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Covid-19: Norway investigates 23 deaths in frail elderly patients after vaccination
... However, people remain uncertain of the safety and efficacy of the vaccines. This becomes extensive, especially following reports of adverse events after shots of the mRNA vaccination [15], sudden death secondary to shots of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in Norway [16], and incidences of inactivated vaccines during a phase 3 trial in Brazil, among others [17][18][19]. Additionally, according to a national poll in the United States, only 58% of adults aged from 50 to 80 are willing to receive the COVID-19 vaccine [20]. ...
... In the second section, a DCE was used to further explore respondents' preference for the currently available vaccines. Specifically, vaccine attributes and their levels were identified and retrieved through the relevant literature and several vaccines on the market, and the attributes were then ranked, categorized, and refined by a group of experts in the field of public health and vaccination [14][15][16][17][18][33][34][35][36]. A total of six attributes were identified, and a two-vaccine profile was randomly adopted for the DCE design. ...
... It is a challenging task to identify patients who are likely to show postvaccination adverse reactions. Some patients can experience a rapid onset reaction [23] requiring treatment at a hospital, or clinic, and even with rapidly administered care, the condition can be fatal [24]. Clearly, a better prediction of the risk of adverse reactions is highly desirable. ...
... Patient allergic history is commonly an associated cause of adverse effects to many drugs and vaccines [34], and in the case of COVID-19, this has also been reported [40][41][42][43][44]; allergic-related reactions are found to a significant degree in every data group used in our study. Patient age is another important aspect, where the mortality rate in persons of advanced age is comparatively higher than in younger patients; previous studies have made similar findings [24]. There are reports that indicate allergic history may be a significant issue for COVID-19 vaccination [45,46]. ...
Good vaccine safety and reliability are essential for successfully countering infectious disease spread. A small but significant number of adverse reactions to COVID-19 vaccines have been reported. Here, we aim to identify possible common factors in such adverse reactions to enable strategies that reduce the incidence of such reactions by using patient data to classify and characterise those at risk. We examined patient medical histories and data documenting postvaccination effects and outcomes. The data analyses were conducted using a range of statistical approaches followed by a series of machine learning classification algorithms. In most cases, a group of similar features was significantly associated with poor patient reactions. These included patient prior illnesses, admission to hospitals and SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. The analyses indicated that patient age, gender, taking other medications, type-2 diabetes, hypertension, allergic history and heart disease are the most significant pre-existing factors associated with the risk of poor outcome. In addition, long duration of hospital treatments, dyspnoea, various kinds of pain, headache, cough, asthenia, and physical disability were the most significant clinical predictors. The machine learning classifiers that are trained with medical history were also able to predict patients with complication-free vaccination and have an accuracy score above 90%. Our study identifies profiles of individuals that may need extra monitoring and care (e.g., vaccination at a location with access to comprehensive clinical support) to reduce negative outcomes through classification approaches.
... Two weeks later, on January 14, 2021, the Norwegian Medicines Agency reported 23 deaths following vaccination of frail older people. [1] At that point, 43,740 individuals in Norway had been vaccinated with a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. Nursing home residents in Norway are in general very frail, most residents are over 80 years of age, and many have severe underlying diseases and a relatively short life expectancy. ...
... The reduced mortality is most likely a healthy-vaccinee effect, as immunity against COVID-19 is not expected to develop until the end of the three-week period. 1 Pairs of vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals aged 70 years and older matched on sex, five-year age group, marital status, health region, size of municipality, use of health services, history of influenza vaccination, Charlson comorbidity index, and history of SARS-CoV-2 infection. 2 Including 94,573 individuals who contributed to the matched study sample as both unvaccinated and vaccinated in two different matched pairs. ...
Background
There have been concerns about COVID-19 vaccination safety among frail older individuals. We investigated the relationship between COVID-19 mRNA vaccination and mortality among individuals aged ≥ 70 years and whether mortality varies across four groups of health services used.
Methods
In this nationwide cohort study, we included 688,152 individuals aged ≥ 70 years at the start of the Norwegian vaccination campaign (December 27, 2020). We collected individual-level data from the Norwegian Emergency Preparedness Register for COVID-19. Vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals were matched (1:1 ratio) on the date of vaccination based on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. The main outcome was all-cause mortality during 21 days after first dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. Kaplan-Meier survival functions were estimated for the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. We used Cox proportional-hazards regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) of death between vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals, with associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs), overall and by use of health services (none, home-based, short- and long-term nursing homes) and age group.
Results
Between December 27, 2020, and March 31, 2021, 420,771 older individuals (61.1%) were vaccinated against COVID-19. The Kaplan-Meier estimates based on the matched study sample showed a small absolute risk difference in all-cause mortality between vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals, with a lower mortality in the vaccinated group (overall HR 0.28 [95% CI: 0.24–0.31]). Similar results were obtained in analyses stratified by use of health services and age group.
Conclusion
We found no evidence of increased short-term mortality among vaccinated individuals in the older population after matching on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics affecting vaccination and mortality.
... Only a few studies on COVID-19 vaccination and the incidence of adverse reactions according to clinical, functional, or cognitive status have been identified [3]. In this respect, the Norwegian Medicines Agency investigated 13 deaths in very frail nursing home residents and concluded that common adverse reactions to mRNA vaccines, such as fever, nausea and diarrhea, may have contributed to these fatal outcomes without being able to specify causality [6]. ...
... Old age, dementia, disability, frailty, and high comorbidity have been linked to elevated COVID-19 mortality among LTCF residents [12,13], and it was initially thought that these factors may predispose to a worse response to vaccination as well as a greater number of ADR effects, including mortality [6]. Thus, both safety and efficacy of vaccinations in older people are critical to their success [14]. ...
Background:
Elderly people who reside in long-term care facilities form a frail and vulnerable population, with multiple pathologies and high percentages of cognitive and functional disability.
Objectives:
The aims of this study were to assess the safety of vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in frail nursing home residents and to evaluate its effectiveness 6 months after full vaccination.
Design:
This was an ambispective observational study.
Setting:
Residents of a long-term care facility in Madrid, Spain.
Participants:
One hundred and thirty-seven nursing home residents (81.8% female, mean age 87.77 ± 8.31 years) with high comorbidity (61.3% Charlson Index ≥ 3) and frailty (75% Clinical Frail Scale ≥ 7) who received the BNT162B2 mRNA vaccine.
Measurements:
Safety data were collected to evaluate the type of adverse drug reactions and their duration, severity, and causality. Immunogenicity was tested 6 months after the primary vaccination and effectiveness was evaluated by the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the number of hospital admissions, and mortality due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Results:
Safety: Of the residents, 21.9% had some adverse reaction and 5.8% had a severe or more serious adverse reaction. The most frequent adverse reactions were fatigue (13.1%), pyrexia (12.4%), and headache (7.3%). No association was observed between frailty (including a need for palliative care) and clinical, functional or cognitive status of the participants and the occurrence of adverse events. Immunogenicity and Effectiveness: After 6 months of vaccination, only one case of SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed in the vaccinated residents. Most of the nursing home residents presented positive serology (95.2%). Loss of immunogenicity was associated with older age (95.12 ± 3.97 vs. 87.24 ± 8.25 years; p = 0.03) and no previous COVID-19 infection (16.6% vs. 70%; p < 0.001). Binary logistic regression models did not reveal this association.
Conclusion:
The BNT162B2 vaccine is well tolerated and effective in nursing home residents, independently of their clinical, functional, cognitive, or frailty characteristics. For the most part, immunogenicity has been maintained over time, regardless of comorbidity, functional status or frailty.
... [10][11][12][13] Moreover, post-vaccination adverse events have been documented, ranging from minor problems to death. [14,15] There has been a rising number of novel variations found globally. Misinformation is a factor that affects vaccination acceptance and demand on a number of levels, including time and place, perceptions of the dangers and diseases, culture, religion, and other factors. ...
Abstract
Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) declared Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) a pandemic on March 11, 2020. On 16th January 2021, India began its vaccination programme using two COVID-19 vaccines (Covishield and Covaxin). Precautionary dose (booster shots) was administered to health and front-line workers in the beginning and then to all eligible populations.
Material and methods: This was a descriptive observational study conducted in the COVID-19 vaccination centres of Karnal district and the ADR monitoring centre, KCGMC, Karnal. During the visits to vaccination centres, all beneficiaries of the precautionary third dose of COVID-19 vaccines as well as healthcare workers were sensitized to report in case of any adverse event following vaccination as part of the policy of the vaccination programme run by the government and Pharmacovigilance Programme of India. The data were collected in suspected adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting form version 1.4, and causality assessment was done as per the WHO-UMC scale. The data were analysed as simple proportions and percentages.
Results: The booster dose was administered to 72,853 individuals, while the 1st dose and 2nd dose were given to 13,30,042 and 10,73,050, respectively. Only three ADRs were reported with the booster dose in 34 vaccination centres in the Karnal district. These three ADRs were classified as unlikely on causality assessment and hence not included in the analysis.
Conclusion: The booster dose administered for the prevention of COVID-19 has been found to be reasonably safe. The population who received COVID-19 booster doses was significantly less than the populations who received the first and second doses, which suggests a low acceptance rate.
... There are reports of vaccine-related deaths in frail elderly persons in Norway and Germany [85,86]. On evaluation of these events, it has been determined that the common adverse reactions associated with the available SARS-CoV-2 vaccines may aggravate the underlying illnesses of older populations [86,87]. ...
Since the initiation of immunization against SARS-CoV-2, the adverse reactions of vaccines have remained a major contributor to vaccine hesitancy. Their occurrence has been attributed to the immune response against the administered antigen, which is affected by different factors including the age of the vaccine recipient. The trends of the adverse reactions of COVID-19 vaccines have shown a higher frequency in younger adults (18–64 years old) than in the older population (≥65 years). One of the potential reasons is the healthy and efficient immune systems of younger individuals, which provide a robust pro-inflammatory response upon antigen encounter. Their adaptive immune system has a diverse array of naïve T and B lymphocytes, which aids in antigen elimination with the development of a long-lasting immunological memory. Age-related changes in the immune system of the elderly are referred to as immunosenescence, which reduces its efficiency. The phenomenon of cellular senescence and inflammageing can lower the vaccine responses of older recipients. Thymic involution and ageing of the bone marrow can lead to decreased levels of naïve T-cells and memory B-cells. This could compromise the ability to either fight new infections or effectively respond to vaccines and develop a lasting immune memory. Along with clinical trials of senolytic drugs, lifestyle interventions are being studied to mitigate such age-related changes. Further insights into vaccine responses in the elderly population and the means to alleviate the hallmarks of immunosenescence are required.
... Confusion, fear, and uncertainty about the future experienced by study participants impacted mental health and all other aspects of life as is extensively reported (4,(29)(30)(31)(32). The death of 23 elderly post-vaccination in Norway further increased fear and concern about vaccine safety (33). Participants reported feeling bored, lonely, and sad. ...
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic had significant impacts on the lives and mental health of individuals across the globe. Due to language barriers and social, economic, and cultural factors, these challenges were amplified for immigrants to Canada putting them in an increasingly vulnerable position.
The objective of the study was to document the challenges experienced, the impacts on mental health and other aspects of life, and support immigrants during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methodology: Taking a community participatory approach in collaboration with the Regina Immigrant Women Center 14 language-assisted discussion sessions were hosted virtually between July 2020 and April 2021. The sessions covered credible and current public health measures and participants collectively discussed strategies to address upcoming challenges posed by the pandemic. Discussion on daily life challenges imposed by the pandemic and solutions implemented served as data.
Results: Thematic analysis of participants' perspectives highlighted the impact of social isolation on all age groups. Overall participants mentioned considerable mental stress amplified by uncertainty, fear of infections, and social isolation. Negative impacts of social media and technology use on mental well-being were highlighted. Participants suggested various coping strategies, including religious and spiritual practices, connecting virtually, expressing gratitude, positive self-talk, self-love, and self-care for mental well-being. Participants also shared lessons learned and insights discovered during the pandemic.
Conclusion:The interactive virtual discussion sessions helped maintain social connectedness, providing support and a sense of community for immigrants enhancing resilience and positively impacting mental wellness. Language-assisted virtual discussion sessions can support immigrants during a health emergency.
... [10][11][12][13] Moreover, post-vaccination adverse events have been documented, ranging from minor problems to death. [14,15] There has been a rising number of novel variations found globally. Misinformation is a factor that affects vaccination acceptance and demand on a number of levels, including time and place, perceptions of the dangers and diseases, culture, religion, and other factors. ...
A BSTRACT
Background
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) a pandemic on March 11, 2020. On 16 th January 2021, India began its vaccination programme using two COVID-19 vaccines (Covishield and Covaxin). Precautionary dose (booster shots) was administered to health and front-line workers in the beginning and then to all eligible populations.
Material and Methods
This was a descriptive observational study conducted in the COVID-19 vaccination centres of Karnal district and the ADR monitoring centre, KCGMC, Karnal. During the visits to vaccination centres, all beneficiaries of the precautionary third dose of COVID-19 vaccines as well as healthcare workers were sensitized to report in case of any adverse event following vaccination as part of the policy of the vaccination programme run by the government and Pharmacovigilance Programme of India. The data were collected in suspected adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting form version 1.4, and causality assessment was done as per the WHO–UMC scale. The data were analysed as simple proportions and percentages.
Results
The booster dose was administered to 72,853 individuals, while the 1 st dose and 2 nd dose were given to 13,30,042 and 10,73,050, respectively. Only three ADRs were reported with the booster dose in 34 vaccination centres in the Karnal district. These three ADRs were classified as unlikely on causality assessment and hence not included in the analysis.
Conclusion
The booster dose administered for the prevention of COVID-19 has been found to be reasonably safe. The population who received COVID-19 booster doses was significantly less than the populations who received the first and second doses, which suggests a low acceptance rate.
... Likewise, S.M. Moghimi reports that the number of allergic reactions when using this vaccine in December 2020 alone amounted to more than 175 cases [6]. I. Torjesen provides in his review data that about 23 cases of death among patients over 75 years of age associated with anaphylactic shock in the first 15 min after using this vaccine were reported [7]. But this complication also occurs in young people; F. Cox et al. described 6 cases of anaphylaxis in patients whose average age was 36 years [8]. ...
In modern medical practice, where polyethylene glycol is widely used as a component of various drugs, such as vaccines, chemotherapy drugs, and antibiotics, including vaccines, the issue of allergic reactions to this substance is becoming increasingly important. The purpose of this study is to review and systematise data on various aspects of allergic reactions to polyethylene glycol with the aim of better understanding their pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and possible treatment approaches. The study analysed literature data in modern databases, such as MEDLINE, PubMed, and Scopus, on allergic reactions to polyethylene glycol, using the keywords: “PEG”, “polyethylene glycol”, “allergy”, “side effect”. The main aspects of allergy to this substance were highlighted, including mechanisms of development, diagnostic methods, and possible treatment strategies. The analysis found that allergic reactions to polyethylene glycol can manifest in a variety of ways, including anaphylaxis and systemic reactions. A possible role for the immune response has been identified, including the production of IgE and IgM antibodies, complement activation, and accelerated clearance in response to polyethylene glycol, in blood plasma. Data are also provided on how to diagnose an increased risk of an allergic reaction in patients who have previously received drugs with this type of drug transporter and in patients receiving high molecular weight types of polyethylene glycol. The results of this review contribute to a better understanding of allergic reactions to polyethylene glycol and provide information for the development of more effective diagnostic and treatment methods.
... In Norway, 23 deaths were reported following BNT162b2 (Pfizer) vaccination, and it was reported that some patients experienced common AEs, such as fever and nausea after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination, which could lead to death in some cases [46]. In Qatar, deaths following Pfizer vaccination between December 2020 and March 2021 were more frequently reported in elderly patients with comorbidities, such as diabetes and hypertension [47]. ...
Background
To properly assess an association between vaccines and specific adverse events requires a comparison between the observed and background rates; however, studies in South Korea are currently limited. Therefore, in this study, we estimated the background incidence of anaphylaxis, myocarditis, pericarditis, Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), and mortality in South Korea.
Methods
A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the National Sample Cohort (NSC) data. Using NSC, the background incidence rate was estimated by dividing the number of episodes during 2009–2019 by the total population by year and then multiplying by 100,000. Using Statistics Korea data, the background mortality rate was estimated by dividing the number of deaths, during 2009–2019 by the standard population for that year and then multiplying by 100,000. Using background mortality rates, we predicted mortality rates for 2021 using autoregressive integrated moving average models. Further, the expected mortality rates were compared with observed mortality rates.
Results
The age-adjusted incidence rate (AIR) of anaphylaxis increased from 4.28 to 22.90 cases per 100,000 population (p = 0.003); myocarditis showed no significant increase, changing from 0.56 to 1.26 cases per 100,000 population (p = 0.276); pericarditis increased from 0.94 to 1.88 cases per 100,000 population (p = 0.005); and GBS increased from 0.78 to 1.21 cases per 100,000 population (p = 0.013). The age-adjusted mortality rate decreased from 645.24 to 475.70 deaths per 100,000 population (p <0.001). The 2021 observed/expected mortality rates for overall (ratio: 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07–1.08), men (ratio: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.07–1.08), and women (ratio: 1.08, 95% CI: 1.07–1.09), were all significantly higher. When stratified by age group, those aged ≥80 (ratio: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.15–1.17), 60–69 (ratio: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.10–1.13), and 20–29 years old (ratio: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.02–1.13) were also significantly higher.
Conclusion
Through the estimation of background rates related to anaphylaxis, myocarditis, pericarditis, GBS, and mortality, we established a reference point for evaluating the potential excess occurrence of adverse events following COVID-19 vaccination. This reference point serves as substantive evidence supporting the safety profile of COVID-19 vaccines.
... The efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines may be affected by gut microbiota, as it has been proven to regulate the antibody response to various vaccines, such as influenza11, polio, rotavirus, and oral cholera vaccines [64][65][66]. The possible mechanisms by which gut microbiota may impact vaccine immunization include increasing type I interferon production, triggering antiviral immunoglobulin A secretion, enhancing T cell activation and differentiation, and supporting regulatory T cell function [67,68]. A recent study has revealed that gut microbiota composition is correlated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccine immunogenicity and adverse events in adults. ...
The human gut microbiota, comprising trillions of microorganisms residing in the gastrointestinal tract, has emerged as a pivotal player in modulating various aspects of human health and disease. Recent research has shed light on the intricate relationship between the gut microbiota and pharmaceuticals, uncovering profound implications for drug metabolism, efficacy, and safety. This review depicted the landscape of molecular mechanisms and clinical implications of dynamic human gut Microbiota-Drug Interactions (MDI), with an emphasis on the impact of MDI on drug responses and individual variations. This review also discussed the therapeutic potential of modulating the gut microbiota or harnessing its metabolic capabilities to optimize clinical treatments and advance personalized medicine, as well as the challenges and future directions in this emerging field.
... Second, there is no consensus on the vaccine's effectiveness among this group of older adults [18]. Hussein et al. believed that a weaker immune system in frail older adults causes a poor response to COVID-19 vaccination [19], and Norway reported 23 deaths in frail older adults after vaccination [20]. However, WHO recognized that the vaccine did not result in an unexpected increase in fatalities or any unusual adverse events in most frail older adults [21]. ...
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has inflicted tremendous pressure on people, including older adults. Frail older adults are more susceptible to the adverse consequences of the pandemic. Although many studies have investigated the susceptibility and poor medical outcomes of COVID-19 in frail people, a few studies have explored the psychosocial effects of the pandemic on this group of vulnerable people. This study overviews the psychosocial consequences of the pandemic and necessary public interventions for frail older adults.
Materials and Methods: An integrative review method was utilized to gather, analyze, and structure the study data. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched to extract the published English papers based on a designed strategy. The keywords and used Boolean operators in their titles or abstracts were ([“COVID-19” OR “CORONA” OR “SARS-CoV-2”] AND [“frail” OR “frailty”]). A total of 50 articles (47 quantitative, 2 qualitative, and 1 mixed method) were selected for the final analysis.
Results: Anxiety and depression were reported as the most significant psychological consequences in the related studies. The results also indicated the social relations of older frail people and their access to health services noticeably reduced during the pandemic. On the other hand, physical exercise programs, telemedicine, and reading activities were the most preventive measures to mitigate the impacts of public restrictions during the pandemic.
Conclusion: The results of this review can assist policymakers in reflecting appropriate psychosocial support for frail seniors during the pandemic. As most studies on the psychosocial aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic among frail older adults are quantitative and have been performed in developed countries, it is suggested to conduct further qualitative studies. These studies should explore frail older adults’ experiences and perceptions and their challenges during the pandemic, particularly in developing countries.
... In the meantime, there are high hopes for a definitive answer in the form of a successful vaccine. Many contenders are now being evaluated, including a handful in the phase 4trial [20]. ...
TRACT
Worldwide recorded 324 million human infected coronavirus patients
and a mortality rate of over 5.53 million till now. In this situation
coronavirus type-2 has suddenly arisen as a global problem. It impacts
all humans directly via disease and death and indirectly by isolation
creates a tremendous financial and psychological barrier. It remains the
most feasible method so far but is untenable beyond a lengthy period. At
this time vaccine development is the most helpful strategy for controlling
emerging virus strains. Pfizer/BioNTech (Ribonucleic acid vaccine),
Johnson and Johnson, Novavax (UK), AstraZeneca, Sinovac (China),
Moderna (Ribonucleic acid), CanSinoBio, and Covishield (India) etc. are
among the firms involved in the continuing vaccination program, which
is taking place all over the world. This assessment covers all aspects of
COVID-19 and concentrates on the following approaches. Besides AI
systems, advanced drug delivery systems (nanotechnology) and a trained
immunity vaccination method are being used to advance the COVID-19
vaccine development cycle. We give a glimpse of a comparative
evaluation of global vaccination approaches, efficacy, adverse effects,
worldwide reached vaccination, a general review of clinical trials
coronavirus disease-2019 vaccines also vaccine effectiveness against
novel coronavirus variants based on real-world data. Also, variants
considered is the influence of disquieting variants and under of interest.
Keywords: COVID-19, nanotechnology, vaccine approaches, variants
... In the meantime, there are high hopes for a definitive answer in the form of a successful vaccine. Many contenders are now being evaluated, including a handful in the phase 4trial [20]. ...
Worldwide recorded 324 million human infected coronavirus patients and a mortality rate of over 5.53 million till now. In this situation coronavirus type-2 has suddenly arisen as a global problem. It impacts all humans directly via disease and death and indirectly by isolation creates a tremendous financial and psychological barrier. It remains the most feasible method so far but is untenable beyond a lengthy period. At this time vaccine development is the most helpful strategy for controlling emerging virus strains. Pfizer/BioNTech (Ribonucleic acid vaccine), Johnson and Johnson, Novavax (UK), AstraZeneca, Sinovac (China), Moderna (Ribonucleic acid), CanSinoBio, and Covishield (India) etc. are among the firms involved in the continuing vaccination program, which is taking place all over the world. This assessment covers all aspects of COVID-19 and concentrates on the following approaches. Besides AI systems, advanced drug delivery systems (nanotechnology) and a trained immunity vaccination method are being used to advance the COVID-19 vaccine development cycle. We give a glimpse of a comparative evaluation of global vaccination approaches, efficacy, adverse effects, worldwide reached vaccination, a general review of clinical trials coronavirus disease-2019 vaccines also vaccine effectiveness against novel coronavirus variants based on real-world data. Also, variants considered is the influence of disquieting variants and under of interest.
... The results obtained by the present analysis would seem to reinforce the findings of Tojersen and colleagues, who reported that the COVID-19 vaccinations have led to increased death rates among the elderly population [14,15]. A report from the insurance company One America is similarly discouraging, with actual data from the latter half of 2021 indicating an unprecedented 40% increase in death rates for individuals aged 18 to 64 when compared to the pre-pandemic period [16]. ...
Background: The main impetus behind the worldwide COVID-19 vaccination campaign in 2021 was to reduce the mortality attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection in the preceding year. Nevertheless, rigorous analyses of the mortality benefits conferred by this massive vaccination effort have been lacking. Methods: Statistics offers us an essential methodological approach for measuring the impacts of COVID-19 vaccination on public health. The mathematical relation between vaccinated alive groups can be repeated between vaccinated dead groups with relatively high statistical reliability because of the large population numbers involved. This method also confers greater statistical usefulness because it eliminates the Simpson effect. Results: Calculations were performed for each of the following 5-4 week intervals: weeks 35-38 (2021), weeks 39-42 (2021), weeks 43-46 (2021), weeks 47-50 (2021), and weeks 50(2021)-1(2022). The results obtained confirm that the mortality of the vaccinated coronavirus infected groups was 14.5% higher on average than the mortality of non-vaccinated coronavirus infected groups. Conclusion: Vaccinated infected groups appear to have higher average mortality than their non-vaccinated infected counterparts. The findings suggest the legitimacy of extending the statistics between vaccinated livings and vaccinated dead individuals for different age groups. Calculating the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on the mortality rate is a necessary step towards satisfying the first principle of medicine: "Primum non nocere", "First do no harm".
... The primary data are the data on vaccine efficacy (preventive rate), [4,5] the data on mortality rate among the elderly with COVID-19, [6,7] and the death rate after getting COVID-19 vaccine among the elderly (0.115%). [8] A simulation study comparing the mortality rate in alternative node using versus no using COVID-19 vaccine is done. For calculation, the expected mortality rate in no using COVID-19 vaccine is directly quoted from primary data on naïve mortality rate of naïve case when there is no vaccine. ...
... A single report from the medical-scientific community expressed concern over the lack of transparent investigation into reports of nine deaths of healthcare workers following Covishield administration that were stated to be coincidental by the government [30]. In contrast, a parallel incident of 23 deaths following administration of mRNA vaccines in the frail elderly reported in Norway in the same period [48] was correctly not associated with allegations of non-transparency suggestive of a reverse lexicalization process wherein Indian drug and vaccine regulatory processes were perceived as lacking trustworthiness compared to developed world standards. In this context, early COVID-19 vaccine confidence in India was rendered a function of the extent of trust in the government (and administration) while vaccine hesitancy correlated with government distrust, a finding supported by empirical survey data [49]. ...
Background
Over 2,40,000 deaths were attributed to the SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617.2) variant in India during the second wave of the pandemic from April to June 2021 with most deaths occurring in the unvaccinated population. High levels of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine hesitancy contributed to significantly reduced vaccination coverage in the eligible population especially among healthcare workers, comorbid and older people. The existing global evidence suggests misinformation through social media to accentuate, while newspaper and mainstream media reporting to be protective against vaccine hesitancy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Content analysis of regular press coverage of COVID-19 vaccination in India during the period of initial deployment and until the onset of the second wave of the pandemic can provide useful learnings and strengthen preparedness for addressing potential vaccine hesitancy concerns during future pandemics. Therefore, we conducted this inductive content analysis of press coverage related to the COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in India prior to the second (Delta) wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods
We examined news reports related to COVID-19 vaccination in India for the period from 1st January 2021 to 28 February 2021 from a high circulation English language daily (Hindustan Times), Hindi (vernacular) language daily (Dainik Jagran), and English language news reports from selected digital news portals. The inclusion criterion was any news report related to COVID-19 vaccination including editorials and guest opinion pieces that could potentially generate COVID-19-related vaccine hesitancy. The news items were classified depending on their potential to drive vaccine hesitancy by either avoiding reporting of positive information related to COVID-19 vaccines, or attributing directly or indirectly, negative or misleading commentary relating to vaccine safety or efficacy. Reports with possible risk of increasing vaccine hesitancy were further analyzed based on content, source of information, and the extent of fact-checking.
Results
Most of the published newspaper reports examined in this study echoed official news sources and views from government health agencies promoting COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and dispelling doubts on concerns regarding vaccine safety. There were eight unique newspaper reports after excluding duplicated bilingual entries and four news items from online digital Indian news sources that met our criterion of reports with possible contribution to vaccine hesitancy.
The reports possibly contributed to vaccine hesitancy were grouped into two themes: (i) Doubts on the safety and efficacy of local manufactured vaccines: most of these reports focused on the granting of emergency use authorization for Covaxin (BBV152) in ‘clinical trial mode’ without the completion and publication of Phase-3 efficacy data (ii). Doubts on vaccine requirement considering high seroprevalence and reduced virus transmission.
Conclusions
Concerns about the efficacy and safety of Covaxin (BBV152), safety of the Covishield vaccine, and questioning the necessity of immunizing all adults with COVID-19 vaccines were observed in multiple press reports with attempts at politicization of vaccination-related decisions. The press reporting with potential for contributing to significant COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy since launch and until the Delta wave of the pandemic in India has important lessons in future pandemic preparedness.
... In a similar study, death after vaccination was associated with a low blood platelet count. In a study conducted in Norway, 23 geriatric deaths following vaccination were reported (23). ...
To evaluate the symptoms and laboratory parameters of patients admitted to the emergency department after CoronaVac (Sinovac) vaccination.
Complaints, demographic characteristics, laboratory tests, interventions, and outcomes of patients admitted to the emergency department within
seven days of receiving the CoronaVac (Sinovac) were all evaluated. Pain at the injection site, swelling, redness, and pain in the injected arm were
expected side effects of the vaccination. In this study, a total of six people had syncope following the vaccination, one of whom developed an
allergic reaction. The most common adverse events in non-geriatrics were fatigue, headache, fever, and abdominal pain, while in geriatric patients’
fatigue, headache, chest pain, and dyspnea were most common, with fever falling in the last place. Rare symptoms following vaccination included
syncope and urticaria. It is necessary to be prepared for the side effects that may occur during mass vaccination against COVID-19. In this study,
the body’s response to the vaccine in geriatric patients was atypical in vital signs and laboratory values.
... The results obtained by the present analysis would seem to reinforce the findings of Tojersen and colleagues, who reported that the Covid-19 vaccinations have led to increased death rates among the elderly population [14,15]. A report from the insurance company OneAmerica is similarly discouraging, with actual data from the latter half of 2021 indicating an unprecedented 40 percent increase in death rates for individuals aged 18 to 64 when compared to the pre-pandemic period [16]. ...
Background. The main impetus behind the worldwide Covid-19 vaccination campaign in 2021 was to reduce the mortality attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection in the preceding year. Nevertheless, rigorous analyses of the mortality benefits conferred by this massive vaccination effort have been lacking. Methods Statistics offers us an essential methodological approach for measuring the impacts of Covid-19 vaccination on public health. The mathematical relation between vaccinated-alive groups can be repeated between vaccinated-dead groups with relatively high statistical reliability because of the large population numbers involved. This method also confers greater statistical usefulness because it eliminates the Simpson effect. Results Calculations were performed for each of the following five(5) four-week intervals: weeks 35-38 (2021), weeks 39-42 (2021), weeks 43-46 (2021), weeks 47-50 (2021), and weeks 50(2021)-1(2022). The results obtained confirm that the mortality of the vaccinated coronavirus-infected groups was 14.5% higher on average than the mortality of non-vaccinated coronavirus-infected groups. Conclusions Vaccinated infected groups appear to have higher average mortality than their non-vaccinated infected counterparts. The findings suggest the legitimacy of extending the statistics between vaccinated living and vaccinated dead individuals for different age groups. Calculating the impact of Covid-19 vaccination on the mortality rate is a necessary step towards satisfying the first principle of medicine: “Primum non nocere”, “Do no harm”.
... The results obtained by the present analysis would seem to reinforce the findings of Tojersen and colleagues, who reported that the Covid-19 vaccinations have led to increased death rates among the elderly population [14,15]. A report from the insurance company OneAmerica is similarly discouraging, with actual data from the latter half of 2021 indicating an unprecedented 40 percent increase in death rates for individuals aged 18 to 64 when compared to the pre-pandemic period [16]. ...
Background. The main impetus behind the worldwide Covid-19 vaccination campaign in 2021 was to reduce the mortality attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection in the preceding year. Nevertheless, rigorous analyses of the mortality benefits conferred by this massive vaccination effort have been lacking. Methods Statistics offers us an essential methodological approach for measuring the impacts of Covid-19 vaccination on public health. The mathematical relation between vaccinated-alive groups can be repeated between vaccinated-dead groups with relatively high statistical reliability because of the large population numbers involved. This method also confers greater statistical usefulness because it eliminates the Simpson effect. Results Calculations were performed for each of the following five(5) four-week intervals: weeks 35-38 (2021), weeks 39-42 (2021), weeks 43-46 (2021), weeks 47-50 (2021), and weeks 51(2021)-2(2022). The results obtained confirm that the mortality of the vaccinated coronavirus-infected groups was 14.5% higher on average than the mortality of non-vaccinated coronavirus-infected groups. Conclusions Vaccinated infected groups appear to have higher average mortality than their non-vaccinated infected counterparts. The findings suggest the legitimacy of extending the statistics between vaccinated living and vaccinated dead individuals for different age groups. Calculating the impact of Covid-19 vaccination on the mortality rate is a necessary step towards satisfying the first principle of medicine: “Primum non nocere”, “Do no harm”.
... Statistično zabeleženo število smrtnih primerov z novim koronavirusom okuženih cepljenih oseb je znatno večje od izračunanega sorazmernega števila smrtnih primerov z novim koronavirusom okuženih cepljenih oseb, kar pomeni, da okužene cepljene osebe umirajo pogosteje kot okužene necepljene -verjetno zaradi neželenih učinkov samih cepiv. Zdi se, da rezultati te analize potrjujejo ugotovitve Tojersena in sodelavcev, ki so poročali, da je cepljenje proti covidu 19 privedlo do povečane umrljivosti med starejšimi [14,15]. Poročilo zavarovalnice OneAmerica je podobno razočarljivo, saj dejanski podatki iz druge polovice leta 2021 kažejo na brezprimerno, kar 40-odstotno povečanje števila smrti pri ljudeh, starih od 18 do 64 let, v primerjavi z obdobjem pred pandemijo [16]. ...
Povzetek Ozadje: Glavna spodbuda za svetovno kampanjo cepljenja proti koronavirusni bolezni (covid-coronavirus disease, slovensko kovib-koronavirusna bolezen) 19 v letu 2021 je bilo zmanjšanje umrljivosti zaradi okužbe z virusom SARS-CoV-2 v letu 2020. Toda strogih, verodostojnih analiz, s katerimi bi dokazali, da je množično cepljenje zmanjšalo umrljivost svetovnega prebivalstva, sploh ni. Metode: Statistika nam ponuja bistven metodološki pristop za merjenje učinkov cepljenja proti covidu 19 na javno zdravje. Matematično razmerje med skupinami cepljenih in živih se lahko zaradi velikega števila prebivalcev ponovi med skupinami cepljenih in mrtvih z razmeroma visoko statistično zanesljivostjo. Ta metoda omogoča tudi večjo statistično uporabnost, saj odpravlja Simpsonov učinek oz. paradoks. Rezultati: Izračuni so bili opravljeni za vsakega od naslednjih petih (5) štiritedenskih intervalov: 35.-38. teden (2021), 39.-42. teden (2021), 43.-46. teden (2021), 47.-50. teden (2021) in 50. teden 2021-1. teden (2022). Rezultati potrjujejo, da je bila umrljivost cepljenih skupin, okuženih s koronavirusom, v povprečju za 14,5 % višja od umrljivosti necepljenih skupin, okuženih s koronavirusom. Ugotovitve: Razbrati je, da imajo cepljene okužene skupine višjo povprečno umrljivost kot necepljene okužene skupine. Ugotovitve kažejo na upravičenost razširitve statističnih podatkov
... The results obtained by the present analysis would seem to reinforce the findings of Tojersen and colleagues, who reported that the Covid-19 vaccinations have led to increased death rates among the elderly population [14,15]. A report from the insurance company OneAmerica is similarly discouraging, with actual data from the latter half of 2021 indicating an unprecedented 40 percent increase in death rates for individuals aged 18 to 64 when compared to the pre-pandemic period [16]. ...
Background. The main impetus behind the worldwide Covid-19 vaccination campaign in 2021 was to reduce the mortality attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection in the preceding year. Nevertheless, rigorous analyses of the mortality benefits conferred by this massive vaccination effort have been lacking. Methods Statistics offers us an essential methodological approach for measuring the impacts of Covid-19 vaccination on public health. The mathematical relation between vaccinated-alive groups can be repeated between vaccinated-dead groups with relatively high statistical reliability because of the large population numbers involved. This method also confers greater statistical usefulness because it eliminates the Simpson effect. Results Calculations were performed for each of the following five(5) four-week intervals: weeks 35-38 (2021), weeks 39-42 (2021), weeks 43-46 (2021), weeks 47-50 (2021), and weeks 51(2021)-2(2022). The results obtained confirm that the mortality of the vaccinated coronavirus-infected groups was 14.5% higher on average than the mortality of non-vaccinated coronavirus-infected groups. Conclusions Vaccinated infected groups appear to have higher average mortality than their non-vaccinated infected counterparts. The findings suggest the legitimacy of extending the statistics between vaccinated living and vaccinated dead individuals for different age groups. Calculating the impact of Covid-19 vaccination on the mortality rate is a necessary step towards satisfying the first principle of medicine: "Primum non nocere", "Do no harm".
... The results obtained by the present analysis would seem to reinforce the findings of Tojersen and colleagues, who reported that the Covid-19 vaccinations have led to increased death rates among the elderly population [14,15]. A report from the insurance company OneAmerica is similarly discouraging, with actual data from the latter half of 2021 indicating an unprecedented 40 percent increase in death rates for individuals aged 18 to 64 when compared to the pre-pandemic period [16]. ...
Background. The main impetus behind the worldwide Covid-19 vaccination campaign in 2021 was to reduce the mortality attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection in the preceding year. Nevertheless, rigorous analyses of the mortality benefits conferred by this massive vaccination effort have been lacking. Methods Statistics offers us an essential methodological approach for measuring the impacts of Covid-19 vaccination on public health. The mathematical relation between vaccinated-alive groups can be repeated between vaccinated-dead groups with relatively high statistical reliability because of the large population numbers involved. This method also confers greater statistical usefulness because it eliminates the Simpson effect. Results Calculations were performed for each of the following five(5) four-week intervals: weeks 35-38 (2021), weeks 39-42 (2021), weeks 43-46 (2021), weeks 47-50 (2021), and weeks 51(2021)-2(2022). The results obtained confirm that the mortality of the vaccinated coronavirus-infected groups was 14.5% higher on average than the mortality of non-vaccinated coronavirus-infected groups. Conclusions Vaccinated infected groups appear to have higher average mortality than their non-vaccinated infected counterparts. The findings suggest the legitimacy of extending the statistics between vaccinated living and vaccinated dead individuals for different age groups. Calculating the impact of Covid-19 vaccination on the mortality rate is a necessary step towards satisfying the first principle of medicine: “Primum non nocere”, “Do no harm”.
... The results obtained by the present analysis would seem to reinforce the findings of Tojersen and colleagues, who reported that the Covid-19 vaccinations have led to increased death rates among the elderly population [14,15]. A report from the insurance company OneAmerica is similarly discouraging, with actual data from the latter half of 2021 indicating an unprecedented 40 percent increase in death rates for individuals aged 18 to 64 when compared to the pre-pandemic period [16]. ...
Background. The main impetus behind the worldwide Covid-19 vaccination campaign in 2021 was to reduce the mortality attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection in the preceding year. Nevertheless, rigorous analyses of the mortality benefits conferred by this massive vaccination effort have been lacking. Methods Statistics offers us an essential methodological approach for measuring the impacts of Covid-19 vaccination on public health. The mathematical relation between vaccinated-alive groups can be repeated between vaccinated-dead groups with relatively high statistical reliability because of the large population numbers involved. This method also confers greater statistical usefulness because it eliminates the Simpson effect. Results Calculations were performed for each of the following five(5) four-week intervals: weeks 35-38 (2021), weeks 39-42 (2021), weeks 43-46 (2021), weeks 47-50 (2021), and weeks 51(2021)-2(2022). The results obtained confirm that the mortality of the vaccinated coronavirus-infected groups was 14.5% higher on average than the mortality of non-vaccinated coronavirus-infected groups. Conclusions Vaccinated infected groups appear to have higher average mortality than their non-vaccinated infected counterparts. The findings suggest the legitimacy of extending the statistics between vaccinated living and vaccinated dead individuals for different age groups. Calculating the impact of Covid-19 vaccination on the mortality rate is a necessary step towards satisfying the first principle of medicine: “Primum non nocere”, “Do no harm”.
... The results obtained by the present analysis would seem to reinforce the findings of Tojersen and colleagues, who reported that the Covid-19 vaccinations have led to increased death rates among the elderly population [14,15]. A report from the insurance company OneAmerica is similarly discouraging, with actuarial data from the latter half of 2021 indicating an unprecedented 40 percent increase in death rates for individuals aged 18 to 64 when compared to the pre-pandemic period [16]. ...
Background. The main impetus behind the worldwide Covid-19 vaccination campaign in 2021 was to reduce the mortality attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection in the preceding year. Nevertheless, rigorous analyses of the mortality benefits conferred by this massive vaccination effort have been lacking. Methods Statistics offers us an essential methodological approach for measuring the impacts of Covid-19 vaccination on public health. The mathematical relation between vaccinated-alive groups can be repeated between vaccinated-dead groups with relatively high statistical reliability because of the large population numbers involved. This method also confers greater statistical usefulness because it eliminates the Simpson effect. Results Calculations were performed for each of the following five four-week intervals: weeks 35-38 (2021), weeks 39-42 (2021), weeks 43-46 (2031), weeks 47-50 (2021), and weeks 51(2021)-2(2022). The results obtained confirm that the mortality of the vaccinated coronavirus-infected groups was 14.5% higher on average than the mortality of non-vaccinated coronavirus-infected groups. Conclusions Vaccinated infected groups appear to have higher average mortality than their non-vaccinated infected counterparts. The findings suggest the legitimacy of extending the statistic between vaccinated living and vaccinated dead individuals for different age groups. Calculating the impact of Covid-19 vaccination on the mortality rate is a necessary step toward satisfying the first principle of medicine: “Primum non nocere”, “Do no harm”.
... Preliminary research on the effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccination is not encouraging. Research done by Ingrid Tojersen has shown that the Covid-19 vaccination has been causing the deaths of the elder population [4,5]. Research done by Sivan Gazid and co-authors is confirming that the natural immunity of unvaccinated people is far better protection than Covid-19 vaccines [6]. ...
Background The main reason for the worldwide massive covid vaccination in 2021 was to reduce the high mortality caused by the Covid-19 virus in 2020. It is time that in 2022 a rigorous analysis is done of the effectiveness of this massive vaccination. Methods In statistics, we have an accurate methodology to measure the impact of massive vaccination on public health. The mathematical relation between vaccinated/alive groups will be repeated between vaccinated/dead groups with high statistical certainty. This occurs because we are dealing with big numbers. Results Calculations were done for five periods of four weeks: weeks 35-38 (2021), weeks 39-42 (2021), weeks 43-46 (2031), weeks 47-50 (2021), and weeks 51(2021)-2(2022). Obtained results are confirming that the mortality of the vaccinated infected groups is higher on average by 14.5% than the mortality of non-vaccinated infected groups. Conclusions Results are suggesting the extension of the statistic between the vaccinated/alive group and the vaccinated/dead group for different age groups. These statistics will have higher statistical significance because of the elimination of the Simpson effect. Calculating the exact impact of covid-19 vaccination on the mortality rate is the necessary step to satisfy the first principle of medicine: “Primum non nocere”.
... This recognized impaired response to vaccinations among frail elderly people has motivated clinicians to assess for frailty before deciding whether to introduce mRNA vaccination or not. In a recent study, it was reported that 23 frail elderly patients succumbed soon after receiving mRNA vaccination [16]. Comparable data also indicate that aged people (≥80 years), as well as populations with multimorbidity and certain concomitant health problems are at augmented risk of COVID-19 related hospitalization and mortality following the initial vaccine booster of BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccine; these data recognize risk factors (e.g., ageing and immunosuppression), and emphasize the significantly raised risk postulated by multimorbidity [17]. ...
The frail, elderly population is often characterized by poor immunogenicity post COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. “Inflamm-aging” and “immune-senescence” are pathogenetic mechanisms that might explain this phenomenon. Complex interplay with cytokines and microbiota is also implicated in this inflammatory cascade. The abovementioned population, although very important from immunologic perspective, has barely been included in the mRNA vaccination clinical trials.
... Preliminary research on the effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccination is not encouraging. Research done by Ingrid Tojersen has shown that the Covid-19 vaccination has been causing the deaths of the elder population [4,5]. Research done by Sivan Gazid and co-authors is confirming that the natural immunity of unvaccinated people is far better protection than Covid-19 vaccines [6]. ...
Background The main reason for the worldwide massive covid vaccination in 2021 was to reduce the high mortality caused by the Covid-19 virus in 2020. It is time that in 2022 a rigorous analysis is done of the effectiveness of this massive vaccination. Methods In statistics, we have an accurate methodology to measure the impact of massive vaccination on public health. The mathematical relation between vaccinated/alive groups will be repeated between vaccinated/dead groups with high statistical certainty. This occurs because we are dealing with big numbers. Results Calculations were done for five periods of four weeks: weeks 35-38 (2021), weeks 39-42 (2021), weeks 43-46 (2031), weeks 47-50 (2021), and weeks 51(2021)-2(2022). Obtained results are confirming that the mortality of the vaccinated infected groups is higher on average by 14.5% than the mortality of non-vaccinated infected groups. Conclusions Results are suggesting the extension of the statistic between the vaccinated/alive group and the vaccinated/dead group for different age groups. These statistics will have higher statistical significance because of the elimination of the Simpson effect. Calculating the exact impact of covid-19 vaccination on the mortality rate is the necessary step to satisfy the first principle of medicine: “Primum non nocere”.
... Norway also reported fatal outcomes in many elderly vaccine recipients. Causation could not be immediately ascertained; however, investigations into 13 deaths concluded that common adverse events from vaccination might have resulted in aggravating preexisting medical conditions [71]). ...
After emerging in China toward the end of 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 advanced briskly around the globe without knowing borders, and so did the scientific research to find its cure. Safe and effective prophylaxis is essential to the containment of the virus. As of 1 January 2021, eight vaccine candidates were approved in different regions of the world for their emergency rollout. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the clinical perspective of these vaccine candidates, along with other candidates that are undergoing phase 2/3 trials. We also address the prospect of postvaccination symptom management. Furthermore, the goal of herd immunity cannot be achieved unless a candidate has wide acceptance and fulfills favorable logistic parameters. With anticipated shortage during initial immunization days, there is an additional challenge of planning and targeted prioritization of different subgroups. We conclude this chapter with a reflection on the other aspect of immunization: passive immunotherapy and its implications in COVID‐19 management.
... Singapore was the first Southeast Asian country to receive the COVID-19 vaccine (Idrus, 2021;Reuters et al, 2020), mentioned in tweets during 21-23 December 2020 (peak on 22 December 2020 with 48 tweets). During 18-20 January 2021, tweets mostly referred to the death of a person who received the Pfizer vaccine in Norway (Torjesen, 2021) ...
Twitter is a social media platform in which users express and discuss their opinions regarding public issues, such as COVID-19 vaccination. In this study, we aimed to determine the factors influencing public perceptions regarding COVID-19 vaccination using Twitter in order to inform efforts to improve vaccination rates. We collected tweets mentioning COVID vaccination in the Thai language during 13 January 2020 - 15 June 2021. The tweets were translated into English and the content of the tweets were determined and the number of tweets and likes were recorded. The sentiment of each tweet was classified into three categories: positive, negative and neutral, and the tweet trends were evaluated for the 7-day period before and 7-day period after selected vaccination campaign events. A total of 31,043 tweets were included in the analysis. Sentiment distribution analysis revealed the Thai Prime Minister’s vaccination (p = 0.0007) and a COVID-19 vaccine promotion campaign in the online media by medical experts (p<0.0001) significantly increased positive sentiment after those events. The day a Thai social media influencer received a COVID-19 vaccine resulted in the greatest number of tweets regarding COVID-19 vaccination (n =2,186) and resulted in a significant increase in positive sentiment regarding COVID-19 vaccination (p = 0.0280). In summary, public figure vaccination or promotion of COVID-19 vaccination significantly increased positive sentiment regarding COVID-19 vaccination. We conclude that public figures or medical professionals can improve public sentiment regarding vaccination and should be encouraged to support vaccination campaigns. Further studies are needed to determine if this increase in positive public sentiment will result in increased vaccination uptake.
... Given the catastrophic thrombo-embolic events, the vector-based vaccine Oxford-AstraZeneca was suspended in several European countries (Triggle, 2021;Wise, 2021). However, a report analyzing 23 fatalities in elderly people immediately after BNT162b2 COVID-19 immunization has raised concerns about the possibility that mRNAbased COVID-19 vaccination might have unanticipated serious results as well (Torjesen, 2021). ...
This is a case study of a 55-year-old patient who died four months after receiving the mRNA-vaccine BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) against COVID-19 as a second dose, following an initial vaccination with the ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vector vaccine (AstraZeneca) two months earlier. The autopsy diagnosis revealed general atherosclerosis. The histopathologic analyses of cardiac tissue demonstrated the presence of a thrombus occluding the right coronary artery (RCA) without evidence of plaque rupture. As a substitute trigger of clotting, the RCA presented with characteristics of acute lymphocytic vasculitis that extended to vasa vasorum in the adventitia and vessels in adjacent adipose tissue. Microthrombi were occasionally detected in these small vessels. It was obvious that lymphocytic myocarditis had been a chronic ongoing process temporally distinct from acute myocardial infarction. The myocardium contained patchworks of fibrotic areas alongside foci of displaying acute inflammation and fresh myocyte damage. SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein, but not nucleocapsid protein was sporadically detected in vessel walls by immunohistochemical assay. The cause of death was determined to be acute myocardial infarction and lymphocytic myocarditis. These findings indicate that myocarditis, as well as thrombo-embolic events following injection of spike-inducing gene-based vaccines, are causally associated with a injurious immunological response to the encoded agent. Because of the fact that the immune response to a first gene-based vaccination is very low in comparison with the immune response to the second vaccination, the found adverse events has rather to be attributed to the mRNA-based second vaccination as to the initial vector-based one.
... 3e8 In the first months of 2021, the Dutch COVID-19 vaccination campaign was disturbed by reports of death in Norwegian NHs after vaccination. 9 Reports concerned frail older people, in whom common adverse reactions potentially aggravated underlying conditions. Germany also reported deaths after vaccination, which mostly concerned seriously ill people. ...
Objectives
In the first months of 2021 the Dutch COVID-19 vaccination campaign was disturbed by reports of death in Norwegian nursing homes (NHs) after vaccination. Reports predominantly concerned persons >65 years of age with one or more comorbidities. Also in the Netherlands adverse events were reported after COVID-19 vaccination in this vulnerable group. Yet, it was unclear whether a causal link between vaccination and death existed. Therefore, we investigated the risk of death after COVID-19 vaccination in Dutch NH residents compared with the risk of death in NH residents prior to the COVID-pandemic.
Design
Population-based longitudinal cohort study with electronic health record data.
Setting and Participants
We studied Dutch NH residents from 73 NHs who received one or two COVID-19 vaccination(s) between January 13 and April 16, 2021 (n=21.762). As historical comparison group we included Dutch NH residents who were registered in the same period in 2019 (n=27.591).
Methods
Data on vaccination status, age, gender, type of care, comorbidities, and date of NH entry and (if applicable) discharge or date of death were extracted from electronic health records. Risk of death after 30 days was evaluated and compared between vaccinated residents and historical comparison subjects with Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses. Regression analyses were adjusted for age, gender, comorbidities and length of stay.
Results
Risk of death in NH residents after one COVID-19 vaccination (regardless of whether a second vaccination was given) was decreased compared to historical comparison subjects from 2019 (adjusted HR 0.77 (95%CI 0.69-0.86)). The risk of death further decreased after two vaccinations compared with the historical comparison group (adjusted HR 0.57 (0.50-0.64)).
Conclusions and Implications
We found no indication that risk of death in NH residents is increased after COVID-19 vaccination. These results indicate that COVID-19 vaccination in NH residents is safe, and could reduce fear and resistance towards vaccination.
... al., 2021 that were approved by the emergency use authorization by the US Food and Drug Administration after only one year of development. Although the published phase 3 clinical trials reported fewer side effects and minor non-fatal complications (Baden et al., 2021;O'Reilly, 2020;Sultana et al., 2020)b, the accumulating evidence of serious neurological (Michalik et al., 2022(Michalik et al., , 2022; S. J. Thomas et al., 2021;Wan et al., 2022) and cardiac complications (Cari et al., 2021;Dionne et al., 2021;Jabagi et al., 2022) as well as death reports (Torjesen, 2021) shortly after receiving the first (García-Grimshaw et al., 2021) and the second doses of mRNA-based vaccines casts heavy shades of doubt on the safety profile as well as the preclinical studies of such types of vaccines (European Medicines Agency (EMA), 2021). ...
The current report represents a case of a 77-year-old man with Parkinson’s disease who died three weeks after receiving his third COVID-19 vaccination in January 2022. The patient was first vaccinated in May 2021 with the ChAdOx1 nCov- 19 vector vaccine, followed by two more doses with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in July and December 2021. The family of the deceased requested an autopsy due to the ambivalent clinical features noted before death. The underlying illness (Parkinson’s disease) was confirmed by autopsy. However, no sign of a florid COVID-19 was discovered. Meanwhile, the immunohistochemical staining of the brain and heart revealed previously undiagnosed conditions. The brain, in distinctive, revealed multifocal necrotizing encephalitis with massive inflammatory lymphocyte infiltrates. In addition, the heart showed signs of serious myocarditis. Finally, immunohistochemical staining revealed that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was evident in the tissues investigated. Based on these immunohistochemical findings, it appears that the inflammatory changes in the patient's brain tissues are most likely the result of immunological processes. Concurrently, the absence of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid-protein was evidenced, indicating that the detected spike-protein is unrelated to a SARS-CoV-2 infection. If such an infection was the cause of the spike protein, the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein would also be detectable. As a consequence, the confirmed presence of the spike protein had to be attributed to the previous vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine that the deceased patient had received.
... Various surveillance systems in different countries have been monitoring vaccination safety since the beginning of the vaccination campaign and by now have received numerous reports of fatal events occurring after vaccination although they mostly did not result to be correlated to vaccination [9][10][11][12] in post-mortem investigation. Causal relationship was established only in very rare cases, such as for deaths linked to thrombotic events [13,14]. ...
The main objective of the study is to assess whether there is an increased risk of mortality in the days following the administration of COVID-19 vaccines in Bologna Health Authority in the first year of COVID-19 vaccination campaign. A secondary objective was to describe causes of deaths occurred in the days after vaccination. We conducted a retrospective observational study on all residents of Bologna Health Authority who received at least one COVID-19 vaccination dose from December 27, 2020 to December 31, 2021 and compared mortality in the 3, 7, 14 30 days after vaccination (risk interval) with the mortality in the period of the same length (3, 7, 14 and 30 days) beyond the 30th day after the last dose of vaccination (control interval). The cohort included 717,538 people. The mortality rate was 2.24 per 100 person-years during the 30 days risk interval vs 2.72 in the control interval with an adjusted incidence rate ratio equal to 0.76 (95% CI: 0.70-0.83, p<0.001). The risk of mortality is significantly lower (p<0.001) also in the 3, 7, 14 days risk intervals than in the control intervals. This study shows that there is no increase in mortality in the short-term period after COVID-19 vaccines.
... Preliminary research on the effectiveness of Covid-19 vaccination is not encouraging. Research done by Ingrid Tojersen has shown that the Covid-19 vaccination has been causing the deaths of the elder population [4,5]. Research done by Sivan Gazid and co-authors is confirming that the natural immunity of unvaccinated people is far better protection than Covid-19 vaccines [6]. ...
In statistics, we have precise methods to measure the effectiveness of the Covid-19 massive vaccination. Vaccinated people should be healthier, and should have a lower death rate than non-vaccinated people. Vaccinated people should have fewer sick days than non-vaccinated people. The expected diminished death rate would be the best proof of the covid vaccination effectiveness. The efficiency of massive covid vaccination should result in a diminished death rate of the fully vaccinated group in comparison to the non-vaccinated groups of the population in a given country in the year 2022.
... Future studies should also investigate vaccine reactogenicity and safety in older adults with frailty. Few studies suggest that older patients with frailty might develop more adverse events associated with vaccination, 33 although it is unclear whether these reactions are due to vaccination or to frailty. However, it must be emphasised that if individuals with frailty are excluded from vaccine trials, and if frailty is not explicitly considered in study cohorts, opportunities to identify potential vaccine innovations and to tailor products to generate optimal responses in the context of frailty and older age will be missed. ...
Background
Studies have shown that COVID-19 vaccination is effective at preventing infection and death in older populations. However, whether vaccination effectiveness is reduced in patients with frailty is unclear. We aimed to compare vaccine effectiveness against hospitalisation and death after COVID-19 during the surge of the delta (B.1.617.2) variant of SARS-CoV-2 according to patients' frailty status.
Methods
In this retrospective cohort study, we used data derived from the US Veterans Health Administration (VHA) facilities and the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) COVID-19 Shared Data Resource, which contains information from the VA National Surveillance Tool, death certificates, and National Cemetery Administration. We included veterans aged 19 years or older who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 using RT-PCR or antigen tests between July 25 and Sept 30, 2021, with no record of a previous positive test. Deaths were identified through VHA facilities, death certificates, and National Cemetery Administration data available from VA databases. We also retrieved data including sociodemographic characteristics, medical conditions diagnosed at baseline, frailty score, and vaccination information. The primary outcomes were COVID-19-associated hospitalisations and all-cause deaths at 30 days from testing positive for SARS-CoV-2. The odds ratio (OR) for COVID-19-associated hospitalisation and hazard ratio (HR) for death of vaccinated patients compared with the unvaccinated patients were estimated according to frailty categories of robust, pre-frail, or frail. Vaccine effectiveness was estimated as 1 minus the OR for COVID-19-associated hospitalisation, and 1 minus the HR for death.
Findings
We identified 57 784 veterans (mean age 57·5 years [SD 16·7], 50 642 [87·6%] males, and 40 743 [70·5%] White people), of whom 28 497 (49·3%) were categorised as robust, 16 737 (29·0%) as pre-frail, and 12 550 (21·7%) as frail. There were 2577 all-cause deaths (676 [26·2%] in the vaccinated group and 1901 [73·8%] in the unvaccinated group), and 7857 COVID-19-associated hospitalisations (2749 [35·0%] in the vaccinated group and 5108 [65·0%] in the unvaccinated group) within 30 days of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test. Vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19-associated hospitalisation within 30 days of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test was 65% (95% CI 61–69) in the robust group, 54% (48–58) in the pre-frail group, and 36% (30–42) in the frail group. By 30 days of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test, all-cause death was 79% (95% CI 74–84) in the robust group, 79% (75–83) in the pre-frail group, and 68% (63–71) in the frail group.
Interpretation
Compared with non-frail patients (pre-frail and robust), those with frailty had lower levels of vaccination protection against COVID-19-associated hospitalisation and all-cause death. Future studies investigating COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness should incorporate frailty assessments and actively recruit older adults with frailty.
Funding
Miami VA Healthcare System Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center.
... Multiple COVID-19 vaccines have been developed, with the vaccination process accelerated in a few countries; however, some people are still uncertain regarding the efficacy, dosage, and safety of the vaccine [5]. Furthermore, post-vaccination adverse events have been reported, ranging from mild complications to death and inactivated vaccines, and the number of new variants identified worldwide has been increasing [6,7]. Acceptance and demand for the vaccination process are multi-factorial, attributed to misinformation, and vary across time and place, perception of the risks and disease, culture, religion, and other reasons [8]. ...
Background:
COVID-19 vaccines were made available to the public by the end of 2020. However, little is known about COVID-19 booster dose (CBD) vaccine perception among healthcare workers (HCW) worldwide. The present study aims to assess the perception of CBD vaccines among healthcare workers in India and Saudi Arabia (SA).
Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted among HCWs in two countries, India and SA. Data were gathered through the use of a self-administered questionnaire. A convenience sampling technique was utilized to collect the data.
Results:
A total of 833 HCW responses were collected from the two countries, with 530 participants from India and 303 participants from SA responding to the questionnaire. Among them, 16% from India and 33% from SA were unwilling to take a CBD (p < 0.005). The primary reasons for not being willing were concerns about whether the vaccine would be effective (32%) and concerns about probable long-term side effects (31%). Concerns about not knowing enough about the vaccination (30%) and the possibility of long-term side effects (28%) were the primary concerns in SA. Regression analysis showed that males, urban residents, and post-graduates were more willing to take the CBD.
Conclusion:
There is a good perception of CBD and some hesitancy in receiving the booster dose among HCWs in both countries. The introduction of personalized education, risk communication, and deliberate policy could help to reduce the number of people who are unwilling to take a booster shot.
... Dasar ini menyebabkan beberapa negara seperti di Norwegia memasukkan kebijakan penilaian status frailty sebelum melakukan vaksinasi, 9 apalagi setelah penelitian di negara tersebut melaporkan 23 pasien lansia frail meninggal setelah mendapatkan vaksin COVID-19. 10 Bahkan, pada kelompok frail yang telah menjalani vaksin, respons terhadap vaksin berpotensi kurang begitu baik hingga bisa diprediksi kelompok frail memiliki risiko terpapar yang sama sebelum atau sesudah divaksin, atau mungkin memiliki risiko lebih rendah sedikit dibanding sebelumnya. 11 Vaksin mRNA (Pfizer) dosis pertama dilaporkan dapat menurunkan risiko perawatan akibat COVID-19 pada kelompok lansia, bahkan pada kelompok frail dengan komorbiditas, dengan efektivitas 71,4% (IK95% 46,5-90,6), sementara vaksin mRNA (moderna) memiliki efektivitas 94,5%, dan vaksin Astra Zeneca sebanyak 80,4% (IK95% 36,4-94,5). ...
Penelitian Vera, dkk. menunjukkan bahwa lanjut usia (lansia) merupakan kelompok yang memiliki mortalitas tinggi akibat Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) dan didominasi oleh kelompok frail. Lee, dkk. merekomendasikan penggunaan status frailty ini sebagai identifikasi faktor risiko yang bisa dimodifikasi pada kelompok lansia, yang dikaitkan dengan derajat beratnya COVID-19. Frailty dihubungkan dengan respons imunitas yang sudah menurun akibat kegagalan regulasi sistem homeostasis, akibatnya pasien frail rentan terhadap adanya stresor lingkungan dan luaran yang jelek.
... The MDS highlights that the benefits and risks of PwP being vaccinated against Covid-19 are similar to those reported in the general, age-matched population, while the administration of Covid-19 vaccination is not expected to interfere with regular anti-parkinsonian medications and is not known to interact with any subjacent neurodegenerative processes observed in PD (Bloem et al., 2021). Of notice, it has been reported that even though vaccines seem safe for older adults, it is important to remain cautious when administering the vaccine to very frail and terminally ill elderly patients, as a small number of deaths has been reported shortly after vaccination (within 6 days) in markedly frail patients over 75 years old (Torjesen, 2021). Cosentino and colleagues have reported two cases of patients with a PD diagnosis, who developed some degree of temporary aggravation of their motor symptoms soon after the first dose of the Pfizer/bioNTech vaccine with symptoms subsiding spontaneously without any interventions or changes in the patients' regular regimen (Cosentino et al., 2022). ...
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic has created many challenges for the Parkinson's Disease (PD) care service delivery, which has been established over the past decades. The need for rapid adjustments to the new conditions has highlighted the role of technology, which can act as an enabler both in patient-facing aspects of care, such as clinical consultations, as well as in professional development and training. The Parkinson's Disease Nurse Specialists (PNSs) play a vital role in the effective management of people with PD (PwP). Maintaining optimum functionality and availability of device aided therapies is essential in order to ensure patients’ quality of life. PwP are particularly recommended to use vaccination as a basic protection from the virus. The long-term consequences of this pandemic on PwP are highly uncertain, and education, support and reassurance of patients and their families may help ease their burden.
... The emergency-based WHO policy authorized the entry of the "operation warp speed" mRNA-based vaccines that were approved by the emergency use authorization by the US Food and Drug Administration after only one year of development. Although the published phase 3 clinical trials reported fewer side effects and minor non-fatal complications (Baden et al., 2021;O'Reilly, 2020;Sultana et al., 2020)b, the accumulating evidence of serious neurological (Michalik et al., 2022(Michalik et al., , 2022; S. J. Thomas et al., 2021;Wan et al., 2022) and cardiac complications (Cari et al., 2021;Dionne et al., 2021;Jabagi et al., 2022) as well as death reports (Torjesen, 2021) shortly after receiving the first (García-Grimshaw et al., 2021) and the second doses of mRNA-based vaccines casts heavy shades of doubt on the safety profile as well as the preclinical studies of such types of vaccines (European Medicines Agency (EMA), 2021). ...
The current report represents a case of a 77-year-old man with Parkinson’s disease who died three weeks after receiving his third COVID-19 vaccination in January 2022. The patient was first vaccinated in May 2021 with the ChAdOx1 nCov- 19 vector vaccine, followed by two more doses with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in July and December 2021. The family of the deceased requested an autopsy due to the ambivalent clinical features noted before death. The underlying illness (Parkinson’s disease) was confirmed by autopsy. However, no sign of a florid COVID-19 was discovered. Meanwhile, the immunohistochemical staining of the brain and heart revealed previously undiagnosed conditions. The brain, in distinctive, revealed multifocal necrotizing encephalitis with massive inflammatory lymphocyte infiltrates. In addition, the heart showed signs of serious myocarditis. Finally, immunohistochemical staining revealed that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein was evident in the tissues investigated. Based on these immunohistochemical findings, it appears that the inflammatory changes in the patient's brain tissues are most likely the result of immunological processes. Concurrently, the absence of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid-protein was evidenced, indicating that the detected spike-protein is unrelated to a SARS-CoV-2 infection. If such an infection was the cause of the spike protein, the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein would also be detectable. As a consequence, the confirmed presence of the spike protein had to be attributed to the previous vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine that the deceased patient had received.
... It has been reported that the probabilities of reinfection after the use of diverse vaccines have not been resolved or prevented [23]. Moreover, more reports were recorded of the possibility of serious side effects after the first and second doses [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31]. ...
Background: The ongoing pandemic of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), poses a serious threat to global public health and imposes a severe burden on the entire human population. Faced with a virus that can mutate its structure while immunity is incapacitated, a need to develop a universal vaccine that can boost immunity to coronaviruses is highly needed.
Design: Five formulations of two types (CRCx2 and CRCx3) of immune complexes with an immunogen adjuvant were evaluated in a mouse model as candidate SARS CoV-2 vaccines in a pretrial prior to clinical trials in humans. CRCx3 comprises 3 different formulas and CRCx2 comprises 2. Balb/c mice were vaccinated intraperitoneally on days 0/7 with a high or low dose of CRCx2 or on days 0/7/14 with a high, medium, or low dose of CRCx3 series, and their blood was sampled for serum antibody measurements. Mice were challenged with live virus after immunization with either vaccine to evaluate prophylaxis ability or treated with them after challenge to evaluate therapeutic ability on day 15. Immunological markers and histopathological studies as well as titration of neutralizing antibodies to the vaccines were evaluated and analyzed.
Results: CRCx 3 and CRCx 2 vaccine candidates induced elevated levels of positive neutralizing antibodies as well as a cellular immune response with safety, efficient productivity, and good genetic stability for vaccine manufacturing to provide protection against SARS-CoV-2 with relatively higher levels with the high dose CRCx2 candidate combination.
Conclusions: Highly efficient protection and therapeutic effect against SARS-CoV-2 were obtained with a double-dose immunization schedule spaced at 7-day intervals using injections of 0.25 or 0.40 ml of CRCx2 vaccine formulations with a 25-mm needle. These results support further evaluation of CRCx in a clinical trial on humans.
... There was concern in Norway that vaccinations with the Pfizer (BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine) vaccine, another mRNA vaccine, were linked to increased mortality in older persons, with 23 fatalities. An inquiry into these deaths revealed that some of the above-mentioned side effects might have contributed to the ends of "frail patients" (Torjesen, 2021). Though not common, a few cases of MI have been reported in the wake of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-19 vaccine. ...
Background: Evaluating potential vaccine side effects is often a prerequisite to combat the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic more effectively in a low-resource setting where herd immunity could be the most feasible option.
Case report: Here, we present, an 80-year-old man with multiple comorbidities was admitted into the coronary care unit at Ibn Sina Medical College Hospital (Dhaka, Bangladesh) with severe central chest pain and respiratory distress after receiving the first dose of Moderna vaccine on July 26, 2021. On admission, his blood pressure was 110/70 mmHg, pulse 90 beats/min, respiratory rate 22 breaths/min, temperature 36.7°C. He had a vesicular breath sound with bilateral basal crepitations and normal heart sounds. On the ECG, significant changes were observed. Other lab findings were significant troponin-I: 1.72 ng/ml, trace protein and glucose in the urine, total white blood cell count: 12820/cm ³ ; HbA1c, 7.5%; serum creatinine, 1.56 mg/dl; serum electrolytes: sodium 133 mmol/L, chloride 92 mmol/L. The patient had a medical history of prior myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension but no chronic kidney disease, cerebrovascular disease, or bronchial asthma. After admission, he was treated conservatively with necessary medications and monitored periodically. The patient was diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction with left ventricular failure with acute kidney injury on chronic kidney disease with diabetes mellitus and hypertension. He was discharged from the hospital on day six with proper medicinal support with full recovery.
Conclusions: Though acute cardiac complications following COVID-19 vaccines are unusual, this case report can contribute to further molecular research to identify the possible role of vaccine compounds in triggering such complications among the general population.
... It has been reported that the probabilities of reinfection after the use of diverse vaccines have not been resolved or prevented [23]. Moreover, more reports were recorded of the possibility of serious side effects after the first and second doses [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31]. ...
Background
The ongoing pandemic of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), poses a serious threat to global public health and imposes a severe burden on the entire human population. Faced with a virus that can mutate its structure while immunity is incapacitated, a need to develop a universal vaccine that can boost immunity to coronaviruses is highly needed.
Design
Five formulations of two types (CRCx2 and CRCx3) of immune complexes with an immunogen adjuvant were evaluated in a mouse model as candidate SARS CoV-2 vaccines in a pretrial prior to clinical trials in humans. CRCx3 comprises 3 different formulas and CRCx2 comprises 2. Balb/c mice were vaccinated intraperitoneally on days 0/7 with a high or low dose of CRCx2 or on days 0/7/14 with a high, medium, or low dose of CRCx3 series, and their blood was sampled for serum antibody measurements. Mice were challenged with live virus after immunization with either vaccine to evaluate prophylaxis ability or treated with them after challenge to evaluate therapeutic ability on day 15. Immunological markers and histopathological studies as well as titration of neutralizing antibodies to the vaccines were evaluated and analyzed.
Results
CRCx 3 and CRCx 2 vaccine candidates induced elevated levels of positive neutralizing antibodies as well as a cellular immune response with safety, efficient productivity, and good genetic stability for vaccine manufacturing to provide protection against SARS-CoV-2 with relatively higher levels with the high dose CRCx2 candidate combination.
Conclusions
Highly efficient protection and therapeutic effect against SARS-CoV-2 were obtained with a double-dose immunization schedule spaced at 7-day intervals using injections 0.25 of or 0.40 ml of CRCx2 vaccine formulations with a 25-mm needle. These results support further evaluation of CRCx in a clinical trial on humans.
... The misinformation category contains terms similar to "scam" and "conspiracy" from our data set that helped capture references of such words in the context of COVID-19 vaccines. High reporting of adverse effects and severe symptoms in rare cases leading to death [39] becomes a significant factor in increasing vaccination hesitation. The seed words given in the health effects category from the VAERS database led to the formation of its vocabulary containing "restless_sleep," "skin_sensitivity," "hot_flash," "flulike_symptoms," "complications," and more. ...
Background
Social media plays a pivotal role in disseminating news globally and acts as a platform for people to express their opinions on various topics. A wide variety of views accompany COVID-19 vaccination drives across the globe, often colored by emotions that change along with rising cases, approval of vaccines, and multiple factors discussed online.
Objective
This study aims to analyze the temporal evolution of different emotions and the related influencing factors in tweets belonging to 5 countries with vital vaccine rollout programs, namely India, the United States, Brazil, the United Kingdom, and Australia.
Methods
We extracted a corpus of nearly 1.8 million Twitter posts related to COVID-19 vaccination and created 2 classes of lexical categories—emotions and influencing factors. Using cosine distance from selected seed words’ embeddings, we expanded the vocabulary of each category and tracked the longitudinal change in their strength from June 2020 to April 2021 in each country. Community detection algorithms were used to find modules in positive correlation networks.
ResultsOur findings indicated the varying relationship among emotions and influencing factors across countries. Tweets expressing hesitancy toward vaccines represented the highest mentions of health-related effects in all countries, which reduced from 41% to 39% in India. We also observed a significant change (P
Background
Developing an understanding of the public discourse on COVID-19 vaccination on social media is important not only for addressing the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic but also for future pathogen outbreaks. There are various research efforts in this domain, although, a need still exists for a comprehensive topic-wise analysis of tweets in favor of and against COVID-19 vaccines.
Objective
This study characterizes the discussion points in favor of and against COVID-19 vaccines posted on Twitter during the first year of the pandemic. The aim of this study was primarily to contrast the views expressed by both camps, their respective activity patterns, and their correlation with vaccine-related events. A further aim was to gauge the genuineness of the concerns expressed in antivax tweets.
Methods
We examined a Twitter data set containing 75 million English tweets discussing the COVID-19 vaccination from March 2020 to March 2021. We trained a stance detection algorithm using natural language processing techniques to classify tweets as antivax or provax and examined the main topics of discourse using topic modeling techniques.
Results
Provax tweets (37 million) far outnumbered antivax tweets (10 million) and focused mostly on vaccine development, whereas antivax tweets covered a wide range of topics, including opposition to vaccine mandate and concerns about safety. Although some antivax tweets included genuine concerns, there was a large amount of falsehood. Both stances discussed many of the same topics from opposite viewpoints. Memes and jokes were among the most retweeted messages. Most tweets from both stances (9,007,481/10,566,679, 85.24% antivax and 24,463,708/37,044,507, 66.03% provax tweets) came from dual-stance users who posted both provax and antivax tweets during the observation period.
Conclusions
This study is a comprehensive account of COVID-19 vaccine discourse in the English language on Twitter from March 2020 to March 2021. The broad range of discussion points covered almost the entire conversation, and their temporal dynamics revealed a significant correlation with COVID-19 vaccine–related events. We did not find any evidence of polarization and prevalence of antivax discourse over Twitter. However, targeted countering of falsehoods is important because only a small fraction of antivax discourse touched on a genuine issue. Future research should examine the role of memes and humor in driving web-based social media activity.
Background: The ongoing pandemic of COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), poses a serious threat to global public health and imposes a severe burden on the entire human population. Faced with a virus that can mutate its structure while immunity is incapacitated, a need to develop a universal vaccine that can boost immunity to coronaviruses is highly needed.
Design: Five formulations of two types (CRCx2 and CRCx3) of immune complexes with an immunogen adjuvant were evaluated in a mouse model as candidate SARS CoV-2 vaccines in a pretrial prior to clinical trials in humans. CRCx3 comprises 3 different formulas and CRCx2 comprises 2. Balb/c mice were vaccinated intraperitoneally on days 0/7 with a high or low dose of CRCx2 or on days 0/7/14 with a high, medium, or low dose of CRCx3 series, and their blood was sampled for serum antibody measurements. Mice were challenged with live virus after immunization with either vaccine to evaluate prophylaxis ability or treated with them after challenge to evaluate therapeutic ability on day 15. Immunological markers and histopathological studies as well as titration of neutralizing antibodies to the vaccines were evaluated and analyzed.
Results: CRCx 3 and CRCx 2 vaccine candidates induced elevated levels of positive neutralizing antibodies as well as a cellular immune response with safety, efficient productivity, and good genetic stability for vaccine manufacturing to provide protection against SARS-CoV-2 with relatively higher levels with the high dose CRCx2 candidate combination.
Conclusions: Highly efficient protection and therapeutic effect against SARS-CoV-2 were obtained with a double-dose immunization schedule spaced at 7-day intervals using injections of 0.25 or 0.40 ml of CRCx2 vaccine formulations with a 25-mm needle. These results support further evaluation of CRCx in a clinical trial on humans.
Objective: This study aims to investigate the differences in public vaccination preference for the COVID-19 vaccine with different personality characteristics. Methods: Based on the Big Five Personality Inventory (BFI-10), a total of 1200 respondents were categorized by personality characteristics using Latent Profile Analysis (LPA). The preference of members the public with different personality characteristics for COVID-19 vaccination was investigated based on a discrete choice experiment (DCE). Results: All respondents were divided into three groups, named the General and Stable type (79.67%), Conscientious and Agreeable type (9.5%), and Open and Extroverted type (10.83%). For the percentage importance of vaccine attributes, both the General and Stable type and Conscientious and Agreeable type respondents considered cost to be the most important (41.93% and 34.95% respectively). However, the Open and Extroverted type respondents considered efficacy as the most important (31.05%). In our conditional logit model (CLOGIT), for vaccine adverse effects, the General and Stable type and Conscientious and Agreeable type respondents preferred “very mild”, while the Open and Extroverted type preferred “mild” (OR:1.108, 95%CI 0.977–1.256). The Open and Extroverted type had a higher willingness to pay (WTP) for the most preferred vaccine level compared to the other types. Conclusions: The Open and Extroverted respondents have the highest willingness to vaccinate. The General and Stable type and Conscientious and Agreeable respondents think that the cost of the vaccine is the most important attribute, and prefer the mildest side effects. The Open and Extroverted type think that vaccine efficacy is the most important attribute, prefer “mild” side effects, and have higher willingness to pay for their favorite vaccine level.
Vaccine hesitancy due to safety concerns is a hindrance to the success of vaccination campaigns. In February 2021, Trinidad and Tobago commenced its National COVID-19 Vaccination Program. Healthcare workers were among the first group to receive the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Oxford–AstraZeneca (Covishield, Serum Institute of India, Pune, India), the first COVID-19 vaccine available nationally. This study examined the safety of this vaccine in terms of the systemic and local adverse events following immunization reported by healthcare worker recipients. A cross-sectional study was conducted via a telephone questionnaire. Data concerning demographics, medical and COVID-19-related anamneses, and local and systemic side effects experienced within the first 48 h after receiving the first and second dose of this vaccine, respectively, were gathered. Among the 687 participants (male = 275; female = 412), prevalence of fever, body pain, chills, nausea, myalgia, headache, malaise, fatigue, and other systemic symptoms declined significantly 48 h after administration of the second dose compared to the first dose. Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression demonstrated the greater likelihood of younger recipients to report systemic symptoms compared to older recipients. Multiple logistic regression indicated that females were more likely to report headache, fatigue, and discomfort, and were less likely to report no symptoms, compared to males, after both doses. On average, recipients reported less local and systemic side effects 48 h after receiving the second dose compared to the first dose. The reported rate of occurrence of side effects was
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