GREEN SUPER RICE – A RECENT DEVELOPMENT

Abstract

Rice is the leading food crops globally, and it plays a key role in food security. The conflicts are becoming more and more acute between rice production and environmental capital. For this reason, the Green Super Rice concept was proposed by scientists in China to promote the production of resource-saving and environmentally-friendly rice, which can increase yields and improve quality. Green super rice has been described as one of the world’s key agricultural science and crop improvement goals, for the use of important genes associated with superior agronomic characteristics, such as high yield, nutrient use efficiency and biotic and abiotic stress resistance.

Full text

1st Indian Rice Congress – 2020
RICE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FOR ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT GOALS
December 8-9, 2020
Extended Summaries
Edited By
Dr. AK Nayak
Dr. MJ Baig
Dr. S Samantaray
Dr. P Bhattacharyya
Dr. SD Mohapatra
Dr. B Mondal
Dr. Anjani Kumar
Dr. Totan Adak
Dr. Raghu S
Dr. KA Molla
Dr. Parameswaran C
Dr. Prashant Kumar S Hanjagi
Dr. Basana Gowda G
Mr. AK Pradhan
Mr. Sunil Kumar Sinha
Mr. Santosh Kumar Sethi
ASSOCIATION OF RICE RESEARCH WORKERS
ICAR-National Rice Research Institute
Cuttack - 753 006, Odisha, India

1st Indian Rice Congress - 2020
Rice Research and Development for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals
December 8-9, 2020 | ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack 753006, Odisha, IndiaDecember 8-9, 2020 | ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack 753006, Odisha, India
December 8-9, 2020 | ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack 753006, Odisha, IndiaDecember 8-9, 2020 | ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack 753006, Odisha, India
December 8-9, 2020 | ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack 753006, Odisha, India
Extended Summaries
1st Indian Rice Congress – 2020
Rice Research and Development for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals
December 8-9, 2020
Published in December 2020
Convener
Dr. H Pathak, President, ARRW, Cuttack
Dr. D Maiti, Director, ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack
Organizing Secretary
Dr. MJ Baig, Secretary, ARRW, Cuttack
Co-Organizing Secretary
Dr. Totan Adak
Dr. KA Molla
Program and Publication Committee
Dr. AK Nayak
Dr. MJ Baig
Dr. S Samantaray
Dr. P Bhattacharyya
Dr. SD Mohapatra
Dr. B Mondal
Dr. Anjani Kumar
Dr. Totan Adak
Dr. Raghu S
Dr. KA Molla
Dr. Parameswaran C
Dr. Prashantkumar S Hanjagi
Dr. Basana Gowda G
Mr. Asit Kumar Pradhan
Mr. Sunil Kumar Sinha
Mr. Santosh Kumar Sethi
Published by
MJ Baig, Secretary
Association of Rice Research Workers
ICAR-National Rice Research Institute
Cuttack - 753 006 (Odisha), India
Desktop Assistance
Abinash Mishra
Santanu Nayak
Hara Mohapatra
© 2020 by the Association of Rice Research Workers, Cuttack
ii

1st Indian Rice Congress - 2020
Rice Research and Development for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals
December 8-9, 2020 | ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack 753006, Odisha, IndiaDecember 8-9, 2020 | ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack 753006, Odisha, India
December 8-9, 2020 | ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack 753006, Odisha, IndiaDecember 8-9, 2020 | ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack 753006, Odisha, India
December 8-9, 2020 | ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack 753006, Odisha, India
PREFACE
As per the report of ‘Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research’ (CGIAR), rice (Oryza
sativa L.) and rice related activities will be able to address 9 of the 17 United Nations Sustainable
Development Goals (SDG). It is estimated that 40% of the world’s population consume rice as their
major source of food, and 1.6 billion people in Asia take rice as their mainstay food. Further, rice
production is an important source of livelihood for around 144 million rice-farming households and for
millions of people working on rice farms as labourers. Paradoxically, rice farming is assumed to be
associated with poverty in several countries. Moreover, ~900 million of the world’s poor depend on
rice as producers or consumers. Out of these, some 400 million poor and undernourished people are
engaged in growing rice. Therefore, SDGs comprising of No Poverty (Goal 1), Zero Hunger (Goal 2)
and rice cultivation are highly related and achieving the first two SDGs is dependent on the profitable
rice farming. Apart from Goal 1 and 2 of SDGs, rice production is also related with Gender equality
(Goal 5), Clean water and sanitation (Goal 6), Decent work and economic growth (Goal 8), Responsible
consumption and production (Goal 12), Climate action (Goal 13), Life on Land (Goal 15) and Partnerships
(Goal 17).
Above mentioned SDGs related with rice cultivation could only be achieved through integrated
rice research, wide dissemination of technologies, empowerment of women, sustainable resource
management, etc. The partnerships among the government institutions, public and private organizations,
farmers, policy makers, and other stakeholders are essential for attaining the SDGs through rice
cultivation. Keeping in mind those facts, the objective of this congress is to provide a platform for all
rice stakeholders to interact and exchange ideas about recent advances in rice science and brainstorm
key policies to meet the United nations’ SDGs as well as to sustain rice cultivation in India. The Congress
is divided into four broad thematic areas 1. Enhancing rice productivity and quality, 2. Sustainable rice
farming, 3. Biotic-stress management in rice and 4. Rice for livelihood security, equity, and profitability.
We have received overwhelming responses from the rice researchers from the country and abroad.
A total of 388 extended summaries were accepted for the Congress. This compilation was not possible
without the support from the scientists from different partner institutes and from ICAR-National Rice
Research Institute, Cuttack. At the end, we thank all the participants of this Congress without whose
handwork and dedication for rice research, it was not possible to document the present trend of rice
science. The great enthusiasm shown by honourable delegates from all around the world is praiseworthy.
Chairman and Members
Programme and Publication Committee
iii

Theme - I : Enhancing rice productivity and quality
16
1st Indian Rice Congress - 2020
Rice Research and Development for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals
December 8-9, 2020 | ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack 753006, Odisha, IndiaDecember 8-9, 2020 | ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack 753006, Odisha, India
December 8-9, 2020 | ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack 753006, Odisha, IndiaDecember 8-9, 2020 | ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack 753006, Odisha, India
December 8-9, 2020 | ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack 753006, Odisha, India
IRC/TM-1/PP-2
GREEN SUPER RICE – A RECENT DEVELOPMENT
Jyoti Prakash Sahoo*, Laxmipreeya Behera and Kailash Chandra Samal
College of Agriculture, OUAT, Bhubaneswar–751003, Odisha, India
*Corresponding author email: jyotiprakashsahoo2010@gmail.com
Rice is the leading food crops globally, and it
plays a key role in food security. The conflicts are
becoming more and more acute between rice
production and environmental capital. For this reason,
the Green Super Rice concept was proposed by
scientists in China to promote the production of
resource-saving and environmentally-friendly rice,
which can increase yields and improve quality. Green
super rice has been described as one of the world’s
key agricultural science and crop improvement goals,
for the use of important genes associated with superior
agronomic characteristics, such as high yield, nutrient
use efficiency and biotic and abiotic stress resistance.
Keywords: GSR, Rice, Productivity, Food
security
INTRODUCTION
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most
important food crops and is the principal staple food
for almost half of the world’s population. The world
population is expected to continue growing and hit 9
billion by 2050, which calls for an increase of almost
70 percent in food production (FAO 2013). Therefore,
to ensure global food security and living standards,
increased rice yields are crucial. In order to boost rice
yields, farmers have gradually increased the amounts
of fertilizers (Ali et al. 2018). Overuse of nitrogen
fertilizers and poor efficiency of fertilizer use, have
caused significant residual quantities of nitrogen fertilizer
to enter the soil and water bodies around farmlands,
resulting in serious contamination of the ecosystem (Ali
et al. 2018). Another factor that hinders agricultural
production is also the regular occurrence of drought,
posing major threats to global food security (Luo 2010).
Therefore, the breeding and cultivation of new varieties
of rice using China’s proposed green super rice
technology, with superior resistance to biotic and abiotic
stresses, including water and nutrient quality, has
become a key objective of improving rice to stabilize
the productivity of rice and ensure food security.
The Green Super Rice project
In 2005, a green super rice project was
proposed by Chinese scientists to cultivate new rice
varieties with different characteristics, including high
fertilizer performance, water conservation, drought
tolerance, and improved resistance to stress due to
increasing resource scarcity, atmospheric pollution, and
deterioration of ecological systems. The international
cooperation project ‘Green Super Rice for Resource-
Poor Farmers of Africa and Asia’ was sponsored by
the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation in 2009. In
2010, the Ministry of Science and Technology of China
granted the project,’ Breeding and Development of
Green Super Rice,’ with extended funding up to 2018
(Zhang et al. 2018).
Major focal points of the Green Super Rice
project
i. Production and development of green
super rice breeding, through technological systems
ii. Establishment of entire genome
selection platforms based on recent developments in
worldwide research on rice functional genomics
iii. Production of new germplasm
resources by pyramidizing green trait genes (Table 1)
iv. Breeding new green super rice cultivars
with different combinations of green features

17
Theme - I : Enhancing rice productivity and quality
1st Indian Rice Congress - 2020
Rice Research and Development for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals
December 8-9, 2020 | ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack 753006, Odisha, IndiaDecember 8-9, 2020 | ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack 753006, Odisha, India
December 8-9, 2020 | ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack 753006, Odisha, IndiaDecember 8-9, 2020 | ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack 753006, Odisha, India
December 8-9, 2020 | ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack 753006, Odisha, India
v. Techniques of high-yield production
and field management for Green Super Rice
Green genes identified for the breeding of new
GSR varieties
At present, 3000 genes have been cloned and
dissected in rice affecting a broad variety of
phenotypes, with tolerance to biotic stresses and abiotic
stresses and high efficacy of nutrient usage, high yield
and characteristics of good grain quality (Wing et al .
Table 1. Genes related to green traits in green super rice
Green traits
Grain quality and
yield
Biotic stress
resistance
NUE (Nitrogen use
efficiency)
Abiotic stress
resistance (Cold)
Abiotic stress
resistance (Heat)
Gene (Chromosome)
OsAAP6 (1), GL2/GS2/OsGRF4 (2), GNP1 (3), lgy3
(3), GL3.3/TGW3/qTGW3 (3), Chalk5 (5), GW5 (5),
GW7/GL7 (7), GLW7/OsSPL13 (7), OsOTUB1 (8)
Bsr-d1 (3), Bph3 (4), BPH6 (4), PigmR (6), IPA1 (8),
STV11 (11), Xa10 (11), BPH9 (12)
DEP1 (9), NRT1.1B (10), GRF4 (2)
LGS1 (2), COLD1(4), CTB4a (4), bZIP73 (9), HAN1
(11)
OsTT1 (3)
Function
Change in Expression due to variations in promoter
or premature termination or establishment of protein
structure
Amino acid substitution or gene deletion or Change
in Expression due to variations in promoter or
premature termination
Amino acid substitutionor
Change in Expression due to variations in promoter
or premature termination
Amino acid substitution or gene deletion or Change
in Expression due to variations in promoter
Substitution of Amino acids
Table 2. Databases available for green super rice breeding
Database or software programme
available
RFGB (Rice functional genomics and
breeding database)
Rice SNPs Database
Marker-assisted molecular breeding
platform for GSR
RiceVarMap v2.0
GS software gblup.jar
Information
Informations regarding the variation in rice genomic
Rice breeding by selecting genomic regions
Comparing rice breeding materials
Integratingand annotation of the data sets available for rice
genomic variations and genome-wide associationanalysis
Identification of additive effect and dominance effects
Web link or references
http://www.rmbre eding .cn/
http://varia tion.ic4r.org/
http://47.92.174.110
http://ricev armap .ncpgr .cn/
v2/
Covarrubias-Pazaran et al.,
2018
2018).These can be referred to as green genes. As the
templates for green super rice breeding, these green
genes were used (Table 1). Several databases and
software programmes (Table 2) for rice genomic
variations have been developed during the
implementation of the Green Super Rice project. For
gene functional analysis and rice breeding, such
databases provide critical platforms for whole-genome
selection (Yu et al., 2020).

Theme - I : Enhancing rice productivity and quality
18
1st Indian Rice Congress - 2020
Rice Research and Development for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals
December 8-9, 2020 | ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack 753006, Odisha, IndiaDecember 8-9, 2020 | ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack 753006, Odisha, India
December 8-9, 2020 | ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack 753006, Odisha, IndiaDecember 8-9, 2020 | ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack 753006, Odisha, India
December 8-9, 2020 | ICAR-NRRI, Cuttack 753006, Odisha, India
CONCLUSION
In 2050, the world population is projected to
reach nine billion. Rapid population growth requires a
corresponding increase in the production of rice in a
sustainable way, which in future decades will be a major
challenge for global rice breeders. Green super rice
varieties can maintain stable and higher yields with less
inputs and higher resistance and recoverability features
when facing the regular occurrence of severe climate
change-induced stresses. Over the past decade
experience has shown that the combination of green
super rice varieties and corresponding improved
growing techniques will lead to more efficient and higher
yields, thereby reducing the use of pesticides and
fertilizers in irrigated rice production areas by more than
30 percent as well as irrigation water by at least 30
percent (Yu et al . , 2020). In order to guide the green
development of agriculture, green super rice can
become a crucial factor and its objectives related to
entire genome breeding strategies can provide trends
or set examples for other crops to explore with suitable
traits.
REFERENCES
Ali J, Jewel ZA, Mahender A, Anandan A, Hernandez
J, Li ZK (2018) Molecular genetics and
breeding for nutrient use efficiency in rice. Int J
MolSci 19:1762
FAO (2013) FAOSTAT. http://www.fao.org/faost at/
en/
Luo LJ (2010) Breeding for water-saving and drought-
resistance rice (WDR) in China. J Exp Bot
61:3509–3517
Wing RA, Purugganan MD, Zhang Q (2018), The rice
genome revolution: from an ancient grain to
Green Super Rice. Nat Rev Genet 19:505–
517
Zhang Q (2007) Strategies for developing Green Super
Rice. ProcNatlAcadSci USA 104:16402–
16409
Zhang CP, Yu SB, Zhang Q (2018), Recent advances
in Green Super Rice development. Chin Bull
Life Sci 30:1083–1089
Covarrubias-Pazaran, G., Schlautman, B., Diaz-Garcia,
L., Grygleski, E., Polashock, J., Johnson-
Cicalese, J., &Zalapa, J. (2018). Multivariate
GBLUP improves accuracy of genomic
selection for yield and fruit weight in biparental
populations of
VacciniummacrocarponAit. Frontiers in plant
science, 9, 1310.
Yu, S., Ali, J., Zhang, C., Li, Z., & Zhang, Q. (2020).
Genomic breeding of green super rice varieties
and their deployment in Asia and
Africa. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 1-
16.