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SPOR BİLİMLERİNDE MULTİDİSİPLİNER ARAŞTIRMALAR MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH IN SPORTS SCIENCE
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Amaç: Araştırmamızda, tenis hakemlerinin karar vermede öz saygı ve karar verme stilleri ile empatik eğilim düzeylerinin karşılaştırmalı olarak ve bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem:Araştırmamızın evrenini Türkiye Tenis Federasyonunun 2014-2015 faaliyet programında Federasyona bağlı çeşitli hakem kategorilerinde çalışan toplam 305 faal tenis hakemi oluşturmuştur. Tenis hakemlerinin demografik bilgileri araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanan 10 soruluk "Kişisel Bilgi Formu" ile, karar verme stilleri Mann ve ark. (1998) tarafından geliştirilen ve Deniz (2004) tarafından Türkçeye çevrilen "Melbourne Karar Verme Ölçeği" ile; empatik eğilim düzeyleri ise Dökmen (1988) tarafından geliştirilen "Empatik Eğilim Ölçeği" kullanılarak tespit edilmiştir. Veriler istatistik paket programı ile değerlendirilmiş ve anlamlılık düzeyi p<0,01 ve p<00,5 olarak alınmıştır. Bulgular: Tenis hakemlerinin, karar vermede öz saygıları ile cinsiyet ve medeni durum değişkenleri arasında; karar verme stili alt boyutları ile eğitim durumu, medeni durum, hakemlik kategorileri ve görev alınan turnuva çeşidi arasında; empatik eğilimleri ile de medeni durumu, tenis oynayıp oynamama durumları ve görev aldıkları turnuva çeşidi arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılıklar olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçlar: Tenis hakemlerinin karar vermede öz saygı düzeyleri ve dikkatli karar verme stilleri diğer karar verme stillerine göre daha yüksek düzeydedir. Empatik eğilim düzeyleri ile karar vermede öz saygı düzeyleri arasında çok yüksek düzeyde, pozitif yönlü ilişki varken; empatik eğilim düzeyleri ile karar verme stili alt boyutlarından dikkatli karar verme stilleri arasında yüksek düzeyde, pozitif yönlü ilişki olduğu saptanmıştır.
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the accumulation of lipids, smooth muscle cell proliferation, cell apoptosis, necrosis, fibrosis, and local inflammation. Immune and inflammatory responses have significant effects on every phase of atherosclerosis, and increasing evidence shows that immunity plays a more important role in atherosclerosis by tightly regulating its progression. Therefore, understanding the relationship between immune responses and the atherosclerotic microenvironment is extremely important. This article reviews existing knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of immune responses in the atherosclerotic microenvironment, and the immune mechanisms involved in atherosclerosis formation and activation.
ÖZET Bu araştırmanın amacı; beden eğitimi öğretmenlerinin sınıf yönetimi davranışlarının tespit edilmesidir. Karşılaştırmalı ilişkisel tarama modelinde gerçekleşen araştırmaya 2007-2008 eğitim-öğretim yılında; Kırşehir, Aksaray, Konya, Kayseri ve Yozgat illerinde görev yapan 280 beden eğitimi öğretmeni katılmış, 262 beden eğitimi öğretmeninin cevapları değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Araştırmanın verileri, " Beden Eğitimi Öğretmenleri Sınıf Yönetimi Davranışları Ölçeği " ile toplanmıştır. Araştırmada, beden eğitimi öğretmenlerinin sınıf yönetimi davranışlarının olumlu düzeyde olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca, beden eğitimi öğretmenlerinin cinsiyet değişkeni açısından sınıf yönetimi davranışlarında anlamlı bir farklılığa rastlanırken, hizmet içi eğitim alma ve çalıştıkları okul düzeyi arasında anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmamıştır. Bunun yanında beden eğitimi öğretmenlerinin mesleki kıdem ve sınıf yönetimi davranışları arasında da anlamlı bir ilişkiye rastlanmamıştır. Anahtar kelimeler: Beden eğitimi, beden eğitimi öğretmeni, sınıf yönetimi, sınıf yönetimi davranışı. CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT BEHAVIORS OF THE PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHERS Abstract The purpose of this study is to assign classroom management behaviors of the physical education teachers. The research has been carried out by comparative correlational survey model, 280 physical education teachers have attended who teach in Kırşehir, Aksaray, Konya, Kayseri and Yozgat provinces in 2007-2008 academic year. Feedbacks of 262 physical education teachers have been evaluated. The data of the research have been collected with " Physical Education Teachers Classroom Management Behaviors Scale ". In the study, physical education teachers' classroom management behaviors; it has been observed that the physical education teachers have positive classroom management behaviors. In the study, while a significant difference in the term of sexuality has been observed on physical education teachers' classroom management behaviors; it has not been observed any significant differences, attending in-service training and levels of school they teach in. Besides, no relation between physical education teachers' professional experience and their behaviors on classroom management has been observed.
ZET Bu araştırmada; Türkiye'de güreş ile seçilmiş diğer 14 spor branşının popülariteleri sosyolojik açıdan karşılaştırılmıştır. Geliştirilen anket her ilde 180 olmak üzere toplamda 2520 kişiye uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada anketlere cevap verenlerin bölge, eğitim ve gelir düzeyine göre dağılımları eşitlenmiştir. İstatistiksel analizlerde Ki-kare testi kullanıldı. Popüler görülme tercihlerinde; futbol %71.1'lik yüzdeyle ilk sırayı alırken, %10.0 basketbol, %6.0 voleybol ve %5.4 ile güreş bu sıralamayı takip etmektedir. Popüler görülmeyen tercihlerde; %13.8 ile bisiklet ilk sırayı alırken, %13.5 boks ve %13.3 binicilik onu izlemektedir. Yakınlarının üst seviyede bir sporcu olmalarını isteyenlerin tercihlerinde; birinci sırayı %59.0 ile futbol alırken, bunu %13.0 ile basketbol, %7.4 ile güreş, %7.2 ile kort tenisi ve %5.2 ile voleybol takip etmektedir. Araştırmaya katılanların basın yayında birinci sırada daha fazla izlemek istedikleri spor branşı tercihlerinde %21.0'ını Basketbol birinci, %14.3 güreş ikinci ve %12.2 ile futbol üçüncü sıradadır. Popüler görülen ve görülmeyen spor branşı tercih sıralamalarında p<0.01 oranında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmaktadır. Aile büyüklerinden güreş ile uğraşanların oranı % 6 olmasına karşılık uğraşmayanlar %94'tür. Güreşi orta derecede ve üzerinde çok sevenlerin oranı %80.6 iken, sevmeyen ve hoşlanmayanların oranı %19.4 bulunmuştur. Mağlubiyeti kabullenmedikleri branş sıralamasında %56.1 ve ulusunu diğer uluslardan önde görmede yine güreş %53.8 ile ilk sırada bulunmaktadır. Sonuç olarak; en popüler görülen futbolun medyadaki mevcut yayınlandığından daha az, özellikle güreş ve basketbolun yayınlandığından daha fazla izlenilmek istendiği görülmüştür. Ayrıca futbol ve güreşin aynı sosyal kesimlere hitap ettiği, medya ve maddi beklenti açısından futbolun öne çıktığı, güreşin Türk halkı için birçok sosyal fonksiyonları yerine getirdiği, spordan da öte bir mana ifade ettiği görülmüş, sosyal değerler ve hatta sosyal norm gibi algılandığı anlaşılmıştır.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this research is to determine the views of football spectators' about aggressive attitudes, to bring forward proposals in order to prevent aggressive and violent events in sports. Football spectators in both the center and districts of Eskişehir make up the population of the research and the spectators chosen randomly among the ones who come to watch the competitions of the Amateur Football League of Eskişehir compose the sample of the research.
In this study survey method was used. The results of the research were gathered with the help of a survey consisting of 21 items. In the first section of the survey, questions about personal findings (10 items), in the second section questions about aggressive attitudes of the ones in the working team (5 items) and in the third section questions prepared in the form of three point likert scale concerning the reasons of aggressive attitudes and the solution suggestions (6 items) were asked to the sportsmen, and the results were analysed by using frequency (f), percent values (%), cross- tabulation and chi squared test. According to the results of the research; the reasons for going the competitons are to watch and support their team, the basic elements of provocation are the bad play of the team, the rival spectators and the attitude of referee, criticisms in the programmes on press provide the increase of aggressive events on spectators, the unawareness of the majortiy of spectators about laws in force concerning the prevention of aggressiveness and violence in sports, the news on sports press doesn't include these laws. In addition, the spectators 1who take part in aggressive events also get involved in swearing and verbal attacks uttermost and throwing things on to the field of play.
Keywords: Sports, Football, Aggression, Spectator.
ÖZ
Bu araştırmanın amacı; futbol seyircilerinin saldırganlık davranışları hakkındaki görüşlerini belirlemek, sporda saldırganlık ve şiddet olaylarının önlenmesine yönelik öneriler getirmektir. Araştırmanın evrenini, Eskişehir il merkezi ve ilçelerinde bulunan futbol seyircileri, örneklemini ise Eskişehir Amatör Futbol Ligi müsabakalarını izlemeye gelen seyirciler arasından rasgele seçilen futbol seyircileri oluşturmaktadır.
Çalışmada tarama yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma verileri 21 maddeden oluşan bir anket yardımı ile toplanmıştır. Sporculara anketin birinci bölümünde kişisel bulgular ile ilgili 10 madde, ikinci bölümünde saldırganlık davranışları ile ilgili 5 madde ve üçüncü bölümde ise saldırganlık davranışlarının sebepleri ve çözüm önerileri ile ilgili üçlü likert halinde hazırlanan 6 maddelik sorular yönlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler frekans (f), yüzde değerleri (%), cross-tabulation ve ki-kare testleri kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre; seyircilerin spor müsabakalarına gitme sebeplerinin çoğunlukla takımını izleyip destek verme ve ilgilerinden kaynaklandığı, spor müsabakalarında tahrik eden unsurların başında takımın kötü oynaması, rakip seyirci ve hakem davranışları olduğu, medyada sunulan programlardaki eleştirilerin seyirciler üzerinde saldırganlık olaylarının artmasını sağladığı, seyircilerin büyük çoğunluğunun sporda saldırganlık ve şiddet olaylarını önlemeye yönelik yürürlükteki bulunan yasaları bilmediği, spor medyasının sporda saldırganlık ve şiddeti önlemeye yönelik yasalarla ilgili haberlere yer vermediği gibi sonuçlar ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca saldırganlık olaylarına katılan seyircilerin spor müsabakalarında en fazla oranla küfür ve sözlü saldırı olaylarına daha sonrada saha içine yabancı madde atma olaylarına katılmakta oldukları görülmüştür.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Spor, Futbol, Saldırganlık, Seyirci.
Physical exercise is one of the most effective methods to help prevent cardiovascular (CV) disease and to promote CV health. Aerobic and anaerobic exercises are two types of exercise that differ based on the intensity, interval and types of muscle fibers incorporated. In this article, we aim to further elaborate on these two categories of physical exercise and to help decipher which provides the most effective means of promoting CV health.
Background:
The assumption that small changes in hydration status are readily compensated by homeostatic mechanisms has been little studied. In this study, the influence of hypohydration on cognition was examined.
Objectives:
We assessed whether a loss of <1% of body mass due to hypohydration adversely influenced cognition, and examined the possible underlying mechanisms.
Design:
A total of 101 individuals were subjected to a temperature of 30°C for 4 h and randomly either did or did not consume 300 mL H2O during that period. Changes in body mass, urine osmolality, body temperature, and thirst were monitored. Episodic memory, focused attention, mood, and the perceived difficulty of tasks were measured on 3 occasions. The data were analyzed with the use of a regression-based approach whereby we looked for variables that mediated the influence of hypohydration on psychological functioning.
Results:
Drinking water improved memory and focused attention. In the short-term, thirst was associated with poorer memory. Later, a greater loss of body mass was associated with poorer memory and attention (mean loss: 0.72%). At 90 min, an increase in thirst was associated with a decline in subjective energy and increased anxiety and depression, effects that were reduced by drinking water. At 180 min, subjects found the tests easier if they had consumed water.
Conclusions:
Drinking water was shown, for the first time to our knowledge, to benefit cognitive functioning when there was a loss of <1% body mass at levels that may occur during everyday living. Establishing the variables that generate optimal fluid consumption will help to tailor individual advice, particularly in clinical situations. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02671149.
Background:
Police officers are often required to undertake physically demanding tasks, like lifting, dragging and pursuing a suspect. Therefore, physical performance is a key requirement.
Methods:
Retrospective data for 76 male police officers (mean age = 39.42 ± 8.41 years; mean weight = 84.21 ± 12.91 kg) was obtained. Data included anthropometric (skinfolds, estimated percentage body fat, lean body mass and fat mass) and physical performance (1 Repetition Maximum Bench Press, 1-min sit-ups, 1-min push-ups, vertical jump, 300 m run, 1.5 mile run) measures and correlations between anthropometric measurement and fitness score were obtained.
Results:
Estimated percentage body fat was significantly (p ≤ .001) and negatively correlated with all performance measures, except sit-ups and 300 m and 1.5 mile run performance. Estimated lean body mass was significantly and positively (p ≤ .001) correlated with push-ups, bench press and vertical jump measures, while increasing estimated fat mass was significantly (p ≤ .001) associated with reduced performance on sit-up, vertical jump, 1.5 mile run and estimated maximal voluntary oxygen uptake.
Conclusions:
A targeted approach, going beyond just decreasing percentage body fat to also selectively increasing lean mass, should be applied for optimal improvement in physical fitness performance.
Hippotherapy is a form of physical, occupational and speech therapy in which a therapist uses the characteristic movements of a horse to provide carefully graded motor and sensory input. A foundation is established to improve neurological function and sensory processing, which can be generalized to a wide range of daily activities. Unlike therapeutic horseback riding (where specific riding skills are taught), the movement of the horse is a means to a treatment goal when utilizing hippotherapy as a treatment strategy. Hippotherapy has been used to treat patients with neurological or other disabilities, such as autism, cerebral palsy, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, head injury, stroke, spinal cord injury, behavioral disorders and psychiatric disorders. The effectiveness of hippotherapy for many of these indications is unclear, and more research has been needed. Here, we purpose to give information about hippotherapy which is not known adequately by many clinicians and health workers.
The notion of atherosclerosis as a chronic inflammatory disease has intensified research on the role of cytokines and the way these molecules act and interact to initiate and sustain inflammation in the microenvironment of an atherosclerotic plaque. Cytokines are expressed by all types of cells involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, act on a variety of targets exerting multiple effects, and are largely responsible for the crosstalk among endothelial, smooth muscle cells, leucocytes, and other vascular residing cells. It is now understood that widely used drugs such as statins, aspirin, methotrexate, and colchicine act in an immunomodulatory way that may beneficially affect atherogenesis and/or cardiovascular disease progression. Moreover, advancement in pharmaceutical design has enabled the production of highly specific antibodies against key molecules involved in the perpetuation of the inflammatory cascade, raising hope for advances in the treatment of atherosclerosis. This review describes the actions and effects of these agents, their potential clinical significance, and future prospects.
Eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, can have devastating effects on both the health and performance of athletes. Compared to non-athletes, both female and male athletes are at higher risk of developing an eating disorder. This is especially true for athletes participating in sports where low body weight or leanness confers a competitive advantage. Screening for disordered eating behaviours, eating disorders and for related health consequences should be a standard component of preparticipation examinations, and team physicians should be knowledgeable of the updated diagnostic criteria for eating disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-V. Athletes with eating disorders should undergo thorough evaluation and treatment by an experienced multidisciplinary team. Team physicians play a critical role in decision-making on clearance for participation and return to play. Using evidence-based guidelines for clearance and return to play encourages transparency and accountability between the sports medicine care team and the athlete. Efforts to prevent eating disorders should be aimed at athletes, coaches, parents and athletic administrators, and focused on expanding knowledge of healthy nutrition in support of sport performance and health.
This paper offers a critical feminist review of how the notion of physicality has been used within the sport sociology literature. Despite the lack of conceptual rigor associated with the term, and the tendency for physicality to be associated with men's sporting experiences, a discussion ensues regarding not only its viability as a concept when examining the physically active experiences of women, but also its importance vis-à-vis sport feminist research. A reconceptualization of physicality is called for, and it is argued that our conceptual usage of it must be situationally specific. Drawing on research in progress, the author sets out one particular way in which a concept of physicality, grounded in the physically active, bodily experiences of women, can be developed.
The authors wish to correct an error that appeared in the text. The corrected paragraph appears below. However, it is critically important to recognize that the CRP response is nonspecific and is triggered by many disorders unrelated to cardiovascular disease (Table 2). In using CRP for assessment of cardiovascular risk, it is therefore essential to clearly establish true base-line CRP values that are not distorted by either trivial or serious intercurrent pathologies. If the initial CRP result is in the low-risk range, less than 1 mg/l, a single measurement is sufficient, but if it is in the higher risk range, greater than about 2.5 mg/l, two or more serial samples taken at intervals of 1 week or more should be retest-ed until a stable base-line value is seen. If the CRP value persistently remains above 10 mg/l, indicating the presence of a significant acute-phase response, a full history and physical examination of the patient is indicated, ideally together with relevant investigations, to determine the cause and alleviate it if possible. Interestingly, chronic inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and hemodialysis for end-stage renal failure, that are characterized by persistently elevated CRP concentrations in some individuals, are associated with premature cardiovascular disease.
The prevalence of obesity in pediatric population is increasing at an accelerated rate in many countries, and has become a major public health concern. Physical activity, particularly exercise training, remains to be a cornerstone of pediatric obesity interventions. The purpose of our current randomized intervention trial was to compare the effects of two types of training matched for training volume, aerobic and concurrent, on body composition and metabolic profile in obese adolescents. Thus the aim of the study was compare the effects of two types of training matched for training volume, aerobic and concurrent, on body composition and metabolic profile in obese adolescents.
32 obese adolescents participated in two randomized training groups, concurrent or aerobic, for 20 weeks (50 mins x 3 per week, supervised), and were compared to a 16-subject control group. We measured the percentage body fat (%BF, primary outcome), fat-free mass, percentage of android fat by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and others metabolic profiles at baseline and after interventions, and compared them between groups using the Intent-to-treat design.
In 20 weeks, both exercise training groups significantly reduced %BF by 2.9-3.6 % as compare to no change in the control group (p = 0.042). There were also positive changes in lipid levels in exercise groups. No noticeable changes were found between aerobic and concurrent training groups.
The benefits of exercise in reducing body fat and metabolic risk profiles can be achieved by performing either type of training in obese adolescents.
Trial registration
Registration number: RBR-4HN597.
Participation in sports offers many health benefits to athletes of both sexes. However, subsets of both female and male athletes are at increased risk of impaired bone health and bone stress injuries. The Female Athlete Triad (Triad) is defined as the interrelationship of low energy availability (with or without disordered eating), menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density. The Triad may result in health consequences, including bone stress injuries. Our review presents evidence that an analogous process may occur in male athletes. Our review of the available literature indicates that a subset of male athletes may experience adverse health issues that parallel those associated with the Triad, including low energy availability (with or without disordered eating), hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and low bone mineral density. Consequently, male athletes may be predisposed to developing bone stress injuries, and these injuries can be the first presenting feature of associated Triad conditions. We discuss the evidence for impaired nutrition, hormonal dysfunction, and low bone mineral density in a subset of male athletes, and how these health issues may parallel those of the Triad. With further research into the mechanisms and outcomes of these health concerns in active and athletic men, evidence-based guidelines can be developed that result in best practice.
Although it has been suggested that many in the general population are dehydrated to the extent that mood and cognition are disrupted, there has been little research investigating mild levels of dehydration. When dehydration reduces body mass by more than 2%, it has been consistently reported that mood is influenced, fatigue is greater, and alertness is lower. In contrast, the effects on cognition have been less consistent. Only a few studies have looked at females and these studies made little attempt to consider hormones that influence kidney functioning. In particular, there has been virtually no attempt to look at changes in hydration status in the range that occurs in individuals with a sedentary lifestyle in a temperate climate. There is a consequent need to study individuals who have lost up to 1% of body mass due to dehydration. While 4 intervention trials have found that the cognition of children improved in response to water consumption, the effects of water consumption on cognition in older adults, another high-risk group, have been largely ignored.
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The aim of this study was to assess the short-term effects of maximal strength training (MST) as an accessory to grappling training on strength performance in competitive Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) athletes. Fourteen male BJJ athletes underwent measurements of 1 repetition maximum (1RM) in the squat and bench press, rate of force development (RFD) and peak force (PF) in the squat jump, countermovement jump (CMJ) height, and muscular endurance in pull-ups, sit-ups, and push-ups. After baseline measurements, subjects were randomly allocated to either an MST group or control group (CON). The MST intervention consisted of 4 × 4 repetitions at ≥ 85% of 1RM in the squat and bench press, and 4 sets of pull-ups to failure, performed 3× per week. Both groups were instructed to maintain their BJJ training and avoid additional strength training. Maximal strength training improved 1RM in the squat and bench press by 15 ± 9% (p = 0.02) and 11 ± 3% (p = 0.03), respectively, and CMJ height by 9 ± 7% (p = 0.04). Muscular endurance performance increased by 33 ± 33% in pull-ups (p = 0.03), 32 ± 12% in push-ups (p = 0.03), and 13 ± 13% in sit-ups (p = 0.03). Increases in RFD (35 ± 55%, p = 0.13) and PF (8 ± 9%, p = 0.09) did not reach significance. No improvements were apparent from BJJ training alone (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that MST is a potent approach to rapid improvements in maximal strength, power, and muscular endurance in active grapplers.
Presents a theoretical model which integrates quality, brand reputation, customer satisfaction and loyalty. The model is tested in four industries, covering both business‐to‐business markets and private customer markets. The findings suggest that companies should monitor and improve both customers satisfaction and brand reputation. In situations where the intrinsic cues of the product or service are ambiguous, brand reputation.
This study specifically determined (a) employer expectations of sport managers, (b) employer evaluation of educational sport management programs and curricula, (c) college/university faculty/student evaluation of components of existing sport management programs, and (d) the interrelationships among these groups. The results of this study identified the commonalities within and between business/agency groups and college/university faculty and students. Results of the business/agency needs assessment indicated major differences across settings for academic/experiential requirements, employment needs, workload distributions, and job evaluation criteria. Evaluation of the commonalities/ differences provide indication for curricular planning. Also, differences were apparent between the curricular evaluations of the college/university faculty and business/agency personnel, suggesting the need to evaluate curricular content and determine where changes should/should not be made. There is support for the theoretical conjecture that one concentration will not meet the needs of personnel for all business/agency settings.
This new edition retains ints authoritative presentation of marketing theory while still maintaining an interesting and engaging writing style. Stewart Adam, Deakin University; Sara Denize, University of Western Sydney, Australia. <br /
Background: In an age of highly competitive sports, whether it be the high school student, the weekend warrior, or the professional athlete, more individuals are using "performance-enhancing" nutritional supplements. Many feel they are gaining a "competitive edge," without thinking of the potential consequences. Consumers are inundated with claims of strength, weight loss, and improved body definition, but they are rarely given information on the potentially harmful side effects. There are few large, multicenter, randomized trials of these various nutritional supplements that look at the purported claims and potential side effects. study: We reviewed the available studies, including case reports, and researched data on five of the most popular performance-enhancing supplements, including androstenedione, creatine, chromium, ephedra, and protein and amino acid supplements. Conclusions: Of the reviewed supplements, only creatine may be marginally beneficial. The potential benefit would probably only be useful to the professional athlete and not the average person. All of the supplements reviewed have potentially harmful side effects; however, certain supplements clearly show harmful effects, and use should strongly be cautioned. In addition, ephedra should be withdrawn from the marketplace. At this time, without better-designed studies, these agents cannot be recommended.
During the past decade females have had more opportunities to participate in sports at various levels than ever before. These opportunities and the recognition received due to their success may have changed peoples’ views regarding same-sex role models, perceived parental encouragement, and expectations of success. Thus, the purpose of the study was to explore role models, perceived encouragement to participate in youth sport from parents, and sport expectations of adolescent athletes and their parents living in the United States of America. A questionnaire was administered to 426 adolescent athletes who competed in youth sport leagues and to one parent within each family unit ( n =426). Chi square analysis indicated significant relationships between athletes’ gender and the gender of their role model and between parents’ gender and the gender of their role model ( p = .0001). DM MANOVA revealed a significant multivariate difference for adolescent athletes and their parents on the questions concerning expectations for future athletic success. Post hoc analyses indicated that the athletes were more likely than their parents to believe that they could play at the college, Olympic, or professional levels. In addition, boys were more likely than girls to believe that they could play at the college, Olympic, and professional levels.
Using branding theory and a content analysis of the visual components of male and female professional athlete Facebook profile photos, this study suggests that hegemonic gender portrayals persist in visual representations of athletes. Female athletes were more likely to pose for photos and smile while male athletes were more likely to look away from the camera and be in motion. Athletes most often were visually represented in their uniforms, while sexualized visual portrayals of athletes of either gender were not affirmed in this study.
This paper establishes current theoretical understanding on the development of professional judgment and decision-making (PJDM) expertise within applied sport psychology (ASP). Traditional and naturalistic paradigms of decision making are contrasted and the resulting blending of systematic analysis and intuition most appropriate for applied practice is explained through the concept of skilled intuition (Kahneman & Klein, 2009). Conditions for the development of skilled intuition are considered alongside recognition of the fragility of human judgment and the subtleties of the ASP environment. Key messages from cognitive psychology literature on the development of PJDM expertise are offered and recommendations made to facilitate the acquisition of decision-making expertise in ASP.
The innovations of social media have altered the traditional methods of fan–athlete interaction while redefining how celebrity athletes practice their roles as celebrities. This study explored gender differences in professional athletes’ self-presentation on Twitter. Content analyses were used to compare male and female athletes’ tweets relayed by all professional tennis players with a verified Twitter account. Profile details and messages were scoured for themes and patterns of use during the time surrounding the 2011 U.S. Open Tennis Championships. Goffman’s seminal 1959 theory of self-presentation guided the analysis. While athlete image construction was found to be largely similar between genders, male athletes were found to spend more time in the role of sport fan while female athletes spent more time in the role of brand manager.
Social media provide a participatory media environment based on the interactive Web 2.0 platform. This feature makes social media an effective tool for mobilizing people to participate in social movements. This study verified the role of social media in promoting the intention to participate in social movements. Participation intent was higher among those who were more involved in social media. The findings showed that social media improved the social capital which moderates the relationship between social media use and social movement participation. The result of the hierarchical regression shows that bridging social capital had a significant effect on the intention to participate in social movements. Further, a moderating effect from bridging social capital was verified; the intent to engage in social participation was higher among social media users possessing a well-developed network. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
The purpose of this study was to find affecting consumer`s usage motivation on purchase satisfaction and repurchase intension when purchasing fashion products in social commerce. The data were collected via a self-administered questionnaire from 239 male and female who living in Busan with experience in social commerce purchasing fashion products. Using SPSS 20.0 and AMOS 20.0 package, Cronbach`s {\alpha}, a confirmotory factor analysis and a structural equation modeling analysis were performed. The results are as follows. Hedonic, economical efficiency and interaction without information provide subjective norms significantly influenced the purchase satisfaction. And aforementioned subjective norms significantly influenced repurchase intension, too. The purchase satisfaction positively influenced the repurchase intension. Therefore, social commerce sellers of fashion products ought to offer variety price benift and promotion to raise the purchase satisfaction and repurchase intension. To offer variety price benift, they should respond sensitively to the price set by comparing prices with other sellers. And promotion to raise the purchase satisfaction and repurchase intension need to consider such variety of missions, discount coupons or event and mileage. In addition, they should develop customer service system for interaction with customer and connect to the repurchase increases the purchass satisfaction through faster customer response to the product information or sales, service.
