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p>Esta investigación tuvo como objetivos identificar la especie(s) de Fusarium asociada(s) a hijuelos comerciales de Agave tequilana y desarrollar una metodología para cuantificar la carga de inóculo en hijuelos provenientes de plantaciones madre de Jalisco con inductividad epidémica diferencial al síndrome marchitez y pudrición seca del cogollo (SMAP). La finalidad fue proporcionar criterios para la certificación de plantaciones madre. La fase de campo se realizó entre marzo-mayo 2018 y 2019 en 21 plantaciones comerciales en 14 municipios de Los Altos, Sur y Valles de Jalisco. Se estimó el número de plantas enfermas (PE) y severidad SMAP (S) en 63 y 200 plantas/plantación mediante App-SIVEA para 2018 y 2019 respectivamente. Se desarrolló y aplicó el método CIFUSAG en 7055 hijuelos y 46 656 colonias fungosas obtenidas de 2364 siembras de lavado basal de la ‘piña’, secciones de tejido interno y macerado total de hijuelo. Unidades formadoras de colonia de Fusarium spp. (Fsp) y hongos totales (HT), purificación, monospóricos, caracterización morfológica y cultural se realizó con los medios Komada, agua-agar, Sabouraud, SNA y Sabouraud, respectivamente, diferenciando 557 aislados. La mayor inductividad epidémica en Los Altos significó moderado Índice de Fusarium [(IF) = (?Fsp) / (?HT)] (0.30 y 0.40) y Fsp (20 y 72UFC) respecto al Sur que tuvo valores más altos (0.69, 0.50; 23, 84UFC, respectivamente) (Tukey p=0.05). Calibre de hijuelo no tuvo influencia en IF y Fsp (p=0.183). IF y Fsp de lavado basal no estuvieron correlacionadas con S de plantas madres (r2 = 0.036 y 0.13), mientras que PE únicamente se correlacionó con Fsp (r2 =0.94). La carga de inóculo obtenida por lavado fue superior al de tejido interno con un total de 17,828 UFC (93%) e IF=0.42. Análisis molecular con el gen EF-1a evidenció asociación de 23 cepas con cuatro complejos filogenéticos: Fusarium oxysporum , F. fujikuro i, F. solani y F. incarnatum-equiseti con identidad superior al 98%. El hijuelo comercial de Agave tequilana constituye un factor de dipersión de al menos cuatro especies de Fusarium spp. en el rango de 3.3±3 y 6.83±4.2 UFC/hijuelo.</p
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2021
DOI:https://doi.org/10.18781/R.MEX.FIT.2006-8


     
   Fusarium    
    Agave tequilana

 


Resumen. 
Fusarium
   Agave tequilana  -
      
    -
    
Fusarium spp. and inoculum load estimation associated to
commercial Agave tequilana 
regional epidemic inductivity levels
Fusarium spp. y estimación de carga de inóculo asociados a hijuelos de
Agave tequilana en diferentes niveles de inductividad epidémica regional
Coral Mendoza-Ramos, Gustavo Mora-Aguilera*1Juan José Coria-
Contreras, Baldemar Santana-Peñaloza, Gerardo Acevedo-Sánchez, Verónica Martínez-Bustamante
2   María Alejandra Gutié-
rrez-Espinosa3
 Ramón Rubio-Cortés
-

RecibidoAceptado
Abstract.     
  Fusarium   
   Agave tequilana  
      
      
      
    
       
     
        



      
   
    
      
      

2021 95




      -
      
    
      -

 



-


      
Fusarium-
-

  -
     
-
Fusarium


p-
p

2   
    2


    
       
Fusarium oxyspo-
rumF. fujikuroi, F. solani F. incarnatum-equiseti
.
Agave tequilana-
Fusarium.

Palabras clave:  

    Fusarium  
     
    

    
     

Fusarium


p
p
       
2
   2 

    
      

  Fusarium oxysporum
F. fujikuroi F. solani  F. incarnatum-equiseti
       Agave
tequilana   
Fusarium

Key words:      

Agave tequilana



     
      Agave
tequilana       

et
al.,et al.,
      
2021 96



 Agave tequilana    
-
  
   



Agave tequilana-


et al.,et al.,

-

-1
-


 
       
  Fusarium     


A. tequilana  -
Fusarium  
    
     

-

et al     -
-
-

 
   
-

-
      

     
      
    -1  



 Fusarium
   
    
 A. tequilana
     Fusarium  
       



        
  et al   


  
        
    
      
     
       


    

  Fusarium  
et al        
       
   Fusarium  
    
     
       
     
Fusarium oxysporum  F. solani 
F. fujikuroi   F. incarnatum-equiseti
2021 97




  -

Fusarium
 et al     
-

    Fusarium 
      
-
-
Fusarium
oxysporumF. solaniF. fujikuroi
F. incarnatum-equiseti-

F. oxysporum F. solani-
et alet al


     
      
   
   Fusarium   
  Agave tequilana 
et al
      
    Fusarium 


-
-
-


     
 Fusarium     A. tequilana 




    
  F. oxysporum  F. solani
et alet al


 
 
   
     Fusarium
     
Agave tequilana et
al
       
    Fusarium 
       




        

  Fusarium   A. tequilana

      
      

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Establishment of the experimental site in the
      

A. tequilana
   
     
 
      

      
2021 98



MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS
Establecimiento del sitio experimental en cam-
po.

A. tequilana-
-
   

-



-
  


Características de plantaciones madre.-
    

-
     -
 -
    -




Diseño experimental. -

 
-
    
     

-

     
      
      

     

Mother plantation characteristics. 
     
    
     
     
    
     




Experiment design.   
      
      
  
       
      





    
       



  


       
 
-1
2021 99



Cuadro 1.Localización y caracterización tecnológica de 21 plantaciones comerciales de Agave tequilana seleccionadas en
2018 y 2019 para estudios etiológicos y carga de inóculo de hijuelos asociado con el síndrome de marchitez y pu-
drición seca del cogollo de planta madre en Jalisco.
Table 1. Location and technological characterization of 21 commercial plantations of Agave tequilana with agave wilt and
dry bud rot syndrome (SMAP) selected in 2018 and 2019 to study the etiology and inoculum load in commercial

  
    
(msnm)

  
2018

   -102.6127  Medio  
Moderada    2180   
  20.76863  2279 Medio  
 
 20.08979     
   1199   
      
 Moderada   -103.66876  Medio  
  -103.71006 1387 Medio  
  20.87292  1229 Medio  
2019

   -102.891988    
  -102.273707 2078   
    1979 Medio  
   2186   
       
 21.1631611  1829   

    707 Medio  
    Medio  
    1190 Medio  
   681 Medio  
    1177 Medio  
   927   

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       
      -

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      
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     
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      
        
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        

2021 100
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

      -1 
-


 -
 
   


-
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-
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

Método CIFUSAG para obtención de lavados
basales.       
-
    -


 
    
        -
      
     
-

   



 
      
-


-



CIFUSAG method to obtain basal washings.

       

  

         
      


       
         
       
        





      
       

      
     
       
     
       





        in
vitro




2021 101



A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
B1
B2
B4
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
C2
Hoja
Cogollo
Piña
Cuello
C1
Frontal
Reverso
E1
E2
E5
Figura 1. Método CIFUSAG para el procesamiento de toma de muestras de hijuelos de plantas madre de Agave tequilana
para tejido externo basal (lavado) (A), tejido interno (B y C), tejido macerado (B y D) y metodología de laboratorio
(E). La explicación de literales y numerales (A1-E5) se indica en la sección Método CIFUSAG para obtención de
lavados basales (Páginas 7 y 9).
Figure 1. CIFUSAG method to collect samples of Agave tequilana mother plants for basal external tissue (A), internal tissue
(B and C), macerated tissue (B and D) and laboratory methodology (E). Letters and numerals explanation can be
found in CIFUSAG method to obtain basal washings (Pages 7 and 9).
ñ
2021 102




 
     
  -

      
-




      
     
     
  -


      -






Selección de hijuelos para estudios de internali-
zación y carga de inóculo interno (CII)-
    


-
    -



 -
 
      
       


      
     
     


inoculum load studies (IIL)    




     

 

       



       



Mother plants evaluation.   
   
      


 et. al.     

in situ
et al.,




     

2021 103



    



Evaluación de plantas madre.   

       -
    

    


in situ
et al.,-
  
-
      



     -
    

-



Procesamiento en Laboratorio. Secado de mues-
tras de tejido externo.
     
       

-

-
-
 
®
 
        
       
mx  
      

Laboratory Processing: Drying of external
tissue samples.     







®


External tissue cultivation.   


      

          
         
      
        

      
   
      Fusarium

Isolation of internal and macerated tissue for
IIL.



2021 104



   

Siembra de tejido externo. 

     
-
         
        
1x10

      
-


Fusa-
rium
Aislamiento de tejido interno y macerado para
CII.
       
       

 



 

   
 
       

     -
     
    


-





 
      

 
     
   
     
        
         

      
      
     


®      

     
  


   

tests.
       

    


      

       
,
      

   Fusarium   
et al
2021 105



-
®-





     
-
-



   -
       

 -
-


-
, 


-
Fusarium et al

      -
Fusarium
   et al
et al   
       
 -

      
-1

          
2     
DNA extraction, PCR, and phylogenetic analysis.


 Fusarium   
et al
 et al     
     
 
      

  -1

          
2
 

®
Taq       
   -1    
     
        

       
   
      
        

     

         
      


      
     
     
     
      
      
     
maximum likelihood
2021 106



       

-
®Taq
-1


-


-



       
        






       -
      



   máxima vesosimilitud  General
Time Reversible ModelGama Distributed
With Invariant-
trap.
RESULTADOS
Validación del método de muestreo. 


-
-


RESULTS
Validation of the sampling method. 
     



    Fusarium 




        


        
          

 
Fusarium

       

      

        
         
     Fusarium 
   



Colony forming units by region in external
tissue       
      
p
2021 107




  Fusarium  

     
      -


-
       
-

Figura 2 Esquematización del método CIFUSAG desarrollado para estimar carga de inóculo de Fusarium spp. a partir
de hijuelos de A. tequilana con fases de campo y laboratorio. Las muestras incluyeron lavado basal, secciones de
tejido interno y macerado total del hijuelo.
Figure 2. Scheme of the CIFUSAG method developed to estimate the Fusarium spp. inoculum load using A. tequilana


Selección de la
parcela comercial
Área del parcela a
muestrear
Definir tamaño de
muestra y calibre
Selección de
muestras en el predio
Lavado del
cuello y base de
las hojas del
hijuelo
Agitación de la
muestra para
desprendimiento
del suelo
adherido a
restos de tejido
Filtrado para
eliminación de
restos de tejido
Precipitación del
material sólido
(10-15 min)
Eliminación del
excedente de
agua
Recuperación
del material
sólido
-1L de agua estéril
-Recipiente de 15 L
-Cepillo plástico
-Taladro modificado con
un batidor de pintura
-Malla plástica
abertura 5x5 mm
-Recipiente 2 L
-Tubo
Falcon
de 50 mL
Etiquetado
de la
muestra
C a m p o
Secado del suelo
en campana de
flujo (4-6 h)
L a b o r a t o r i o
Tejido externoTejido externoTejido interno y Macerado
-Caja Petri
-Sanitas estériles
Dilución madre
1g suelo en 9ml
agua estéril (1:9)
Dilución madre
(1:9)
Siembra en
medio de cultivo,
100 uL
-1 g suelo
-9 mL agua estéril
Crecimiento de
colonias 5-7 días
-Medio Komada
Desinfestación
de los hijuelos
-Alcohol 70%
-Cloro al 3%
-agua estéril
Eliminación
de tejido
verde
Corte del
hijuelo por
tipo de tejido
-Hacha
-Cutter
-Tabla
plástica
Corte de
tejido a
sembrar
(5x5mm)
Desinfestación
y secado
Siembra en
medio de
cultivo
-Medio Komada
-Caja Petri
-Sanitas estériles
Tejido
sobrante
(Macerado)
Desinfestación
Maceración -Licuadora
Blendtec
Eliminación
gabazo
-Malla
2x2 mm
Toma de
muestra
homogénea
-Tubo
Falcon
50 mL
Siembra de
sobrenadante
Fusarium

        
       



p
    Fusarium  
  p inter 

2021 108






 Fusarium  

  
       

-

-

      Fusarium 
-


  

Comportamiento de unidades formadoras de
colonias por región en tejido externo  -

  
p
      Fusarium
       
     

-
    
p
  Fusarium  -
  p inter 
 -
 -
 
      



       
        
       
      
      


      p



 
     
Fusarium
index p
   p

      


        

   
Fusarium


Colony forming units per region in internal and
macerated tissue.    
      


Fusarium
       
     
       
(min máx  std    
minmáxstd


2021 109



     
   p
-

      
      
Fusarium (p-
         
p

-

Figura 3.Carga de inóculo de Fusarium spp. en tejido externo (lavado) de hijuelos, número de plantas enfermas y severidad
de planta madre con síndrome de marchitez y pudrición seca del cogollo en Los Altos (A), Sur (S) y Valles (V) de
Jalisco en 2018 y 2019. A) índice de Fusarium spp., B) Unidades formadoras de colonias de Fusarium spp. C) Plan-
tas enfermas, D) Porcentaje de severidad en planta. Al menos una letra en común por año son estadísticamente
iguales (Tukey p<0.05).
Figure 3. Fusarium
plants with wilt and dry bud rot syndrome in Los Altos (A), South (S) and Vally regions (V) of Jalisco in 2018 and
2019. A) Fusarium spp. Index; B) Fusarium spp. colony forming units; C) Infected plants; D) Percent of disease
severity in plants. At least one letter in common per year is statistically equal (Tukey p<0.05).
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
A S V
Indice de Fusarium
a
b
b
c
a
A
0
20
40
60
80
100
A S V
UFC Fusarium
a
b
a
c
a
B
0
5
10
15
20
A S V
No. Plantas enfermas
2018 2019
a
a
a
b
b
C
0
10
20
30
40
ASV
Severidad en planta (%)
2018 2019
b
a
a
a
b
D
Fusarium
   Fusarium   
minmáxstd
      
      
Fusarium
      




Fusarium
    
2021 110



0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Lima Naranja Toronja
UFC Otros hongos
2018 2019
a
a
ab
a
b
aA
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Lima Naranja Toronja
UFC Fusarium
2018 2019
a
a
a
a
aa
B
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Lima Naranja Toronja
Indice de Fusarium
2018 2019
a
aa
a
aa
Caaa
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Lima Naranja Toronja
UFC Fusarium / hijuelo
Externa Interna
D
-
Fusarium
-
-

Unidades formadoras de colonias por región en
tejido interno y macerado. 
     -

-
Figura 4. Carga de inóculo por calibre Lima, Naranja y Toronja de hijuelos de agave en experimentos 2018 y 2019. A) Uni-
dades formadoras de colonia (UFC) de otros hongos, B) UFC Fusarium spp., C) Índice de Fusarium spp. y D) UFC
de Fusarium/hijuelo por tipo de tejido externo o interno y calibre de hijuelos. Lima y Toronja sin datos. Al menos
una letra en común por año (A-C) o entre tejido externo (D) son estadísticamente iguales (Tukey p<0.05).
Figure 4. 
2019. A) Colony forming units (CFU) of other fungi; B) Fusarium spp. CFU; C) Fusarium spp. index; and D)
Fusarium/  -
out data. At least one letter in common per year (A-C) or among externalt issue (D) are statistically equal (Tukey
p<0.05).

       

     
   Fusarium  

 


   Fusarium   
     
2021 111



Fusarium
       


minmáxstd-
     min máx 
std-

Fusariummin
máxstd

Fusarium
 -




   



-
-
Fusarium
    -
      

-

Fusarium
    
-
  
-


    
et al. -
Fusarium
      


        
    Fusarium  

 et al.    Fusarium
       
        
      



Fusarium
       
    
        
     
       
Fusarium

F. oxysporumF. verticillioides,F.
solani


 Fusarium  
et al.
 Fusarium    


       
   
F. verticillioides , F. oxysporum  
F. solani     F. oxysporum 
F. solani   
F. oxysporum

    Fusarium

Fusarium 
2021 112



-
  

      
Fusarium

Ti-


      
    -
Fusarium
F. oxysporumF. verticillioides
F. solani-

Fusarium
et al.
Fusarium


Ti
F. verticillioides
, F. oxysporum  F. solani  
   F. oxysporum  
F. solani
 F. oxysporum      
-
     Fusarium

Fusarium 
A. tequilanaF.
verticillioides  F. oxysporum   -


-


Fusarium-

A. tequilanaF. verticillioides
F. oxysporum     



      
    Fusarium 


DISCUSSION
       
 A. tequilana     


Fusarium
     
       
   
et al   et al 
et al  


      
   

    1  
    
Carga de Inóculo
Fusarium en AgaveFusarium

2     
      3
   
    Fusarium  

     
         
2021 113



Cuadro 2.Fusarium obtenidos de 30 hijuelos en 2018 por fuente
de aislamiento utilizando el gen EF-1a.
Table 2. Fusarium-
ing the EF-1a gene.

    


F. verticillioides
 100 
 99.70 
  
  
 100 
F. oxysporum  99.23 
 99.39 
F. solani   
 99.86 
 F. oxysporum
 99.23 
 100 
  
 F. oxysporum   
F. solani  99.86 
 Fusarium PF23d - -
Fusarium  - -

F. verticillioides PF17s  
PF19s 100 
F. oxysporum   
PF20s  
Fusarium
 97.92 
 - -
 97.73 
DISCUSION
-
   A. tequilana   



Fusarium-
-

   et al  -
et alet al

       
      
    
    
  Fusarium    
      
     
       

et al
   
    

2021 114



Figura 5.Filogenia de 23 cepas de Fusarium spp. asociadas a tejido externo (lavado) e interno de hijuelos de Agave tequilana
basada en el gen EF-1a, máxima verosimilitud y general time reversible model (GTR) + gama distributed with inva-
riant (G+I), con 1000 repeticiones bootstrap. Viñeta negra indica cepas de suelo, viñeta blanca cepas de tejido in-
A. tequilana reportada por López-Bautista
et al., 2020. El resto, sin marcas, son secuencia de referencia del GenBank.
Figure 5. Phylogeny of 23 Fusarium spp. isolates associated with external (washing) and internal tissue of Agave tequilana
-
ed with invariant (G+I), with 1000 bootstrap replications. The black bullet indicates isolates from external tissue;

of A. tequilana adult plants (López-Bautista et al., 2020). The rest, non-marked, are reference sequences from the
GenBank.
Reducida 3
F. oxysporum
(FOSC)
F. fujikuroi
(FFSC)
F. incarnatum-
equiseti
(FIESC)
F. solani
(FSSC)
Caracterización biológica
2021 115



-
-


-
1
-
Carga de Inóculo
Fusarium en Agave-
Fusarium   
 2      
3
    
       Fusa-
rium-

-


 
       -
  -
 Fusarium

-
 
-
et al-
-
   


Fusarium-


     
Fusa-
rium Musa
paradisiaca , Tulipa 
 Aloe veraet al.
 
Fusarium

      
     
      
Fusarium       
 Musa paradisiaca  , Tulipa
      Aloe vera
 et al.     
   Fusarium  
      
    
     
 

A. tequilana
      
     
Fusarium
       
    
     
in vitro

    


Fusarium


F. oxysporum
cubence
      

    
 Fusarium
    
A. tequilanaet
2021 116



       
Fusarium-
 -

     -
 

A. tequi-
lana-
-
Fusarium

      -
in vitro-
  


-
    -
Fusarium 
     
    
-
 F. oxysporum   cubence   -
   -
   


Fusarium
  A. tequilana  
et alet al
-
      
Fusarium    
      -
      


Fusa-
rium    
alet al

   Fusarium
    
    
      

Fusarium
       
     


 

     
       
 

Fusarium
  et al  
et alet al


      
       
 


    

et alet
al      
       
Fusarium

  et al   

        

        
2021 117
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

    -

 
 -
-

      
-


  Fusarium      


et al-
et alet al

     

    -
-


et alet al
     
Fusarium

et al

-






Fusarium-
   



      
         


      
   Fusarium, 
       


 


     

      
      


 Fusarium     
      
    


     



     

   
    
     
Agave tequilana      
 
       
    Establish phytosanitary
requirements for the production and mobilization
of propagative material ofAgave tequilanaWeber

and prevent the spread of economically important
2021 118



-
-
-

-

 
-
-
Fusarium

-






    


      -

Agave tequilana


    
para la producción y movilización de material pro-
pagativo de Agave tequilana Weber variedad Azul,
-
taria y evitar la dispersión de plagas de importan-
cia económica que lo afectan   
 -
Cercospora agavicolaFusarium 
 Scyphophorus acupunctatus  -
     
      

Agave tequilana
-
        
      Cercospora
agavicola Fusarium   Scyphophorus
acupunctatus   
 

Agave
tequilana

        
in vitro
       
     
     

    
    
     

      



 
     
 et al   et
al
 Fusarium     

     
    
 

CONCLUSIONS
       
Fusarium
 Agave tequilana   
2021 119



End of the English version
  
   -




      


-


 




 et al   et
alFusa-
rium




 -

CONCLUSIONES
-
 Fusa-
riumAgave tequi-
lana 

   -
-
Fusarium-
-



      
    
  Fusarium
        

Fusarium
 
       
     
       
     
Fusarium
      
     
     
     
     
     

   Fusarium   
A. tequilana    
    

       
region.





         
      
        

2021 120



      Fusarium

-
    

-

 Fusarium    -
      -
     
      
    
   


Fusarium
A. tequilana
-

-



  -
  
   

-

LITERATURA CITADA

Fusarium
Aloe vera
   -

-
      Fusarium oxysporum.
      

      
    Fusarium oxysporum
 cubense  Musa    
 

     
    -
     
  
     
      Cercospora agavi-
cola       -
 

    
  


Fusarium 
-


-
    
     -

    -

-
  

178.

 Fusarium solani  
      -
   -
tion/233391880

 Fusarium   

  




-

        

177.
Fusarium-



        

Fusarium 

2021 121



   


    
    
     
Fusarium
Agave tequilana
     

     
   -
       
  Agave tequilana   
http://187.191.71.192/expedientes/1901

Fusarium
      


    -
Fusarium
Agave tequilana 

      

 -
 -
 
-

       

2020).
      
      Fusarium
oxysporum     Agave te-
quilana     

... Eventualmente, el acopio estructurado de datos articulados a una plataforma web ad hoc genera grandes volúmenes de datos los cuales son intervenidos mediante algoritmos dinámicos para generar insumos gráficos descriptivos, análisis automatizados y desarrollo de criterios de accionabilidad para toma de decisiones inherentes al objetivo(s) de un SVE. Una aplicación móvil diseñada con un enfoque epidemiológico permite también su implementación en investigación de soporte (Mendoza-Ramos et al., 2021;López-Bautista et al., 2020;Coria-Contreras et al., 2019), y en comunicación de riesgos mediante la recepción de alertas para toma de decisiones. App Alerta Café v. 2.0, disponible en Play Store, se implementó por tres años con este propósito (CP-LANREF, 2017. ...
... The algorithms that enable this are predominantly relational and are conditioned to the proper and planned selection of variables, frequency, and spatial distribution of measurements. ESS support research provides this kind of information (Mendoza-Ramos et al., 2021;López-Bautista et al., 2020;Acevedo-Sánchez and Mora-Aguilera, 2016;Mora-Aguilera et al., 2016b;Mendoza-Ramos et al., 2015a, b). Logically, a numerical algorithm must also be programmed to automate decision rules. ...
... For example, the algorithm for calculating the number of hours favorable for H. vastatrix infection was based on specific temperature (20-22 °C) and relative humidity Fully Bilingual Revista Mexicana de FITOPATOLOGÍA Mexican Journal of Phytopathology a la pertinente y planeada selección de variables, frecuencia y distribución espacial de mediciones. Líneas de investigación de soporte SVE proporcionan esta de información (Mendoza-Ramos et al., 2021;López-Bautista et al., 2020;Acevedo-Sánchez and Mora-Aguilera. 2016;Mora-Aguilera et al., 2016b;Mendoza-Ramos et al., 2015a, b). ...
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The advancement of digital technology has made it possible to conceive automated Epidemiological Surveillance Systems (ESS) with a holistic-systemic approach allowing effective operation, management, and processing of phytosanitary data for fast decision making applied to regional prevention and pest management. This surveillance type focuses on plant health, overcoming the reductionist pest vision of the conventional normative surveillance. An ESS implies the precise definition of the regional framework, objectives, pest(s) in a wide sense, human/financial resources, regulatory context, support research planning, operational structure, and innovation models. These elements determine the precision, frequency, and type of sampling and monitoring and the selection of variables related to a novel epidemiological system. In contrast to the normative surveillance, a systemic ESS has descriptive and risk forecasting capabilities, including early warnings, based on spatial and temporal analyses. A web-based ESS assures a flexible-dynamic generation of reports and automated analysis. An ESS operated on web platforms, emphasizing open source software and tools, can be hosted on generic or dedicated servers for metadata storage configured with Linux / Apache technologies with 24/7 (h day-1) functional capabilities. Open source tools include MySQL / MariaDB and other systems as database managers; PHP / Node.js, and JavaScript, Ajax, HTML5 and CSS as web design base ‘back-end’ and ‘front-end’ programs, respectively. This review focuses on principles, conceptual attributes, general methodological approaches, and objectives of web-based ESS. An overview is presented with an ESS developed in Mexico for coffee plantations (Coffea spp.), which allowed the surveillance of 19 pests, nine under quarantine status, through the generation, management, and analysis of 87.4 million climatic data and 15.7 million epidemiological records over 2013-2019.
... Comúnmente, esta planta tarda entre 7 y 8 años para cosecharse, aunque puede llegar hasta los 12 años, por lo que se ha tratado de reducir el tiempo de cosecha por medio de diferentes prácticas agrícolas: principalmente, mediante el manejo de la fertilización química, los riegos controlados (Martínez-Ramírez et al., 2012;Enríquez-del Valle et al., 2018) y el uso de recursos biológicos, como lo son los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) (Montoya-Martínez et al., 2014;Quiñones-Aguilar et al., 2016;Trinidad-Cruz et al., 2017b) y combinación de fertilizaciones químicas y recursos microbianos (Zacarías-Toledo et al., 2016;García-Martínez et al., 2020). Generalmente esta especie se propaga mediante la propagación vegetativa de hijuelos rizomáticos o bulbilos aéreos, siendo estos métodos un potencial movilizador de enfermedades como Fusarium (Mendoza-Ramos et al., 2021), el cual es uno de los mayores problemas fitosanitarios que enfrenta el cultivo, esta enfermedad es comúnmente conocida como "marchitez" y es provocada por Fusarium oxysporum (Ramírez-Ramírez et al., 2017;Sierra-Gómez et al., 2019;López-Bautista et al., 2020;Mendoza-Ramos et al., 2021). ...
... Comúnmente, esta planta tarda entre 7 y 8 años para cosecharse, aunque puede llegar hasta los 12 años, por lo que se ha tratado de reducir el tiempo de cosecha por medio de diferentes prácticas agrícolas: principalmente, mediante el manejo de la fertilización química, los riegos controlados (Martínez-Ramírez et al., 2012;Enríquez-del Valle et al., 2018) y el uso de recursos biológicos, como lo son los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares (HMA) (Montoya-Martínez et al., 2014;Quiñones-Aguilar et al., 2016;Trinidad-Cruz et al., 2017b) y combinación de fertilizaciones químicas y recursos microbianos (Zacarías-Toledo et al., 2016;García-Martínez et al., 2020). Generalmente esta especie se propaga mediante la propagación vegetativa de hijuelos rizomáticos o bulbilos aéreos, siendo estos métodos un potencial movilizador de enfermedades como Fusarium (Mendoza-Ramos et al., 2021), el cual es uno de los mayores problemas fitosanitarios que enfrenta el cultivo, esta enfermedad es comúnmente conocida como "marchitez" y es provocada por Fusarium oxysporum (Ramírez-Ramírez et al., 2017;Sierra-Gómez et al., 2019;López-Bautista et al., 2020;Mendoza-Ramos et al., 2021). ...
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El uso de microorganismos ha sido una alternativa para promover el crecimiento y biocontrol de plagas y enfermedades en diversos cultivos y agave. En este trabajo se estudió la inoculación de bulbilos de Agave tequilana con distintas micorrizas arbusculares sobre el crecimiento y control de la marchitez causada por Fusarium oxysporum. En invernadero, se inocularon bulbilos de Agave con el consorcio nativo “Barranca de las Nueces”, un inóculo comercial de esporas de Rhizofagus y un control sin micorriza. Después de cuatro meses de micorrización, se registró un incremento del 31 % en biomasa fresca y 61 % en altura de bulbilos micorrizados respecto al tratamiento sin micorrizar; además, de un 28 % de colonización micorrízica en los tratamientos micorrizados. A los 120 días después de la micorrización, un grupo de plantas se infectó con Fusarium oxysporum y cien días después se registró el crecimiento y el control de la enfermedad. Los resultados mostraron solo efecto significativo de la micorrización sobre el crecimiento de los bulbilos y aquellos con el inóculo comercial presentaron el mayor crecimiento. Respecto al control contra Fusarium oxysporum, todas las plantas infectadas mostraron un nivel de medio a severo de acuerdo con la escala generada. Los resultados mostraron una promoción en crecimiento de los bulbilos por la micorrización; sin embargo, no se logró evidenciar algún tipo de control contra la enfermedad, al menos a nivel foliar. Los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares promueven el crecimiento de bulbilos de agave y podrían aminorar el daño de enfermedades en esta especie.
... (https://elpais. Mendoza-Ramos et al., 2021;López-Bautista et al., 2020;Coria-Contreras et al., 2019;Flores-Sánchez et al., 2017). ...
... Special Issue: Covid-19 and Plant Health, November, 2021 Mexican Journal of PHYTOPATHOLOGY Revista Mexicana de FITOPATOLOGÍA developed in Mexico, with different application and consolidation levels, in coffee (Coffea spp.), blue agave (Agave tequilana) and citrus (Citrus spp.) by DGSV (SENASICA) responsible for national Plant Health (Moral-Aguilera et al., 2021a;Mendoza- Ramos et al., 2021;López-Bautista et al., 2020;Coria-Contreras et al., 2019;Flores-Sánchez et al., 2017). ...
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