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ESTIMATION OF ANNUAL RUNOFF AND PEAK FLOW AT NAZANIN CATCHMENT IN ERBIL, KURDISTAN REGION USING DIFFERENT APPROACHES
Abstract
Runoff is excess rainfall or a portion of rainfall that flows over the watershed. In un-gauged streams, due to lack of data, many methods are used for runoff estimation. In this paper annual runoff and peak flow of Nazanin watershed were estimated at Nazanin Dam location using different methods. Soil Conservation Service (SCS) method, basin relation, (Hydrologic Engineering Center – Hydrologic Modeling System) HEC-HMS and Hydrologic engineering center (HEC-1) models were provided. The Watershed Modeling System (WMS) package was used for watershed delineation and computation of curve number. The area of Nazanin catchment is 72.14 km2, and the composite curve number is 81.3. The results of average annual rainfall estimated using the basin relationship method are more than that obtained from SCS method. The results of peak flood discharge for different return periods using different approaches such as SCS method, HEC-HMS and HEC-1 models are very close. But the results of basin relation are lower than SCS method. From the results of comparison, it was observed that HEC-HMS and HEC-1 models can be used for generation flood hydrograph at ungagged watershed.
... It was also observed that maximum rainfall was recorded to be 993.23 mm and 639.45 mm. Moreover, SCS method was used to determine peak discharge hydrograph based on stated guidelines (Aziz et al., 2020). The value was found to be 84.97 cubic meters per second (m³/s) over 2 years with a maximum rainfall of 639.45 mm, while 264.84 m³/s was anticipated to recur or occur in a 100-year timeframe which was approximately 300% increase, as presented in Table 3. ...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Peak flow in watershed is important in designing and controlling soil erosion, as well as assessing the potential water yield. It also serves as a basis for assessing and managing the risk of environmental damage. However, there is no accurate information on peak flow to ensure sustainable management and conservation of Wuno Sub-Watershed in Palu Watershed which serves as a buffer for the capital of Central Sulawesi Province. Therefore, this study aimed to assess and determine the potential runoff and peak flows in watershed using soil conservation service-curve number. METHODS: Soil conservation service-curve number method was calculated to analyze rainfall from runoff as a function of cumulative rainfall, land use, soil type, and humidity. This method was developed by the United States Soil Conservation Service in 1972 and applied in this study with due consideration for several variables, including (a) land use classification and intensity for settlements, rice fields, plantations, rivers, etc., (b) basic physical conditions of the area such as rainfall and hydrology, as well as (c) classes of soil hydrology significantly influencing carbon-nitrogen value. FINDINGS: The result showed that carbón-nitrogen values for all types of land use or cover were in normal conditions from 5 to 25 years. Moreover, carbón-nitro�en range was observed to have significantly large quantitative consequences on direct runoff. The trend showed the need for precision and effectiveness in planning watershed management and conservation. Soil conservation service also had a positive influence on land use, specifically runoff, as observed in carbón-nitrogen values for return periods of 2, 5, 25, and 100 years. However, several other factors were identified to influence land use such as land cover and soil texture. CONCLUSION: Soil Conservation Service presented an analysis of how land use affected runoff, specifically with a focus on carbon-nitrogen values. Land use was not only affected by carbon-nitrogen values but other factors such as land cover and geomorphometric properties. The trend showed the need for a more comprehensive exploration of soil conservation service-curve number method in accurately predicting runoff patterns in sub-watershed areas to ensure effective and sustainable management and conservation practices.
... HEC-HMS is a straightforward model that relates rainfall to runoff processes, and it has broad applications for solving various hydrological problems related to floods across large geographic areas (Natarajan and Radhakrishnan, 2019). It has been successfully applied in many contrasting climates and has proven its suitability and efficiency (Aqnouy et al., 2018;Aziz et al., 2020;Chathuranika et al., 2022;Guta, 2021;Jin et al., 2015;Sampath et al., 2015). Moreover, many studies have carried out hydrological modelling in Morocco using HEC-HMS for different purposes: Bouabid and Elalaoui, (2010) performed monthly hydrological modelling on the Ouergha Basin using the IHACRES and HEC-HMS models; Daide et al. (2021) simulated the surface runoff of the Beht Basin using six extreme daily events; Khaddor et al. (2016) established hydrological model for Kalaya watersheds located southeast of Tangier city in order to simulate rainfall-runoff and to predict peak discharge for different return periods. ...
The objective of this study is the elaboration of a rainfall-runoff model capable of predicting future floods resulting from extreme rainfall events in a rugged Moroccan Mediterranean basin with marly lands. The integration of the deterministic hydrological modelling system, Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modelling System, with a Geographic Information System was employed to construct the hydrological model. The calibration and validation of the model were performed using gridded daily occurrences from the period of 2003 to 2010. The model’s performance was assessed using various statistical indices, including R-squared, root-mean-square error, percent bias, and Nash-Sutcliffe performance parameter. The results indicated a good agreement between observed and simulated flow, with an average R-squared of 0.81. The model exhibited low residual flow variation, averaging at 0.51, and achieved favorable Nash-Sutcliffe performance values, with an average of 0.69. However, in extreme events that include multiple flood hydrographs, the model tends to underestimate the initial one. Despite this limitation, the overall performance of the model was considered good for 50% of the statistical indices and excellent for an additional 25% of them. However, 25% of the indices indicated unsatisfactory performance. Future research could focus on improving the model’s accuracy by investigating indicators for predicting unscheduled releases from upstream dams, which could contribute to potential variations in observed flow. Also, it’s important to implement a reservoir control policy that optimizes storage capacity and effectively mitigates floods.
... In terms of qualitative and quantitative assessment and frequency, it is receiving wide and great attention because of its great impact on its environment. Runoff was also calculated by other methods and models, e.g., Aziz et al. (2020) use HEC-HMS, SCS, and HEC-1 as runoff calculation methods in Nazanin basin. Also, the NRCS and GIS methods were used by (Heedan et al., 2017) to calculate its volume in the Koya catchments. ...
Received: 1 June 2022 In arid and semi-arid regions, with unexpected periods of floods or droughts as a result of extreme variability in rainfall rates, runoff occurs in separate periods after clear occasional rainstorms. People living in these areas are greatly affected by water shortages during droughts and often have unsafe livelihoods. Wadi Al-Mohammadi is one of the main valleys in the Western Desert flows into the Euphrates River. It is considered an important area, due to many characteristics, including its relatively large area, the amount of water drained through, and has significant storage of groundwater, which is used mainly in agriculture and watering livestock, in addition to industrial purposes such as the production of washed sand, gravel that scattered on both sides of the valley. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model is proven to be effective as a working platform in the hydrological cycle and to clarify its components and factors affecting the hydrological situation in a region. By applying the SWAT model using the required data set (LULC, slope, and soil types), Wadi Al-Mohammadi is subdivided into 199 HRU (hydrologic response units). The annual average flow discharge was 0.138 m3/s with an average annual water volume about 4.366 Mm 3 , while the average annual water volume is calculated from runoff which was of about 4.651 Mm 3. There is a difference in the average annual volume of water calculated from surface runoff and discharge, due to a little slope, and not all the surface runoff water reaches the mainstream, or it ends in secondary valleys or collecting in pits, and there for the discharge is less than the surface runoff. Peak runoff is observed in Wadi Al-Mohammadi basin mostly during the winter season,
Optimal management of natural water resources is a crucial strategy for mitigating the negative effects of climate extremes by ensuring sufficient water availability. A thorough assessment of hydrological system components is essential in watershed studies. In this context, the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model, integrated with ArcGIS, was applied to evaluate the overall hydrological conditions, with a focus on surface runoff in the ‘KatePurna’ catchment, a tributary of the ‘Purna’ River in the ‘Tapi’ Basin, India. KatePurna catchment has an area of 1130 square kilometers with a length of 108 km to meeting Point of Purna River. The data set for SWAT model running were Digital Elevation Model (DEM), slope map, soil map, LandUse LandCover (LULC) map, and climatic data in the form of precipitation, minimum/ maximum air temperature. The ArcSWAT model simulation performed for estimation of Rainfall-runoff in 2 scenarios, 1. by considering the sub-basins derived from default threshold value and 2. by increasing threshold value so as to decrease number of sub-basins. Scenario-1 derived 23 sub-basins and model simulation results obtained a runoff depth of 266.63 mm. The scenario-2 derived 11 sub-basins and resulted runoff depth was 268.43 mm. The variation of runoff depth between two scenarios less than 1%. The SWAT model simulation results, when examined, reveal an interesting pattern like catchments with fewer sub-basins exhibited a higher runoff depth of 268.43 mm, whereas those with a greater number of sub-basins displayed a lower runoff depth of 266.63 mm. The model could not be calibrated due to a lack of sufficient data required for the calibration process. Despite this, the SWAT model's results related to the water balance elements in the watershed demonstrate its effectiveness as a tool for hydrological assessments, particularly in situations where data is limited or unavailable for various reasons.
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