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Chapter
Industrial Air Emission Pollution:
Potential Sources and Sustainable
Mitigation
RabiaMunsif, MuhammadZubair, AyeshaAziz
and Muhammad NadeemZafar
Abstract
Air of cities especially in the developing parts of the world is turning into a
serious environmental interest. The air pollution is because of a complex inter-
action of dispersion and emission of toxic pollutants from manufactories. Air
pollution caused due to the introduction of dust particles, gases, and smoke into
the atmosphere exceeds the air quality levels. Air pollutants are the precursor of
photochemical smog and acid rain that causes the asthmatic problems leading into
serious illness of lung cancer, depletes the stratospheric ozone, and contributes in
global warming. In the present industrial economy era, air pollution is an unavoid-
able product that cannot be completely removed but stern actions can reduce it.
Pollution can be reduced through collective as well as individual contributions.
There are multiple sources of air pollution, which are industries, fossil fuels, agro
waste, and vehicular emissions. Industrial processes upgradation, energy efficiency,
agricultural waste burning control, and fuel conversion are important aspects to
reducing pollutants which create the industrial air pollution. Mitigations are neces-
sary to reduce the threat of air pollution using the various applicable technologies
like CO sequestering, industrial energy efficiency, improving the combustion pro-
cesses of the vehicular engines, and reducing the gas production from agriculture
cultivations.
Keywords: environmental, pollution, industrial, emission, global warming
. Introduction
A unique chemical wrapping that promotes life on glob and support numer-
ous activities often referred to as air. Rapid industrialization is becoming serious
concern for fresh air and healthy life [–]. Abundant discharge of industrial toxin
making natural environment harmful, unstable, and uncomfortable for physical
and also for biological environment and it leads to pollution by energy sources and
chemical substances. Physical and biological environment are damage by the heat
and pollutants in the air. These pollutants including vapors, aerosols, solid particles,
toxic gases and smoke drive from industrial processes. Emission of air pollutants is
also because of many human actions. List of six air pollutants presented by World
health organization (WHO) which known as classic air pollutants in industrialized
countries as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO), carbon monoxide (CO),
Environmental Emissions
and suspended particulate matter []. A number of industrial sources are responsible
for the emission of carbon monoxide along with, fuel-fired boilers, internal combus-
tion gas boilers and gas stoves []. The quality of the combustion process is primary
indicated by carbon dioxide. Emissions of CO, as a result of combustion of fuels, are
creating consequences on environment []. For the industrial combustion system
carbon dioxide was also examined a major greenhouse gas []. For the emission of
carbon dioxide from any type of combustion source a prescribed national standard
was present but it is important to check that carbon dioxide emission enter into air
at steep rate. Oxides of nitrogen as nitrogen dioxide (NO) and nitric oxide (NO)
produce from thermal power plants, vehicles, industrial process and, coal burning
processes []. Oxides of nitrogen are produced by the reaction of free oxygen and
nitrogen of air which achieved at high temperature during combustion process.
Fuels, rich in sulfur contents produce sulfur dioxide (SO) gas when used for the
energy. Bennett [] reported sulfur dioxide lifetime is about days in air. Industrial
stacks emitting sulfur dioxide because fuels contain a standards higher concentra-
tion of sulfur. Generally, in Pakistan the electric power supply is not adequate and
consistent for supporting employments; consequently, to overcome electric energy
shortage all business sectors still extensively use their private generator (Figure ).
These generators mostly installed next to their services or along the road which
is not an appropriate location. Therefore, by importing exhaust gases into the air
they create many complications to the people who are traveling on the roads and the
resident. Smoke opacity of industrial gas is also a parameter which has consider-
able potential to enhance environmental air pollution by smoke particles emission.
Industrial stack points were also analyzed with reference to clean air for smoke
opacity (). It was noticed that boilers operating on furnace oil have larger value
of smoke than on natural gas. According to an estimate, at least different
chemicals have been identified in air through sampling of various nature. A term
commonly used to describe any harmful chemical or other substance that pollutes
Figure 1.
Presentation of energy sources based upon hydrocarbon fuels: (A) domestic generator; (B) power houses;
(C) industrial generators; and (D) energy production.
Industrial Air Emission Pollution: Potential Sources and Sustainable Mitigation
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93104
the air we breathe, thereby reducing its life-sustaining quality is called air pollutant.
In principle, air pollutants refer to any chemical substance that exceeds the concen-
tration or characteristics identified as safe for the natural ingredients in the air both
by nature or anthropogenically. More strictly, pollutants can be defined a substance
which is potentially unsafe to the well-being or health of humans, plant and animal
life, or ecosystems. Air pollution is characterized as “the presence of substances in
the atmosphere that may adversely affect humans and the environment.” It may
be a single chemical that is initially produced, or chemicals that are formed by
subsequent reactions. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), poor
outdoor air caused . million premature deaths in , of which about were
in third world countries. Indoor smoke poses a health threat to . billion people
through heating system and burning biomass, kerosene and coal [, ]. Air
pollution is linked to a high incidence of respiratory diseases such as cancer, heart
disease, stroke and asthma []. According to estimates from the American Lung
Association, nearly million people are at risk due to air pollution []. Although
these effects come from long-term exposure, air pollution can also cause acute
problems such as sneezing and coughing, eye discomfort, headache, and dizziness
[]. Particles smaller than microns (classified as PM or PM. even smaller)
pose higher health risks because they can be breathed deeply into the lungs and can
enter the bloodstream where air pollutants and nanoparticles have the direct impact
on our health [].
. Sources of air pollution
Pollutants are commonly classified into solid, liquid, or gaseous substances that
are discharged into the air from a fixed or mobile source, then transmit through
air, and contribute in chemo physical transformation, and eventually return to the
ground. It is impossible to describe the full range of potential sources and actual
damage caused by various sources of air pollution but few which are more vulner-
able are discussed below:
. Combustion of fossil fuels
Fossil fuels as coal and oil for electricity production and road transportation,
add huge amount of air pollutants like carbon dioxide, nitrogen and sulfur dioxide.
Sulfur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and fly ash are produced as main pollutants
if coal is used as a fuel. Major pollutants during combustion of oil are oxides of
nitrogen and sulfur dioxide, whereas coal emits particulate air pollution to the
atmosphere. Similarly, important air pollutants emitted from power station are
particulate matter (fly ash and soot) oxides of nitrogen (NO and NO) and sulfur
oxides (SO and SO) [, ]. These pollutants and other closely related chemicals
are primarily source for acid rain. When PM is released into the atmosphere due to
traffic and industries, these PM scatter the visible part of the sunlight radiation,
but the other part of the spectrum particularly inferred and far-infrared, cause
the internal heating effect of the air atmosphere below the PM surface. The Sun
radiation is heating our air from outside and the traffic and industries from inside.
And the PM surface is like a shield or barrier, through the heat diffusion cannot
penetrate bidirectional ways.
Volcanic eruption disperses an enormous amount of sulfur dioxide into the
atmosphere along with ash and smoke particle sometimes causes the temperature
to rise up over the years. Particles in the air, based on their chemical composition,
can also have a direct impact of being separated from climate change. They either
Environmental Emissions
change the composition or size and may deplete the nutrients biosphere, damage
crops, and forests and destroy cultural monuments such as monuments and statues.
Many living and non-living sources emit carbon dioxide that contribute largely as
pollutant. Carbon dioxide is the most common greenhouse gas, among many others
which traps heat into the atmosphere via infrared radiation matching vibrations and
causes climate change through global warming. Over the past years, humans
have driven enough CO into the atmosphere to make its levels higher than they
have been for hundreds of thousands of years. Air pollution in many cases prevents
photosynthesis, which has a significant impact on the plants evolution, which has
serious consequences for purifying the air we breathe. It also results to form acid
rain, atmospheric precipitation in the form of rain, snow or fog, frost, which is
released at the time of fossil fuels burning and converted by contact with water
vapor in the atmosphere.
. Industrial emissions
Industrial process emits huge amounts of organic compounds carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, and chemicals into the air. A high quantity of carbon dioxide is the
reasons for the greenhouse effect in the air. As the greenhouse gases absorbs infra-
red radiation from the surface of the planet so its presence is good for the planet.
The recent climate change is due to excessive quantity of these gases as well as PM
into the atmosphere [, ]. Different greenhouse gases contribute differently in
global warming due to their unique physical and chemical properties, molecular
weight and the lifetime in the atmosphere. A simple working method can calculate
the relative contribution of the unit emissions of each gas relative to the cumulative
CO unit emissions over a fixed period of time [, ]. Therefore, global warm-
ing potential (GWP) can be defined as the warming effect of any greenhouse gas
relative to CO over a certain period of time. Greenhouse gas emissions from various
sources have led to climate change, which has been accompanied by an increase in
greenhouse gases [, ]. Greenhouse gas emissions change the Climate that is a
global issue having significantly negative impacts on economic growth humans, and
natural resources [–]. The main greenhouse gases (GHGs) and their relative
quantities are carbon dioxide, (–), water vapor, HO (–), nitrous oxide
(–), methane, (–), and other trace gases []. Among all the greenhouse
gases, CO and CH cause major global surface temperature increase []. These
gases are emitted by natural and anthropogenically. After carbon dioxide, methane
is the second gas that contributes to global warming. Methane has larger impacts
as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide, with global warming potential (GWP)s
– times higher than CO [–].
. Agricultural sources
Agriculture activities often release harmful chemicals like pesticides and fertil-
izers []. Organic matter gradually reduces the water and oxygen in soil during
flooding of rice fields; as a result, methane is produce by anaerobic decomposition
[, ]. Globally methane emission is much lower than CO emissions annually.
The concentration of CH in the air is times lesser than carbon dioxide []
but approximately effects of global warming, because of methane [, ].
Naturally it is emitted by marshland [], termites, wildfires [], grasslands
[], coal seams [] and lakes []. Human sources of methane include public
solid waste landfills coal mine paddy fields oil and gas drilling, pastures rising
main sewers, wastewater treatment plants, manure management and agricultural
Industrial Air Emission Pollution: Potential Sources and Sustainable Mitigation
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93104
products. Its emission through agriculture sector increased by – from
to [, –].
. Other natural and anthropogenic sources
Natural sources are particulate matter (PM) includes dust produced from the
earth’s crustal surface, coastal sea salt, form pollens of plant and animal debris [].
Volcanic eruptions also contribute huge quantities of particles into the environ-
ment. Majorly an amount of . thousand tons of sulfur dioxide emits every day
while episodes of great activity. Forest fires of rural areas produce large amounts
of all kind of particulate matter including carbon black. Among other sources
of natural pollution of air includes lighting in the sky that generate significant
quantities of oxides of nitrogen (NOx); hydrogen sulphide produced from oceans
algae and marshy methane. Additionally, concentrations of ozone at ground level,
formed because of reaction of nitrogen gases and volatile organic compounds in
the presence of sunlight. As far as the human sources are concerned in urban areas,
air pollutants come from human-activities, such as cars, trucks, air planes, marine
engines, etc. and factories, electric power plants, etc. Nowadays, vehicles on the
road constitute the major source of air pollution in the populated areas of countries.
Carbon constituted fossil fuels produces carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons
whereas NOx a combination of nitrogen and oxygen gases produced at high tem-
perature. Another very significant thing that road transport accounts a major source
of air pollution []. It is specified that road transport is the second source of air
emissions up to . after the industrial use of solvents which is ..
. Mitigation
Countries, departments and researchers all over the world are dealing for several
forms of mitigations for air pollution. In order to restrict global warming, there
is a need to take different measures. Important is the addition of more renewable
energy sources, substituting gasoline vehicles with zero-emission vehicles as electric
vehicles. As an example rapid industrial expansion is China. In china the govern-
ment is supporting coal-fired power plant. Similarly, in the United States, emission
standards setting has improved the air quality, especially in places of worth impor-
tance. Contrarily by adding ventilation, using air purifiers, purifying radon gas,
running exhaust fans in bathrooms and kitchens and avoiding smoking people can
avoid indoor air pollution. While working on a home project, use paint and other
products with less volatile compounds. Countries all over the globe have commit-
ments to limit carbon dioxide emissions and other greenhouse gases in the light of
Paris Agreement [, ] banning hydrophobic hydrocarbons (HFCs) other than
chlorofluorocarbon CFCs [].
. CO sequestering
In this method carbon dioxide is extracted from the air using a solid or liquid
adsorbent. Examples of mostly used solid adsorbents include, activated carbon,
zeolite, or activated alumina whereas liquid sorbents include, high pH solutions of
sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide some organic solvents such as monoetha-
nolamine [, ]. A method for capturing carbon dioxide from the air includes a
number of steps including exposing CO in air to a solution containing an alkali to
obtain an alkaline solution that absorbs the carbon dioxide [].
Environmental Emissions
. Biomass burning
Incomplete combustion of biomass results into production of hazardous
gases. The main sources of such emissions are burning of wood, domestic waste,
agricultural residues, waste, and charcoal. In developing economies combustion
of biomass generally refers to the biofuels combustion for heating, lighting
purposesand cooking in small combustion equipment. Because the conditions of
burning and types of these fuels vary widely, measures for this category are highly
difficult anduncertain to predict.
. Coal mining
Produced of methane by coalification process, and vegetation is transformed
into coal by many environmental conditions []. The amount of methane gas
evolved by mining operations is a function of two main factors: coal depth and coal
level []. From coal mining, there are four main sources of methane emissions,
which are underground coal mines and surface coal mines. These processes account
for most of the global emissions of methane from mining. Surface coal mines emit
much lower methane as compare to underground coal mines because generally coal
mines are at lower rank and capture methane into methane during post-mining
operations. Activities of coal mining and processing, continues after operations
which emit the methane [].
. Rice cultivation
Methane emissions through rice production and cultivation can be decreased
by selecting proper rice varieties, fertilizers, and water systems. It has been proved
that larger total weight rice varieties emit less methane [, ]. Fresh straw in the
months before transplantation and combined with straw fertilizers before trans-
plantation, plus methane emissions, intermittent irrigation were reduced by and
, respectively []. Application of potassium fertilizer during flowering period
drainage reduce methane emissions.
. Direct utilization of gas
For the production of liquid natural gas and to run leachate evaporators landfill
gas can be directly used as fuel. In industrial processes such as kiln operations,
boilers, drying operations, and asphalt and cement production landfill methane
gas can be used and transported. Natural gas collected from landfills can be
transported to local industries directly and use as an alternative or supplementary
fuel [].
. Fuel conversion
Shifting to low-carbon fuels from high-carbon can be comparatively cost-effec-
tive principle to reduce the emissions of gaseous because this enhance the efficiency
of combustion and reduce the amount of pollutants. In addition, briquette coal and
carbon burnout techniques are used in fuel based power plants to minimize the
production of pollutants. This pre-combustion method requires almost no hardware
changes to the facility and therefore has a lower investment cost. Fuel conversion
application to industrial sectors such as the steel, cement and chemical CO emis-
sions can be reduced by –. There are some essential interrogations about
Industrial Air Emission Pollution: Potential Sources and Sustainable Mitigation
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93104
the opportunities that exist for converting fuels in a cost-effective manner. Fuel
choices are usually industry dependent, so cost-effective alternatives are limited
however, some special opportunities to replace coal-fired boilers with natural gas
fired gas-driven steam production; and use natural gas instead of coal to burn blast
furnaces []. For example, briquette alternative fuels result in a – increase in
fuel costs, although an estimated CO emissions are reduced. Improved fuel
efficiency and reduced standard pollutant emissions depends on variable fuel costs
which cannot be completely estimated. According to an estimate carbon depletion
can save . of fuel costs. Carbon reductions achieved from ash, by replacing
the production of Portland cement is estimated to reduce , tons of carbon
dioxide annually [].
. Combustion efficiency
Improvement in the current combustion systems have the potential to gear up
the energy efficiency. The average thermal performance of current combustion
is – []. Control of wasted heat into electricity may result into efficien-
cies of –. According to the Department of Energy, the combined energy
projects are the main source of greenhouse gases reduction. Technologies like
the natural gas combined cycle and combined cycle gas turbine proved for the
improving of combustion efficiency and proportionally reduced greenhouse gas
emissions and standard pollutant emissions. Additionally, integrated gasifica-
tion combined cycle system is a step forward to reduce the costs associated with
capturing and separating CO from the exhaust stream. Increased operating and
fuel costs may be offset by the combined benefits of increased efficiency, reduced
pollutants, and credits for emission reductions. An ample evidence that industrial
upgradation can reduce greenhouse gas emission, pollutants, and lower operat-
ing costs, and current environmental regulations have hindered the adoption of
this technology []. Air quality regulations determine the operational fuel input
rather than power output emission to upgrade of thermal efficiency. However,
the environmental agencies provide a guidance document on energy efficiency
which begun to address regulatory barriers to improving thermal efficiency
[]. Another source of energy efficiency that can be achieved in the industrial
sector is the use of direct fossil fuels. Manufacturing is a major candidate for
improving energy efficiency, both of which are achieved through many techno-
logical upgrades. Overall, process control and energy management systems for
all industries can better control combustion efficiency and fuel use; combined
heat and power systems can use waste heat as additional energy; high-efficiency,
low-friction motors and drive systems improved the overall efficiency of success-
fully generating power. In addition to these general categories, various manufac-
turing industries also have opportunities to improve energy efficiency. Specific
industrial sectors with greenhouse gas mitigation potential include cement
manufacturing, metal production, refineries, pulp and paper mills, and chemical
manufacturing [].
Combustion efficiency of combustion systems depends on the factors such
as type of combustion system, fuel, burner and air fuel ratio for combustion.
Significant amount of air pollutants depending on nature of fuel enter into the
environment. World health organization (WHO) has provided six listed air pol-
lutants known as classic air pollutants []. If coal is used as a fuel, fly ash, sulfur
dioxide and oxides of nitrogen are the major pollutant. Combustion of coal pro-
duces particulate air pollution whereas in case of oil, sulfur dioxide and oxides of
nitrogen are major pollutants emitted to the atmosphere. Similarly, three major air
Environmental Emissions
pollutants, particulate matter (fly ash and soot) sulfur oxides (SO and SO) and
oxides of nitrogen (NO and NO) emitted from power station.
Method for calculating efficiency:
Efficiency ( E)= − Σ losses ()
Losses are as:
. Temperature flue gas.
. Moisture in fuel.
. Combustion of hydrogen.
. Un-measured losses.
In one of our research work different textile units were examined for stack
emissions from boilers and generators. Table illustrates the results of emissions
from boilers. Values of carbon monoxide (CO) were in the range of mg/Nm in
CT-Tex to mg/Nm in HS-Tex. Most of the industries were in compliance of
national quality standards of Pakistan, i.e., mg/Nm. HS-Tex was exceeding
the limit of standards for CO emission. Similarly, Table represents the gaseous
emission of diesel generators. A massive amount of gaseous emissions are produced
from generators along with heating which affect the climatic condition at the large
scale [].
Industries CO CONO + NOSOH
mg/Nmmg/Nmmg/Nmmg/Nmmg/Nm
IP-Te x ,
C T-Te x ,
BR-Tex ,
KH -Tex , .
NF -Tex ,
HS-Tex ,
Table 2.
Gaseous emissions diesel generators operation in different industries [70].
Industries Fuel CO CONO + NOSOH
mg/Nmmg/NmNOx g/Nmmg/Nmmg/Nm
IP-Te x Furnace oil , .
C T-Te x Natural gas , .
BR-Tex Natural gas , .
KH -Tex Natural gas , .
NF -Tex Natural gas , .
HS-Tex Natural gas , .
Table 1.
Gaseous emissions of boilers of textile industries operating with different fuels [70].
Industrial Air Emission Pollution: Potential Sources and Sustainable Mitigation
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93104
Author details
RabiaMunsif, MuhammadZubair*, AyeshaAziz and Muhammad NadeemZafar
Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan
*Address all correspondence to: muhammad.zubair@uog.rdu.pk
. Conclusion
Quality of life (air) in cities is getting worse as the industrialization, popula-
tion, energy use and traffic increase. Some air pollutants in larger amount crossing
WHO standards, mainly in cities of industrialized countries permitting meaningful
statistical trends to air pollutants. The complexity of air pollutants, particularly
related to the health impacts in cities, has improved indicators to analyze the acces-
sible monitoring data sufficient for decision making and reporting. Our assessment
illustrates that the economic costs of the environmental clash proceeding from
sources of combustion in industries tested is potentially excessive. Regarding to
the living quality it will be serious concern if no additional control measures were
implemented in future. For industrial air pollution there is an immediate need to
improve the evaluation and monitoring systems. In cities where strategic planning
is not-existing or weak, to improve the quality of air there should be an implemen-
tation of environmental management system.
Acknowledgements
Authors are highly thankful to the IntechOpen publishing organization for
open invitation to publish a chapter regarding the serious concern of the human
atmosphere. Moreover, our especial thanks to Sara Debeuc, who sincerely coordi-
nated to accomplish this chapter. Authors are obliged to Department of Chemistry,
University of Gujrat, Pakistan, for providing support of facilities for completing
this manuscript.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
© The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms
of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by/.), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.
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