 countries are stationary and this result is in accord with natural rate hypothesis. On the other hand, unemployment rates in six countries, namely Netherlands, Slovakia, Slovenia, Italy, Portugal and Cyprus, show hysteresis effect.
Purpose
The aim of the study is to group consumers according to their own perception of socio‐economic status and to determine consumption habits, behaviors, approach and tendency towards food products.
Design/methodology/approach
In this study, consumers in urban areas of Van, in Turkey, were grouped according to their self‐perceived social‐economic status and their behaviors and attitudes on purchase of food products are examined according to that social‐economic status. The study was conducted in Van province, Turkey, during 2007‐2008. Face to face interviews with 300 consumers work through the survey data was collected. Participants were asked to indicate their socio‐economic status from a choice of top, middle and bottom level groups.
Findings
Within the top and middle level of this grouping, the percentage of high school graduates is high; at the bottom level of this status, the proportion of university graduates is high. A large percentage of the consumers are public servants and business owners. It was observed that as the socio‐economic status increased, the proportion of business owners increased as well. Consumers in lower status groups spend the biggest portion of their income on food products. As the wages increase, the level of spending on food product decreases proportionally and the ability to make savings increases. The highest status consumers always check the price labels of the food products with a high percentage (66.67 percent). More than half of consumers do not believe that producers write all information and ingredients of the products on the packaging. A total of 77 percent of study participants stated that they were open to trying new food products. Consumers within the top socio‐economic groups are most careful about food ingredients.
Originality/value
In this study, the consumers themselves are classified according to their socio‐economic status. These are the top, middle and bottom status as determined. Consumers are clustered according to the general characteristics of the correspondence analysis.
The purpose of the paper is to examine the nature of Greek regional unemployment. The paper contributes to the literature assessing the stochastic properties of Greek unemployment rate in the context of the Greek regions by relying on various univariate and panel unit root tests. In particular, recently developed and more powerful panel unit-root tests that control for structural breaks, heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence in the panel are employed. The results show that in all cases, after taking into account the fact that regional unemployment rates in Greece are subject to a structural break, the null hypothesis of a unit root is not rejected, indicating that the Greek regional unemployment series are non-stationary with the presence of a structural break.
The aim of the study is to validate the two-dimensional structure of the Sociopolitical Control Scale for Youth (SPCS-Y) in a sample of Italian adolescents and to investigate associations of this interpersonal component of psychological empowerment with different measures of psychosocial adjustment. The questionnaires were filled out by a sample of 1,376 (57.6% females; mean age = 17.24, standard deviation = .99) 11th- to 13th-grade students. The two-dimensional structure of the SPCS-Y provided a significantly better fit to the data than the one-factor model in the sample. Furthermore, students high in both leadership competence and policy control were found to be higher in perceived school importance, neighborhood attachment, and community and school participation. The results are consistent with previous studies from other countries and indicate that the SPCS-Y is a valid instrument to assess sociopolitical control among Italian adolescents and possibly among those from other Mediterranean countries.
Efforts to strengthen probation programs are often hampered by the lack of a normative theory for probation practice. This study sought to generate a theory of probation practice from the perspective of officers who currently supervise delinquent juveniles on probation. A grounded theory approach was employed with 31 officers who participated in semistructured interviews about their probation practices. Results of the study were synthesized into a comprehensive framework for probation called the participation process model of probation. The participation process model describes change mechanisms that are hypothesized by officers to link their use of specific tactics and strategies with two long-term objectives: risk/need reduction and accountability. Key change mechanisms include youth participation/cooperation, relationship strength, parental support, and motivational processes. The participation process model provides a framework to guide future research and program development.
European unemployment has been steadily increasing for the last fifteen years and is expected to remain very high for many years to come. In this paper, we argue that this fact implies that shocks have much more persistent effects on unemployment than standard theories can possibly explain. We develop a theory that can explain such persistence, and that is based on the distinction between insiders and outsiders in wage bargaining. We argue that if wages are largely set by bargaining between insiders and firms, shocks which affect actual unemployment tend also to affect equilibrium unemployment. We then confront the theory with both the detailed facts of the European situation as well as those of earlier periods of high persistent unemployment, such as the Great Depression in the United States.
This essay assesses Greece role in determining the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia’s (FYROM’s) European Union (EU) accession process. Based on documentary evidence, extensive interviews with decision-makers and leaked diplomatic cables, it emerges that Skopje’s path towards Brussels has consistently passed through Athens, linked to disputes concerning the republic’s name and good neighbourly relations. When improvements in bilateral relations have been evinced (1995–2004, 2004–2006), FYROM signed a stabilization and association agreement and became an EU candidate state. During periods of diplomatic confrontation (1991–1994, 2006–2011), the new republic was non-recognized by Athens, did not accede to North Atlantic Treaty Organization and failed to get a date to begin accession negotiations. It is concluded that only if Greece’s relative gain concerns are adequately assuaged will FYROM’s Euro-Atlantic path be completed.
The article evaluates Greek foreign policy toward the Former
Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia from 1991 to 1995. It applies five
criteria to determine success: clarity and coherence of problem
definition, adequacy of resources devoted to implementation,
degree of dissent in the open among key policy makers, the
creation of cooperation and good will, and the congruence of Greek
policy with prevailing international opinion. Despite some success,
the policy failed to produce the desired outcome or to resolve the
issue. In contrast, it precipitated a costly rift between Greece and
its allies.
This paper examines the ways academic discourses shaped the field of American independent cinema. Through a discussion of a large number of works that examined the question of independent filmmaking in the USA and were published from the 1940s onwards, the paper provides a number of distinctions between particular approaches to what constitutes American independent cinema, and in effect offers a history of film criticism on the subject. More specifically, it groups work in the field under five different categories, each driven by agendas and objectives that were often conflicting. This conflict can be seen most clearly during the 1980s when a particular group of scholars examined American independent cinema as intricately linked to the Hollywood film industry and the studios while a second cluster of academic researchers located independent film completely outside the mainstream and as part of alternative media. In this respect, independent film production in the USA has come to represent a different set of characteristics for different groups of scholars, which to some extent explains why a consensual definition of the label ‘independent film’ has remained elusive. (Part 1 of this paper was published in the New Review of Film and Television Studies, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2011.)
Although much of the empowerment research and literature deals with the individual in his immediate environment, there is clearly a branch that focusses more on the wider community and sociopolitical empowerment. Zimmerman and Zahniser (1991) developed an integrative measure of sociopolitical control containing two indices—Leadership Competence and Political Control, and they reported three tests of their measure. This study reports the use of the measure, as well as the Bradburn Affect Balance Scale (Bradburn, 1969) and a measure developed for measuring a sense of Community Belonging. The Pearson correlations for these measures were compared with Pearson correlations for measures of participation and decision-making for two similar groups of activists in the same community; one group had been active for two years longer than the second group. The comparison shows statistically significant differences between the two groups. Not only are the sociopolitical control indices of Zimmerman and Zahniser found to be effective, but they and other community empowerment measures are shown to be sensitive to the passing of time and accumulation of experience. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
This study examined changes in political efficacy and feelings of estrangement as a function of voting behavior in the 2008 presidential election in the U.S. Participants (n = 224), recruited from an online marketing company's representative panel of U.S. adults, completed a survey 4-6 weeks before the election and again 2-4 weeks after the election. Changes in internal and external political efficacy and feelings of estrangement were examined for three groups of voters (McCain voters, Obama voters, and non-voters) as well as by party affiliation. Internal political efficacy was and remained high among Obama and McCain voters pre-election to post-election, but decreased for non-voters. Democrats reported a significant increase in internal political efficacy, Republicans reported no change, and those with no or a different party affiliation reported a significant decrease. External political efficacy significantly increased pre-election to post-election among Obama voters and non-voters, but decreased for McCain voters. Additionally, post-election cultural estrangement was significantly higher among non-voters than voters. The results are discussed in terms of theoretical implications for understanding the potential impact of different forms of political participation. Several of the specific and distinctive aspects of the 2008 election and President Obama's campaign are also highlighted as they relate to voting behavior and potential changes in the American electorate.
This paper tests hysteresis effects in unemployment using panel data for 19 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries covering the period 1956–2001. The tests exploit the cross-sectional variations of the series, and additionally, allow for a different number of endogenous breakpoints in the unemployment series. The critical values are simulated based on our specific panel sizes and time periods. The findings stress the importance of accounting for exogenous shocks in the series and support the natural-rate hypothesis of unemployment for the majority of the countries analysed.