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Review of Vedic Sutras
R.Senthil Ganesh1, K.Hemamalini2, V.Indhu3, S.Kamala Prabha4
1Assistant Professor, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Info Institute of Engineering,Tamilnadu.
2UG Scholar, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Info Institute of Engineering,Tamilnadu.
3UG Scholar, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Info Institute of Engineering,Tamilnadu.
4UG Scholar, Electronics and Communication Engineering, Info Institute ofEngineering,Tamilnadu.
Abstract: -An Ancient system of Indian mathematics is known as Vedic mathematics. It is a gift given to this world by ancient
stages of India. The Vedic mathematics was constructed using 16 formulas called sutras and 14 upa-sutras. The Vedic
mathematics is designed in a way that calculations are carried out mentally. The main fact about Vedic mathematics was, for any
difficult problem the answer should be calculated in one line. Vedic sutras are applicable in all fields and this can be applied
directly to plain, spherical geometry, trigonometry, conics, calculus and applied mathematics ofvarious kind. Vedic mathematics
is a part of four Vedas. Sthapathya-veda, which covers the concepts of civil engineering and architectures this is an upa-Vedaof
atharva Veda. Sutra is given a very short formula to carry out difficult mathematical calculations in a very easy and simple
manner and to executing them mentally. These sutras are used for multiplication,division,factorization, recurringdecimals and
solutions of simple equations. Quadratic equation, system of equations, integration by partial fraction and differential calculus
are used. Some topics of geometry such as PythagoreanTheorem, and some theorems of Apollonius and it also covers more
advanced mathematics such as analytical expressions of straight line and analytical conics.
Keywords: -Vedic mathematics,sutras, multiplication, division and equations.
I. INTRODUCTION
Vedic mathematics was rediscovered from Vedas in between 1911 and 1918[11] by Sri Bharathi Krishna tirthagi. He is better known
bygurudeva or jagadguruji. The reconstruction of 16 sutras mainly gathered from the atharvaVeda [9]. Vedic mathematics sutras are
also applicable even in astrology. The mathematics can also be usedto check out the answer whether it is correct or not. The term
“Vedas” is a Sanskrit word means divinely revealed and it is the store house of all knowledge [10]. It is not only related to the
spiritual matters but also to the humanity. The sutras in the Vedic mathematics are designed in a way that naturally how human mind
will work. Vedic mathematics is a kind of magic. Vedic mathematical technique will reduce the time, area and power consumption.
This mathematics is unique and makes it easy and enjoyable for learning. The nine important features of Vedic mathematics are
coherence, flexible and it improves mental power creatively. It is applicable for everyone and it increases the mental
eligibility,efficient and fast[14]. Vedic are the ancient record of human experience and knowledge and it was written about 5000
years ago[1]. By using this technique it will increase the step upto 15 times faster than actual technique[2] . The main beauty of Vedic
mathematics is to reduce complex calculations in to simple one. MAC, ALU are some of the basic application of the Vedic
mathematics sutras. In these sutras urdhva-triyagbhyam is best for the multiplication because it is applicable to all cases and it
consumes less power and works at high speed. Generally Vedic mathematics sutras consume less power, silicon area and it is high
speed when comparing to various other multipliers.
The sixteen sutras and upa-sutras [13] are as follows………
1. EKADHIKENA PURVENA
2. EKANYUNENA PURVENA
3. ANURUPYE SUNAYAMANYAT
4. CHALANA KALANABHYAM
5. SANKALANA VYAVAKALANABHYAM
6. GUNAK SAMUCCAYAH
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7. SESANYANKENA CARAMENA
8. PURANAPURANABHYAM
9. GUNITASAMUCCAYAH
10. URDHVA TIRYAKBHYAM
11. YAVADUNAM
12. VYASTISAMASTIH
13. SOPANTYADVAYAMANTYAM
14. SUNYAM SAMYASAMUCCAYE
15. NIKHILAM NAVATASCARAMAM DASATAH
16. PARAVARTYA YOJAYET
The fourteen sub –sutras are
1.ANURUPYENA
2.SISYATE SESASMJNAH
3.ADYAMADYENANTYAMANTYENA
4.KEVALAIH SAPTAKAM GUNYAT
5.VESTANAM
6.YAVADUNAM TAVADUNAM
7.YAVADUNAM TAVADUNIKRTYA VARGANCA YOJAYET
8.ANTYAYORDASAKE PI
9.ANTYAYOREVA
10. SAMUCCAYAGUNITAH
11.LOPANASTHAPANABHYAM
12.VILOKANAM
13. GUNITASMUCCAYAH SAMUCCAYAGUNITAH
14.DHVAJANKA
II. SUTRAS
1. EKADHIKENAPURVENA
It means “by one more than one before”. This sutra is mainly used to square the numbers and also used for the
multiplication of two numbers under certain condition [3]. The condition is
1. The sum of the last digits should be equal to 10.
2. The previous digit should be same for the two numbers.
The steps involved in the multiplication of two numbers are...
Step 1: Multiply the last digits of the two numbers [A0 xB0=X1 X0].
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Step 2: The previous digits of the two numbers should be equal(X1=Y1) if it satisfies, then [A1 x (A1+1)] =Y2 Y1 Y0.
The final answer should be written as Y2 Y1 Y0 X1 X0.
EXAMPLE 1: Square of 15
Step 1:If the sum of the last digits is equal to 10 then multiply last digits 5x5=25.
Step 2: Previous digits should be same then [1x(1+1)] =2.
The square of 15 is 225.
EXAMPLE 2: Multiply 26 and 24.
Step1: Sum of the last digits i.e. 6+4=10,then multiply last digits 6x4=24.
Step2: Previous digits of the two numbers should be same then, [2x(2+1)] =6.
The result for the multiplication of 26 and 24 is 624.
2. EKANYUNENAPURVENA
It means “by one less than the previous one”. This sutra is applicable only when the multiplier is 9 or array of 9. The
steps involved in the multiplication of two numbers are…
Step 1: The multiplier should be 9 or array of 9,and then decrease the multiplicand value by one X0.
Step 2:The result from the previous step should be subtracted from the multipliers. i.e. 9 or array of 9, (9-X0) =Y0.The
result is written as X0 Y0.
EXAMPLE 1: Multiply 3 and 9
Step 1: The multiplier should be 9 or array of 9 then, 3-1 =2.
Step 2: Subtract the multiplier from 2 i.e.9-2=7.The result is 27.
If the number of digits in the multiplier is less than the multiplicand then the step are to proceed is explained with the
example as.
EXAMPLE 2: Multiply 436 and 99
Step 1: Check for the number of digits in multiplier in the example is 2 so split multiplicand by last two digit and first
digit i.e. split as 4 and 36.Then increment 4 by 1i.e. 4+1=5, and subtract multiplicand by 5, 436-5=431.
Step 2: Subtract 99 by 36 and the result is increment by 1, i.e. 99-36=63 then 63+1=64.The result is 43164.
3. ANURUPYESUNYAMANYA
It means “if one is the ratio other is zero”,this sutra is mainly used for the values of unknowns in the two linear
algebraic equations. According to this sutra the steps involved in calculating values of unknown variable are
Step 1: Taking the co-efficient of the variables as well as the constant.
Step 2: Taking y-coefficient ratioi.e. in A0:A1 and constant values ratio as A0:A1, if the ratio of coefficient of y and
constant are equal then take x value as zero by using the value of x find y.
EXAMPLE:Solve 5x +9y=4 and 3x +36y =16.
Step 1: The co-efficient of y are in the ratio of 9:36 =1:4, the ratio of constant as 4:16 =1:4.
Step 2:The ratio of y co-efficient and constant is same then let’s take x=0 and substitute x in any one of the equations
and solve it for y. i.e. taking equation 1,9y=4 then y=4/9(Or)equation 2,36y=16 then y=16/36 i.e.y=4/9.The values of
variable x and y are 0 and 4/9 respectively.
4. CHALANA-KALANBHYAM
It means “differential calculus”. Every quadratic equation can be broken down in to two binomial factors, this sutra is
mainly used to find the roots of the quadratic equation by using the formula,
X= ± 2(4 )
2In this formula a, b and c are the co-efficientof x2,x and constant respectively.
EXAMPLE:Solve X2 +6X +2=0 by using the formula,here a=1, b=6, c=2.
Then X= -6 ± (6)2-(4x1x2)
2x1
2X= -6 ± [36-8]
2X=-6 ± (5.29)
SOLUTION: X=-3 ± (2.645).
The roots of quadratic equation are X= -0.355, X=-5.645.
5. SANKALANAVYAKALANABHYAM
It means “by addition and by subtraction”,this sutra is same as like ANURUPYE SUNYAMANYA sutra. This sutra is
used to solve the linear equations but it should have the co-efficient of X in equation 1 and Y in equation 2 respectively
and vice versa for balance X and Y term in equation 1 and 2.
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EXAMPLE:aX+ bY=C1.
bX + aY=C2.
The steps involved in solving equations are...
Step 1: If the above condition is satisfied then add equation 1 and equation 2, the addition of the two equations will give
another equation named as equation 3.
Step 2: Subtract the equation 1 and 2; the resultant equation in step 2 is named as equation 4.
Step 3: Solve the equation 3 and 4, it result either X or Y value,substitute that X and Y value in either equation 3 or 4
we get Y or X respectively.
EXAMPLE:
20X +40Y=601
40X -20Y=80 2
Step 1: Addition of equation 1 and 2,
(20X+40Y)+(40X-20Y)=60+80.
60X+20Y=140.
3X+Y=7 3
Step 2: Subtraction of equation 1 and 2,
(20X+40Y) - (40X-20Y) =60-80-20X+60Y=-20
X-3Y=14
Step 3: Solve equation 3 and 4.
3X+Y=7
X-3Y=1
9X=22
X=22/9. Then substitute x value in equation 4, so 22/9 -3Y=1
Y=13/27.The result is X=22/9 and Y =13/27.
6. GUNAKSAMUCCAYAH
It means “the factors of the sum is equal to the sum of the factors”,this sutra is same as CHALANA-
KALANBHYAM. It is used to find the roots of quadratic equation using the formula [3].
X= ± 2(4 )
2
2ax+b= ±√ (b)2-(4ac)
the roots of the quadratic equation anX2 +bX=Cis (X+d) (X+e).
According to the sutra,2aX+b=(X+d) + (X+ e).
This sutra mainly used for the verification of factors with the given quadratic equation.
Steps involved in this sutra are...
Step 1: Find the factors of the given quadratic equation.
Step 2: Add the factors of the quadratic equation and that must be equal to the 2aX+b,is this condition satisfies then the founded
roots are the roots of quadratic equation.
EXAMPLE:Solve: X2 +5X+2=0.
From the given equation a=1, b=5, c=2.
Step 1: The roots of quadratic equation are (X+2) (X+3).
Step 2: Check if 2aX+b=(X+d) (X+e)
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(2 x 1) X + 5=(X+2) +(X+3),this condition gets satisfied so the roots of the equation are (X +2) and (X +3).
7. SESANYANKENACARMENA
It means “the remainders by the last digit”, this sutra is used to express fraction numbers in to decimal numbers up to
required decimal places under the condition that numerator should be less than the denominator [3]. The steps involved
in calculation are...
Step 1: Check that the numerator should be less than the denominator if so the multiply numerator by 10 and then
divide by denominator,if remainder value is not equal 1, then again multiply remainder by 10 and divide that value by
denominator and the process should repeat until remainder is equal to 1 [15].
Step 2: Multiply the entire reminder with denominator respectively from step 1.
Step 3: Taking the last digits of the output from step 2 and written the output from top to bottom i.e. 0.X1 X2 X3…..etc
up to required decimal places...
EXAMPLE:Solve: 2/7
Step 1: Numerator is less than denominator,(2x10)/7 =6.
(6x10)/7=4.
(4x10)/7 =5.
(5x10)/7 =1.
Step 2: Multiply all the remainder with denominator, (6x7) =42.
(4x7)=28.
(5x7)=35.
(1x7)=7.
Step 3: the output is 0.2857....
8. PURANAPURANABHYAM
It means “the by completion or non-completion”,this sutra is used to find the roots of the cubic equation. The steps
involved in the calculation of roots are...
Step 1: Check for the nearest cubic formula i.e. (X + A)3,for the given cubic equation.
Step 2: Subtract the nearest cubic equation and the given cubic equation and then add the result from the subtraction on
both side of the given cubic equation.
Step 3: The resultant equation contain common terms on both side of the equation , so replace that common term with another
variable,and check for the values which satisfies the condition .
Step 4: The values which satisfies the condition are taken as roots of the equation.
EXAMPLE:Solve: X3 + 6X2 +11X+6=0 →1
Step 1: The given cubic equation is nearer to (X+2)3.
Step 2: [(X3 + 6X2 +11X+ 6) - (X3 + 6X2 +312X+8)]=X+2.
Step 3:Add(X+2) on both sides of equation 1, thenthe equation becomes,[X3 + 6X2 +11X+6] + (X+2) =(X+2).X3 + 6X2
+12X+8=X+2
(X+2)3 = (X+2).
Let assumeY=(X+2), now the equation becomes Y3 =Y.
The value that satisfies the condition is 0,1 and -1.
Substitute the values in Y=X+2, if Y=0, then X=-2.
If Y=1,then X=-1.
If Y=-1, then X= -3.The roots of the given cubic equation are (X+2), (X+1) and (X+3).
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9. GUNITASAMUCCAYAH
It means “the product of sum is equal to the sum of the product”,this sutra is used to check whether the given equation is
correct or not using the roots of the equation[16]
The steps involved in this sutra are…
Step 1:Equating the roots of the equation and the quadratic equation, then equate the roots and the quadratic equation with their
co-efficient.
Step 2: If both the values are same then the quadratic equation and their roots are correct.
EXAMPLE:Solve: X2 +5X+6=0.The roots of the quadratic equation are (X+2) and (X+3)
Step 1: (X+2) (X+3) = X2 +5X+6
Step 2: (1+2) (1+3) = (1+5+6)
12=12. It satisfies the condition so the given equation is correct.
10. URDHVATIRYAKBHYAM
It means “vertically cross wise”,this sutra is used for the multiplication of two numbers up to N number of digits,and the
procedure for the multiplication of numbers is same for decimal number system as well as in binary number system[12].
The steps involved in the calculation for two digit decimal number are….
EXAMPLE: A1 A0x B1 B0.
Step 1: first the unit’s digits of the multiplier and multiplicand i.e. A0 and B0, should be multiplied and represent as C0.
STEP 1 STEP2STEP 3
A1 A0A1 A0 A1 A0
↑ X↑ X
B1 B0B1 B0B1 B0
C0 C1C0C2 C1
Step 2: Generation of partial products i.e. Multiply B0 A1 and A0 B1, and add the result and represent as (A0 B1+B0 A1) =C1,
if there is any carry exist then add that value in the next multiplication result.
Step 3: Multiply A1 and B1 and represent the answer as C3. If there are two, N digits numbers then [(2x N)-1] times the same
steps will continue.The same procedure is used for all the N number of digits in decimal as well as binary number system[5].
EXAMPLE:Solve: 12 x 12.
Step1:Multiply2x2=4.
Step 2: [(2 x1) + (1x2)]=4.
Step 3: (1x1) =1.The solution for 12 x 12=144.
11. YAAVADUNAM
It means “by the deficiency”,this sutra is used to calculate the square of the numbers using the deficiency of the
number from the nearest numbers in powers of 10 .steps involved in the calculation of the square of numbers are..
Step 1: Find the nearest number in powers of 10, and subtract this number from the given number and find the
deficiency and represent as A0.
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Step 2: Subtract the deficiency i.e. A0 from the given number and keep it as left side part of the final answer and
represent as B0.
Step 3: The squared value of the deficiency will give the right side part of the final answer and represented as C0.The
final answer of square of the given number is represented as B0 C0.
EXAMPLE:Find the square of 998.
Step 1: The given number is nearest to 1000,the deficiency = (1000-998), here the deficiency is 2.
Step 2: 998-2=996,this is the left side part of final answer.
Step 3: Square of deficiency = 22 =004, this is the right side part of the final answer.The square of 998 is 996004.
12.VYASTISAMANSTIH
It means “part and whole”,i.e. this sutra is used to find the part of any particles from the mixture. This sutra is like calc ulating the
probability of getting particles from the mixture [14]. The steps in calculating the part whole ratio of the contents from the
mixture are...
Step 1: Find the total count of particles present in the mixture and the components and the individual count of the particles.
Step 2: Divide in the count of particle from the total count in mixture and calculate the same for all the partials in the mixture.
EXAMPLE:A box contains 3 white balls,2 red balls, 4 blue balls and 5 yellow balls.
Step 1: Total count of balls in the box is i.e. (3+2+4+5) =14.
Step 2: The part and whole ratio of white balls =3/14.
The part and whole ratio of red balls=2/14.
The part and hole ratio of blue balls=4/14.
The part and whole ratio of yellow balls=5/14.
13.SOPAANTYADVAYAMANTYAM
It means “ultimate and pen ultimate”, this another method used for the multiplication of two numbers ,where the multiplicand
can be any number but the multiplier should be 12,then only this sutra is applicable. The steps involved in multiplication of two
numbers are.
Step 1: Insert zero at first and last place of the multiplicand.
Step 2: Add the last digit with the second last digit multiplied by 2, and the same process is carried for all the digits in the
multiplicand respectively.
Step 3: The resultant value are written from bottom to top.
EXAMPLE 1: Multiply 1321 x12.
Step 1: The new multiplicand is 013210.
Step 2:0+ (2x1) =2
1+ (2x2) =5
2+ (2x3) =8
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3+ (2x1) =5.
1+ (2x0) =1.
Step 3: The answer is 15852.
EXAMPLE 2: Multiply 196 x 12.
Step 1: The new multiplicand is 01960.
Step 2:0+ (2x1) =12
6+ (9x2) =24
9+ (2x1) =11
1+ (2x0) =1.
Step 3: The above results are written from bottom to top respectively 1 11 24 12,the result is calculated as (1+1) (1+2) (4+1) (2),
multiplication of 196 and 12 is 2352.
14. SUNYAM SAMYASAMUCCAYE
It means “when sum is same that sum is zero”,this sutra is used when same sum occurs equate that sum to zero. This sutra is
applicable under six cases [3].the six cases are...
Step 1:When the common factor occurs, and then equates that common to zero.
Step 2: If the numerator are same then sum of the denominator is equate to zero.
Step 3: Sum of denominator on left side equal to the right side,then equate that sum to zero.
Step 4: When sum of the numerator and denominator is equal on both sides then equate that sum to zero.
Step 5:If it having any common term on either the numerator or denominator on both sides of the equation,then equate the sum
of numerator and denominator on either side equal to zero.
Step 6:(I)If sum of the numerator and sum of the denominator are equal then equate either the sum of numerator or denominator
to zero.
(II) If the difference of the numerator or denominator is same then equate the difference of either the numerator or denominator
to zero.
EXAMPLE:
Step 1: 2(X+2)= 5(X+5), then equate (X+5)=0.
Step 2: 5/(X+2) =5/(X+5) numerators are same so sum of denominator (X+7)=0.
Step 3: 1/(X+2) + 1/(X-7) =1/(X+9) + 1/(X-4) ,sum of the denominator are same so ,sum of denominator (X+5)=0.
Step 4: (X+2)/(X+5)=(X+5)/(X+2) sum of numerator and denominator are same so,sum (2X+7)=0.
Step 5:(2X+3)/(4X+5) =(X+1)/(2X+3) common factor on either numerator or denominator of either side so sum,(3X+4)=0.
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Step 6:(2X+5)/(X+2) = (X+2) / (2X+5)
1. (2X+5) +(X+2)= (X+2) + (2X+5) are same so,(3X+7)=0.
2. (2X+5) – (X+2) =(X+2) – (2X+5) are same so,(X+3)=0.
15. NIKHILAM NAVATASCARAMAM DASATAH
It means “All from 9 and the last from 10”[17]. It subtracts from nearest power of 10 or 10n.
This type of sutra can be applied:
When number slightly less than power of 10(10,100,1000…)
Formulas used (x-a)(x-b)=x(x-a-b)+ab
When number slightly greater than power of 10(10,100,1000…)
Formulas used (x+a)(x+b)=x(x+a+b)+ab
EXAMPLE:6 X 8:
6 -4(subtract the base 10 from 6)
8-2(subtract the base 10 from 8)
48
Step 1: Left Hand Side:6+(-2) = 4(add top to bottom right)
8+(-4) = 4( add bottom to top right)
6+8-10 = 4(add number in left column and sub from base)
10+(-4)+(-2) = 4(add number in right column and the base)
Step 2: Right Hand Side:
(-4)x(-2) = 4(right column multiply)
Step 3: Answer:6x8=48.
16. PARAVARTYA YOJAYET
It means “transpose and apply”,this sutra is applicable when divisor should be greater than power of 10.the steps involved in the
calculation are …
Step 1: Divisor should be greater than power of 10.
Step 2:Write the divisor leaving the second digit, and write below the divisor in negative sign i.e. (x) from left to right.
Step 3: Write the dividend to the right leaving the last digit and mention it as reminder,write the first digit as it and multiply that
with –x and add with the second digit,and continue the process until last digit.
Step 4: Finally the last digit is remainder and the digits before last digits are mentioned as quotient[12].
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EXAMPLE:1220/12
Step 1: Divisor is greater than powerof 10 so proceed with the next steps.
Step 2: 12
-2
Step 3: 12 122 0
-2
10
Step 4: 12 122 0 12 122 0
-2 -20-2 -20 0
10102 10 102 0
Step 5: quotient =102 remainder =0.
III. RESULT AND CONCLUSION
From the above discussion of Vedic mathematics sutras, for multiplication urdhva-triyagbhyam sutra is best in case of speed,
area and power consumption when compared to the nikhilam navatasaraman sutra and other sutras which are applicable for
multiplication. Nikhilam navatasaraman sutra is also best but it is having certain conditions for multiplication. It is the biggest
drawback in this sutra. Gunaksamuccayah and puranapuranabhyam are used to find the roots of quadratic and cubic equation
respectively. Sesankenacarmena is used for recurring decimal places. Anurupyesunyamanya and sankalanavyakalanabhyam is
used to find the solution of the equation but in which anurupyesunyamanya is best in this to find the solution of the equation.
Paravartya yojayet and Nikhilam navatasaraman sutras are used for division and they are applicable when the divisor is less than
power of 10 and the divisor is greater than power of ten respectively. Gunitasamuccayah sutra is used to find the roots of
quadratic equation using calculus formula.
IV. REFERENCES
1. Khush boo jain, “A Study of relevance of Vedic mathematics in enhancing the speed and accuracy of the
students in mathematical computation at middle level”.
2. Jai Sachith Paul, “Vedic mathematics in microcontroller”, Electronics for you, Feb 2015.
3. Sayali Shembalkar, Samiksha Dhole, Tirupati Yadav, Prasheel Thakre, “International conference on recent trends in
engineering science and technology”, Vol.5, Issue 1, 21-22 Jan 2017.
4. Vithal CNadkarni, “Vedic sources of Vedic mathematics”, Indian journal of sambodhi, Vol XX 111,2000.
5. Anket Trivedi, Vipin Mishra , Sarbjeet Singh, “Vedic mathematics for high speed multiplier designs a review”,
IJEEES,ISSN 2348-117X,Vol.6,Issue 6, June 2017.
6. Subhamoy Das, “Vedic math”, April 15 2015.
7. Shri Bharati Krishna Tirthagi, Motilal Banarasiclass, “Vedic mathematics”, New delhi 1965.
8. S.K. Manikandan, C.Palanisamy, “Design of an efficient binary vedic multiplier for high speed application using vedic
mathematics with bit reduction technique”, Vol.7, NO.9, July 2016.
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of science, Vol.24(3),Issue 161.162, 1989.
10. Chilton Fernandes, Samarth Borkar, “Application of vedic mathematics in computer architecture”, IJRES, ISSA:2320-
9364,ISSA:2320-9356, Vol.1, Issue 5.
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