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Small-scale fishing households facing COVID-19: The case of Lake Victoria, Kenya
Abstract
Small-scale fisheries underpin the aquatic food supply, and are facing acute challenges in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study aimed to examine how small-scale fishing households, including fishers and fish traders, are responding to COVID-19 and associated movement restrictions around Lake Victoria, Kenya. We conducted phone interviews with 88 households in three riparian communities around Lake Victoria to examine shifts in fish consumption, fishing activities, price changes, and coping strategies. We found that households are consuming less fish, perceiving high fish prices, and coping by more often selling than eating fish. Most fishers and traders reported spending less time fishing and trading, and concern about being infected with COVID-19 was high. Our findings suggest movement restrictions and COVID-19 concern, along with high lake levels in the region, limit fishing activities and fish access. Controlling COVID-19 and supporting opportunities for fishers and traders to safely return to their livelihood activities will be paramount to the recovery of small-scale fishing communities today. Our findings can also support planning to mitigate the impacts of future crises on small-scale fishing communities.
... It consists of chicken, turkeys, ducks, guinea fowl, quail, turkeys, and geese with chicken rearing being the most popular form of poultry farming. The chicken, in this case, are reared for meat and egg production (FIORELLA et al., 2021). Poultry farming, thus, largely functions as the key to food security and economic growth. ...
... The types of Chicken in Kenya include layers, broilers and dual-purpose chicken. It is estimated that there are about 32 million poultry birds with 75%, 24% and 1% consisting of indigenous, broilers and layers, and other forms of poultry respectively (FIORELLA et al., 2021). In relation to the scale of poultry farming in Kenya, large scale farming consists of more than 10000 birds, medium scale farming entails about 1001 to 10,000 birds, while small scale farming entails a minimum of 1000 birds (FIORELLA et al., 2021). ...
... It is estimated that there are about 32 million poultry birds with 75%, 24% and 1% consisting of indigenous, broilers and layers, and other forms of poultry respectively (FIORELLA et al., 2021). In relation to the scale of poultry farming in Kenya, large scale farming consists of more than 10000 birds, medium scale farming entails about 1001 to 10,000 birds, while small scale farming entails a minimum of 1000 birds (FIORELLA et al., 2021). There are three main types of poultry farming in Kenya that include organic and inorganic poultry farming. ...
The purpose of the report is to analyse the main agricultural activities that are important in the rural economic context of Kenya. A critical aspect to note is that the most popular agricultural activities differ in the country due to different soil and climatic conditions. Also, the traditional agricultural practices are focused on local consumption and local markets, this being the most dominant type of agriculture in Kenya. In the highland areas are tea and coffee plantations which are designated mainly for export. The cereals (maize, sugarcane, rice, wheat) are the main agricultural crops followed by vegetables (eg. kale, spinach, cabbage, lettuce, cauliflower), potato and cassava. They are primarily produced for the satisfaction of the national demands. Fishing is an important branch of agriculture for the population's needs, Lake Victoria being the main source of fish. From an agricultural perspective, man-made fishing ponds supply the local market with fish, mostly in the central part of the country. Poultry and dairy farming are also important sections of the agricultural sector whereby the former is part of the base of the nation's food industry while the latter is based on forage crops that support the animals that produce milk, primarily for national consumption. Pastoralism is an activity that supports the people's livelihood in areas rich in permanent grasslands. The most popular animals that feed directly on grasslands are cows, goats, and camels. Furthermore, the coastal area of the country is defined by a small-scale farm production of coconut and palm oil for the local market. Other popular crops designated mostly for export are cut vegetables, aloe vera, hemp, avocado, bananas, mango, pineapple, watermelon, spices (cinnamon, cloves, black pepper), beans, hibiscus, and oranges. Kenya offers a wide range of conditions for numerous agricultural activities, an aspect that makes its rural economy diverse and rich.
... Several studies have examined the effect of COVID-19 on aquaculture in developed and developing countries. In developed countries, COVID-19 is seriously disrupting traditional marketing channels, changing market prices, loss of income, labor shortage, and difficulty in obtaining production inputs [16][17][18][19], while in developing countries, the COVID-19 has reduced consumer demand, supply chain disruptions and transport abstractions ( [9,14,7,20,21]. The above studies all point toward the fact that little attention has been paid to identifying the variation in fish pricing, fish spending, and consumer satisfaction levels during COVID-19. ...
... COVID-19 is a huge global issue in today's society, with unfathomable consequences for people's lives and livelihoods [17]. From the perspective of fish consumers, this study focuses on fish pricing, expenditure, and satisfaction levels. ...
... Furthermore, throughout the pandemic, they were obliged to cut back on their consumption due to statewide lockdown, social distancing, and plummeting salaries [13]. Due to the loss of job opportunities and a lack of income-generating activities, low and middle-income people have significantly reduced their fish consumption during the pandemic [17,20]. Most middle and low-income consumers are working in the informal job sector [36]. ...
This study investigated the effects of COVID-19 on the market prices, spending on fish purchases, and consumer satisfaction level based on a random survey of 247 fish consumers in Bangladesh. The Propensity Score Matching (PSM) was employed to make comparisons between two consumer groups (who consumed Pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19). Besides, consumer satisfaction with income, purchase frequency, quantity consumed, market price, fish quality, and availability during the pandemic was analyzed using the relative index, while the Tobit regression model was used to estimate the determinants of satisfaction level. Prices of cultured and captured fish species such as pangas, catla, mrigel, common carp, mola, tengra, bayeem, boal, shoil, have experienced sharp price fluctuation during COVID-19 due to supply chain disruptions and changing fish supplies in the market. The reduction in expenses on culture fish species varied from $4.190 to $4.212 while the reduction in expenses on capture fish species ranged from $7.985 to $8.178. In addition, low-income individuals are relatively less satisfied with their income, amount, frequency, and price of fish purchases than the lower middle, upper middle- and high-income groups. Consumer satisfaction declined during COVID-19 while income, frequency, and quantity of purchases plummeted and fish market prices increased. Therefore, the government might place a greater emphasis on eradicating supply chain disruption during pandemic like COVID-19 by avoiding nationwide lockdown to maintain stability in the market prices of fish, spending on fish purchases, consumer income, and make all income groups satisfied.
... The degree of reliance on local versus imported food and sharing among households influenced the social resilience to curfews in Pacific fisheries [11,3]. Some artisanal fisheries in Africa showed low compliance to government curfews and high crowding at local landing sites [12,35]. Others turned to fishing in the absence of commercial employment options or sold rather than ate fish to make up for lost revenue [12]. ...
... Some artisanal fisheries in Africa showed low compliance to government curfews and high crowding at local landing sites [12,35]. Others turned to fishing in the absence of commercial employment options or sold rather than ate fish to make up for lost revenue [12]. Therefore, there are many potential variables and responses influenced by local laws, enforcement, compliance, management context, markets, and other responses to the combined travel, night, and gathering curfews. ...
... Thus, the evidence that the covid curfew reduced the rate of decline was also not supported by rates of change comparisons. In Africa, where the covid epidemic was not as lethal as elsewhere and where people are highly reliant on fisheries resources, the expected reduced effort and rebound in fish populations was only patchily evident [12,35]. ...
The responses of small-scale coastal fisheries to pauses in effort and trade are an important test of natural resource management theories with implications for the many challenges of managing common-pool resources. Three Covid-19 curfews provided a natural experiment to evaluate fisheries responses adjacent a marine reserve and in a small-mesh net gear-restricted management system. Daily catch weights in ten fish landings were compared before and after the curfew period to test the catch-only hypothesis that the curfew would reduce effort and increase catch per unit effort, per area yields, and incomes. Interviews with key informants indicated that fisheries effort and trade were disrupted but less so in the gear-restricted rural district than the more urbanized reserve landings. The expected increase in catches and incomes was evident in some sites adjacent the reserve but not the rural gear restricted fisheries. Differences in compliance and effort initiated by the curfew, changes in gear, and various negative environmental conditions are among the explanations for the variable catch responses. Rates of change over longer periods in CPUE were stable among marine reserve adjacent landing sites but declined faster in the gear-restricted fisheries. Two landing sites nearest the southern end of the reserve displayed a daily 45% increase in CPUE, 25-30% increase in CPUA, and a 45-56% increase in incomes. Results suggest that recovering stocks will succeed where authorities can enforce restrictions, near marine reserves, and fisheries lacking additional environmental stresses.
... Due to overfishing, habitat loss, pollution, and climate change, coastal small-scale fishing communities are experiencing decreased livelihood sustainability and increased food insecurity [6][7][8]. Additionally, compared with developed countries, SSFs tend to be more vulnerable to alterations in the global supply chains or price fluctuations [9], such as natural hazards and diseases, since they have fewer means to cope with these fluctuations [10]. ...
... In particular, serious impacts on fish catch and revenues have been reported in different areas around the world [16,17]. Thus, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the global seafood market and supply chain, thereby leading to a severe reduction in market demands and market price [9,[18][19][20][21][22]. Notably, the SSFs who are dependent on export markets experienced a severe reduction of demands [13], and additionally, local markets were also affected [23]. ...
... Thus, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the global seafood market and supply chain, thereby leading to a severe reduction in market demands and market price [9,[18][19][20][21][22]. Notably, the SSFs who are dependent on export markets experienced a severe reduction of demands [13], and additionally, local markets were also affected [23]. SSFs suffered from income loss [4,9,14,17,24,25], unemployment [26,27], and food insecurity [28,29], since most of them did not have an alternative source of income. Therefore, some SSFs were even forced to take loans from local money lenders at high interest rates [24]. ...
Scientists have recorded the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on small-scale fishers (SSFs), such as stagnating market demands and reduction in market price and income. Even though scientific evidence has heeded to these impacts, there is limited evidence regarding the long-term impacts and coping mechanisms of SSFs over longer periods. In addition, few studies have analysed these impacts and strategies from multiple perspectives. Our study aims to describe the perceived impacts of the COVID-19 outbreak on the communities of SSFs and the strategies adopted by them since the beginning of the outbreak in Trang Province, Thailand. Both qualitative and quantitative data obtained through semi-structured interviews indicated that, in the early stage of the outbreak, the SSFs used their natural, financial, and social capitals wisely; notably, human capitals were essential for the recovery in the later stages. Our findings suggested that an adaptive capacity to flexibly change livelihoods played an important role for the SSFs to cope with the outbreak; most importantly, our study indicated that, in a stagnating global economy, alternative income sources may not necessarily help SSFs.
... tend to be more vulnerable against alterations in the global supply chains or price fluctuations [9], shocks such as natural hazards and diseases, since they have fewer means to cope with shocks [10]. ...
... In particular, serious impacts on fish catch and revenues have been reported in different areas around the world [16][17]. The pandemic has disrupted the global seafood market and supply chain, thereby leading to a severe reduction of market demands and market price [9,[18][19][20][21][22]. While SSF who are dependent on export markets experienced a severe reduction of demands [13], local markets were also affected [23]. ...
... While SSF who are dependent on export markets experienced a severe reduction of demands [13], local markets were also affected [23]. SSF suffered from income loss [4,9,14,17,24,25], unemployment [26][27] and food insecurity [28][29], as they often lack alternative source of income. Some SSF were even forced to take loans from local money lenders at high interest rates [24]. ...
Researchers have reported various impacts of the COVID-19 outbreak on small-scale fishers, such as stagnating market demands, reduction of market price and income, etc. While literature have heeded to these impacts in a relatively short time frame, scant evidence exists on the changing impacts over time and on the detailed processes of how fishers have been coping with the challenges in a longer time period. Furthermore, few studies have comprehensively analysed the impacts and strategies from multiple perspectives. This study aims to explore the perceived impacts of the COVID-19 outbreak on small-scale fishing communities and to highlight the coping strategies adopted by fishers over a year since the initial outbreak, through a case study in Trang Province, Thailand. Analysis of both qualitative and quantitative data obtained through semi-structured interviews indicated that fishers wisely utilised natural, financial and social capitals at the early stages of the outbreak, while human capitals were essential for recovering from the impacts in the later stages. Our findings suggest that the adaptive capacity to flexibly change livelihood strategies are crucial, while alternative income source may not necessarily help small-scale fishers under stagnating global economy.
... Furthermore, due to the restrictions, restaurants and hotels are legally bound to close their doors. The demand for fish and fish products has decreased as a result of this [6]. By disrupting fish supply and demand, fish distribution, labor, and production, COVID-19 exposes the existing vulnerabilities in small-scale fisheries, putting small-scale farmers' livelihoods at risk [7]. ...
... Due to market disruptions, fish farmers have been unable to sell their fish. As a result, they have been stockpiling large quantities of live fish, the storage of which will be required for an indefinite period, raising expenses and expenditures, and increasing hazards [6]. Due to the restrictions placed on foreign markets, the export of food products such as Pangasius fish has been hampered. ...
... Because of the many logistical challenges previously discussed, the raw materials for frozen, prepacked, and canned fish and fish products have also been unavailable. The products have been exposed to loss, quality change, and higher costs for exporters, processors, merchants, and importers due to transportation bottlenecks and delays [6]. ...
Fish is a major source of food and nutritional security for subsistence communities in
developing countries, it also has linkages with the economic and supply-chain dimensions of these countries. Burgeoning literature has revealed the adverse impacts of COVID-19 on the fisheries and aquaculture sector, which serves as the major source of income and employment for numerous people globally. This study has employed a systematic literature review of the overall impacts of COVID-19 on the fisheries and aquaculture sector in developing countries using the PRISMA approach. This study reveals that COVID-19 has posed numerous challenges to fish supply chain actors, including a shortage of inputs, a lack of technical assistance, an inability to sell the product, a lack of transportation for the fish supply, export restrictions on fish and fisheries products, and a low fish price. These challenges lead to inadequate production, unanticipated stock retention, and a loss in returns. COVID-19 has also resulted in food insecurity for many small-scale fish growers. Fish farmers are becoming less motivated to raise fish and related products as a result of these cumulative consequences. Because of COVID-19’s different restriction measures, the demand and supply sides of the fish food chain have been disrupted, resulting in reduced livelihoods and economic vulnerability. In order to assist stakeholders to cope with, adapt to, and build resilience to pandemics and other shocks, this study offers policy recommendations to address the COVID-19-induced crisis in the fisheries and aquaculture sector.
... The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly reduced fishing pressure, providing opportunities for threatened species to recover. Many researchers from United Kingdom [71], Mediterranean [12], Indonesia [69,72], India [34], Africa [73,74], North America [75], and Bangladesh [76] reported that reduced fishing pressure resulted in an increase of wild stocks in inland and marine waters. Even reef fish densities increased substantially due to the COVID-19 lockdown [34]. ...
... In Fiji, the main impact of COVID-19 on small-scale fisheries was the reduction in sales of fish due to decreased local consumption and the decline of the tourism industry [79]. The negative consequences of COVID-19 on lake fisheries in Africa were due to the inability of fishers to access fishing grounds (low fish catches) and the decline in market demand, resulting in less fishing activities and trading and in losses of livelihood amongst inland fishers [73,74]. In fact, Stokes et al. [41] reported that the COVID-19 pandemic posed a higher risk to inland fisheries in 79 countries. ...
... Eggert et al. [85] emphasized the importance of ecology, community, and economics in the development of sustainable fisheries policy to better manage the wild stocks and provide appropriate support for fishery-dependent communities. In lake fisheries, Fiorella et al. [74] suggested that government involvement to control the COVID-19 pandemic and support the small-scale lake fishery in Kenya is important for the recovery from the calamity and the mitigation of future crises. The Malaysian government introduced an economic stimulus package to ease the impacts of COVID-19, especially on the poor communities that make up most of the work force in fisheries and aquaculture sectors [86]. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), resulted in ecological changes of aquatic ecosystems, affected the aquatic food supply chain, and disrupted the socio-economy of global populations. Due to reduced human activities during the pandemic, the aquatic environment was reported to improve its water quality, wild fishery stocks, and biodiversity. However, the sudden surge of plastics and biomedical wastes during the COVID-19 pandemic masked the positive impacts and increased the risks of aquatic pollution, especially microplastics, pharmaceuticals, and disinfectants. The transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from wastewater treatment plants to natural water bodies could have serious impacts on the environment and human health, especially in developing countries with poor waste treatment facilities. The presence and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in human excreta, wastewaters, and sludge and its transmission to aquatic ecosystems could have negative impacts on fisheries and aquaculture industries, which have direct implications on food safety and security. COVID-19 pandemic-related environmental pollution showed a high risk to aquatic food security and human health. This paper reviews the impacts of COVID-19, both positive and negative, and assesses the causes and consequences of anthropogenic activities that can be managed through effective regulation and management of eco-resources for the revival of biodiversity, ecosystem health, and sustainable aquatic food production.
... In particular, loss of income, lack of cash in the communities, and subsequent decline in food security combine to cause a decrease in material, subjective and relational wellbeing. Akin to inland fisheries in Kenya, continued food insecurity and lack of income may impact the health of fishing households, making them more vulnerable both to COVID-19 itself, and to the continued measures to contain it [14]. Prolonged periods of subsisting on staple carbohydrates leads to nutrient deficiencies, declines in health, work capacity and increased vulnerability to disease in short-term, and in the long-term, it can impact adult health and inhibit growth and development in children, reducing their future physical and cognitive capacity [7,8]. ...
... We found that coastal communities in Kenya experienced livelihood losses and disruptions similar to those reported in inland fisheries in Kenya [2,14]. In Kenya's inland fisheries, curfews and lockdowns influenced fishing and fish trade [2]. ...
... In Kenya's inland fisheries, curfews and lockdowns influenced fishing and fish trade [2]. In addition, restrictions on movement, and fear of contracting COVID-19 meant that small-scale fishing families had less access to fishing grounds and fished less [14]. Similarly, in Bangladesh, lockdown restrictions meant that small-scale inland fishers and fish farmers were prohibited from working on their ponds and wetlands [34]. ...
COVID-19 is continuing to have far-reaching impacts around the world, including on small-scale fishing communities. This study details the findings from 39 in-depth interviews with community members, community leaders, and fish traders in five communities in Kenya about their experiences since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in March, 2020. The interviews were conducted by mobile phone between late August and early October 2020. In each community, people were greatly impacted by curfews, rules about gathering, closed travel routes, and bans on certain activities. Fish trade and fisheries livelihoods were greatly disrupted. Respondents from all communities emphasized how COVID-19 had disrupted relationships between fishers, traders, and customers; changed market demand; and ultimately made fishing and fish trading livelihoods very difficult to sustain. While COVID-19 impacted different groups in the communities-i.e., fishers, female fish traders, and male fish traders-all experienced a loss of income and livelihoods, reduced cash flow, declining food security, and impacts on wellbeing. As such, although small-scale fisheries can act as a crucial safety net in times of stress, the extent of COVID-19 disruptions to alternative and informal livelihoods stemmed cash flow across communities, and meant that fishing was unable to fulfil a safety net function as it may have done during past disruptions. As the pandemic continues to unfold, ensuring that COVID-19 safe policies and protocols support continued fishing or diversification into other informal livelihoods, and that COVID-19 support reaches the most vulnerable, will be critical in safeguarding the wellbeing of families in these coastal communities.
... Because of the restrictions on mobility, delay or absence of transportation, and frequent cancellation of orders, the fishermen have lost their livelihoods, as they have not been able to sell their collected fish and crabs for the expected price and have instead been obliged to sell at a minimal price . Moreover, the growing prejudice towards fish products among consumers (Ben Hassen et al., 2021;Fiorella et al., 2021) has also contributed significantly to the reduction in domestic consumption (Mandal et al., 2021;Sunny et al., 2021). Furthermore, the study has found that the price of aquatic resources has decreased substantially in the absence of demand from local and international markets. ...
... A few months later, they were able to start catching fish and crabs on a regular basis, but it was still less than the usual amount of time. The resulting small catch of fish and crabs, combined with the low price of their collected resources in domestic and foreign markets (FAO, 2020a;Fiorella et al., 2021;Sunny et al., 2021), means that they can barely afford daily necessities such as food, household items, medicine, and education. The absence of demand for certain fishing products, particularly crabs, has also had detrimental impacts on the production and supply value chain. ...
... This has had a substantial impact on the household level, especially in terms of affordability of food and other essential amenities (Lima et al., 2021;Sunny et al., 2021). In the long run, this might lead to massive cases of malnourishment, especially among women and children (Fiorella et al., 2021). The results also indicate that the fishermen were more susceptible to seasonal flu symptoms such as fever, cough, headache, and cold, which is probably an indicator that inadequate food supply has made their immune systems weaker. ...
The outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has posed significant challenges to human wellbeing and survival, particularly among groups of people such as the Sundarbans mangrove forest resource-dependent communities (SMFRDCs), and especially the fishermen in these communities, in developing countries like Bangladesh. It is therefore essential to explore the livelihood conditions, health status and care-seeking behavior of the fishermen in these communities during the ongoing pandemic. This study was carried out by applying mixed methods, including interviews and focus group discussion (FGD), in the three sub-districts of Khulna, Satkhira, and Bagerhat, which are in the southwestern region adjacent to the Sundarbans mangrove forest (SMF) of Bangladesh. Quantitative data were collected from 76 fishermen through telephone interviews, while 24 fishermen participated in three distinct focus group discussions. The findings suggest that the fishermen have experienced a reduction of income, as they have been barred from entering the SMF during the pandemic, which has gradually affected their number of trips to and stays at the forest as well as their catch of fisheries resources. The decline in demand in both regional and international markets has left the fishermen with only a handful of alternative ways to adjust to these unprecedented circumstances, such as borrowing money, selling household assets, and in some extreme cases marrying off young children to reduce the financial burden, as many are now jobless. Their financial hardship during the pandemic has affected their households' capacity to afford basic household necessities, including food, fuel, education, and health expenses. Subsequently, when these fishermen suffer ailments such as fever, cough, headache, and cold – the general symptoms of COVID-19 – they cannot seek medical assistance from trained doctors. Their financial constraints have compelled them to rely on indigenous knowledge, in particular village quack doctors, or in some cases to seek help from local pharmacies for modern medicine. Thus, the government should provide financial support and strengthen the local market value chain so that disadvantaged fishermen in SMFRDCs can adopt alternative livelihood opportunities. Furthermore, longitudinal research on the impacts of COVID-19 on livelihood, local adaptation strategies, health status, and care-seeking behavior is also strongly recommended.
... Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pandemi Covid-19 memberikan dampak negatif terhadap kegiatan perikanan tangkap. Fiorella et al. (2021) menemukan bahwa pembatasan kegiatan masyarakat untuk menghindari tertularnya Covid-19 di Kenya mengakibatkan nelayan skala kecil dan pedagang ikan mengurangi aktivitas penangkapan ikan dan perdagangan di sekitar Danau Victoria. Kholis et al. (2020) menemukan bahwa pendapatan para nelayan jaring insang skala kecil di Bengkulu mengalami trend penurunan pendapatan akibat Covid-19 yang penurunannya mencapai -336%. ...
... Analisis yang dilakukan mencakup analisis deskriptif yaitu metode dalam menghitung, mendeskripsikan, dan menyimpulkan suatu data dan informasi dengan deskripsi yang dapat dipahami dengan logis dengan menggunakan grafik, tabel, kurva, deret waktu dan regresi sederhana. Analisis deskriptif menggambarkan suatu fenomena atau keadaan tertentu dengan penjelasan dan pemberian keterangan (Vetter, 2017;Nasution et al., 2020;Kinasih & Adrianto, 2021 Adapun dampak pandemi terhadap kegiatan penangkapan yaitu terhambatnya pengiriman hasil komoditas, penurunan jumlah hari kerja/melaut, penurunan jumlah hasil tangkapan dan permintaan hasil tangkapan serta penurunan pendapatan nelayan (Fiorella et al, 2021, Kholis, 2021, Mandal, et al, 2021. Campbel et al. (2021) menemukan bahwa dampak pandemi telah mengakibatkan penurunan lebih dari 90% jumlah nelayan dan pedagang aktif di awal pandemi dan penurunan total tangkapan harian dari 4.393 kg/hari menjadi 194 kg/hari (turun 96%) nelayan skala kecil di wilayah Sulawesi Tenggara pada periode 12 Maret sampai dengan DKI merupakan salah satu provinsi yang memiliki kasus harian COVID-19 tertinggi di Indonesia. ...
Pelabuhan perikanan merupakan sentral bisnis bagi usaha perikanan yang kegiatan hulu-hilir perikanan tangkap ada di Pelabuhan Perikanan. Pelabuhan Perikanan Samudera Nizam Zachman-Jakarta (PPSJ) merupakan salah satu pusat pendaratan dan distribusi hasil tangkapan yang berasal dari berbagai daerah di Indonesia dan dipasarkan baik domestik maupun luar negeri. Sebagai pelabuhan yang berlokasi di daerah yang memiliki kasus harian Covid-19 di Indonesia, PPSJ juga terkena dampak dari Covid-19 terutama ketika diberlakukannya kebijakan Pemberlakuan Pembatasan Kegiatan Masyarakat (PPKM) yang menghambat dan menyulitkan pelaku usaha baik dalam kegiatan hulu (penangkapan ikan) maupun dalam distribusi hasil tangkapan ikan (hilir). Oleh karena itu, studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak pandemik Covid-19 terhadap usaha perikanan di PPSJ dari sisi hulu (penangkapan) sampai sisi hilir (pemasaran) dari awal pandemi Covid-19 sampai dengan akhir tahun 2021. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan data tahun 2019 - 2021 yang telah dipublikasikan oleh PPSJ. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa pandemi Covid-19 tidak berdampak terhadap kegiatan operasional di laut seperti operasi penangkapan ikan dan pengangkutan hasil tangkapan dari laut, namun dampaknya sangat terasa pada kegiatan yang berkaitan dengan kegiatan darat seperti pengangkutan ikan melalui transportasi darat ke pelabuhan dan distribusi pemasaran. Kebijakan PPKM yang dikeluarkan pemerintah mengakibatkan terganggunya kegiatan distribusi dan pemasaran melalui transportasi darat di PPSJ. Sebaliknya kebijakan pemerintah dalam memfasilitasi administrasi operasional penangkapan ikan telah membantu nelayan untuk bisa terus melakukan operasi penangkapan ikan. Title: Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Fishery Business Supply Chain in Nizam Zachman Ocean Fishing Port, Jakarta The fishing port is a business center for fishery businesses where the upstream and downstream activities of capture fisheries are in the fishing port. Nizam Zachman-Jakarta Fishery Port (PPSJ) is one of the landing and distribution centers for catches originating from various regions in Indonesia and marketed both domestically and abroad. As a port located in an area that has daily cases of COVID-19 in Indonesia, PPSJ is also affected by COVID-19, especially when the implementation of the Policy for the Enforcement of Community Activity Restrictions (PPKM) which hampers and makes it difficult for business actors both in upstream activities (fishing) and in the distribution of fish catches (downstream). Therefore, this study aims to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on fishery businesses in PPSJ from the upstream side (catching) to the downstream side (marketing) from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic until the end of 2021. The study was conducted using 2019 data. - 2021 which has been published by PPSJ. The results of the study found that the COVID-19 pandemic did not have an impact on operational activities at sea such as fishing operations and transportation of catches from the sea, but the impact was felt on activities related to land activities such as transporting fish via land transportation to ports and marketing distribution. The PPKM policy issued by the government has disrupted distribution and marketing activities through land transportation at PPSJ, on the other hand, the government’s policy in facilitating the administration of fishing operations has helped fishermen to continue to carry out fishing operations.
... Small-scale fishers usually comprise a small number of members within groups that own a few boats or canoes, gill nets and seine nets. The daily catch is generally sold on-site, since fish landing bays lack proper freezing facilities (Fiorella et al., 2021). During the lockdown period, other food-providing sectors had lighter restrictions that prevented total shutdown, but the small-scale fisheries sector did not have such a provision (Bassett et al., 2021). ...
... In Lake Victoria, Kenya, the impact of COVID-19 resulted in a reduced availability of fish as a source of protein to most households, with the limited availability of fish leading to increased purchase prices (Fiorella et al., 2021). Poor access to fish protein had negative implications on the food and livelihood security of the fishing communities COVID-19 (FAO, 2020). ...
This contributed volume, based on papers presented at a conference held in Zimbabwe in mid-2021, interrogates solutions to COVID-19-related problems and issues across agricultural, environmental and water sectors in Zimbabwe and assesses their scientific, economic and practical validity. Across 19 chapters, this volume unpacks the science, economics and politics of the pandemic with a focus on understanding its secondary and tertiary impact on Zimbabwe’s population. The volume is also dedicated to understanding the practical and policy-oriented approaches in tackling the pandemic and confronting the “new normal” of COVID-19. It brings together researchers, development practitioners and policy makers from various disciplines in an endeavour to understand COVID-19 trends and analyse the scientific options for mitigation, containment, innovation and ultimately pre-empt the possible emergence and impacts of other pandemics in the future.
... Small-scale fishers usually comprise a small number of members within groups that own a few boats or canoes, gill nets and seine nets. The daily catch is generally sold on-site, since fish landing bays lack proper freezing facilities (Fiorella et al., 2021). During the lockdown period, other food-providing sectors had lighter restrictions that prevented total shutdown, but the small-scale fisheries sector did not have such a provision (Bassett et al., 2021). ...
... In Lake Victoria, Kenya, the impact of COVID-19 resulted in a reduced availability of fish as a source of protein to most households, with the limited availability of fish leading to increased purchase prices (Fiorella et al., 2021). Poor access to fish protein had negative implications on the food and livelihood security of the fishing communities COVID-19 (FAO, 2020). ...
In this chapter, we use the concept of everyday practice to highlight the plight of urban residents and what it means/takes to survive the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in a water-insecure city. We use data from four Wards on differentiated locations relative to storage tanks supplying water and different water rationing zones. The data was collected from 2020 to 2021 (2 years). A stratified random sampling technique was used to select a study sample of 303 respondents. Of these, 200 household heads were interviewed at their place of residency, while the remaining 103 respondents gave interviews while waiting to draw water from boreholes dotted around the four residential areas. Our results suggest that the policies for managing the pandemic paid less attention to everyday practices of getting around the more than two-decade-old water challenges in the urban areas. The water challenges in the urban areas further exposed the residents to COVID-19 infection, and the pandemic widened the gendered and spatial inequalities to access to water. We conclude that the search for and concerted efforts to access water to manage and prevent COVID-19 infection were equally associated with high chances of being infected and/or spreading COVID-19. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is not the last water-demanding crisis we will experience. This calls for a paradigm shift in urban water and sanitation access planning to include alternative water sources – groundwater – at the initial stages of residential planning.
... Similar findings reported in Hossain et al. (2022aHossain et al. ( , 2022b) that the financial loss forced to restrict the fish consumption of fishers. In the long run, this could result in widespread malnutrition, particularly among women and children (Fiorella et al., 2021) particularly in developing countries like Bangladesh. ...
... As a result, these species' price reductions were lower. However, changes in fish prices would have an impact on overall fishing and fish farming livelihoods (Fiorella et al., 2021), as it is their primary source of income. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has wreaked havoc on the aquaculture and fisheries sector all around the world, with the impact being exacerbated in developing countries. This study is an endeavor to identify consequences of the COVID-19 on fisheries and aquaculture sectors based on primary data collected from Bangladesh as an empirical case study. The data were collected through face-to-face interviews with different supply chain actors while analyzed using descriptive statistics and a problem confrontation index. As results depicted, income and employment across fish farmers, fishers, and traders were severely hurt, with a drastic fall in the market demand, coupled with a severe drop in their fish consumption. As market demand declined, fish farmers must be stocked mature fish for an extra period, and feed costs raised, eventually increasing the overall production cost. Besides, inaccessibility to inputs also made fish production and catch more troublesome. The price of all the major cultured and captured species plunged, leading to a depressing return to farmers, while inputs prices underwent a significant increase except for labor and fingerling. However, traders seemed to be the worst sufferers amid striking disruption in the fish value chain, which ostracized the preponderance of the traders from the chain. Some of the prime obstacles that constrained the production and trading process were but not limited to higher transportation costs, labor shortage, inability to pay for the wage, and reduced consumer demand across fish farmers, fishers, and traders. Nevertheless, our article further identified a myriad of strategies that the fish farmers, fishers, and traders followed to heal the scar of the fisheries and aquaculture sector with hands-on actions.
... Studies on the effect of COVID-19 on SSF are showing greats impacts on activities of fishers and traders [10], on local consumption patterns [22] and on several aspects of the value chain in general [35,52,54]. The mapping of value and supply chains is the starting point to identify the impacts of COVID-19 on small-scale fisheries and formulate policy strategies to increase the resilience of these fisheries. ...
... In the Indonesian case, fishers opted to target species in demand within the domestic markets, pausing BSC captures due to international market constraints [51]. In contrast, some Lake Victoria small-scale fishers also reduced their catches but to compensate, they focused only on high valued species and reduced self-consumption [22]. ...
All aspects of fish supply chains have been severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, with jobs, income and food security at risk. In Peru, small scale fisheries are fundamental for food security, contributing to about 2/3 of all fish consumed nationally. One of the most important resources which is more affordable for local and regional consumption is hake (Merluccius gayi peruanus). This study is a first attempt to describe the small-scale hake fishery value chain and to quantify the impact of COVID-19 from March to August 2020 in two fishing communities in northern Peru. The levels of fishing and primary buying were the most affected, and we estimate that ~ 23,000 fishing trips were not conducted, ~ 1680 t of hake was not landed (83% decrease), and 620 jobs were negatively impacted during this period. The gross income of vessel owners and primary buyers decreased by ~ $US 913,000. Marked differences were observed in the way each community responded to the pandemic and in their resilience to cope with COVID-19, despite being located less than 10 km away. In El Ñuro, which relied more heavily on the international market for hake trade, the value chain was affected for longer, while in Los Órganos which supplied national markets, the chain was restored after an initial period of adjustment. Our study suggests that government efforts should focus on facilitating a formalisation process in all levels of the chain, develop indicators to monitor the resumption of activities and the inclusion of a value chain approach to small-scale fisheries management.
... Fishing households consumed fish more often and in larger quantities compared to non-fishing households, regardless of wealth, but this effect was greatest amongst poor households [31]. In the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in June 2021, phone interviews with members of Kenyan communities by Lake Victoria revealed fishers were more likely to sell than consume fish [32]. The authors suggested that movement restrictions and concerns about COVID-19 may limit fishing activities, leading fishers to target and sell high-value fish in order to purchase less expensive fish for home consumption, if they consume fish at all. ...
... While most studies included in this review were cross-sectional, many described temporal changes in fish access or intake-including between dry and rainy seasons [34], following the provision of nutritional counselling and education [60], associated with the development of fish supply chains [43] and in association with the COVID-19 pandemic [32]. Temporal variation in fish consumption is likely to accompany changes in both physical access, due to the seasonal nature of catches and fishing restrictions, and economic access, due to fluctuations in market prices and consumers' purchasing power (e.g., amongst smallholder farming households reliant on income from an annual or biannual crop harvest). ...
Effective actions for the fishery and aquaculture sectors to contribute toward improving nutrition rely on an understanding of the factors influencing fish intake, particularly amongst vulnerable populations. This scoping review synthesises evidence from 33 studies in the African Great Lakes Region to examine the influence of food environments on fish acquisition and consumption. We identified only two studies that explicitly applied a food environment framework and none that linked policy conditions with the contribution of fish to diets. Economic access to fish was represented in the largest number of included studies (21 studies), followed by preferences, acceptability and desirability of fish (17 studies) and availability and physical access (14 studies). Positive perceptions of taste and low cost, relative to other animal-source foods, were drivers of fish purchases in many settings; however, limited physical and economic access were frequently identified as preventing optimal intake. In lakeside communities, fish were increasingly directed toward external markets which reduced the availability and affordability of fish for local households. Few studies considered intra-household variations in fish access according to age, gender or physiological status, which represents an important knowledge gap. There is also scope for future research on seasonal influences on fish access and the design and rigorous evaluation of programmes and policies that address one or more constraints of availability, cost, convenience and preferences.
... Furthermore, when fishers' organizations attempted to establish mitigation measures, these were occasionally abrogated by other actors and their (informal) actions. Regarding conflicts and informality, despite some studies on COVID-19 impacts suggesting that the curtailment of fishers' mobility could have reduced competition among fishers or increased compliance with fisheries regulations (Fiorella et al., 2021 ), in our case, the situation was the opposite. Despite the increase in formalization (i.e. ...
The coastal waters off Peru are among the world’s most productive, thanks to the Humboldt Current and its strong coastal upwelling. Fisheries and an ever-expanding mariculture sector provide millions of Peruvians livelihoods, income, and nutrition. Coastal communities engaging with these sectors face a volatile environment they have historically adapted to. But when the COVID-19 pandemic unfolded in 2020, affecting all aspects of life, challenges for the fisheries and mariculture sectors emerged to a yet unprecedented extent. This work applies a mixed-method approach for documenting and analysing the effects of the pandemic on the Peruvian seafood sector and seafood worker’s economy in particular. Mobility restrictions and market closures disrupted seafood supply chains, altering access to nutrition and income for many people involved. Interviewees aimed to diversify livelihood strategies and use personal networks to withstand the crisis, while some established adaptation strategies, such as migration towards other fishing grounds, were largely impeded. Our results highlight the vulnerability of seafood value chains—mainly artisanal and small-scale fisheries—in the face of such a global crisis. The implications of the pandemic for the long-term sustainability of Peruvian coastal–marine activities are discussed and set into the context of previously experienced crises in the region.
... The dire consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on fisheries and aquaculture have been extensively studied in different parts of the world, including the USA , China (Newton et al., 2021), Canada (Webb, 2021), Indonesia (Wiradana et al., 2021), Malaysia (Waiho et al., 2020), Kenya (Fiorella et al., 2021), Thailand (Chanrachkij et al., 2020), and Bangladesh Sunny et al., 2021;Mandal et al., 2021). Ferrer et al. (2021) conducted a comprehensive study on the effects on small-scale fisheries and their responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in six Southeast Asian countries: Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Vietnam. ...
In March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic rapidly spread across Bangladesh, affecting various sectors, including aquaculture. However, there is a lack of evidence regarding the effects on aquaculture production and profitability in the country. The present study addresses this gap and investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic using a convenience questionnaire survey utilising face-to-face and telephonic interviews with 499 fish farmers from five prominent fish-culture regions (Satkhira, Khulna, Madaripur, Bhola, and Mymensingh) in Bangladesh from April to
August 2020. The results show aquaculture production losses averaging 29.1 % during the pandemic compared to the pre-pandemic period. Before the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, the farmers reported a profit of USD3813 per hectare, which turned into a loss of USD2565.4 per hectare during the pandemic period. The standard multiple linear regression analysis indicated that large farms experienced a more significant impact on aquaculture production loss and economic loss during the pandemic period compared to small farms [β = 0.15, P = 0.029]. The causes for the
production loss were identified by rank based quotient (RBQ), indicating that increased fish transportation costs and prices of seed and feed dominated during the lockdown. The lockdown and movement restrictions also reduced selling prices because of fewer buyers. The government provided financial support to the fish farmers, but only one-third (36 %) of the respondents received financial aid. The study suggests implementing medium and long-term measures, such as strengthening communication networks, digital marketing strategies and developing strategic planning initiatives to improve disaster management and resilience to mitigate the effects of the pandemic.
Keywords: lockdown, COVID-19 pandemic, production loss, financial support
... A growing body of literature on the impact of COVID-19 on agri-food value chains in developing countries has been published over the last couple of years, including on our target commodities (e.g. Alam et al., 2022;Fiorella et al., 2021;Vargas et al., 2021). However, as noted by Béné et al. (2021), many such studies have been anecdotal. ...
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Kenya were severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and restrictions put in place to contain it. This study assesses the impact of these restrictions on the midstream of the potato and fish value chains, with a focus on traders and processors, and investigates the short- and longer-term responses and ‘pivoting’ strategies deployed by these firms. Longitudinal data were collected from 937 respondents with three recall periods: (1) the pre-pandemic situation (2019); (2) the period of strictest restrictions, necessitating immediate adaptations by firms (2020); and (3) a period of anticipated recovery with longer-term business adaptation strategies (2021). Firms in both value chains reported a dramatic drop in turnover in 2020. Potato SMEs partially recovered in 2021, but fish SMEs reported further declines in turnover. In the face of restrictions, SMEs shifted toward more localized procurement and sales, shorter supply chains (often by-passing intermediaries and increasing use of contracts), use of smaller vehicles, and toward the adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) to search for and engage with business partners. Smaller firms and the biggest of businesses were more resilient and less subject to large fluctuations in business turnover, suggesting an inverted U-shape relationship between firm size and impact. Firms located close to production areas and selling primarily within their own county were also less affected. We provide recommendations for increasing business resilience to shocks based on these findings.
... In the UK, there has been an increase in the consumption of high energy density snack and home-prepared foods, as well as fruits and vegetables [2]. Other studies have also examined changes in consumption and eating habits [3][4][5][6]. Despite all these studies, there is still a gap in our knowledge with regard to the changes in the behavior of the commodity market decision-makers. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic caused a significant disruption to food demand, leading to changes in household expenditure and consumption patterns. This paper presents a method for analyzing the impact of such demand shocks on a producer’s decision to sell a commodity during economic turmoil. The method uses an artificial neural network (ANN) to approximate the optimal value function for a general stochastic differential equation and calculate the partial derivatives of the value function with respect to various parameters of both the diffusion process and the payoff function. This approach allows for sensitivity analysis of the optimal stopping problem and can be applied to a range of situations beyond just the COVID-19 crisis.
... COVID-19 exposes existing vulnerabilities for small-scale fisheries [2] and endangers their livelihoods by disrupting fish demand, supply, distribution, labor, and production [3]. Early studies on the impact of COVID-19 on small-scale fisheries throughout the world have raised several issues, such as economic vulnerability [4,5], customers' negative attitudes [6], anthropogenic stress [7], and food system disruption [8,9]. Fisheries provide jobs and food security for many people worldwide, and fish farmers are particularly vulnerable to the pandemic [10]. ...
Bangladesh's aquaculture sector has contributed progressively to the nation's economy over the years, but the COVID-19 pandemic has impeded fish farmers' access to markets, reduced their production and sales capacity, resulted in lower income, and increased food security vulnerability. This study assesses how COVID-19 affects smallholder fish farmers and their response strategies by employing data collected from 250 fish farmers and traders from intensive fish-growing areas of Bangladesh. The results reveal that most farmers experienced difficulty obtaining inputs, and the price of those inputs skyrocketed during the COVID-19 period, resulting in several months of decreased production and operations. As a result of COVID-19, farm gate prices for silver carp, ruhu, common carp, grass carp, and tilapia fish dropped by 25%, 23%, 23%, 22%, 23%, and 40%, respectively. On the other hand, fish feed prices were found to increase significantly. Reduced income from fish farming and other sources has triggered a significant drop in capital for farming operations and production capacity improvement, leading to food insecurity. The most common coping strategies include reduced buying from the market (vegetables, fruits, meat, milk, etc.), relying on less expensive or less preferred food, purchasing food on credit, and selling assets. Notably, due to COVID-19, a new mode of marketing has evolved as an adaptation strategy in the fish marketing system, such as the use of the mobile phone (18%) and Facebook/internet to sell fish directly to the customer (16%). The sector requires short-term financial assistance to assist fish actors with production and marketing challenges.
... These findings agree with those of Kansiime et al. (2021), who also reported decreased food consumption due to the impacts of COVID-19 in Uganda and Kenya. This could lead to malnutrition in the long run, especially among women and children (Fiorella et al., 2021). ...
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) adversely impacted the fisheries sector of Bangladesh, particularly affecting the outcomes for women workers of the fish and shellfish processing plants (FSPPs). This study aimed to assess the impacts of COVID-19 on the women workers of the FSPPs by collecting data through 151 questionnaire surveys and two focus group discussions (FGDs) from September to December 2021. During COVID-19, 32.1 % of respondents’ food consumption decreased slightly, and 16.6 % reduced drastically. Children of 18.2 % of the respondents had no access, and 16.9 % had insufficient access to online class facilities. Increased livelihood costs and decreased household income posed adverse economic impacts on women. Formal paid hours and overtime job opportunities were reduced because foreign buyers cancelled orders during the pandemic. Gender-based violence and social insecurity increased. Respondents (13.2 %) reported increased mistreatment by their husbands during the pandemic. Women workers’ mental health deteriorated as their anxiety and insecurity about life increased during the pandemic. This study recommends overcoming the adverse effect of COVID-19 or COVID-like pandemics in the future. To ensure proper food consumption and reduce adverse economic impacts, the government should offer a special relief package, financial incentives and flexible low-interest loans. Related authorities should ensure that every child has the opportunity and access to participate in online classes during COVID-19 or COVID, like pandemics in the future.
... Beberapa penelitian telah dilakukan berkaitan dengan dampak pandemi Covid-19 dan kemiskinan. Pandemi Covid-19 telah menimbulkan penurunan kondisi sosialekonomi masyarakat (Fiorella et al., 2021;Mahmud & Riley, 2021), peningkatan jumlah kemiskinan (Ren-fu et al., 2020;Tarigan et al., 2020) dan mekanisme adaptasi yang dilakukan masyarakat menghadapi dampak tersebut (Mahmud & Riley, 2021). Disamping faktor kondisi sosial-ekonomi, kemiskinan juga dipengaruhi oleh faktor geografis yang berkaitan dengan kondisi alam dan lingkungan termasuk fasilitas pendukung aktivitas masyarakat (Liu et al., 2021). ...
Pandemi Covid-19 telah menimbulkan guncangan besar terutama terhadap sektor non-pertanian sehingga memicu terjadinya peningkatan kemiskinan di berbagai wilayah. Suatu wilayah tersusun dari perkotaan dan pedesaan dengan karakteristik aktivitas sosial-ekonomi yang berbeda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pola perubahan kemiskinan di masa pandemi Covid-19 dalam perspektif sistem keruangan wilayah. Data kemiskinan yang digunakan berdasarkan data periode Januari dan Oktober 2020. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu analisis kuantitatif dengan statistik deskriptif dan analisis spasial. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, maka diperoleh temuan bahwa pertumbuhan perkotaan di Kabupaten Sragen cenderung terkonsentrasi pada area selatan Bengawan Solo dan penambahan tingkat kemiskinan di kawasan perkotaan memiliki kecenderungan yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan kawasan pedesaan. Penelitian ini diharapkan memberikan perkembangan pengetahuan berkaitan dengan klasifikasi hierarki wilayah, penilaian sebaran kemiskinan dan faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap kerentanan kemiskinan akibat guncangan ekonomi.
... In such a scenario, individuals can always return to farming as an alternative to fishing during difficulties conducting fishing operations [58]. As a result, some fishermen chose to farm their land as a means of subsistence until fishing operations resumed normalcy [59]. Such anecdotes were provided throughout the current study's fisher interviews, notably about the fishers and their families' coping techniques during the COVID-19 pandemic. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected many world regions’ coastal social-ecological systems (SESs). Its extensive consequences have exposed flaws in numerous facets of society, including small-scale coastal fisheries in developing countries. To this extent, by focusing on two coastal districts in Bangladesh, namely Chittagong and Cox’s Bazar, we investigated how the lockdown during COVID-19 impacted small-scale coastal fishers in Bangladesh and which immediate measures are required to develop and implement insights, on the role of the scale of governance attributes, in facilitating or impeding the resilience of small-scale fisheries (SSFs). We analyzed both qualitative and quantitative data obtained through semi-structured, in-depth individual interviews (n = 120). Data were further validated using two focus group discussions in the study areas. The impact of the pandemic on the fishers’ livelihood included halting all kinds of fishing activities; limited time or area for fishing; livelihood relocation or alternative work; low fish price; fewer fish buyers, causing difficulty in selling; and travel or free-movement restrictions. Additionally, the study discovered several coping skills and found that the most prevalent coping strategy against the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic was to take out loans (48%) from different organizations and NGOs and borrow money from relatives, neighbors, friends, or boat owners. Finally, the current research analysis identified possible recommendations to enhance the resilience of coastal fishers during COVID-19, emphasizing arrangements that should be made to provide alternative livelihood opportunities for coastal fishermen via need-based training, technical and vocational education and training, and microcredit to keep them afloat and earning during the pandemic, not relying only on fishing.
... Out of the 90 baseline participants, we re-enrolled and collected data on 88 (one participant could not be located and one participant had died prior to the follow-up study). Additional methodological details available inFiorella et al. (2021). ...
... The global scientific community promptly deployed information technology for continuous monitoring of COVID-19 spread, and applications of GIS using comprehensive data [32,33]. Progressive restrictions of activities also impacted fishery operations and catches [34,35], fishery trade [36] and port activities [37]. Although Pellegrini et al. (2020) derived and analyzed the environmental and socio-economic effects of COVID-19 on marine realms [38], quantitative studies describing impacts on global fisheries and spatio-temporal dynamics are still lacking. ...
Global Fishing Watch (GFW) provides global open-source data collected via automated monitoring of vessels to help with sustainable management of fisheries. Limited previous global fishing effort analyses, based on Automatic Identification System (AIS) data (2017–2020), suggest economic and environmental factors have less influence on fisheries than cultural and political events, such as holidays and closures, respectively. As such, restrictions from COVID-19 during 2020 provided an unprecedented opportunity to explore added impacts from COVID-19 restrictions on fishing effort. We analyzed global fishing effort and fishing gear changes (2017–2019) for policy and cultural impacts, and then compared impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns across several countries (i.e., China, Spain, the US, and Japan) in 2020. Our findings showed global fishing effort increased from 2017 to 2019 but decreased by 5.2% in 2020. We found policy had a greater impact on monthly global fishing effort than culture, with Chinese longlines decreasing annually. During the lockdown in 2020, trawling activities dropped sharply, particularly in the coastal areas of China and Spain. Although Japan did not implement an official lockdown, its fishing effort in the coastal areas also decreased sharply. In contrast, fishing in the Gulf of Mexico, not subject to lockdown, reduced its scope of fishing activities, but fishing effort was higher. Our study demonstrates, by including the dimensions of policy and culture in fisheries, that large data may materially assist decision-makers to understand factors influencing fisheries’ efforts, and encourage further marine interdisciplinary research. We recommend the lack of data for small-scale Southeast Asian fisheries be addressed to enable future studies of fishing drivers and impacts in this region.
... Early in the pandemic, most exports were halted and the majority of domestic markets closed, with major impacts and losses for SSFA actors and supporting socioeconomic systems around the world 34 . Where actors lacked political recognition they could also be excluded from supportive and enabling responses such as curfew exemptions 56 . SSFA responses to the pandemic have been characterized by increased vulnerability but also high resilience. ...
Small-scale fisheries and aquaculture (SSFA) provide livelihoods for over 100 million people and sustenance for ~1 billion people, particularly in the Global South. Aquatic foods are distributed through diverse supply chains, with the potential to be highly adaptable to stresses and shocks, but face a growing range of threats and adaptive challenges. Contemporary governance assumes homogeneity in SSFA despite the diverse nature of this sector. Here we use SSFA actor profiles to capture the key dimensions and dynamism of SSFA diversity, reviewing contemporary threats and exploring opportunities for the SSFA sector. The heuristic framework can inform adaptive governance actions supporting the diversity and vital roles of SSFA in food systems, and in the health and livelihoods of nutritionally vulnerable people—supporting their viability through appropriate policies whilst fostering equitable and sustainable food systems.
... Early in the pandemic, most exports were halted and the majority of domestic markets closed, with major impacts and losses for SSFA actors and supporting socioeconomic systems around the world 34 . Where actors lacked political recognition they could also be excluded from supportive and enabling responses such as curfew exemptions 56 . SSFA responses to the pandemic have been characterized by increased vulnerability but also high resilience. ...
Small-scale fisheries and aquaculture (SSFA) provide livelihoods for over 100 million people and sustenance for ~1 billion people, particularly in the Global South. Aquatic foods are distributed through diverse supply chains, with the potential to be highly adaptable to stresses and shocks, but face a growing range of threats and adaptive challenges. Contemporary governance assumes homogeneity in SSFA despite the diverse nature of this sector. Here we use SSFA actor profiles to capture the key dimensions and dynamism of SSFA diversity, reviewing contemporary threats and exploring opportunities for the SSFA sector. The heuristic framework can inform adaptive governance actions supporting the diversity and vital roles of SSFA in food systems, and in the health and livelihoods of nutritionally vulnerable people—supporting their viability through appropriate policies whilst fostering equitable and sustainable food systems. A framework for capturing the key dimensions of small-scale actors in aquatic food supply chains is explored—with recommendations for supporting their viability and adaptability in sustainable food systems
... The other type of research investigated the consumption of a certain kind of goods during the pandemic of COVID-19 [14][15][16]. Food consumption is a hot topic. Husain and Ashkanani found people have more late-night snacks during the COVID-19 pandemic based on the survey data of 415 adults in Kuwait [17]. ...
This study investigated changes of individuals' consumption behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic and explored the driving determinants in consumption expenditure in Zhejiang China. Based on the 454 samples of survey data, which were collected in 2020 and 2021, it showed a reduction trend in consumption expenditure during the pandemic. Compared to the consumptions before the pandemic, money spent on housing, food, and beverage did not change too much. However, expenditures on wearing, recreation, and education reduced. Age, family size, and household income were significant to the expenditure changes. Online shopping became an important alternative way for residents during the pandemic and the trend is expected to continue even after the pandemic. Based on the findings, suggestions are summarized as two points. First, the young and single residents are the main group for recovering the consumption for wearing, recreation, education, and public transport. Meanwhile, to improve the satisfactions in online shopping, regulations should be issued by the government in improving the quality of goods and service.
Introduction
COVID-19 acutely shocked both socio-economic and food systems in 2020. We investigated the impact of COVID-19 on production and consumption of gardened produce, backyard poultry, wild game and fish, and foraged mushrooms, berries, and other plants in New York State, aiming to understand crisis influenced food choice and motivations, including food security.
Methods
We conducted an online, cross-sectional survey in October–December 2020 with a convenience sample of participants ( n = 505) with an interest in gardening, poultry rearing, foraging, hunting, and/or fishing from six counties in upstate New York. We recruited through the New York Department of Environmental Conservation, Cornell Cooperative Extension, and other relevant email and social media pages.
Results
Across the wild and backyard food production strategies, 4.0–14.3% of respondents reported engaging for the first time and 39.6–45.7% reported increased production (a little or a lot more), and 31.6–42.7% of respondents’ production was the same as the previous year. Consumption of foods produced was widespread, including fruit and vegetables (97.6% of producers also consumed), backyard eggs (92.7%), and foraged foods (93.8%). For meats, a majority consumed backyard poultry meat (51.2%), wild-caught fish (69.7%), and wild game they hunted (80.1%). The frequency of consumption of fruit and vegetables (average of 13.5 times/month) and eggs (16.4 times/month) was very high, while average consumption of poultry meat, foraged foods, fish, and wild game ranged from 3.1 to 5.8 times/month. The number of respondents who reported “have more control over food availability” as motivation to produce all wild and backyard foods increased from 2019 to 2020 ( p < 0.05 - p < 0.001). There was also a significant relationship between experiences of COVID-19 related hardship (i.e., food insecurity, income loss) with gardening and poultry-rearing ( p ≤ 0.05), but not with other production methods or with consumption of wild and backyard foods.
Discussion
Our findings help to locate wild and backyard foods within COVID-19 impacted food environments, and describe food security as a particularly relevant motivation, among others, reported by respondents in 2020. Given this, New York State service providers can use these findings to tailor current future support for households exerting control over their own food environments with wild and backyard foods, allowing the state to be better prepared for future crises.
In this article, we reflect on the consequences of COVID-19 interventions on coastal communities in south Kerala (India), and the responses of the local population to the latter. In particular, we map out the events which led to spontaneous protests in a number of fishing villages during the second wave of the epidemic in July 2020. We will show that whilst during the first wave of the epidemic, coastal communities remained supportive of government intervention, such an initial support begun to wane as the epidemic unfolded over time and became more aggressive and widespread. We argue that such a shift in fishing communities’ attitudes was a response not only to the consequences of a more forceful policy of containment of the epidemic but also to a sudden identification of coastal communities as the main locus of contagion in the district. We suggest that the consequent restrictive measures enforced on coastal communities were driven as much by epidemiological concerns as by a media-driven social panic built upon widespread negative stereotypes that have historically worked to marginalize, and even criminalize coastal communities in Kerala. We deploy the notion of bio-moral marginality to reveal ways through which the attribution of specific—and largely stereotyped and negative— physical attributes and moral dispositions to the bodies and behaviour of people belonging to fishing coastal communities constituted the ground upon which the social panic concerning the spread of the COVID-19 virus unfolded in south Kerala, thus leading to fishers’ militant response.
Explains why we need to look beyond agriculture and trade and embrace a holistic food systems perspective
Broaches an array of issues relating to resilience and food security, including gender, climate change, and COVID-19
Appeals to a broad audience, from academics to policymakers, students to practitioners
This book is open access, which means that you have free and unlimited access
Climate change poses significant risks to our food systems, thus jeopardising the food security of millions of people worldwide. The concept of resilience is increasingly being proposed as a framework to find solutions to these challenges. In this chapter, we assess how resilience has been integrated in discussions about climate change and food security by both academics and practitioners. We performed a targeted review of the academic literature on climate change, food security, and resilience and found that despite a growing body of literature on the subject, the pathways through which actions translate into resilience and then into food security remain unclear. An examination of a sample of projects implemented through the Adaptation Fund revealed that many good practices with potential for resilience-building are used but also that suitable indicators and methods to monitor and evaluate resilience and its outcomes are lacking. Based on our findings, we conclude that while the concept of resilience has accompanied and may have favoured a transition towards more integrated approaches and interventions in work related to climate change and food security, further efforts are needed to identify an efficient and rational sequence of interventions to improve food security in response to climate threats.
Linking the concepts of food systems and resilience offers the opportunity to strengthen our understanding of these concepts, the potential they hold for more informed policy discussions, and the design and implementation of interventions that will better deliver on food security outcomes. This chapter outlines how these twin concepts can be linked conceptually and empirically. It argues that while we know much about certain elements of the food system, specifically production and consumption, our understanding of the processing and distribution components of the food system are weak. For example, market structure in the processing sector and market integration can contribute to food system resilience, but these are rarely measured at a country level. This makes efforts to measure resilience at the system-level challenging. Understanding what can make a resilient food system has important implications for policy and intervention design. Building resilient food systems requires that policymakers grapple with trade-offs and tensions such as those between the benefits of diversification versus gains from specialization; and how openness to trade reduces vulnerability to domestic shocks to the food system while exposing it to external shocks. How best to manage these will be an important challenge to address.
The aim of this introduction chapter is twofold. First it will set the scene, frame the overarching problem and present the central question of this volume: How does the concept of resilience help in improving our general understanding of the development process, in particular around the issue of food (in)security, and how does it influence the way development interventions around this question of food security are now programmed and implemented? To address this ambitious question, the entire series of chapters will adopt a food system approach. The second part of the introduction chapter will then ‘kick-start’ the discussion, first by providing some initial element of definition for the three concepts under consideration and then by highlighting some of the main discussions, debates or even contradictions that emerge in the literature around the definition, interpretations and application of those concepts.
Food systems have outcomes related to three goals: food and nutrition security; livelihoods and economic inclusion; and environmental sustainability. Place-based approaches help to delineate the adequate territories in which coalitions of actors can address such goals. In the case of food, they facilitate food system resilience through identifying opportunities for adaptation to change and offer risk management to deal with external shocks. In many countries, local authorities and communities were central in the early response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The South African experience is illustrative of their potential roles in a time of crisis. Although South Africa’s provinces have restricted competency for food system governance, the Western Cape Province adopted a pro-active approach and developed from 2014 a food security strategy where it commits to a wide range of interventions. Related and following local debates provided a fertile context which allowed further engagement about ways to improve food governance. It facilitated the emergence of multiple community-led initiatives to address the loss of livelihoods and food insecurity during the crisis. This experience illustrates the potential to produce polycentric forms of governance that can progressively result in collaborative governance; it also reveals how embryonic territorial approaches addressing food system issues can emerge.
The concept of resilience within urban food systems has gained significant academic and policy focus in recent years. This aligns with the increased global awareness of the problem of urban food insecurity, and increased focus on sub-national policies for sustainable development. COVID-19 demonstrated a series of vulnerabilities in the food system and the urban system. Academic work on urban food system resilience is wide ranging, however particular areas of focus dominate, focusing on urban agriculture, localized food systems, resilient city region food systems and the water-energy-food nexus. Renewed interest in resilience policy at the local government level has been amplified by global networks, whose framing of urban food systems resilience is embedded within the SDGs and the New Urban Agenda. Using findings from cities in five African countries, we argue for a re-framing of urban food system resilience that is inclusive of a wider set of factors shaping the form and function of the food system; that the urban system, specifically infrastructure, shapes the functioning of the food system and the ability of consumers to use the food system; and that the agency of urban food system users needs inclusion in understandings of, and efforts to increase, food systems resilience.
Achieving food security for the global population of 8 billion will be a challenge without functional, equitable, and resilient food systems. This chapter examines the history of how food security has been framed and addressed in international development, and the importance of a food systems approach and mindset in tackling food security. While this new food systems framing is important in bringing together the myriad of actors and components that food touches upon, food security has become more complex in the modern, challenged world, and functional food systems do not necessarily equate to improved food security. As international goals and commitments are made, policymakers must consider how food systems engage with other systems, and the failures and successes that history has taught us in efforts to achieve food security for all.
Resilience offers a useful lens for studying how human well-being and agri-food systems absorb and recover from a range of shocks and stressors, including the COVID-19 pandemic. Looking beyond the direct effects of observable shocks to the mechanisms that shape their impacts can guide our understanding of COVID-19 and leverage findings from the pandemic to better understand resilience to future shocks. We develop a conceptual framework for the multiple paths through which observed shocks interact with systemic mechanisms to influence resilience. We illustrate this framework with reference to the pandemic and policy responses as they unfolded in three rural areas in Malawi, Madagascar, and Kenya. Consistent with this framework, we find multiple pathways through which the pandemic affected household food security and resilience. Our findings highlight that, in some settings, the direct effects—in this case severe illness and mortality from SARS-CoV-2—may impact fewer people than the indirect impacts that arise as behaviors, markets, and policies adjust. We illustrate that although COVID-19 is a new shock, its massive, broad-reaching impacts manifest through familiar stressors and uncertainties that frequently burden poor rural populations in much of the low- and middle-income world.
The published narratives on food resilience of 16 development agencies are analysed. Using a rapid appraisal method, their positions and conception of resilience as a factor in food security are scrutinised. The study provides a snapshot of thought in 2020 and 2021. The COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, biodiversity loss and a policy focus on food systems have made resilience prominent in food policy. Firstly, concerns are raised that resilience may follow food security in its plasticity, blunting its critical edge. Secondly, the methods are explained. Thirdly, the findings are presented and organised by agency type. Fourthly, the findings are discussed. A fractured consensus around food resilience is noted. Despite broad agreement that resilience is a useful dimension for food security, there is no mutually agreed systematic conceptualisation or framework. Agencies use different definitions, approaches and measurements in their discourse, with varying levels of complexity. Some agencies adopt resilience as a buzzword, while others make it central to their institutional approach. The chapter concludes that, although resilience is emerging as core concept, its value would be strengthened with interdisciplinary attention paid to how food resilience is measured; unless this occurs, the risk is that resilience will be diluted as it becomes ubiquitous.
Articles related to various aspects of impacts of Covid 19
Introduction
The impact of COVID-19 on small-scale fishing communities is of great concern given the importance of aquatic foods in trade, nutrition and livelihoods. Using a case study of Lake Victoria, augmented by published literature, we examine the socioeconomic dynamics and severity of COVID-19 impacts on Kenyan fishing communities.
Methods
A household level questionnaire was administered through phone interviews on a monthly basis from June 2020 to May 2021, including a focus group discussion in July 2021.
Results
We find that multifold fear of COVID-19 infection and control measures were present and varied across case rates and stringency of control measures. Fishers and traders reported being affected by disease control measures that limited market access and their ability to fish overnight. In spite of these worries, and contrary to what has been reported in the published literature regarding impacts observed in the early months of the pandemic, we see stable participation in fishing and fish trading over time despite the pandemic. Food insecurity was high before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, but did not substantially shift with the pandemic.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that Kenyan fishing and fish trading households adopted diverse strategies to cope and balance generating income to provide for their families and staying safe. Our results underscore the need to understand ways in which acute pandemic impacts evolve over time given that effects are likely heterogeneous across small-scale fishing communities.
Since its outbreak in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, the COVID-19 virus has spread worldwide with devastating social and economic impacts. This study investigated the effects of COVID-19 on the small-scale commercial fishing sector in Masvingo Province, Zimbabwe. A qualitative survey was conducted by administering unstructured, open-ended questions among the ten (10) fishing cooperatives operating in the Tugwi-Mukosi Dam. Furthermore, assessments were made on the resilience of small-scale fishers to the pandemic. Results indicated that the small-scale fishers faced challenges associated with the virus and other shocks not linked to COVID-19. The findings were summarised into five main themes, which included fear of the virus among fishers, due to anxiety and lack of information on the virus; high susceptibility to the COVID-19 virus associated with poor shelter; lack of sanitary facilities and limited access to clean water; economic hardship, which increased social uncertainty; and unconducive dam terrain for gill netting, thus leading to the need for innovative resilience-building efforts. Travel restrictions and lockdown measures introduced in response to the pandemic added to the challenges the fisheries sector was already facing throughout the country.
For many Kenyans, the aquaculture business provides a vital source of food and work. However, information on Kenya’s aquaculture sector’s resilience in the face of emerging global shocks such as the COVID-19 pandemic requires additional examination. Prior to the epidemic, Kenya’s aquaculture industry had grown from a tiny participant to a critical component of the country’s fish food system, with fish and fisheries products becoming the most extensively traded food commodity in Kenyan market places. However, as indicated in the review, the aquaculture value chain has not been scrutinised since the onset of COVID-19. Lockdowns enacted during the pandemic had a significant influence on access to aquaculture inputs, fish commerce, and the socio-economic livelihoods of stakeholders and players in Kenya’s aquaculture value chain. Thus, initial and long-term adaptive strategies, particularly those implemented by governments, could help to the development of COVID-19 specific and generic resilience to numerous shocks and stressors among stakeholders and players involved in the country’s aquaculture industry. Some of the measures include a government incentive package to help the fisheries and aquaculture sectors recover, improve farming operations, and gain market trust, as well as the adoption of new methods to reduce labor intensity, such as intelligent sensors, camera systems, and automated or remotely controlled monitoring/feeding strategies. Such strategies and policies can protect the sector from future shocks triggered by pandemics and other unforeseen circumstances.
The current study provided a socioeconomic quantification of small-scale inland fisheries in East Africa using fish market information data for major markets in the pre (2009–2017) and post COVID-19 containment (Jan–May 2022) eras. The socioeconomic status index (SEI) incorporated 6 dimensions: access to fresh fish, access to market, available fish processing (drying) infrastructure, favourable price range, high quantity range traded, and high seasonal profit margins; using three major commercial fishes (Nile perch, Tilapia and Dagaa) and the season (pre and post COVID-19) as the main independent variables. The SEI was calculated using a segmented sociometric scale interval as: ≥ 4.21Very High ≤5.00; ≥3.41 High ≤4.20; ≥2.61 Moderate ≤3.40; ≥1.81 Low ≤2.60; and ≤1.00 Very Low ≤1.80. The socioeconomic quantification was highly dependent on COVID-19 containment periods that reflected very high (pre COVID-19 = 4.67, post COVID-19 = 4.06) impacts on small-scale inland fisheries. This suggested a negative impact of COVID-19 on small-scale inland fisheries attributed to various factors such as disrupted value chains, reduced purchasing power among the customers, struggles by businesses to compensate for losses incurred during the pandemic, and diversion of economic focus. The impact had a lower proportion on Dagaa, given its low value compared to the other two major commercial species. The quantification of fish data during a pandemic is useful to provide mitigation measures for shocks that could be anticipated in the sector for sustainable fish-food systems.
This research is aimed to discover how people’s buying habits changed during the COVID-19 epidemic and what variables drove consumption expenditure in India. Additionally, the study wanted to establish what factors influenced consumption expenditure in India. Consumption expenditure was shown to have declined all the way through the pandemic in the research that was conducted, which was based on one hundred survey data samples that were obtained in 2021 and 2022. When compared to levels preceding the outbreak, the amount of money spent on housing, food, and drinks did not significantly change. On the other hand, throughout the course of the previous several years, fewer dollars have been spent on things like clothes, entertainment, and education. It was shown that age, the number of members in a family, and the income of the household all had substantial influence on changes in spending. During the course of the epidemic, residents found that making purchases online became an essential supplementary method of buying. It is anticipated that this tendency will continue even after the virus has been contained. In order to provide a concise summary of the suggestions in light of the results, we have made two points. First and foremost, young people who are not married are the primary group that is responsible for the recovery of consumer spending in a variety of industries, including but not limited to fashion, leisure, education, and public transportation. In the meantime, the Government needs to enact legislation that will enhance the general quality of the products and services that are accessible for consumers to purchase online.
Water in both built and natural environments is fundamentally important to humans, with the health and sustainability of freshwater ecosystems critical to the stability of human social systems. The complex and often sensitive relationships between human activities and freshwater resources have been highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic, providing unique insights into how humans interact with freshwater resources, both in terms of impacts and dependencies on these systems. In particular, mandated lockdowns in several areas of the world have resulted in relatively rapid improvements in water quality due to limited human activity, suggesting the resilience of natural systems. However, the need and challenges of providing clean water in both rural and urban areas were also highlighted by restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, often resulting in clean water shortages in already struggling communities. Ongoing changes in climate, particularly related to precipitation, have also likely contributed to water-related issues during the COVID-19 pandemic. In some areas, fisheries experienced increased pressures as food distribution systems and local economies were disrupted, thus requiring members of local communities to rely more directly on natural resources. The combination of COVID-19 restrictions, regional climatic variability, and varying levels of social and economic stability suggest the need for preemptive approaches to ensure water availability and access to freshwater resources in all areas of the world in the coming decades.
Covid-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdown affected not only public health but it also resulted in disaster for aquaculture. Steps have been taken to keep the public informed about the ongoing impact on fisheries and aquaculture food systems, as well as responses by aquatic food producers and governments to mitigate the negative effects on aquatic food value chains. New challenges have arisen, as well as government and industry innovations along the aquatic food value chain. Working with sectoral and regional groups to establish a variety of strategies to manage aquaculture and related industries during the pandemic is critical. Some lessons on how to rebuild better are already emerging, ensuring that the resilience of aquatic food value chains is strengthened to withstand future crises, ensuring that sustainability; livelihoods and food security are not compromised. Food loss along with waste of high-value and perishable food is reduced to meet the Sustainable Development Goal targets. The opportunity to reform the food system to be more inclusive, greener and resilient to future shocks is a good side of the epidemic.
Bu çalışmada 2019-Aralık itibariyle dünyayı etkisi altına almaya başlayan pandeminin dünya su ürünleri sektörüne etkileri SWOT analizi (fırsatlar, faydalar ve tehditler) ile değerlendirilmiştir. Bu konuda daha önce yapılan çalışmalar belirli anahtar kelimeler (COVID-19, pandemic, coronavirus, fishing, fisheries) kullanılarak taranmış ve toplam 33 çalışma listelenmiştir. Daha önceki çalışmalar FAO tarafından belirlenen alt alanlara (kıtalara) göre sınıflandırılmıştır. Pandeminin sektör üzerindeki etkileri kıtalara göre belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Buna göre küresel ölçekteki tehditlerin; arz-talep dengesizlikleri, restoranların kapanması, depolama yetersizlikleri, plastik kirliliği, sınırların kapanması, yasadışı balıkçılık, sektördeki eşitsizlikler ve sokağa çıkma kısıtlamaları olduğu tespit edildi. Fırsatların; yeni tedarik zincirlerinin oluşturulması, sağlık üzerinde olumlu etkisi olan su ürünleri konusunda farkındalığın artırılması, arz-talep dengesinin oluşturulması, balıkçılara sokağa çıkma kısıtlamalarında çalışma izni verilmesi, pandemi gibi olağanüstü durumlarda kullanılmak üzere kaynak tahsisi, su ürünleri yetiştiriciliğinin geliştirilmesi, ithalat-ihracatın sürekliliği için tedbir alınması, küçük çaplı balıkçılık gibi hassas sektör çalışanlarına ekonomik yardım paketlerinin sağlanması, sektördeki cinsiyetçi anlayışın sınırlandırılarak kadınlara daha fazla fırsat verilmesi ve yasadışı balıkçılığın önlenmesi için kıyı ülkeleri ile iş birliği yapılması olduğu belirlendi. Faydaların ise; kısa vadede aşırı avlanmanın önlenmesi, balık stoklarının korunması, su ekosisteminde endüstriyel kirliliğin azaltılması, küçük yerleşim yerlerinde ekosistem temelli balıkçılık yaklaşımının benimsenmesi ve rekreasyonel balıkçılığın artması olduğu tespit edildi. Bu analiz sonucunda pandeminin olumsuz etkilerini çözmek için doğru ve adil uluslararası iş birlikleri oluşturabileceğimiz anlaşılmıştır. Kazanılan bu tecrübe ile değişen dünyada güvenilir gıda tedarik zincirleri için yeni üretim stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi gerektiği düşünülmektedir.
The novel coronavirus is predicted to have dire implications on global food systems including fisheries value chains due to restrictions imposed on human movements in many countries. In Ghana, food production, both agriculture and fisheries, is exempted from restrictions as an essential service. The enforcement of COVID-19 prevention protocols, particularly social distancing, has been widely reported in Ghana’s agricultural markets whereas casual observations and media reports on fish landing sites suggest no such enforcements are in place. This study aimed to provide sound scientific evidence as a basis for informed policy direction and intervention for the artisanal fishing sector in these challenging times. We employed an unmanned aerial vehicle in assessing the risk of artisanal fishers to the pandemic using physical distancing as a proxy. From analysis of cumulative distribution function (G-function) of the nearest-neighbour distances, this study underscored crowding at all surveyed fish landing beaches, and identified potential “hotspots” for disease transmission. Aerial measurements taken at times of peak landing beach activity indicated that the highest proportion of people, representing 56%, 48%, 39% and 78% in Elmina, Winneba, Apam and Mumford respectively, were located at distances of less than one metre from their nearest neighbour. Risk of crowding was independent of the population at the landing beaches, suggesting that all categories of fish landing sites along the coast would require equal urgency and measured attention towards preventing and mitigating the spread of the disease.
During the period February to June 2020, heavy rainfall caused increases in levels and flooding in many lakes in East Africa. This coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic. These calamities affected ecosystems and livelihoods, especially of fishers who depend on fisheries as their only source of livelihood. This study examined the effects of COVID-19 and flooding on the major inland capture fisheries in Kenya to illustrate the effect of such calamities on vulnerable communities to guide interventions. Socioeconomic data were collected across the fish value chains during the peak of COVID-19 pandemic and flooding in Kenya from May to early June 2020. The measures put in place to contain COVID-19 pandemic notably dusk to dawn curfew (66%) and lock-downs (28%) in major cities that act as main fish markets were cited as the main factors that influenced fishing and fishing trade. Negative consequences reported included livelihood losses from the COVID-19 pandemic. Reduced fishing time and trips as well as a decline in consumables such as boat fuel resulted in low fish catches. Although COVID-19 pandemic affected livelihoods, the fish stocks benefited from reduction in fishing effort. Similarly flooding led to livelihood and material losses but positively impacted on stocks through expansion of fish breeding and nursery areas. The respondents recommended that governments should have disaster preparedness programs in place to address such calamities. There is also need for more detailed research on calamities that are increasing in frequency to provide information and data to guide policy and interventions.
COVID-19 poses acute threats to food security. The worst of these arise from the global recession that is causing many to lose their incomes and threatens the access of many vulnerable people to the food they need. Other threats arise from disruptions in agricultural input markets, production, marketing, and distribution of food. To avoid major food crises, governments of poor and rich nations should both focus on income support to protect food access for the most vulnerable, enact social distancing in innovative ways to avoid supply chain disruptions, and facilitate food trade and movement of food-sector workers.
The COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly spread around the world with extensive social and economic effects. This editorial focuses specifically on the implications of the pandemic for small-scale fishers, including marketing and processing aspects of the sector, and coastal fishing communities, drawing from news and reports from around the world. Negative consequences to date have included complete shut-downs of some fisheries, knock-on economic effects from market disruptions, increased health risks for fishers, processors and communities, additional implications for marginalized groups, exacerbated vulnerabilities to other social and environmental stressors, and increased Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated fishing. Though much of the news is dire, there have been some positive outcomes such as food sharing, the revival of local food networks, increases in local sales through direct marketing and deliveries, collective actions to safeguard rights, collaborations between communities and governments, and reduced fishing pressure in some places. While the crisis is still unfolding, there is an urgent need to coordinate, plan and implement effective short- and long-term responses. Thus, we urge governments, development organizations, NGOs, donors, the private sector, and researchers to rapidly mobilize in support of small-scale fishers, coastal fishing communities, and associated civil society organizations, and suggest actions that can be taken by each to help these groups respond to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Cryptococcus meningitis is aserious fungal infectionin HIV patients. India ink is the most used method for rapid detection of Cryptococcus neoformansin CSF specimens. Use of CrAg for laboratory diagnosis of cryptococcus meningitis at M.T.R.H will help reduce mortality. It isimportant therefore to compare the sensitivity of India ink test and CrAgagainst fungal culture for Cryptococcus neoformans in HIV AIDS patients at M.T.R.H. The main objective of the study was to compare the sensitivity of India ink test and CrAg against fungal culture for Cryptococcus neoformans in HIV AIDs patients. The study revealed that CrAg had high sensitivity of 94% and high specificity of 100% compared to 44% sensitivity and 98% specificity of India ink. Level of patients missed for cryptococcus meningitis using India ink was found to be 55.5% compared to 5.6% patients missed by CrAg. Risk ratio of CrAg compared to India ink in this study was 2.12. At 95% confidence interval, the 2.12 estimate is statistically significant at confidence limits of 1.65 and 2.74. In the final analysis, it was found out that cryptococcus meningitis in this study accounted for 18% of defining illnesses in HIV/AIDS patients at M.T.R.H. patients missed for cryptococcosis in the study was higher (55.5%) in India ink compared to that of CrAg. Due to high sensitivity in this study, CrAg test was recommended that it should replace India ink test that was used routinely for diagnosis of cryptococcus meningitis in HIV/AIDS at M.T.R.H.
Available guidance to mitigate health risks from exposure to freshwater harmful algal blooms (HABs) is largely derived from temperate ecosystems. Yet in tropical ecosystems, HABs can occur year-round, and resource-dependent populations face multiple routes of exposure to toxic components. Along Winam Gulf, Lake Victoria, Kenya, fisher communities rely on lake water contaminated with microcystins (MCs) from HABs. In these peri-urban communities near Kisumu, we tested hypotheses that MCs exceed exposure guidelines across seasons, and persistent HABs present a chronic risk to fisher communities through ingestion with minimal water treatment and frequent, direct contact. We tested source waters at eleven communities across dry and rainy seasons from September 2015 through May 2016. We measured MCs, other metabolites, physicochemical parameters, chlorophyll-a, phytoplankton abundance and diversity, and fecal indicators. We then selected four communities for interviews about water sources, usage, and treatment. Greater than 30% of source water samples exceeded WHO drinking water guidelines for MCs (1 µg/L), and over 60% of source water samples exceeded USEPA guidelines for children and immunocompromised individuals. 50% of households reported a sole source of raw lake water for drinking and household use, with alternate sources including rain and boreholes. Household chlorination was the most widespread treatment utilized. At this tropical, eutrophic lake, HABs pose a year-round health risk for fisher communities in resource -limited settings. Community-based solutions and site-specific guidance for Kisumu Bay and similarly impacted regions is needed to address a chronic health exposure likely to increase in severity and duration with global climate change.
The present study demonstrates the declining state of the major commercial fisheries of Lake Victoria, Kenya, a situation threatening sustainability of the lake's fishery. Data in the present study were derived from resource monitoring programmes that included hydro‐acoustics (2009–2018), trawl net fishing (2011–2018), frame surveys (2000–2016) and catch assessment surveys (2000–2015). The activities provided information on fish stocks and supported advice for fisheries management. The average fish stock densities for Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya of 8.92, 8.25 and 8.19 t/km2, respectively, were relatively similar. Diplomatic and sustainable efforts for harmony in fish harvesting among the fishers of the riparian countries are encouraged given the interdependence of the lake. The Kenyan and River Kagera regions had a higher proportion (≈ 4% each) of big‐sized Nile perch (≥50 cm total length) in 2018, signifying the critical breeding areas for Nile perch. To sustain the fishery, there is need to enforce a 36%–44% effort reduction for all the major fisheries, and enforcement of gear limits to avoid harvesting of immature fish and destruction of the lake ecosystem.
The recorded catches of most of the larger commercial fish species in Africa, such as large breams (Cichlidae), carps (Cyprinidae) and perches (Perciformes), which have been the focus of fisheries management, have not changed greatly over the past three decades. In contrast, the landings of small species of herring (Clupeidae), carp, bream and characin species – mostly zooplankton feeders, predominantly living in open waters of African lakes and reservoirs – in short, “small pelagic fish”– have steadily increased. These fisheries have developed in addition to the fishing of, and sometimes as a reaction to, decreased catch rates of larger species, introductions and the creation of large water bodies such as reservoirs. They now represent nearly three quarters of the total inland fish catch of the African continent, although a large proportion of the inland fishery catch statistics are acknowledged to be incomplete and unreliable. Stock assessments and estimates of exploitation levels are also largely absent. The expansion, technical development and marketing of these fisheries have nearly all been achieved by a multitude of local stakeholders with very limited scientific monitoring or management. Even though small pelagic fish species, and small fish in general, have always been part of the catch of subsistence fisheries in the large water bodies of Africa, they have conventionally been regarded by fisheries managers as resources with “low economic value” and consequently have been afforded low priority with respect to research and monitoring. As a result, there are still major gaps in our biological knowledge and understanding of the full potential of many species. Common to all, however, is their small size and corresponding high turnover rate, with most species being able to reproduce their own biomass around five times or more per year, which is at least twice the rate of the larger commercial species. This unparalleled level of production, together with the relatively simple technologies used for their capture, the reduced availability of bigger species because of heavy exploitation and an increased demand for fish, are the main reasons for the considerable increase in fishing effort on smaller species that has been observed in African inland fisheries over the past three decades.
Nevertheless, due to the small size of these species and the corresponding necessity of using fishing gear with small mesh sizes, many of the fisheries are operating within the constraints of the current fisheries legislation, which is largely aimed at protecting juveniles of the larger species. Many of the capture techniques are therefore illegal and this can cause conflict between fishers and managers. The theoretical foundation for the conventional single species legislation is increasingly challenged and there is an urgent need to examine and evaluate the fishing patterns from an ecosystem perspective and revise the legislation where necessary. The fishing pressure on most of the small species is only a fraction of the pressure on large fish species, and there is huge potential for increased production and more balanced exploitation if the overall fishing pressure was directed away from the large fish towards the small. In fact, this is what is already happening in many African fisheries, as evidenced by the huge increase in their catches, but it is taking place without comprehensive scientific evaluation of pressures, ecosystem effects or governance.
Small fish are processed, sold and eaten whole. Most of the catch is simply sundried which is the most environmentally friendly and energy-efficient processing technology available, requiring limited investments to obtain potentially high quality products, although rainy seasons limit year-round preservation, and spoilage through overheating and rainfall remain serious issues. In addition, small whole fish are among the most vital suppliers of micronutrients, such as vitamins, iodine, iron, zinc and calcium, which all play a critical role in cerebral development, immune system support and general health. Thus, the unique combination of high-quality protein and important micronutrients in small fish plays a significant role in combating the triple burden of hunger, micronutrient deficiency and noncommunicable diseases. Malnutrition, or so-called “hidden hunger”, is responsible for about a third of premature deaths in sub-Saharan Africa, but national food policies virtually overlook the essential link between the production, distribution and consumption of small sun-dried fish and human health. In fact, the qualities of fish are hardly recognized in the global food security discourse, and fish is strikingly missing from current strategies to combat nutrient deficiency among disadvantaged groups.
The lack of recognition of the importance of small pelagic fish for nutrition, food security, livelihoods and public health has also prevented the necessary investments for improving the quality, shelf life and public awareness of this vitally important resource. Most of the processing and packaging is done under basic, open conditions on the landing beaches, with unhygienic facilities and little protection from contaminants, insect infestations and moisture. Quality control in the whole value chain is virtually absent: there are significant post-harvest losses in the processing and trade of what are essentially low-quality, contaminated products, some of which are even infested with human pathogens. These factors all contribute to a vicious cycle that maintains the image of a “low-value” commodity, prevents the dissemination of knowledge and awareness of the huge potential that small pelagic fish have, and which could be greatly improved with proper policy attention as well as public and private investments.
In summary, catching small pelagic fish, which are simply sun-dried, affordably purchased in local, often remote markets and consumed whole, is the most high yielding, eco-friendly, low carbon dioxide (CO2)-emission and nourishing way of utilizing the high productive potential of African inland waters. However, a range of social, technical, economic, legal and policy barriers inhibit the full potential of utilizing small fish to improve nutrition in low-income populations. These include lack of enabling fisheries management legislation and food safety challenges in processing and marketing. In addition, their local use as fishmeal in animal feeds, including for aquaculture, is increasingly competing for these resources.
Accounting for a warming ocean
Fisheries provide food and support livelihoods across the world. They are also under extreme pressure, with many stocks overfished and poorly managed. Climate change will add to the burden fish stocks bear, but such impacts remain largely unknown. Free et al. used temperature-specific models and hindcasting across fish stocks to determine the degree to which warming has, and will, affect fish species (see the Perspective by Plagányi). They found that an overall reduction in yield has occurred over the past 80 years. Furthermore, although some species are predicted to respond positively to warming waters, the majority will experience a negative impact on growth. As our world warms, responsible and active management of fisheries harvests will become even more important.
Science , this issue p. 979 ; see also p. 930
The human health risks posed by exposure to cyanobacterial toxins such as microcystin (MC) through water and fish consumption remain poorly described. During the last two decades, coastal regions of Lake Victoria such as Nyanza Gulf (Kisumu Bay) have shown severe signs of eutrophication with blooms formed by Microcystis producing MC. In this study, the spatial variability in MC concentration in Kisumu Bay was investigated which was mostly caused by Microcystis buoyancy and wind drifting. Small fish (<6 cm) mainly composed of Rastrineobola argentea were examined for MC content by means of biological methods such as ELISA and protein phosphatase inhibition assay (PPIA) and partly by chemical-analytical methods such as LC-MS/MS. Overall, the MC content in small fish was related to the MC content observed in the seston. When comparing the MC content in the seston in relation to dry weight with the MC content in small fish the latter was found three orders of magnitude decreased. On average, the ELISA-determined MC contents exceeded the PPIA-determined MC contents by a factor of 8.2 ± 0.5 (SE) while the MC contents as determined by LC-MS/MS were close to the detection limit. Using PPIA, the MC content varied from 25⁻109 (mean 62 ± 7) ng/g fish dry weight in Kisumu Bay vs. 14 ± 0.8 ng MC/g in the more open water of L. Victoria at Rusinga channel. Drying the fish under the sun showed little effect on MC content, although increased humidity might indirectly favor photocatalyzed MC degradation.
Quantity and species of fish consumed shape breast-milk fatty acid concentrations around Lake Victoria, Kenya - Kathryn J Fiorella, Erin M Milner, Elizabeth Bukusi, Lia CH Fernald
Stunting affects 160 million pre-school children globally with adverse life-long consequences. While work within nutritional science suggests that stunting in early childhood is associated with low intakes of animal-sourced foods (ASFs), this topic has received little attention from economists. We attempt to redress this omission through an analysis of 130,432 children aged 6–23 months from 49 countries. We document distinctive patterns of ASF consumption among children in different regions. We find evidence of strong associations between stunting and a generic ASF consumption indicator, as well as dairy, meat/fish, and egg consumption indicators, and evidence that consuming multiple ASFs is more advantageous than any single ASF. We explore why ASF consumption is low but also so variable across countries. Non-tradable ASFs (fresh milk, eggs) are a very expensive source of calories in low-income countries and caloric prices of these foods are strongly associated with children’s consumption patterns. Other demand-side factors are also important, but the strong influence of prices implies an important role for agricultural policies—in production, marketing and trade—to improve the accessibility and affordability of ASFs in poorer countries.
Fish products play an important role in human diet due to peculiar lipid composition. In Kenya Lake Victoria is
an important source of fresh water fish contributing over 90% of the national fish production. The Lake Victoria fisheries
support both the valuable artisanal and commercial fishery. This study aimed at identifying and documenting existing fish
processing and preservation technologies practiced along Lake Victoria, Kenya and their adaptability in order to improve
food security. Data documented in this study was gathered through open questionnaires, focus group discussions and
stakeholders meetings. Demographically it reported that women accounted for over 85% of the fisherfolk of which over 70%
had basic level of education. Technologically, sun-drying of fish is the most preferred fish processing method at the landing
sites. However, over 97% of the sun-drying operations are done directly on the ground or on top of old fishing nets. The study
observed that for new technologies to be utilized by the fisher’s three important factors may play an important role in
technology uptake by the fisherfolk, namely ease of technology to be utilized, the effectiveness of the technology and the cost
of producing and maintenance of that new technology.
Weather extremes have harmful impacts on communities around Lake Victoria in East Africa. Every year, intense nighttime thunderstorms cause numerous boating accidents on the lake, resulting in thousands of deaths among fishermen. Operational storm warning systems are therefore crucial. Here we complement ongoing early warning efforts based on numerical weather prediction, by presenting a new satellite data-driven storm prediction system, the prototype Lake Victoria Intense storm Early Warning System (VIEWS). VIEWS derives predictability from the correlation between afternoon land storm activity and nighttime storm intensity on Lake Victoria, and relies on logistic regression techniques to forecast extreme thunderstorms from satellite observations. Evaluation of the statistical model reveals that predictive power is high and independent of the type of input dataset. We then optimise the configuration and show that false alarms also contain valuable information. Our results suggest that regression-based models that are motivated through process understanding have the potential to reduce the vulnerability of local fishing communities around Lake Victoria. The experimental prediction system is publicly available under the MIT licence at http://github.com/wthiery/VIEWS.
Christopher Golden and colleagues calculate that declining numbers of marine fish will spell more malnutrition in many developing nations.
The food production system is increasingly global and seafood is among the most highly traded commodities. Global trade can improve food security by providing access to a greater variety of foods, increasing wealth, buffering against local supply shocks, and benefit the environment by increasing overall use efficiency for some resources. However, global trade can also expose countries to external supply shocks and degrade the environment by increasing resource demand and loosening feedbacks between consumers and the impacts of food production. As a result, changes in global food trade can have important implications for both food security and the environmental impacts of production. Measurements of globalization and the environmental impacts of food production require data on both total trade and the origin and destination of traded goods (the network structure). While the global trade network of agricultural and livestock products has previously been studied, seafood products have been excluded. This study describes the structure and evolution of the global seafood trade network, including metrics quantifying the globalization of seafood, shifts in bilateral trade flows, changes in centrality and comparisons of seafood to agricultural and industrial trade networks. From 1994 to 2012 the number of countries trading in the network remained relatively constant, while the number of trade partnerships increased by over 65%. Over this same period, the total quantity of seafood traded increased by 58% and the value increased 85% in real terms. These changes signify the increasing globalization of seafood products. Additionally, the trade patterns in the network indicate: increased influence of Thailand and China, strengthened intraregional trade, and increased exports from South America and Asia. In addition to characterizing these network changes, this study identifies data needs in order to connect seafood trade with environmental impacts and food security outcomes.
Food-producing livelihoods have the potential to improve food security and nutrition through direct consumption or indirectly through income. To better understand these pathways, we examined if fishing households ate more fish and had higher food security than non-fishing households around Lake Victoria, Kenya. In 2010, we randomly sampled 111 households containing 583 individuals for a cross-sectional household survey in a rural fishing community. We modeled the associations between fish consumption and food security and fishing household status, as well as socio-economic variables (asset index, monthly income, household size) for all households and also for a subset of households with adult male household members (76 % of households). Participating in fishing as a livelihood was not associated with household fish consumption or food security. Higher household fish consumption was associated with higher household income and food security, and was weakly associated with lower household morbidity. Household food security was associated with higher incomes and asset index scores. Our results suggest socioeconomic factors may be more important than participation in food-producing livelihoods for predicting household consumption of high quality foods.
Lake Victoria is the world's second largest freshwater body and home to one of the most dramatic speciation of indigenous cichlids in the world. Bordered by Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda in East Africa, the Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) provides food, water and livelihoods for over 30 million people around its shores, with 10 million engaged in the fisheries sector. The Colonial Era introduction of the invasive Nile perch (Lates niloticus) in the 1950's, combined with the introduction of industrialized fish processing in the 1980's, transformed fishing throughout the Basin. The introduction and commercial harvesting of the Nile perch, subsequent human population growth, and the looming problems of climate change continue to compromise the health of this important fishery. This paper applies a global commodity chain framework with an ethnographic approach to the case of the export-oriented Nile perch from the Kenyan island of Mfangano in July 2007. Unless otherwise noted, all price and empirical data are based on interviews, market surveys, and participant observation conducted by the author in Kenya in June, July, and August of 2007. In 2007, prices paid to local Kenyan fishermen, boat owners, and agents represent 24% of the total value from the fishery (∼ 3% to each fisherman, 14% to boat owners and 4% to agents); prices paid to processors represent 36% of the value, and 39% of the value accrues to international seafood wholesalers and retailers.
COVID-19 is now a major global health crisis, can lead to severe food crisis unless proper measures are taken. Though a number of scientific studies have addressed the possible impacts of COVID-19 in Bangladesh on variety of issues, problems and food crises associated with aquatic resources and communities are missing. Therefore, this study aimed at bridging the gap in the existing situation and challenges of COVID-19 by linking its impact on aquatic food sector and small-scale fisheries with dependent population. The study was conducted based on secondary data analysis and primary fieldwork. Secondary data focused on COVID-19 overview and number of confirmed, recovered and death cases in Bangladesh; at the same time its connection with small-scale fisheries, aquatic food production, demand and supply was analyzed. Community perceptions were elicited to present how the changes felt and how they affected aquatic food system and small-scale fisheries and found devastating impact. Sudden illness, reduced income, complication to start production and input collection, labor crisis, transportation abstraction, complexity in food supply, weak value chain, low consumer demand, rising commodity prices, creditor's pressure were identified as the primary affecting drivers. Dependent people felt the measures taken by the Government should be based on protecting both the health and food security. Scope of alternative income generating opportunities, rationing system, training and motivational program could improve the situation. The study provides insight into policies adopted by the policy makers to mitigate the effects of the pandemic on aquatic food sector and small-scale fisheries.
Fishers’ economic status is hard to assess because fisheries socio‐economic data, including earnings, are often not centrally available, standardized or accessible in a form that allows scaled‐up or comparative analyses. The lack of fishing income data impedes sound management and allows biased perceptions about fishers’ status to persist. We compile data from intergovernmental and regional data sets, as well as case‐studies, on income earned from marine wild‐capture fisheries. We explore the level and distribution of fishers’ income across fisheries sectors and geographical regions, and highlight challenges in data collection and reporting. We find that fishers generally are not the poorest of the poor based on average fishing income from 89 countries, but income levels vary widely. Fishing income in the large‐scale sector is higher than the small‐scale sector by about 2.2 times, and in high‐income versus low‐income countries by almost 9 times. Boat owners and captains earned more than double that of crew and owner‐operators, while income from fisheries is greater than that from agricultural work in 63% of countries in this study. Nonetheless, incomes are below national poverty lines in 34% of the countries with data. More detailed fishing income statistics is needed for quantitative scientific research and for supporting socio‐economic policies. Key gaps to address include the lack of a centralized database for fisheries income statistics and the coarse resolution at which economic statistics are reported internationally. A first step to close the gap is to integrate socio‐economic monitoring and reporting in fisheries management.
Migration forms an essential livelihood strategy for many fisherfolk in the developing world, largely responding to fluctuating fish availability and prices. On Lake Victoria, East Africa, most migration is characterized by movement between landing sites, particularly of male boat crew responding to localised changes in fish productivity and using social networks to identify better fishing grounds and areas of higher fish prices. This article uses the sustainable livelihoods framework to identify the risks and vulnerabilities mitigated, or generated, by fisherfolk movement, and analyses how these sources of vulnerability affect livelihood outcomes, looking at the experiences and situation of both male boat crew and women involved in processing and trading fish. Whilst vulnerability due to lower catches and reduced income is mitigated through movement, these sources of vulnerability are exchanged for vulnerability arising from risky sexual behaviour and increased fishing pressure.
The rapid spread of mobile telephony throughout the developing world offers researchers a new and exciting means of data collection. This paper describes and analyses the experience of a research project that used mobile phones to collect high frequency, quantitative economic data from households in rural Tanzania. I discuss the research design, highlight some of the mistakes made and lessons learned, and speculate on the applicability of this method in other settings. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why the Floods in East Africa Are so Bad
BBC, 2019. Why the Floods in East Africa Are so Bad. BBC News.
Kenya Casts Nets Wider in Reviving Fishereis As Covid-19 Cuts Imports
Business Daily Africa, 2020. Kenya Casts Nets Wider in Reviving Fishereis As Covid-19
Cuts Imports. Business Daily Africa. Nation, Nairobi, Kenya.
The Impacts of COVID-19 to Small Scale Fisheries in Tun Mustapha Park
- J Jomitol
- A J Payne
- S Sakirun
- M O Bural
Jomitol, J., Payne, A.J., Sakirun, S., Bural, M.O., 2021. The Impacts of COVID-19 to
Small Scale Fisheries in Tun Mustapha Park, Sabah, Malaysia; What Do We Know So
Far? preprint.
Kenya Demographic Health Survey
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics and ICF Macro, 2015. Kenya Demographic Health
Survey 2014. KNBS and ICF Macro, Calverton, Maryland.
Emerging COVID-19 impacts, responses, and lessons for building resilience in the seafood system
- D Love
- E Allison
- F Asche
- B Belton
- R Cottrell
- H Froehlich
- J Gephart
- C Hicks
- D Little
- E Nussbaumer
- P Pinto Da Silva
- F Poulain
- A Rubio
- J Stoll
- M Tlusty
- A Thorne-Lyman
- M Troell
- W Zhang
Love, D.; Allison, E.; Asche, F.; Belton, B.; Cottrell, R.; Froehlich, H.; Gephart, J.; Hicks, C.; Little,
D.; Nussbaumer, E.; Pinto da Silva, P.; Poulain, F.; Rubio, A.; Stoll, J.; Tlusty, M.; Thorne-Lyman, A.; Troell, M.; Zhang, W. Emerging COVID-19 impacts, responses, and lessons for
building resilience in the seafood system; 2020
The Fisheries of Lake Victoria: past present and future
- Marshall
Marshall, B.E., Mkumbo, O.C., 2011. The Fisheries of Lake Victoria: past present and
future. Nature & Faune 26, 8-13.
In the shadow of global markets for fish in Lake Victoria
- M Medard
- P Hebinck
- H Van Dijk
Medard, M., Hebinck, P., Van Dijk, H., 2015. In the shadow of global markets for fish in
Lake Victoria, Tanzania. Rural Dev. Constr. New Markets 12, 168-189.
Ministry of Health, K., 2020. Press Statement on Friday July 25, 2020.
Nunan, F., 2010. Mobility and fisherfolk livelihoods on Lake Victoria: implications for
vulnerability and risk. Geoforum 41, 776-785.
Press Statement on Friday
- K Ministry Of Health
Ministry of Health, K. Press Statement on Friday July 25, 2020. 2020
Early Impacts of COVID-19 on Household Food Insecurity and Dietary Diversity Among Kenyan Households Living Around Lake Victoria
- H Okronipa
- E Bageant
- L Mojica
- J Pauls
- P Olela
- J Ochieng
- P Otuo
- H Onyango
- C Aura
- K Fiorella
Okronipa, H., Bageant, E., Mojica, L., Pauls, J., Olela, P., Ochieng, J., Otuo, P., Onyango,
H., Aura, C., Fiorella, K., Early Impacts of COVID-19 on Household Food Insecurity
and Dietary Diversity Among Kenyan Households Living Around Lake Victoria, (in
preparation).
Covid-19 recoveries hit record low as number of infections races towards peak
- Oluoch
Oluoch, V., 2020. Covid-19 recoveries hit record low as number of infections races
towards peak. Daily Nation.
Coronavirus Provides Unexpected Boost for Kenyan Fishermen
- Reuters Staff
Reuters Staff, 2020. Coronavirus Provides Unexpected Boost for Kenyan Fishermen.
Reuters, Kisumu.