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Bio-Design and Manufacturing (2021) 4:432–439
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42242-020-00115-2
LABORATORY REPORT
Biofabrication (3D Bioprinting) Laboratory at Sichuan University
Changchun Zhou1,2 ·Kefeng Wang1,2 ·Yong Sun1,2 ·Qiguang Wang1,2 ·Qing Jiang1,3 ·Jie Liang1,2 ·
Xuan Pei1,2 ·Boqing Zhang1,2 ·Yujiang Fan1,2 ·Xingdong Zhang1,2
Received: 26 October 2020 / Accepted: 17 November 2020 / Published online: 3 January 2021
© Zhejiang University Press 2021
Introduction and research overview
Recently, increasing need for organ transplantation and lack
of donated organs have led to the rapid development of new
technologies for artificial organ biofabrication. In the era
of burgeoning breakthroughs around 3D bioprinting tech-
nologies, the personalization of organs and medicine is an
ongoing nice vision [1–5]. As one of the leading laborato-
ries in the interdisciplinary field of materials, manufacturing
and bioengineering, the Biofabrication (3D Bioprinting)
Research Laboratory at Sichuan University has been engag-
ing in the research on customized regenerative medicine since
2012.
BYujiang Fan
yujiang.fan@163.com
Changchun Zhou
changchunzhou@scu.edu.cn
Kefeng Wang
fencal@163.com
Yong Sun
sunyong870123@126.com
Qiguang Wang
wqg@scu.edu.cn
Qing Jiang
jiangq@scu.edu.cn
Jie Liang
jie_l88@126.com
Xuan Pei
wo245838653@sina.com
Boqing Zhang
805968592@qq.com
Xingdong Zhang
zhangxd@scu.edu.cn
1National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials,
Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
2College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan
University, Chengdu 610064, China
3College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan
University, Chengdu 610064, China
As a newly established research institute, the labora-
tory mostly focuses on regenerative biomedical engineering
research, particularly on bone tissue-inducing biomaterials.
Tissue-inducing biomaterial was officially defined as “a bio-
material designed to induce the regeneration of damaged or
missing tissues or organs without the addition of cells and/or
bioactive factors.” The definition of tissue-inducing bioma-
terial was firstly proposed by Professor Xingdong Zhang,
academic leader of our research center, and gained offi-
cial consent at the congress on Definitions of Biomaterials
for the Twenty-First Century, Elsevier, 2019. The ortho-
pedic regenerative biomaterial fabricated by our research
group is a successful tissue-inducing biomaterial belong-
ing in this research field. It can be traced back to 1980s.
Tissue-inducing biomaterial breaks through the traditional
conception that biomaterials cannot induce the regeneration
of tissues. Accordingly, it is our proposition that biofabri-
cation or 3D bioprinting technology could be applied to the
regeneration of personalized complex tissues.
Involved printing materials
The Biofabrication (3D Bioprinting) Research Laboratory
at Sichuan University attempts to innovative researches and
commercialization through the combination of engineering
and biomedicine. The purpose of the laboratory is to promote
the industrialization of technology and market operation, to
meet the needs of personalized biomedicine and treatment to
patients and to help to construct a harmonious and healthy
society. Up to now, the researches of the laboratory involved
3D printing of bioceramics, metal, polymers and their com-
posites. Some recent highlights are listed below.
3D printing of bioceramics
3D printing of bioceramics, especially the bioactive calcium
phosphate bioceramics, has drawn considerable attention in
recent years [6–8]. Bioceramics possess exceptional bio-
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Bio-Design and Manufacturing (2021) 4:432–439 433
Fig. 1 Different 3D-printed calcium phosphate bioceramics. The cus-
tomized 3D-printed calcium phosphate bioceramics can be used for
maxillofacial bone repair, tumor bone defect filling, articular cup and
elbow bone replacement
compatibility and bioactivity with respect to bone cells and
tissues, due to their similarities to the chemical components
and mineral structure of the bone tissues. The calcium phos-
phate bioceramic is beneficial to biomineralization in bone
tissue regeneration. Up to now, bioceramics with different
structures, shapes and biological functions can be success-
fully printed. Studies are being conducted on the applications
of filling ceramic, cements, bearing bone substitute, compo-
nent materials, or coating on orthopedic implants. Calcium
phosphate powders (HA, β-TCP, BCP) formulated with dif-
ferent proportions can be used for printing ink configuration.
The scaffolds may be fabricated by either inkjet or DLP 3D
printing to obtain the porosity of 40–95%. The optimal pore
sizes ranging from 150 μm to 800 μm were recognized for
bone tissue growth and reconstruction. It has been proved in
our research that the 3D-printed calcium phosphate bioce-
ramic shows excellent osteoconduction and osteoinduction;
hence, it is a promising biomaterial for bone repair. Further-
more, the degradation rate of the bioceramic can be controlled
by adjusting the porous structure and the material composi-
tion, which may tailor the biodegradation rate to match the
growth rate of new bone regeneration [8]. Figure 1shows
different 3D-printed calcium phosphate bioceramics devel-
oped in our center, and some of them are successfully used
in clinic. These special biofunctional ceramics show advan-
tages in inducing bone tissue regeneration.
3D printing of metals
The ideal scaffold for bone tissue reconstruction should
resemble natural bones in both structural and mechanical
properties. Owing to its excellent mechanical properties and
biocompatibility, titanium alloy has been considered as the
best candidate for 3D printing of bone tissue implants. Selec-
tive laser melting (SLM) printer melts the selected area
of titanium powder directly to manufacture an object layer
by layer, so the object can be manufactured accurately [9,
10]. More importantly, SLM could produce highly compli-
cated implants with customized architectures for different
patients in accordance with their CT data. During model-
ing, with finite element analysis (FEA), the weakness of a
structure under pressure can be simulated so that the struc-
ture can be predesigned and optimized. In our center, SLM
technique was adopted to obtain precise porous titanium
implants with pore sizes of 400–1000 μm, exhibiting excel-
lent osseointegration performance in vivo. Novel porous
architectures, including cube structure, honeycomb struc-
ture and diamond-like structure, were designed for bionic
fabrication of load-bearing bone scaffolds. According to
studies, cortical bone exhibits elastic moduli and compressive
strengths within the ranges of 7–20 GPa and 100–250 MPa,
respectively, while in our study, the elastic modulus of the 3D-
printed scaffolds fabricated ranged from 1.19 to 5.14 GPa and
their compressive strength ranged from 36.76 to 139.97 MPa.
They conform to the requirements for biomimetic mechanics.
Studies have also been conducted on the removal of residual
metal powders, heat treatment and surface biological acti-
vation of titanium alloy. It is found that the surface of the
3D-printed scaffolds can be further modulated by surface
bioactivation to achieve favorable crystallinity and surface
morphology. Figure 2shows different 3D-printed porous tita-
nium scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.
3D printing of polymers and composites
Polymers can be easily printed and molded by various 3D
printing approaches. Complex scaffolds can be produced
according to 3D design files by decomposing an object’s
structures into a series of parallel slices. Then, the inter-
nal 3D structures are fabricated by reproducing these slices
one layer at a time by using a sized nozzle. For photocured
polymers, special photosensitive properties are required.
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique is one of the
most conventional and economical approaches; it is initially
used to rapidly fabricate polymer products with geomet-
ric shapes and dimensions [11,12]. FDM can be applied
to print many different polymers, such as PLA, PS, PEEK
and PCL. FDM technique has been adopted in fabricat-
ing polymer composites with different material components
and customized geometries. Figure 3shows different 3D-
printed polymers or polymer composites products prepared
in our previous researches. Our center fabricated PLA/HA
composites with enhanced osteogenic activity and mechan-
ical properties. By combining the comprehensive optimized
PLLA (L-polylactic acid)/nano-HA (nHA) composite with
the low-cost FDM technology, PLLA/nHA porous bone
tissue scaffold was achieved. The prepared PLLA/nHA
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434 Bio-Design and Manufacturing (2021) 4:432–439
Fig. 2 Different 3D-printed
metal biomedical products.
These 3D-printed medical-grade
titanium or its alloys (Ti6Al4V)
are fabricated into various
biomimetic implants in terms of
mechanical and structural
properties, capable of being
used in human orthopedics, such
as femoral head nails or spinal
fusion devices. (a,c,d) Femoral
head nails and its porous
structure units (b); (e)3D
printed Ti6Al4V spinal fusion
products; (f) Samples of
different microporous structure
design; (g) Different designs of
intervertebral fusion cage
composite ink can secure the smooth and accurate print-
ing required for personalized bone repair application. The
PLLA/nHA composites scaffold has better mechanical prop-
erties and is free of the brittleness of porous bioceramics.
At the same time, the scaffold has been proved with better
osteogenic biological activity. PLA/HA composite scaffolds
are more similar to natural bone tissues in terms of struc-
ture, composition and mechanical compatibility than those
made of single ceramic or polymer materials. In addition,
3D bioprinting of cell-loaded polymers is another important
research hot spot, capable of endowing the scaffold with a
better biomimetic microenvironment and realizing precise
assembly of tissue or organ cells in the spatial structure. It
has been widely used in tissue regeneration and drug screen-
ing.
Major research directions
In the interdisciplinary field of 3D bioprinting, the main
research applications/directions in our laboratory are mainly
as follows:
Bionic design and analysis of advanced regenerative
biomaterials
Tissue engineering involves the use of porous scaffolds to
repair damaged biological tissues. The design and fabri-
cation of porous scaffold still remain major challenges in
bone tissue engineering. Hierarchical porous structures in
scaffold endow tissue regeneration with different biological
functions. Progresses in computational design and additive
manufacturing (AM) have resulted in quick and accurate
Fig. 3 Different 3D-printed polymers or polymer composites products.
These polymer-based 3D-printed products have been studied for surgi-
cal models, surgical guide plates, artificial auricle stent, vascular stent,
heart valve and so on. It shows good dimensional accuracy and mechan-
ical properties
3D printing of porous scaffolds with well-controlled bionic
architectures [13]. With thorough understanding of the struc-
ture of natural bone tissues, the personalized outer shape
of the implant can be constructed according to a patient’s
personalized medical image data, such as CT and MRI.
Based on the biomimetic natural bone trabeculae, a series of
biomimetic architectures have been proposed, such as cube
structure, honeycomb structure and diamond structure. With
finite element analysis, the structures’ weak points, optimal
pore size and spatial distribution can be simulated so that the
mechanical properties of the implants can be predesigned.
Internal architectures of tissue implants can be filled with
novel 3D porosity to achieve bionic design and manufac-
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Bio-Design and Manufacturing (2021) 4:432–439 435
turing. In addition, foaming techniques are combined with
3D printing for achieving higher resolution and higher effi-
ciency of 3D printing. The potential and feasibility of these
combined 3D printing technology open door to the creation
of both macroscale porosity (100–1000 μm), 10–100 μm
and 1–10 μm micropores in bionic porous scaffolds [14].
Medical model and in vitro construction of diseased
organs
Various medical models and diseased tissues or organs have
been fabricated by our research group. They could be used
for doctor–patient communication, medical teaching, surgi-
cal planning and so on. Additionally, these models help to
promote the design and preparation of customized prosthe-
sis. Since the medical models do not need to have excellent
biocompatibility as long as they can show personalized size
characteristics, conventional printing technologies can be
adopted, such as FDM and digital light procession (DLP).
Models of bones, ears, tumor tissues, heart, blood vessels,
etc., of specific patients can be well constructed in vitro.
Light curing resin is a good choice to print material in this
area (Fig. 4).
Load-bearing bone tissue regeneration implants
The repair of load-bearing bones and large defect bones is
still a challenge in orthopedics clinic. At present, 3D print-
ing technologies have been well tried [15,16]. For example,
clinical attempts have been made on the long spine, ver-
tebral body, and femur substitutes. For these applications,
biomechanical strength design, osseointegration with host
bone tissue and the ability to reconstruct new bones are
important issues need to be concerned. Studies have been
conducted on 3D printing of metal-based implants loaded
with active ingredients to promote bone integration, show-
ing a good osseointegration effect in vivo. And it is expected
to be used in spinal fusion cage.
Craniomaxillofacial biodegradable osteoinduction
implants
Due to the diverse appearances of people, there are very
highly personalized requirements for craniomaxillofacial
bone tissue repair and reconstruction. 3D printing is a good
choice for this kind of application. In our laboratory, person-
alized modeling has been studied based on patients’ medical
image data and fabrication of customized implants using
biodegradable CaP bioceramics. With 3D printing of degrad-
able calcium phosphate ceramics, the new bone tissue can be
induced and the maxillofacial morphology can be well recon-
structed, with the biological functions well repaired.
Custom-made implants with specific biological
functions
With 3D printing, customized products can be flexibly com-
posited and fabricated. By assembly of different components,
or filling implants loaded with drugs, custom-made implants
with specific biological functions can be fabricated. For
example, adding bioactive ingredients into printing inks,
or adsorbing drugs for controlled release has been tried to
achieve various biological functions, like promotion of vas-
cularization, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory functions
[17,18].
In vitro biofabrication of live tissue engineering
chips, organs and tissues
Biofabrication is considered as a cutting-edge research in
the emerging field of manufacture and biological systems.
This research involves biomaterials, living cells, proteins
and/or other biological compounds. They are used as basic
building blocks for the fabrication of biomimetic structures,
in vitro functional biological models and/or cellular systems
applied to tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, disease
pathogenesis, drug screening and tissue/organ chips. Biofab-
rication has great potential in drug screening, artificial organ
construction and so on. This cutting-edge research is under
way in our laboratories.
Facilities
Biofabrication (3D Bioprinting) Research Laboratory is affil-
iated to National Engineering Research Center for Biomed-
ical Materials (NERB), Sichuan University. NERB is a
professional biomedical materials research and development
institution, which was founded by Ministry of Science and
Technology of China in 2000 as the first open national
biomedical materials research and development institution.
It integrates academic research, industry and production
of biomaterials or biomedical devices. The internationally
reputed NERB processes first-class engineering research
conditions and the innovation ability. The center was the
first company in China to research and develop hydroxyap-
atite (HA) ceramics and related synthetic bone grafts/dental
implants, and several biomedical products have been issued
by National Medical Products Administration, NMPA (it was
formerly known as the CFDA), with Registration Certificates
for Medical Devices. More than 20,000 implants were suc-
cessfully applied to patients. At present, we are promoting
the customization of personalized medical products based
on 3D printing technology. Biofabrication (3D Bioprint-
ing) Research Laboratory has different types of laboratories
for varied types of material printing, such as polymer 3D
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436 Bio-Design and Manufacturing (2021) 4:432–439
Fig. 4 Bionic design and
analysis of advanced
regenerative biomaterials.
(a) Design of mandibular
prosthesis assembly model (top)
and products (below); (b)Pelvic
bone repair products; (c,f,g,
i) Biomimetic modeling, design
and mechanical strength
simulation process of spinal
fusion cage products, which
enable the realization of
pre-design analysis and surgical
assembly; (d,e) Spinal
microenvironment and
mechanical simulation; (h)3D
printed spinal fusion cage
Fig. 5 Laboratories and research
infrastructure of Sichuan
University Biofabrication
Research Laboratory.
(a) Polymer 3D bioprinting
room; (b) Ceramic 3D printing
room; (c) Metel 3D printing
room; (d) In vitro cell culture
room; (e) 3D biofabrication lab
bioprinting laboratory, ceramic 3D printing laboratory and
metal 3D printing laboratory (Fig. 5). These laboratories are
equipped with different printing facilities to meet the needs
of design and fabrication of different biomaterials. The 3D
printer facilities include polymer material extruder, fused
deposition modeling (FDM) printers, direct extrusion 3D
printer, cardiovascular 3D printer, low-temperature deposi-
tion printer, SLM metal 3D printer, bioceramics 3D printers,
cell 3D bioprinter, photocuring 3D printer, etc. (Figure 6).
These professional laboratories and research infrastructure
meet the requirements for the materials’ preparation, char-
acterization, biological testing and evaluation, including
in vitro cell experiments and in vivo animal experiments
(Fig. 7).
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Bio-Design and Manufacturing (2021) 4:432–439 437
Fig. 6 Research infrastructure and 3D printers in Biofabrication
Research Laboratory at Sichuan University. The 3D printing devices
include: (a) polymer material extruder; (b) direct extrusion 3D printer,
Regenovo; (c) fused deposition modeling, FDM printers; (d) cardiovas-
cular 3D printer: EnvisionTEC; (e) low-temperature deposition printer:
SunP Biotech; (f) SLM metal 3D printer: Concept Laser; (g)3Dprinter
for bioceramics: ADMATEC; (h) cell 3D bioprinter: SunP Biomaker;
(i) photocuring 3D printer; (j) DLP ceramics printer
Fig. 7 Laboratories and research
infrastructure of Sichuan
University Biofabrication
Research Laboratory. The
images in top row (a–c)arethe
in vitro cell culturing
laboratories, and the bottom row
images (d–g) are the animal
experimental facilities
Fig. 8 (a) Group photographs of
professor Xingdong Zhang,
Academician of Chinese
Academy of Engineering, and
academic leader in our research
center. (b) Group photographs
of some PI professors and
students participated in the 3D
printing research
Combining the latest technologies in the field of 3D
printing and clinical medical needs, the Biofabrication (3D
Bioprinting) Research Laboratory is committed to improv-
ing patients’ personalized medical plans and providing better
health services. Figure 8shows the recent group photographs
of our research team, including some PI professors and stu-
dents participating in the 3D printing researches.
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438 Bio-Design and Manufacturing (2021) 4:432–439
Our research work/projects have been sponsored by the
National Key Research and Development Program of China,
National Natural Science Foundation of China, Sichuan
Province Science & Technology Department Projects and
H2020-MSCA-RISE of European Union. To this date, the
center has published over 50 original research papers and
applied for over 30 patents in the area of 3D printing or
biofabrication of various novel biomaterials or biomedical
devices. Some authorized patents have been successfully
transformed into clinical production. Five patents belonging
to Changchun Zhou and Yujiang Fan et al. were evaluated by
a third evaluation party and priced at 16.9 million CNY. They
jointly established Chengdu Bainian Beiya Medical Technol-
ogy Co. Ltd. to promote personalized medical services for
patients and better realize the transformation and application
of 3D-printed orthopedic medical devices.
Collaborations
The center has undertaken a series of national research
projects and enjoys extensive cooperation and exchanges
with many domestic and overseas universities and research
institutions in this field, including Tsinghua University,
Zhejiang University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, South
China University of Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong Univer-
sity, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Bei-
hang University, Donghua University, Shanghai Institute of
Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen insti-
tutes of advanced technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
the European Society for Biomaterials, National Research
Council, Italy, etc. Meanwhile, we maintain close coop-
eration with more than 20 domestic first-class hospitals,
such as West China Hospital of Sichuan University, West
China Hospital of Stomatology Sichuan University, and
Southwest Hospital. We are collaborating in doing scien-
tific researches or biomedical products clinical trials. Due
to its good international influence and reputation, the Center
has been designated as the Innovation International Talents
Base (111 Base) by the Ministry of Education and the State
Administration of Foreign Experts of China. More than 10
universities and research institutions worldwide in the field
of biomaterials and 3D printing keep extensive international
collaborations and exchanges with our center.
Perspectives
The Biofabrication (3D Bioprinting) Research Laboratory
seeks to become a leading research center for medical scien-
tific researches and technology innovation. We are dedicated
to turning the center into a place well known for its merits
in scientific researches, engineering and medical excellence.
And we are working to create customized biomedical prod-
ucts benefiting the living generations and the generations
to come. As mentioned previously, our efforts are highly
directed toward researches on orthopedic repair biomaterials,
and plastic and cosmetic products. We are eager for further
innovation and development in this field.
Author contributions CZ and KW contributed to methodology, investi-
gation. YS, QW helped in writing and review. QJ, JL and XZ contributed
to conceptualization and funding acquisition. XP, BZ contributed to
original draft writing. YF contributed to supervision.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts to declare.
Ethical approval The animal experiments were approved by the Animal
Care and Use Committee of Sichuan University. All applicable interna-
tional, national, and/or institutional guidelines for the care and use of
animals were followed.
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