Response of Bulgarian winter barley varieties to different types of stress

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2nd International Symposium for
Agriculture and Food
7-9 October 2015,
Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia
University Ss. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje
SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food
SKOPJE, 2016
VOLUME II
2nd International Symposium for Agriculture and Food
7-9 October 2015, Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia Symposium Proceedings
ISBN 978-9989-845-64-2

2nd INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM FOR AGRICULTURE AND FOOD
ISAF 2015
XXXVIII FACULTY-ECONOMY MEETING
V SYMPOSIUM OF VITICULTURE AND WINE PRODUCTION
VIII SYMPOSIUM FOR VEGATABLE AND FLOWER PRODUCTION
X INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF ASSOCIATION OF AGRICULTURAL
ECONOMISTS OF REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
VI INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM OF LIVESTOCK BREEDING
Organized by
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food of Ss. “Cyril and Methodius” University
in Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
in co-organization with
Institute of Animal Sciences of Ss. “Cyril and Methodius” University in Skopje,
Republic of Macedonia
SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Prof. Dragi Dimitrievski, PhD-president
Prof. Vjekoslav Tanaskovikj, PhD
Prof. Koco Porcu, PhD
Prof. Vasil Kostov, PhD
Prof. Zvonimir Bozinovic, PhD
Prof. Dragan Gjosevski, PhD
Prof. Marjan Kiprijanovski, PhD
Prof. Tatjana Mitkova, PhD
Prof. Srekjko Gjorgievski, PhD
Prof. Dane Bosev, PhD
Prof. Rade Rusevski, PhD
Prof. Ljubica Karakasova, PhD
Prof. Rukie Agic, PhD
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
Prof. Vjekoslav Tanaskovikj, PhD, Macedonia
Ass. Prof. Koco Porcu, PhD, Macedonia
Prof. Sonja Ivanovska, PhD, Macedonia
Prof. Metodija Trajchev, PhD, Macedonia
Prof. Ordan Chukaliev, PhD, Macedonia
Prof. Biljana Petanovska Ilievska, PhD,
Macedonia
Prof. Mile Pesevski, PhD, Macedonia
Prof. Zvonko Pacanoski, PhD, Macedonia
Prof. Zoran Dimov, PhD, Macedonia
Prof. Natasha Gjorgjovska, PhD, Macedonia
Prof. Ramesh Kanwar, PhD, USA
Andrej Ceglar, PhD, JRC, Italy
Prof. Jan Brindza, PhD, Slovakia
Prof. Laima Taparauskiene, PhD, Lithuania
Prof. Elazar Fallik, PhD, Israel
Dunixi Gabiña, PhD, Spain
Prof. Argir Zhivondov, PhD, Bulgaria
Prof. Venelin Roytchev, PhD, Bulgaria
Prof. Milena Moteva, PhD, Bulgaria
Prof. Branko Čupina, PhD, Serbia
Prof. Zoran Rajić, PhD, Serbia
Prof. Biljana Škrbić, PhD, Serbia
Prof. Radmila Stikić, PhD, Serbia
Prof. Bojan Srdjević, PhD, Serbia
Habibah Al-Menaie, PhD, Kuwait
Prof. Emil Erjavec, PhD, Slovenia
Prof. Drago Kompan, PhD, Slovenia
Prof. Alez Gregorc, PhD, Slovenia
Prof. Franc Bavec, PhD, Slovenia
Prof. Davor Romić, PhD, Croatia
Prof. Vlasta Pilizota, PhD, Croatia
Prof. Željka Zgorelec, PhD, Croatia
Prof. Zlatko Svečnjak, PhD, Croatia
Prof. Zdenko Lončarić, PhD, Croatia
Prof. Stjepan Husnjak, PhD, Croatia
Prof. Velibor Spalević, PhD, Montenegro
Prof. Öner Çetin, PhD, Turkey
Prof. Erbay Bardakcioglu, PhD, Turkey
Prof. Gürsoy Oktay, PhD, Turkey
Prof. Muhamed Brka, PhD, Bosnia and
Hercegovina
Prof. Miljan Cvetković, PhD, Bosnia and
Hercegovina
Prof. Ardian Maci, PhD, Albania
Mohamed Refaei Mostafa, PhD, Egypt
Prof. Nooshin Zandi-Sohani, PhD, Iran
Sandor Kukovich, PhD, Hungary
Juha Kantanen, PhD, Finland
SECRETARIAT
Ass. Prof. Koco Porcu, PhD
Prof. Vjekoslav Tanaskovikj, PhD
Ass. Prof. Dimitar Nakov, PhD
Ass. Prof. Mirjana Jankulovska, PhD
Ass. Prof. Mile Markoski, PhD
Ass. Prof. Biljana Kuzmanovska, PhD
Ass. Prof. Mirjana S. Jankulovska, PhD
Ass. Prof. Marina Nacka, PhD

Dear authors,
We are proud to present you with the Proceeding of Papers as an outcome of the Second
International Symposium for Agriculture and Food, organized in 2015. This event
represents the biggest gathering of the scientific public in the area of agriculture and food
in Republic of Macedonia.
Within the framework of the general event several symposiums and conferences took
place:
VIIIth Symposium for Vegetable and Flower Production
Vth Symposium for Viticulture and Wine Production
Xth International Conference of the Association of Agricultural Economists of Republic of
Macedonia, and
VIth International Symposium for Livestock Breeding.
The Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food, University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius” in
Skopje, has organized this event for the occasion of its 68th anniversary. It also represents
a faculty’s commitment and responsibility for conducting and following scientific and
research activities as well as for presenting novel results for the relevant stakeholders in
the area of agriculture and food.
This event has confirmed the accomplishment of the faculty’s vision for being a leading
institution in the area of agriculture in Republic of Macedonia, recognized not only in the
region but also in Europe and worldwide. The attendance of eminent authors from 21
countries, presenting more than 220 scientific papers, proofs the important role of the
faculty for the agricultural and rural development. The papers were presented in 10 parallel
sections covering research topics from the area of agriculture, food and environment
protection.
The Symposium Proceedings includes 142 scientific papers published in two volumes. The
abstracts of all submitted papers (337 in total) were published in Book of Abstracts, prior
the organization of the Symposium itself. Part of the submitted papers will be published in
the faculty’s Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences. Another part of the
papers presented at this Symposium will be published in other well-known international
journals, as an added value for the scientific importance of this Symposium.
We sincerely hope that with the organization of the Symposium and with the publishing of
the Proceeding of Papers we significantly contribute to the science in the area of agriculture
and food. We expect that the published papers will be beneficial for the scientists and the
experts in their future scientific activities.
Sincerely,
Prof. Dr. Dragi Dimitrievski
President of the Organizing Committee of ISAF 2015
Dean of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food

CIP - Каталогизација во публикација
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INTERNATIONAL symposium for agriculture and food (2 ; 2015 ; Ohrid)
Symposium proceedings : Електронски извор / 2nd International
symposium for agriculture and food, ISAF 2015, 7-9 October 2015,
Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia. - Skopje : Faculty of agricultural
sciences and food, 2016
Начин на пристап (URL): http://www.fznh.ukim.edu.mk/. - Текст во
PDF формат, содржи 2 св. (611 ; 525 стр.). - Наслов преземен од
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ISBN 978-9989-845-63-5 (В. 1)
ISBN 978-9989-845-64-2 (В. 2)
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COBISS.MK-ID 101270538

VOLUME I
SECTION 1. ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 7-98
SECTION 2. AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS 99-276
SECTION 3. PLANT PROTECTION – PHYTOMEDICINE 277-332
SECTION 4. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 333-400
SECTION 5. VEGETABLE, FLOWER AND DECORATIVE 401-470
PLANTS PRODUCTION
SECTION 6. VITICULTURE AND WINE PRODUCTION 471-512
SECTION 7. FRUIT GROWING 513-602
VOLUME II
SECTION 8. NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND
ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION 603-804
SECTION 9. FIELD CROP PRODUCTION 805-1060
SECTION 10. AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES 1061-1112
CONTENT

CONTENT
ESTIMATION OF ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FOR WHEAT USING EDDY
COVARIANCE METHOD IN THE THRACE REGION OF TURKEY
Yeşilköy S., Şaylan L., Akataş N., Bakanoğulları F., Çaldağ B., Aslan T. 605
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT ASSESSMENT UNDER
LITHUANIAN CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
Taparauskiene L., Tanaskovik V., Miseckaite O., Adamonyte I., Burbulis N. 613
THE INFLUENCE OF THE SUBSTRATE ON PROPERTIES OF CHERNOZEMS
IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
Mitkova T., Markoski M., Prentovikj T. 623
YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF CANOLA (BRASSICA NAPUS L.) UNDER
IRRIGATION
Moteva M., Tanaskovik V., Gigova A., Mitova T., Kazandjiev V., Georgieva V., Simunic I. 631
HAZARD PERFORMANCE INDICATORS FOR LARGE SCALE WATER SYSTEMS
WITH AGRICULTURAL IRRIGATION FACILITIES
Srdjević B., Srdjević Z, Tanaskovik V., Čukaliev O., Zoranović T., Blagojević B. 643
QUALITATIVE DECISION TREE FOR ASSESSING THE WATER FOOTPRINT
SUSTAINABILITY INDEX IN THE CONTEXT OF WATER USE FOR IRRIGATION
Blagojević B., Srdjević Z., Altobelli F., Natali F., Orlandini S., Srdjević B. 641
NATURAL CONDITIONS FOR THE FORMATION OF THE SOILS UPON LIMESTONE
AND DOLOMITE IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA
Markoski M., Mitkova T., Vasilevski K., Tomić Z., Andeevski M., Tanasković V., Nečkovski S. 659
CALCULATION OF SOIL EROSION INTENSITYIN THE SUTIVANSKA RIJEKA
WATERSHED OF MONTENEGRO USING THE IntErO MODEL
Spalevic V., Frankl A., Nyssen J., Milic C., Curovic M., Djurovic N. 673
SECTION 8.
NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT
AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION

AN ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE WETTED PERCENTAGE AND SOIL MOISTURE
FOR DRIP-IRRIGATED HORTICULTURAL CROPS UNDER FARMER CONDITIONS
Çetin Ö., Uygan D. Tari A.F. 685
BIOCLIMATIC COEFFICIENT OF PLASTIC HOUSE GROWN PEPPER AS
INFLUENCED BY IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZATION TECHNIQUES
Tanaskovik V., Cukaliev O., Moteva M., Taparauskiene L., Srdjevic B., Spalevic V., Markoski M.,
Nechkovski S. 695
RECENT STUDIES ON THE SOIL CONSERVATION IN THE CONDITION OF
MEDITERRANEAN REGION FOR OLIVE CULTIVATION: REVIEW
Uzun N., Uzen N., Savran S. 707
HEAVY METAL CONTENT OF SOIL AND IRRIGATION WATER IN HEVSEL
GARDENS, DIYARBAKIR
Üzen N. 713
USE OF REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES IN DETERMINATION OF PADDY AREAS
Sener M., Albut S., Kurc H. C. 721
THE POSSIBILITY OF DIFFERENT CULTIVATION FIELD CROPS ON
TECHNOGENIC SOIL
Cvijanovic G., Dozet G., Filipovic V., Djukic V., Djuric N., Ninkov J., Malic N. 729
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CALCIC CHERNOZEM INFLUENCED BY IRRIGATION
Mačkić K., Pejić B., Nešić L., Belić M., Ilin. Ž. 735
SOIL PROPERTIES IN TOBACCO PRODUCTION IN CROATIAN PODRAVINA
AND POŽEGA VALLEY
Husnjak S., Tursić I., Jungic D., GrĎan M., Cosic T. 743
EFFECT OF FOLIAR SILICON APPLICATION ON RICE PLANTS IN IPSALA PLAIN
Hekimhan H. , Tülek A., Aydoğdu M. 749
THE INFLUENCE OF FOLIAR FERTILIZING WITH ORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON
POTATO (Solanum tuberosum) YIELD IN THE GEVGELIJA AREA
Petrov P.. Markoski M.. Trpeski V.. Mitkova T. 757
DETERMINATION OF ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF WATERMELON
USING A MICROMETEOROLOGICAL METHOD
Aslan T., Şaylan L., Çaldağ B., Yeşilköy S., Bakanoğulları F., Akataş N. 763
HYDROCARBONS POLLUTION ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ON FLORA OF
FIER DISTRICT
Shehu A., Shallari S., Mullai A. 771
STUDIES ON CYCLAMEN COUM MILL. IN SINITE KAMANI NATURAL PARK,
BULGARIA
Grozeva N., Todorova M., Gerdzhikova M., Panayotova G., Dohchev D., Tsutsov K. 779
VARIATION OF ALBEDO DURING THE GROWING PERIOD OF DIFFERENT WINTER
WHEAT CULTIVARS
Yeşilköy S., Bakanoğulları F., Şaylan L., Çaldağ B., Aslan T., Akataş N. 789
STUDY ON ASSESSMENT OF THE GREENERY AREA IN THE CENTRAL PARK FROM
TIMISOARA
Marius S., Cristian B., Astrid G., Maria B., Cristina T. 795

SECTION 9. FIELD CROP PRODUCTION
.
977
UDC: 633.16"324" (497.2)"2010/2014"
Original scientific paper
RESPONSE OF BULGARIAN WINTER BARLEY VARIETIES TO
DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRESS
Mihova G. 1*, Valcheva D.2, Vulchev D.2, Dimitrova-Doneva M. 2, Dimova D.2
1 Cereal Breeding Department, Dobrudzha Agricultural Institute, General Toshevo,
Bulgaria
2 Cereal Breeding Department, Institute of Agriculture, Karnobat, Bulgaria
*corresponding author: gm_mihova@abv.bg
Abstract
The long phenological development of cereals is the reason for the exceptionally big
diversity of factors that have influence on their vegetation and productivity. Depending on
the growth stage of the plants, their mechanism of reaction is specific. General criteria for
evaluation of the tolerance of a particular genotype towards adverse conditions of the
environment is the yield. The aim of this investigation was to study the response of
Bulgarian winter barley to different types of stress. The trial was carried out during 2010 –
2014 at Dobrudzha Agricultural Institute. Meteorologically, the years of investigations
differed considerably. This allowed evaluating the tested varieties for their resistance to
different types of biotic and abiotic stress. The investigated 13 malting and 8 feed cultivars
of winter barley were very well differentiated by their productivity, date to heading, yield
components, resistance to net blotch and lodging. From the group of malting barley,
cultivars Zagoretc, Yaspis, Asparuh, Lardeia and Ahat possessed the highest productivity,
and from the group of feed barley these were cultivars Tangra, Hemus and Bori. The
structure of yield was specific and was determined not only by the systematic affiliation
but also by the peculiarities of the individual genotypes.
Key words: Winter barley, yield, abiotic stress, biotic stress.
Introduction
Among the cereals, barley is the crop second in distribution in Bulgaria. The territory of
the country is of variable and contrasting micro climates. This makes the higher
adaptability a main focus of the breeding programs. The problems of barley production are
related mostly to its successful over wintering, its resistance to lodging and in the southern
regions of Bulgaria – to its drought tolerance. In the recent years, the high infection rate of
net blotch is becoming a limiting factor. There are several centers in Bulgaria, where
barley is subjected to breeding and improvement work. The main center is the Institute of
Agriculture – Karnobat. As a result from the accumulated traditions, rich genetic resources,
the methods developed for assessment and selection, cultivars have been realized in
different directions of breeding. They occupy a large part in the varietal list of the Republic
of Bulgaria. The cultivars developed at the Agrarian University – Plovdiv and at the

SECTION 9. FIELD CROP PRODUCTION
.
978
Institute of Plant and Genetic Resources – Sadovo are of the malting barley type. They
possess short stem, resistance to lodging and high quality. The breeding program of
Dobrudzha Agricultural Institute (DAI) was the last to start, and during 2012 – 2015 four
new cultivars were released. The conditions in this region allow selection of forms with
very good level of winter resistance, which is the main direction of work. The aim of this
investigation was to evaluate the response of Bulgarian winter malting and feed barley
varieties to different types of stress.
Material and methods
The investigation was carried out in the trial field of Dobrudzha Agricultural Institute –
General Toshevo during 2010 – 2014. The working collection included
- Winter malting barley: Ahat, Asparuh, Emon, Imeon, Kaskadyor 3, Kuber, Lardeia,
Obzor, Orfej, Perun, Phlavij, Yaspis and Zagorets;
- Winter feed barley: Aheloj 2, Bori, Hemus, Izgrev, Panagon, Radul, Tangra and
Veslets.
The accessions were planted according to the block method in four replications. The size
of the plot was 10 m2. The sowing norm was 450 germinating seeds/m2. At the beginning
of February fertilization was done with 0.04 t.ha-1 active matter of nitrogen. The
biometrical measurements were in accordance with the methodology of IPGRI (1994) and
UPOV (2003). The following indices were analyzed: days to heading (DH); number of
days (from 1st January); plant height (PH), cm; productive tillers of 1 m2 (NPT), number;
grains per spike (NGS), number; thousand kernel weight (W1000), g; test weight (TW), kg;
field winter resistance (FWR), score (1 – very low, 5 – moderate, 9 – very high); lodging
resistance (L), score (1 – susceptible, 3 – intermediate, 9 – resistant); grain yield (YG) t.ha-
1. The attacking rate of net blotch (Nb) (Drecheslera teres Shoem.) was evaluated in field
according to a 9-degree scale (1 – very susceptible; 9 – no symptoms). The experimental
data were processes with the help of XLSTAT, version 7.5.2. North-east Bulgaria, where
Dobrudzha Agricultural Institute is situated, is characterized with soil and climatic
conditions favorable for the development of cereals. The low temperatures without snow
cover during the winter months are critical. The absolute minimum temperature for this
region is – 29.4o C, and the absolute maximum +41.1o C. Due to the frequent flows of
cooling ground-level air currents coming from the sea, the spring here is late with 10-15
days. The summer is cool, and the autumn is long, with gradual cooling of the weather.
There are two distinct periods of drought, in March – April and July – August. The mean
annual sum of rainfalls is 510 mm. The leached chernozem soils are predominant in the
region. Due to the heavy composition of soil, the values of the hydrological indices are
comparatively high.
Results and discussion
The effects from the main risk factors for the development of winter barley in the region of
Dobrudzha have been summarized in previous reports of the research team (Mihova, 2012;
Mihova, 2013). They were evaluated on the basis of: differences in the phenological
development, level of variation of productivity and its structural components. The obtained

SECTION 9. FIELD CROP PRODUCTION
.
979
mean yield from feed barley for 9 harvest years (2004 – 2012) was 7.41 t.ha-1, and in the
group of malting barley it was 6.71 t.ha-1.
Table 1. Differentiation factors by growing season.
Growing
season
Extreme
min t,
°C
Extreme
max t, °C
Sum of
rainfalls (X-
VI), mm
Differentiation factors
2010-
2011
-15.6
+30.2
371.1
Late emergence, unfavorable conditions for
hardening, occurrence of net blotch
2011-
2012
-19.8
+35.0
469.6
Unsuitable stage for hardening and winter-
survival, severe winter conditions, favorable
conditions during grain filling
2012-
2013
-14.6
+34.5
320.8
Drought during emergence and beginning of
tillering, conditions for stem lodging
2013-
2014
-17.5
28.5
623.8
Favorable winter conditions, occurrence of net
blotch, heavy rainfalls reason for mass lodging
Table 2. Mean yield (t.ha-1) and variation (CV, %) of winter malting and feed barley*.
Variety
2011
2012
2013
2014
Mean, t.ha-1
CV, %
Malting barley
Ahat
5.49 b
6.71 b
9.32 a
5.97 a
6.87 a
24.87
Asparuh
5.26 b
7.01 a
9.65 a
6.19 a
7.03 a
26.90
Emon
4.52 c
6.12 c
8.87 b
5.82 a
6.33 c
28.89
Imeon
5.29 b
6.62 b
9.00 b
5.34 b
6.56 b
26.48
Kaskadyor 3
5.21 b
6.75 b
9.10 b
5.50 b
6.64 b
26.71
Kuber
5.25 b
6.25 c
9.24 b
6.26 a
6.75 b
25.54
Lardeia
5.33 b
7.05 a
9.36 a
5.93 a
6.91 a
25.71
Obzor
4.79 c
6.36 c
9.17 b
4.94 c
6.31 c
32.16
Orfej
5.51 b
6.57 b
9.63 a
5.43 b
6.78 b
28.98
Perun
4.94 c
6.55 b
9.02 b
4.41 c
6.23 c
33.30
Phlavij
5.49 b
6.96 a
8.50 c
5.58 b
6.63 b
21.33
Yaspis
5.89 a
6.85 a
9.48 a
5.91 a
7.03 a
24.05
Zagorets
5.71 a
6.37 c
9.55 a
6.69 a
7.08 a
23.96
Mean
5.28
6.63
9.22
5.69
6.70
Feed barley
Aheloj 2
5.81 a
7.20 a
8.28 b
5.51 b
6.70 b
19.23
Bori
5.32 b
6.90 b
9.41 a
6.38 a
7.00 a
24.80
Hemus
5.74 a
6.98 b
9.26 a
6.10 a
7.02 a
22.53
Izgrev
5.27 b
6.92 b
8.39 b
5.81 b
6.59 b
20.92
Panagon
5.61 a
6.71 b
8.20 b
6.65 a
6.79 b
15.72
Radul
5.65 a
7.18 a
8.46 b
5.85 b
6.78 b
19.27
Tangra
6.01 a
7.21 a
8.80 b
6.15 a
7.04 a
18.31
Veslets
5.25 b
6.64 b
8.59 b
5.13 b
6.40 b
25.22
Mean
5.58
6.97
8.67
5.95
6.79
*Values with the same letter do not differ significantly

SECTION 9. FIELD CROP PRODUCTION
.
980
Table 3. Analysis of variance for grain yield.
Source of Variation
SS
df
MS
F
P-value
F crit
Malting barley
Total
130,401
51
Genotype
3,920
12
0,326
2,730
0,009
2,032
Year
122,174
3
40,724
340,389
1,82E-26
2,866
Error
4,307
36
0,119
Feed barley
Total
50,027
31
Genotype
1,445
7
0,206
2,623
0,055
2,487
Year
46,081
3
15,360
128,974
1,1E-13
3,072
Error
2,501
21
0,119
The harvest years involved in the investigation were characterized with specific
combination of meteorological conditions allowing good differentiation of the working
collection (Table 1). In three of them the forage forms demonstrated higher productivity,
the variation by cultivars being within a narrow range (Table 2).
The year had a significant part in the total variation (Table 3). Lowest mean yield
was realized in 2011. The main reasons were the late germination and the slow
development of the crops in the autumn of 2010. The mean temperatures dropped down
below the biological minimum for this period and at the beginning of winter most cultivars
had formed only one tiller. The expectations that there would be second tillering in spring
were not fulfilled. In practice, the coefficient of tillering remained low, being close to 1 in
feed barley (Tables 4 and 5). At a later stage the amount of rainfalls was sufficient and
evenly distributed. Nevertheless, the plants could not compensate the low productive
tillering. Productivity was considerably above the average in 2013. Spring was cool and in
spite of the longer photoperiod barley did not enter the next phenophase. The conditions
favored active spring tillering. As a result sufficient biomass was formed to reduce the
negative effect of the retarded development in autumn.
In malting barley the variations of grain yield were highly significant. Highest
productivity was demonstrated by cultivars Zagotets, Yaspis, Asparuh, Lardeia and Ahat.
The applied k-means clustering placed cultivar Zagorets in the most favorable group in
three of the harvest years. Only in 2012 the mean value was low, which was a result from
the lower number of grains, while the levels of the other yield components were moderate.
During this year there was good differentiation by rate of over wintering, cultivar Zagorets
demonstrating lower resistance. Cultivar Yaspis was with stable yield considerably
exceeding the mean level. A shortcoming of this cultivar was its susceptibility to net
blotch, but even in years with high infection rate such as 2014 it managed to realize its
potential. Highest absolute yield during the investigated period was registered in cultivars
Asparuh and Orfej, 9.65 and 9.63 t.ha-1, respectively.

SECTION 9. FIELD CROP PRODUCTION
.
981
Table 4. Mean, minimum and maximum values for characters in winter malting barley.
Variety
DH
PH
NPT
NGS
W1000
TW
FWR
Nb
L
Ahat
mean
127.5
89.8
694
24.6
46.4
69.3
7.0
8.5
8.0
min-max
123-139
73-110
568-844
23.7-
25.6
40.3-
53.0
65.5-
72.0
7
8-9
7-9
Asparuh
mean
129.3
86.0
794
23.1
44.7
67.7
7.5
8.0
7.0
min-max
123-141
72-104
544-
1012
20.8-
25.7
34.2-
53.9
63.1-
69.8
7-8
7-9
5-9
Emon
mean
127.3
89.8
662
27.0
43.0
70.0
5.0
6.0
6.5
min-max
122-137
68-112
472-836
25.7-
27.8
38.9-
46.7
69.4-
70.5
5
5-7
4-9
Imeon
mean
129.0
86.8
745
28.8
37.9
67.9
5.5
6.0
8.0
min-max
125-140
73-105
512-996
25.9-
30.0
29.1-
48.5
62.3-
72.0
5-6
5-7
7-9
Kaskadyor 3
mean
129.0
83.8
765
25.8
42.0
66.1
7.5
5.5
5.0
min-max
125-139
73-101
464-
1048
25.4-
26.0
35.4-
52.3
61.2-
70.5
7-8
4-7
3-7
Kuber
mean
127.5
90.3
736
23.1
45.4
68.8
5.5
8.5
6.5
min-max
122-138
75-112
552-
1100
20.8-
24.4
39.7-
53.1
65.3-
72.3
5-6
8-9
6-7
Lardeia
mean
127.5
92.3
850
22.4
43.3
68.5
6.0
8.5
6.0
min-max
122-138
78-110
548-
1152
22.2-
22.6
36.1-
48.2
65.5-
70.4
6
8-9
5-7
Obzor
mean
129.0
93.0
739
25.0
42.3
66.1
7.5
5.5
3.5
min-max
125-140
72-106
468-
1000
23.2-
26.5
33.7-
49.5
60.4-
68.4
7-8
4-7
1-6
Orfej
mean
127.8
88.3
829
26.6
36.8
66.9
7.0
7.5
6.5
min-max
123-139
75-108
516-
1164
24.1-
27.6
31.0-
42.6
64.3-
70.9
7
7-8
4-9
Perun
mean
126.8
95.8
758
22.3
47.1
68.9
5.5
7.0
5.5
min-max
122-138
78-113
508-
1112
20.3-
24.3
39.6-
54.1
64.6-
71.1
5-6
7
4-7
Phlavij
mean
129.5
76.5
673
26.1
43.3
66.8
3.5
4.0
8.5
min-max
125-140
66-91
448-940
23.6-
29.0
35.5-
50.4
64.3-
69.1
3-4
1-7
8-9
Yaspis
mean
128.5
92.8
695
22.8
48.1
68.7
7.5
5.5
5.5
min-max
124-140
75-112
528-892
20.4-
27.4
39.5-
55.7
62.5-
69.0
7-8
4-7
4-7
Zagorets
mean
128.3
82.8
767
21.9
43.8
69.8
6.0
7.0
8.5
min-max
124-139
72-97
536-
1020
20.8-
23.2
36.3-
53.0
65.-72.8
6
8-6
8-9
2010-2011
mean
139.1
78.3
512.6
25.7
43.8
69.3
6.2
7.8
-
2011-2012
mean
124.5
73.3
586.5
23.4
50.8
70.9
6.4
-
-
2012-2013
mean
125.7
95.2
983.1
24.9
42.5
67.9
-
-
7.9
2013-2014
mean
123.5
106.2
904.6
24.2
36.4
64.3
-
5.7
5.2

SECTION 9. FIELD CROP PRODUCTION
.
982
Table 5. Mean, minimum and maximum values for characters in winter feed barley.
Variety
DH
PH
NPT
NGS
W1000
TW
FWR
Nb
L
Aheloj 2
mean
127.0
97.0
664
45.8
33.5
64.0
8.0
5.0
2.0
min-max
122-139
78-114
464-868
43.1-
47.6
30.0-
39.1
60.1-
67.8
7-9
3-7
1-3
Bori
mean
128.3
91.8
591
50.0
35.4
64.8
8.5
8.0
7.0
min-max
125-138
67-112
412-776
48.7-
51.2
30.2-
39.9
60.0-
68.2
8-9
7-9
7
Hemus
mean
127.8
96.0
648
41.5
35.3
63.8
8.0
5.0
2.0
min-max
122-139
77-111
472-840
38.4-
47.5
30.5-
40.9
59.5-
67.4
7-9
3-7
1-3
Izgrev
mean
128.0
93.0
613
43.6
36.8
63.0
8.0
6.0
4.5
min-max
123-139
72-117
436-868
41.1-
45.7
32.7-
41.3
61.0-
66.8
7-9
5-7
3-6
Panagon
mean
125.8
93.3
647
48.2
31.4
65.8
6.5
5.5
3.0
min-max
121-138
74-114
440-876
47.2-
49.5
28.5-
36.8
62.1-
69.6
6-7
4-7
3
Radul
mean
128.0
89.5
662
46.5
33.6
60.4
8.5
6.0
2.0
min-max
123-139
73-113
460-840
40.5-
49.8
28.9-
40.3
58.0-
65.6
8-9
4-8
1-3
Tangra
mean
128.5
93.5
666
44.3
38.1
65.0
8.0
7.0
7.0
min-max
124.140
75-110
476-820
42.7-
46.8
31.5-
43.4
60.6-
69.4
7-9
5-9
7
Veslets
mean
126.5
93.0
654
40.7
35.5
64.8
6.5
4
2.0
min-max
122-138
76-112
420-860
36.0-
45.4
30.6-
38.3
60.9-
68.8
6-7
3-5
1-3
2010-2011
mean
138.8
82.0
447.5
47.6
34.3
67.1
7.3
7.4
-
2011-2012
mean
123.1
74.0
541.5
43.7
40.0
67.8
8.3
-
-
2012-2013
mean
125.3
104.6
811.0
44.7
35.1
60.2
-
-
4.4
2013-2014
mean
122.8
112.9
772.5
44.4
30.5
60.7
-
4.3
3.0
In the group of feed barley, cultivars Tangra, Hemus and Bori had productivity
above the average. According to its systematic affiliation, Bori belongs to var. parallelum.
Peculiarities of these forms are the shorter and more compact spike, and the higher number
of grains with lower absolute weight. The biometrical analysis revealed successful
combination of traits in this cultivar – 1000 kernel weight was closer to the weight of the
other genotypes from var. pallidum. The advantage of Tangra is its high resistance to net
blotch and lodging, which is a serious problem of production in this region. Cultivar
Hemus did not have these advantages but under the conditions of North-east Bulgaria it
formed high stable yield determined by the balanced combination of its components.
Averaged for the period, lowest yield was read in cultivar Veslets. This cultivar is of
winter-spring type of development, which allows planting in autumn or in early spring. It
has shorter period to heading, and its major shortcomings are susceptibility to the
economically important diseases and to lodging. Nevertheless, cultivar Veslets is among
the most successful feed cultivars included in the list of Republic of Bulgaria. It is
especially suitable for growing in regions and in years with frequent droughts during
heading and formation and filling of grain (Valcheva et al., 2010). The comparison
between the two groups of barley showed that the malting accessions had lower stem,
higher number of productive tillers, formed lower number of grains but with higher kernel

SECTION 9. FIELD CROP PRODUCTION
.
983
and test weight, and possessed resistance to lodging. The feed cultivars were of poly-rowed
spike type and formed highest number of grains. The differences were determined by the
biological peculiarities of the respective systematic affiliations, although varietal
specificity was also observed.
Averaged for the period, cultivars Panagon, Veslets and Perun had the earliest dates
to heading. Under the conditions of the region, the beginning of the heading stage often
occurs at the beginning of May. In such accessions, damages caused by late frosts are often
observed in some years resulting in sterility (Valcheva et al., 2010). The reason for the
longer period to heading can be unfavorable winter conditions as in 2011. The height of the
plant is conditioned by the combination of the meteorological factors during the spring
months when vegetation growth is resumed and booting occurs. In 2014 this was the
reason for the great positive deviation of the trait. Disturbed correlation was observed with
the lodging rate in the new cultivars Ahat, Asparuh, Bori, Imeon and Tangra. The brief
rainfalls, which were however accompanied with strong winds at the end of the vegetation
period of 2013, allowed better differentiation of the investigated accessions according to
the rate of lodging. Year 2014 was especially problematic. The mass lodging severely
deteriorated the flow of assimilates to the grain and it remained with low absolute weight
and poor physical properties. The following forage barley cultivars were with low
resistance to lodging: Aheloj 2, Hemus, Radul and Veslets, and among the malting
cultivars – Obzor and Kaskadyor 3. The structure of yield is a dynamic value which is
formed by a large number of factors but is also genetically determined. The lower number
of productive tillers in some malting cultivars was related to higher values of number of
grains per spike (Emon, Imeon) or higher 1000 kernel weight (Ahat, Kuber, Perun and
Yaspis). Depending on the conditions, a very good compensatory mechanism between the
traits was observed in Orfej and Lardea which guarantied stable productivity over years.
Similar correlations were found in the group of forage barley. The greater number of grains
in Panagon was in negative correlation with their absolute weight. Bori was characterized
with lower productive tillering but the formed tillers were uniform and with similar
contribution to yield. In harvest years 2011 and 2014 the occurrence of net blotch was a
key factor for the level of yield. The defoliation of the plants reduced the level pf
photosynthesis and deteriorated the grain quality. Unfortunately the greater part of the
cultivars was with different susceptibility. Lowest scores were referred to Phlavji, Veslets,
Aheloj 2, Hemus, Kaskadyor 3, Obzor, Yaspis and Panagon.
Conclusions
The investigation was carried out in the region of North-east Bulgaria where the soil and
climate conditions are very favorable for the development of the winter cereals. The study
encompassed four years different by the level of abiotic and biotic stress. The tested winter
barley cultivars were very well differentiated by productivity, date to heading, yield
components, and resistance to net blotch and to lodging. In the group of malting barley,
cultivars Zagorets, Yaspis, Asparuh, Lardeia and Ahat possessed high productivity, and in
the group of forage barley these were Tangra, Hemus and Bori. The structure of yield was
specific and was determined not only by the systematic affiliation but also by the
specificity of the individual genotypes.

SECTION 9. FIELD CROP PRODUCTION
.
984
References
IPGRI (1994). Descriptors for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). International Plant Genetic
Resources Institute, Rome, Italy, pp. 45.
Mihova G. (2012). Phenological specificity of winter barley under the conditions of north-
east Bulgaria. Scientific works of the Institute of agriculture – Karnobat, Vol. 1, No 1, pp.
17-32.
Mihova G. (2013). Winter barley breeding at Dobrudzha Agricultural Institute – General
Toshevo. Scientific works of the Institute of agriculture – Karnobat, Vol. 2, No 1, pp. 23-
38.
UPOV (2003). Protocol for distinctness, uniformity and stability tests. Hordeum vulgare L.
sensu lato. European Union, Community Plant Variety Office, pp. 43.
Valcheva D., G. Mihova, D. Vulchev, I. Venkova, (2010). Influence of the environment on
yield of some barley varieties. Field Crops Studies, Vol. VI-1, pp. 7-16.